text: 'use strict';
  
  /*!
   * Module dependencies.
   */
  
  var Aggregate = require('./aggregate');
  var ChangeStream = require('./cursor/ChangeStream');
  var Document = require('./document');
  var DocumentNotFoundError = require('./error').DocumentNotFoundError;
  var DivergentArrayError = require('./error').DivergentArrayError;
  var Error = require('./error');
  var EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter;
  var MongooseMap = require('./types/map');
  var OverwriteModelError = require('./error').OverwriteModelError;
  var PromiseProvider = require('./promise_provider');
  var Query = require('./query');
  var Schema = require('./schema');
  var VersionError = require('./error').VersionError;
  var ParallelSaveError = require('./error').ParallelSaveError;
  var applyHooks = require('./helpers/model/applyHooks');
  var applyMethods = require('./helpers/model/applyMethods');
  var applyStatics = require('./helpers/model/applyStatics');
  var cast = require('./cast');
  var castUpdate = require('./helpers/query/castUpdate');
  var discriminator = require('./helpers/model/discriminator');
  var getDiscriminatorByValue = require('./queryhelpers').getDiscriminatorByValue;
  var internalToObjectOptions = require('./options').internalToObjectOptions;
  var isPathSelectedInclusive = require('./helpers/projection/isPathSelectedInclusive');
  var get = require('lodash.get');
  var getSchemaTypes = require('./helpers/populate/getSchemaTypes');
  var getVirtual = require('./helpers/populate/getVirtual');
  var modifiedPaths = require('./helpers/update/modifiedPaths');
  var mpath = require('mpath');
  var parallel = require('async/parallel');
  var parallelLimit = require('async/parallelLimit');
  var setDefaultsOnInsert = require('./helpers/setDefaultsOnInsert');
  var utils = require('./utils');
  
  const VERSION_WHERE = 1;
  const VERSION_INC = 2;
  const VERSION_ALL = VERSION_WHERE | VERSION_INC;
  
  /**
   * Model constructor
   *
   * Provides the interface to MongoDB collections as well as creates document instances.
   *
   * @param {Object} doc values with which to create the document
   * @inherits Document http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#document-js
   * @event `error`: If listening to this event, 'error' is emitted when a document was saved without passing a callback and an `error` occurred. If not listening, the event bubbles to the connection used to create this Model.
   * @event `index`: Emitted after `Model#ensureIndexes` completes. If an error occurred it is passed with the event.
   * @event `index-single-start`: Emitted when an individual index starts within `Model#ensureIndexes`. The fields and options being used to build the index are also passed with the event.
   * @event `index-single-done`: Emitted when an individual index finishes within `Model#ensureIndexes`. If an error occurred it is passed with the event. The fields, options, and index name are also passed.
   * @api public
   */
  
  function Model(doc, fields, skipId) {
    if (fields instanceof Schema) {
      throw new TypeError('2nd argument to `Model` must be a POJO or string, ' +
        '**not** a schema. Make sure you\'re calling `mongoose.model()`, not ' +
        '`mongoose.Model()`.');
    }
    Document.call(this, doc, fields, skipId);
  }
  
  /*!
   * Inherits from Document.
   *
   * All Model.prototype features are available on
   * top level (non-sub) documents.
   */
  
  Model.prototype.__proto__ = Document.prototype;
  Model.prototype.$isMongooseModelPrototype = true;
  
  /**
   * Connection the model uses.
   *
   * @api public
   * @property db
   * @memberOf Model
   * @instance
   */
  
  Model.prototype.db;
  
  /**
   * Collection the model uses.
   *
   * @api public
   * @property collection
   * @memberOf Model
   * @instance
   */
  
  Model.prototype.collection;
  
  /**
   * The name of the model
   *
   * @api public
   * @property modelName
   * @memberOf Model
   * @instance
   */
  
  Model.prototype.modelName;
  
  /**
   * Additional properties to attach to the query when calling `save()` and
   * `isNew` is false.
   *
   * @api public
   * @property $where
   * @memberOf Model
   * @instance
   */
  
  Model.prototype.$where;
  
  /**
   * If this is a discriminator model, `baseModelName` is the name of
   * the base model.
   *
   * @api public
   * @property baseModelName
   * @memberOf Model
   * @instance
   */
  
  Model.prototype.baseModelName;
  
  /*!
   * ignore
   */
  
  Model.prototype.$__handleSave = function(options, callback) {
    const _this = this;
    let i;
    let keys;
    let len;
    if (!options.safe && this.schema.options.safe) {
      options.safe = this.schema.options.safe;
    }
    if (typeof options.safe === 'boolean') {
      options.safe = null;
    }
    let safe = options.safe ? utils.clone(options.safe) : options.safe;
  
    const session = 'session' in options ? options.session : this.$session();
    if (session != null) {
      safe = typeof safe === 'object' && safe != null ? safe : {};
      safe.session = session;
    }
  
    if (this.isNew) {
      // send entire doc
      const obj = this.toObject(internalToObjectOptions);
  
      if ((obj || {})._id === void 0) {
        // documents must have an _id else mongoose won't know
        // what to update later if more changes are made. the user
        // wouldn't know what _id was generated by mongodb either
        // nor would the ObjectId generated my mongodb necessarily
        // match the schema definition.
        setTimeout(function() {
          callback(new Error('document must have an _id before saving'));
        }, 0);
        return;
      }
  
      this.$__version(true, obj);
      this.collection.insertOne(obj, safe, function(err, ret) {
        if (err) {
          _this.isNew = true;
          _this.emit('isNew', true);
          _this.constructor.emit('isNew', true);
  
          callback(err, null);
          return;
        }
  
        callback(null, ret);
      });
      this.$__reset();
      this.isNew = false;
      this.emit('isNew', false);
      this.constructor.emit('isNew', false);
      // Make it possible to retry the insert
      this.$__.inserting = true;
    } else {
      // Make sure we don't treat it as a new object on error,
      // since it already exists
      this.$__.inserting = false;
  
      const delta = this.$__delta();
  
      if (delta) {
        if (delta instanceof Error) {
          callback(delta);
          return;
        }
  
        const where = this.$__where(delta[0]);
        if (where instanceof Error) {
          callback(where);
          return;
        }
  
        if (this.$where) {
          keys = Object.keys(this.$where);
          len = keys.length;
          for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            where[keys[i]] = this.$where[keys[i]];
          }
        }
  
        this.collection.updateOne(where, delta[1], safe, function(err, ret) {
          if (err) {
            callback(err);
            return;
          }
          ret.$where = where;
          callback(null, ret);
        });
      } else {
        this.$__reset();
        callback();
        return;
      }
  
      this.emit('isNew', false);
      this.constructor.emit('isNew', false);
    }
  };
  
  /*!
   * ignore
   */
  
  Model.prototype.$__save = function(options, callback) {
    this.$__handleSave(options, (error, result) => {
      if (error) {
        return this.schema.s.hooks.execPost('save:error', this, [this], { error: error }, function(error) {
          callback(error);
        });
      }
  
      // store the modified paths before the document is reset
      const modifiedPaths = this.modifiedPaths();
  
      this.$__reset();
  
      let numAffected = 0;
      if (get(options, 'safe.w') !== 0 && get(options, 'w') !== 0) {
        // Skip checking if write succeeded if writeConcern is set to
        // unacknowledged writes, because otherwise `numAffected` will always be 0
        if (result) {
          if (Array.isArray(result)) {
            numAffected = result.length;
          } else if (result.result && result.result.n !== undefined) {
            numAffected = result.result.n;
          } else if (result.result && result.result.nModified !== undefined) {
            numAffected = result.result.nModified;
          } else {
            numAffected = result;
          }
        }
  
        // was this an update that required a version bump?
        if (this.$__.version && !this.$__.inserting) {
          let doIncrement = VERSION_INC === (VERSION_INC & this.$__.version);
          this.$__.version = undefined;
  
          let key = this.schema.options.versionKey;
          let version = this.getValue(key) || 0;
  
          if (numAffected <= 0) {
            // the update failed. pass an error back
            let err = new VersionError(this, version, modifiedPaths);
            return callback(err);
          }
  
          // increment version if was successful
          if (doIncrement) {
            this.setValue(key, version + 1);
          }
        }
  
        if (result != null && numAffected <= 0) {
          error = new DocumentNotFoundError(result.$where);
          return this.schema.s.hooks.execPost('save:error', this, [this], { error: error }, function(error) {
            callback(error);
          });
        }
      }
      this.$__.saving = undefined;
      this.emit('save', this, numAffected);
      this.constructor.emit('save', this, numAffected);
      callback(null, this);
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Saves this document.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     product.sold = Date.now();
   *     product.save(function (err, product) {
   *       if (err) ..
   *     })
   *
   * The callback will receive three parameters
   *
   * 1. `err` if an error occurred
   * 2. `product` which is the saved `product`
   *
   * As an extra measure of flow control, save will return a Promise.
   * ####Example:
   *     product.save().then(function(product) {
   *        ...
   *     });
   *
   * @param {Object} [options] options optional options
   * @param {Object} [options.safe] overrides [schema's safe option](http://mongoosejs.com//docs/guide.html#safe)
   * @param {Boolean} [options.validateBeforeSave] set to false to save without validating.
   * @param {Function} [fn] optional callback
   * @return {Promise|undefined} Returns undefined if used with callback or a Promise otherwise.
   * @api public
   * @see middleware http://mongoosejs.com/docs/middleware.html
   */
  
  Model.prototype.save = function(options, fn) {
    let parallelSave;
  
    if (this.$__.saving) {
      parallelSave = new ParallelSaveError(this);
      parallelSave.stack = this.$__.saving;
    } else {
      this.$__.saving = new ParallelSaveError(this).stack;
    }
  
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      fn = options;
      options = undefined;
    }
  
    if (options != null) {
      options = utils.clone(options);
    } else {
      options = {};
    }
  
    if (fn) {
      fn = this.constructor.$wrapCallback(fn);
    }
  
    const originalStack = new Error().stack;
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(fn, cb => {
      if (parallelSave) {
        this.$__handleReject(parallelSave);
        return cb(parallelSave);
      }
  
      this.$__save(options, error => {
        this.$__.saving = undefined;
  
        if (error) {
          // gh-2633: since VersionError is very generic, take the
          // stack trace of the original save() function call rather
          // than the async trace
          if (error instanceof VersionError) {
            error.stack = originalStack;
          }
          this.$__handleReject(error);
          return cb(error);
        }
        cb(null, this);
      });
    });
  };
  
  /*!
   * Determines whether versioning should be skipped for the given path
   *
   * @param {Document} self
   * @param {String} path
   * @return {Boolean} true if versioning should be skipped for the given path
   */
  function shouldSkipVersioning(self, path) {
    var skipVersioning = self.schema.options.skipVersioning;
    if (!skipVersioning) return false;
  
    // Remove any array indexes from the path
    path = path.replace(/\.\d+\./, '.');
  
    return skipVersioning[path];
  }
  
  /*!
   * Apply the operation to the delta (update) clause as
   * well as track versioning for our where clause.
   *
   * @param {Document} self
   * @param {Object} where
   * @param {Object} delta
   * @param {Object} data
   * @param {Mixed} val
   * @param {String} [operation]
   */
  
  function operand(self, where, delta, data, val, op) {
    // delta
    op || (op = '$set');
    if (!delta[op]) delta[op] = {};
    delta[op][data.path] = val;
  
    // disabled versioning?
    if (self.schema.options.versionKey === false) return;
  
    // path excluded from versioning?
    if (shouldSkipVersioning(self, data.path)) return;
  
    // already marked for versioning?
    if (VERSION_ALL === (VERSION_ALL & self.$__.version)) return;
  
    switch (op) {
      case '$set':
      case '$unset':
      case '$pop':
      case '$pull':
      case '$pullAll':
      case '$push':
      case '$addToSet':
        break;
      default:
        // nothing to do
        return;
    }
  
    // ensure updates sent with positional notation are
    // editing the correct array element.
    // only increment the version if an array position changes.
    // modifying elements of an array is ok if position does not change.
    if (op === '$push' || op === '$addToSet' || op === '$pullAll' || op === '$pull') {
      self.$__.version = VERSION_INC;
    } else if (/^\$p/.test(op)) {
      // potentially changing array positions
      self.increment();
    } else if (Array.isArray(val)) {
      // $set an array
      self.increment();
    } else if (/\.\d+\.|\.\d+$/.test(data.path)) {
      // now handling $set, $unset
      // subpath of array
      self.$__.version = VERSION_WHERE;
    }
  }
  
  /*!
   * Compiles an update and where clause for a `val` with _atomics.
   *
   * @param {Document} self
   * @param {Object} where
   * @param {Object} delta
   * @param {Object} data
   * @param {Array} value
   */
  
  function handleAtomics(self, where, delta, data, value) {
    if (delta.$set && delta.$set[data.path]) {
      // $set has precedence over other atomics
      return;
    }
  
    if (typeof value.$__getAtomics === 'function') {
      value.$__getAtomics().forEach(function(atomic) {
        const op = atomic[0];
        const val = atomic[1];
        operand(self, where, delta, data, val, op);
      });
      return;
    }
  
    // legacy support for plugins
  
    var atomics = value._atomics,
        ops = Object.keys(atomics),
        i = ops.length,
        val,
        op;
  
    if (i === 0) {
      // $set
  
      if (utils.isMongooseObject(value)) {
        value = value.toObject({depopulate: 1, _isNested: true});
      } else if (value.valueOf) {
        value = value.valueOf();
      }
  
      return operand(self, where, delta, data, value);
    }
  
    function iter(mem) {
      return utils.isMongooseObject(mem)
        ? mem.toObject({depopulate: 1, _isNested: true})
        : mem;
    }
  
    while (i--) {
      op = ops[i];
      val = atomics[op];
  
      if (utils.isMongooseObject(val)) {
        val = val.toObject({depopulate: true, transform: false, _isNested: true});
      } else if (Array.isArray(val)) {
        val = val.map(iter);
      } else if (val.valueOf) {
        val = val.valueOf();
      }
  
      if (op === '$addToSet') {
        val = {$each: val};
      }
  
      operand(self, where, delta, data, val, op);
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * Produces a special query document of the modified properties used in updates.
   *
   * @api private
   * @method $__delta
   * @memberOf Model
   * @instance
   */
  
  Model.prototype.$__delta = function() {
    const dirty = this.$__dirty();
    if (!dirty.length && VERSION_ALL !== this.$__.version) {
      return;
    }
  
    let where = {};
    let delta = {};
    const len = dirty.length;
    const divergent = [];
    let d = 0;
  
    where._id = this._doc._id;
    // If `_id` is an object, need to depopulate, but also need to be careful
    // because `_id` can technically be null (see gh-6406)
    if (get(where, '_id.$__', null) != null) {
      where._id = where._id.toObject({ transform: false, depopulate: true });
    }
  
    for (; d < len; ++d) {
      const data = dirty[d];
      let value = data.value;
  
      const match = checkDivergentArray(this, data.path, value);
      if (match) {
        divergent.push(match);
        continue;
      }
  
      const pop = this.populated(data.path, true);
      if (!pop && this.$__.selected) {
        // If any array was selected using an $elemMatch projection, we alter the path and where clause
        // NOTE: MongoDB only supports projected $elemMatch on top level array.
        const pathSplit = data.path.split('.');
        const top = pathSplit[0];
        if (this.$__.selected[top] && this.$__.selected[top].$elemMatch) {
          // If the selected array entry was modified
          if (pathSplit.length > 1 && pathSplit[1] == 0 && typeof where[top] === 'undefined') {
            where[top] = this.$__.selected[top];
            pathSplit[1] = '$';
            data.path = pathSplit.join('.');
          }
          // if the selected array was modified in any other way throw an error
          else {
            divergent.push(data.path);
            continue;
          }
        }
      }
  
      if (divergent.length) continue;
  
      if (undefined === value) {
        operand(this, where, delta, data, 1, '$unset');
      } else if (value === null) {
        operand(this, where, delta, data, null);
      } else if (value._path && value._atomics) {
        // arrays and other custom types (support plugins etc)
        handleAtomics(this, where, delta, data, value);
      } else if (value._path && Buffer.isBuffer(value)) {
        // MongooseBuffer
        value = value.toObject();
        operand(this, where, delta, data, value);
      } else {
        value = utils.clone(value, {
          depopulate: true,
          transform: false,
          virtuals: false,
          _isNested: true
        });
        operand(this, where, delta, data, value);
      }
    }
  
    if (divergent.length) {
      return new DivergentArrayError(divergent);
    }
  
    if (this.$__.version) {
      this.$__version(where, delta);
    }
  
    return [where, delta];
  };
  
  /*!
   * Determine if array was populated with some form of filter and is now
   * being updated in a manner which could overwrite data unintentionally.
   *
   * @see https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/issues/1334
   * @param {Document} doc
   * @param {String} path
   * @return {String|undefined}
   */
  
  function checkDivergentArray(doc, path, array) {
    // see if we populated this path
    var pop = doc.populated(path, true);
  
    if (!pop && doc.$__.selected) {
      // If any array was selected using an $elemMatch projection, we deny the update.
      // NOTE: MongoDB only supports projected $elemMatch on top level array.
      var top = path.split('.')[0];
      if (doc.$__.selected[top + '.$']) {
        return top;
      }
    }
  
    if (!(pop && array && array.isMongooseArray)) return;
  
    // If the array was populated using options that prevented all
    // documents from being returned (match, skip, limit) or they
    // deselected the _id field, $pop and $set of the array are
    // not safe operations. If _id was deselected, we do not know
    // how to remove elements. $pop will pop off the _id from the end
    // of the array in the db which is not guaranteed to be the
    // same as the last element we have here. $set of the entire array
    // would be similarily destructive as we never received all
    // elements of the array and potentially would overwrite data.
    var check = pop.options.match ||
        pop.options.options && utils.object.hasOwnProperty(pop.options.options, 'limit') || // 0 is not permitted
        pop.options.options && pop.options.options.skip || // 0 is permitted
        pop.options.select && // deselected _id?
        (pop.options.select._id === 0 ||
        /\s?-_id\s?/.test(pop.options.select));
  
    if (check) {
      var atomics = array._atomics;
      if (Object.keys(atomics).length === 0 || atomics.$set || atomics.$pop) {
        return path;
      }
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * Appends versioning to the where and update clauses.
   *
   * @api private
   * @method $__version
   * @memberOf Model
   * @instance
   */
  
  Model.prototype.$__version = function(where, delta) {
    var key = this.schema.options.versionKey;
  
    if (where === true) {
      // this is an insert
      if (key) this.setValue(key, delta[key] = 0);
      return;
    }
  
    // updates
  
    // only apply versioning if our versionKey was selected. else
    // there is no way to select the correct version. we could fail
    // fast here and force them to include the versionKey but
    // thats a bit intrusive. can we do this automatically?
    if (!this.isSelected(key)) {
      return;
    }
  
    // $push $addToSet don't need the where clause set
    if (VERSION_WHERE === (VERSION_WHERE & this.$__.version)) {
      var value = this.getValue(key);
      if (value != null) where[key] = value;
    }
  
    if (VERSION_INC === (VERSION_INC & this.$__.version)) {
      if (get(delta.$set, key, null) != null) {
        // Version key is getting set, means we'll increment the doc's version
        // after a successful save, so we should set the incremented version so
        // future saves don't fail (gh-5779)
        ++delta.$set[key];
      } else {
        delta.$inc = delta.$inc || {};
        delta.$inc[key] = 1;
      }
    }
  };
  
  /**
   * Signal that we desire an increment of this documents version.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Model.findById(id, function (err, doc) {
   *       doc.increment();
   *       doc.save(function (err) { .. })
   *     })
   *
   * @see versionKeys http://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#versionKey
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.prototype.increment = function increment() {
    this.$__.version = VERSION_ALL;
    return this;
  };
  
  /**
   * Returns a query object
   *
   * @api private
   * @method $__where
   * @memberOf Model
   * @instance
   */
  
  Model.prototype.$__where = function _where(where) {
    where || (where = {});
  
    if (!where._id) {
      where._id = this._doc._id;
    }
  
    if (this._doc._id === void 0) {
      return new Error('No _id found on document!');
    }
  
    return where;
  };
  
  /**
   * Removes this document from the db.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *     product.remove(function (err, product) {
   *       if (err) return handleError(err);
   *       Product.findById(product._id, function (err, product) {
   *         console.log(product) // null
   *       })
   *     })
   *
   *
   * As an extra measure of flow control, remove will return a Promise (bound to `fn` if passed) so it could be chained, or hooked to recieve errors
   *
   * ####Example:
   *     product.remove().then(function (product) {
   *        ...
   *     }).catch(function (err) {
   *        assert.ok(err)
   *     })
   *
   * @param {function(err,product)} [fn] optional callback
   * @return {Promise} Promise
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.prototype.remove = function remove(options, fn) {
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      fn = options;
      options = undefined;
    }
  
    if (!options) {
      options = {};
    }
  
    if (fn) {
      fn = this.constructor.$wrapCallback(fn);
    }
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(fn, cb => {
      this.$__remove(options, cb);
    });
  };
  
  /*!
   * ignore
   */
  
  Model.prototype.$__remove = function $__remove(options, cb) {
    if (this.$__.isDeleted) {
      return utils.immediate(() => cb(null, this));
    }
  
    var where = this.$__where();
    if (where instanceof Error) {
      return cb(where);
    }
  
    this.collection.remove(where, options, err => {
      if (!err) {
        this.$__.isDeleted = true;
        this.emit('remove', this);
        this.constructor.emit('remove', this);
        return cb(null, this);
      }
      this.$__.isDeleted = false;
      cb(err);
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Returns another Model instance.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var doc = new Tank;
   *     doc.model('User').findById(id, callback);
   *
   * @param {String} name model name
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.prototype.model = function model(name) {
    return this.db.model(name);
  };
  
  /**
   * Adds a discriminator type.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     function BaseSchema() {
   *       Schema.apply(this, arguments);
   *
   *       this.add({
   *         name: String,
   *         createdAt: Date
   *       });
   *     }
   *     util.inherits(BaseSchema, Schema);
   *
   *     var PersonSchema = new BaseSchema();
   *     var BossSchema = new BaseSchema({ department: String });
   *
   *     var Person = mongoose.model('Person', PersonSchema);
   *     var Boss = Person.discriminator('Boss', BossSchema);
   *     new Boss().__t; // "Boss". `__t` is the default `discriminatorKey`
   *
   *     var employeeSchema = new Schema({ boss: ObjectId });
   *     var Employee = Person.discriminator('Employee', employeeSchema, 'staff');
   *     new Employee().__t; // "staff" because of 3rd argument above
   *
   * @param {String} name discriminator model name
   * @param {Schema} schema discriminator model schema
   * @param {String} value the string stored in the `discriminatorKey` property
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.discriminator = function(name, schema, value) {
    var model;
    if (typeof name === 'function') {
      model = name;
      name = utils.getFunctionName(model);
      if (!(model.prototype instanceof Model)) {
        throw new Error('The provided class ' + name + ' must extend Model');
      }
    }
  
    schema = discriminator(this, name, schema, value);
    if (this.db.models[name]) {
      throw new OverwriteModelError(name);
    }
  
    schema.$isRootDiscriminator = true;
  
    model = this.db.model(model || name, schema, this.collection.name);
    this.discriminators[name] = model;
    var d = this.discriminators[name];
    d.prototype.__proto__ = this.prototype;
    Object.defineProperty(d, 'baseModelName', {
      value: this.modelName,
      configurable: true,
      writable: false
    });
  
    // apply methods and statics
    applyMethods(d, schema);
    applyStatics(d, schema);
  
    return d;
  };
  
  // Model (class) features
  
  /*!
   * Give the constructor the ability to emit events.
   */
  
  for (var i in EventEmitter.prototype) {
    Model[i] = EventEmitter.prototype[i];
  }
  
  /**
   * Performs any async initialization of this model against MongoDB. Currently,
   * this function is only responsible for building [indexes](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/indexes/),
   * unless [`autoIndex`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#autoIndex) is turned off.
   *
   * This function is called automatically, so you don't need to call it.
   * This function is also idempotent, so you may call it to get back a promise
   * that will resolve when your indexes are finished building as an alternative
   * to `MyModel.on('index')`
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var eventSchema = new Schema({ thing: { type: 'string', unique: true }})
   *     // This calls `Event.init()` implicitly, so you don't need to call
   *     // `Event.init()` on your own.
   *     var Event = mongoose.model('Event', eventSchema);
   *
   *     Event.init().then(function(Event) {
   *       // You can also use `Event.on('index')` if you prefer event emitters
   *       // over promises.
   *       console.log('Indexes are done building!');
   *     });
   *
   * @api public
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @returns {Promise}
   */
  
  Model.init = function init(callback) {
    this.schema.emit('init', this);
  
    if (this.$init) {
      if (callback) {
        this.$init.then(() => callback(), err => callback(err));
        return null;
      }
      return this.$init;
    }
  
    const Promise = PromiseProvider.get();
    const autoIndex = this.schema.options.autoIndex;
    this.$init = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      if (autoIndex || (autoIndex == null && this.db.config.autoIndex)) {
        this.ensureIndexes({ _automatic: true }, function(error) {
          if (error) {
            return reject(error);
          }
          resolve(this);
        });
      } else {
        resolve(this);
      }
    });
  
    if (callback) {
      this.$init.then(() => callback(), err => callback(err));
      this.$caught = true;
      return null;
    } else {
      const _catch = this.$init.catch;
      const _this = this;
      this.$init.catch = function() {
        this.$caught = true;
        return _catch.apply(_this.$init, arguments);
      };
    }
  
    return this.$init;
  };
  
  /**
   * Makes the indexes in MongoDB match the indexes defined in this model's
   * schema. This function will drop any indexes that are not defined in
   * the model's schema except the `_id` index, and build any indexes that
   * are in your schema but not in MongoDB.
   *
   * @param {Object} [options] options to pass to `ensureIndexes()`
   * @param {Function} [callback] optional callback
   * @return {Promise|undefined} Returns `undefined` if callback is specified, returns a promise if no callback.
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.syncIndexes = function syncIndexes(options, callback) {
    callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
  
    const dropNonSchemaIndexes = (cb) => {
      this.listIndexes((err, indexes) => {
        if (err != null) {
          return cb(err);
        }
  
        const schemaIndexes = this.schema.indexes();
        let toDrop = [];
  
        for (const index of indexes) {
          let found = false;
          // Never try to drop `_id` index, MongoDB server doesn't allow it
          if (index.key._id) {
            continue;
          }
  
          for (const schemaIndex of schemaIndexes) {
            const key = schemaIndex[0];
            const options = _decorateDiscriminatorIndexOptions(this,
              utils.clone(schemaIndex[1]));
  
            // If these options are different, need to rebuild the index
            const optionKeys = ['unique', 'partialFilterExpression', 'sparse'];
            const indexCopy = Object.assign({}, index);
            for (const key of optionKeys) {
              if (!(key in options) && !(key in indexCopy)) {
                continue;
              }
              indexCopy[key] = options[key];
            }
            if (utils.deepEqual(key, index.key) &&
                utils.deepEqual(index, indexCopy)) {
              found = true;
              break;
            }
          }
  
          if (!found) {
            toDrop.push(index.name);
          }
        }
  
        if (toDrop.length === 0) {
          return cb(null, []);
        }
  
        dropIndexes(toDrop, cb);
      });
    };
  
    const dropIndexes = (toDrop, cb) => {
      let remaining = toDrop.length;
      let error = false;
      toDrop.forEach(indexName => {
        this.collection.dropIndex(indexName, err => {
          if (err != null) {
            error = true;
            return cb(err);
          }
          if (!error) {
            --remaining || cb(null, toDrop);
          }
        });
      });
    };
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      dropNonSchemaIndexes((err, dropped) => {
        if (err != null) {
          return cb(err);
        }
        this.ensureIndexes(options, err => {
          if (err != null) {
            return cb(err);
          }
          cb(null, dropped);
        });
      });
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Lists the indexes currently defined in MongoDB. This may or may not be
   * the same as the indexes defined in your schema depending on whether you
   * use the [`autoIndex` option](/docs/guide.html#autoIndex) and if you
   * build indexes manually.
   *
   * @param {Function} [cb] optional callback
   * @return {Promise|undefined} Returns `undefined` if callback is specified, returns a promise if no callback.
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.listIndexes = function init(callback) {
    callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
  
    const _listIndexes = cb => {
      this.collection.listIndexes().toArray(cb);
    };
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      // Buffering
      if (this.collection.buffer) {
        this.collection.addQueue(_listIndexes, [cb]);
      } else {
        _listIndexes(cb);
      }
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Sends `createIndex` commands to mongo for each index declared in the schema.
   * The `createIndex` commands are sent in series.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Event.ensureIndexes(function (err) {
   *       if (err) return handleError(err);
   *     });
   *
   * After completion, an `index` event is emitted on this `Model` passing an error if one occurred.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var eventSchema = new Schema({ thing: { type: 'string', unique: true }})
   *     var Event = mongoose.model('Event', eventSchema);
   *
   *     Event.on('index', function (err) {
   *       if (err) console.error(err); // error occurred during index creation
   *     })
   *
   * _NOTE: It is not recommended that you run this in production. Index creation may impact database performance depending on your load. Use with caution._
   *
   * @param {Object} [options] internal options
   * @param {Function} [cb] optional callback
   * @return {Promise}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.ensureIndexes = function ensureIndexes(options, callback) {
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = null;
    }
  
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      _ensureIndexes(this, options || {}, error => {
        if (error) {
          return cb(error);
        }
        cb(null);
      });
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Similar to `ensureIndexes()`, except for it uses the [`createIndex`](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.2/api/Collection.html#createIndex)
   * function. The `ensureIndex()` function checks to see if an index with that
   * name already exists, and, if not, does not attempt to create the index.
   * `createIndex()` bypasses this check.
   *
   * @param {Object} [options] internal options
   * @param {Function} [cb] optional callback
   * @return {Promise}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.createIndexes = function createIndexes(options, callback) {
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = {};
    }
    options = options || {};
    options.createIndex = true;
    return this.ensureIndexes(options, callback);
  };
  
  function _ensureIndexes(model, options, callback) {
    const indexes = model.schema.indexes();
  
    options = options || {};
  
    const done = function(err) {
      if (err && !model.$caught) {
        model.emit('error', err);
      }
      model.emit('index', err);
      callback && callback(err);
    };
  
    for (const index of indexes) {
      if (index[0]._id != null) {
        const err = new Error('Cannot specify a custom index on `_id`, ' +
          'MongoDB does not allow overwriting the default `_id` index. See ' +
          'http://bit.ly/mongodb-id-index');
        return done(err);
      }
    }
  
    if (!indexes.length) {
      utils.immediate(function() {
        done();
      });
      return;
    }
    // Indexes are created one-by-one to support how MongoDB < 2.4 deals
    // with background indexes.
  
    const indexSingleDone = function(err, fields, options, name) {
      model.emit('index-single-done', err, fields, options, name);
    };
    const indexSingleStart = function(fields, options) {
      model.emit('index-single-start', fields, options);
    };
  
    const create = function() {
      if (options._automatic) {
        if (model.schema.options.autoIndex === false ||
            (model.schema.options.autoIndex == null && model.db.config.autoIndex === false)) {
          return done();
        }
      }
  
      const index = indexes.shift();
      if (!index) {
        return done();
      }
  
      const indexFields = utils.clone(index[0]);
      const indexOptions = utils.clone(index[1]);
  
      _decorateDiscriminatorIndexOptions(model, indexOptions);
      _handleSafe(options);
  
      indexSingleStart(indexFields, options);
      const methodName = options.createIndex ? 'createIndex' : 'ensureIndex';
      model.collection[methodName](indexFields, indexOptions, utils.tick(function(err, name) {
        indexSingleDone(err, indexFields, indexOptions, name);
        if (err) {
          return done(err);
        }
        create();
      }));
    };
  
    utils.immediate(function() {
      // If buffering is off, do this manually.
      if (options._automatic && !model.collection.collection) {
        model.collection.addQueue(create, []);
      } else {
        create();
      }
    });
  }
  
  function _decorateDiscriminatorIndexOptions(model, indexOptions) {
    // If the model is a discriminator and it has a unique index, add a
    // partialFilterExpression by default so the unique index will only apply
    // to that discriminator.
    if (model.baseModelName != null && indexOptions.unique &&
        !('partialFilterExpression' in indexOptions) &&
        !('sparse' in indexOptions)) {
      indexOptions.partialFilterExpression = {
        [model.schema.options.discriminatorKey]: model.modelName
      };
    }
    return indexOptions;
  }
  
  function _handleSafe(options) {
    if (options.safe) {
      if (typeof options.safe === 'boolean') {
        options.w = options.safe;
        delete options.safe;
      }
      if (typeof options.safe === 'object') {
        options.w = options.safe.w;
        options.j = options.safe.j;
        options.wtimeout = options.safe.wtimeout;
        delete options.safe;
      }
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * Schema the model uses.
   *
   * @property schema
   * @receiver Model
   * @api public
   * @memberOf Model
   */
  
  Model.schema;
  
  /*!
   * Connection instance the model uses.
   *
   * @property db
   * @api public
   * @memberOf Model
   */
  
  Model.db;
  
  /*!
   * Collection the model uses.
   *
   * @property collection
   * @api public
   * @memberOf Model
   */
  
  Model.collection;
  
  /**
   * Base Mongoose instance the model uses.
   *
   * @property base
   * @api public
   * @memberOf Model
   */
  
  Model.base;
  
  /**
   * Registered discriminators for this model.
   *
   * @property discriminators
   * @api public
   * @memberOf Model
   */
  
  Model.discriminators;
  
  /**
   * Translate any aliases fields/conditions so the final query or document object is pure
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Character
   *       .find(Character.translateAliases({
   *         '名': 'Eddard Stark' // Alias for 'name'
   *       })
   *       .exec(function(err, characters) {})
   *
   * ####Note:
   * Only translate arguments of object type anything else is returned raw
   *
   * @param {Object} raw fields/conditions that may contain aliased keys
   * @return {Object} the translated 'pure' fields/conditions
   */
  Model.translateAliases = function translateAliases(fields) {
    var aliases = this.schema.aliases;
  
    if (typeof fields === 'object') {
      // Fields is an object (query conditions or document fields)
      for (var key in fields) {
        if (aliases[key]) {
          fields[aliases[key]] = fields[key];
          delete fields[key];
        }
      }
  
      return fields;
    } else {
      // Don't know typeof fields
      return fields;
    }
  };
  
  /**
   * Removes all documents that match `conditions` from the collection.
   * To remove just the first document that matches `conditions`, set the `single`
   * option to true.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Character.remove({ name: 'Eddard Stark' }, function (err) {});
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * This method sends a remove command directly to MongoDB, no Mongoose documents
   * are involved. Because no Mongoose documents are involved, _no middleware
   * (hooks) are executed_.
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.remove = function remove(conditions, callback) {
    if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
      callback = conditions;
      conditions = {};
    }
  
    // get the mongodb collection object
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
  
    callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
  
    return mq.remove(conditions, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Deletes the first document that matches `conditions` from the collection.
   * Behaves like `remove()`, but deletes at most one document regardless of the
   * `single` option.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Character.deleteOne({ name: 'Eddard Stark' }, function (err) {});
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * Like `Model.remove()`, this function does **not** trigger `pre('remove')` or `post('remove')` hooks.
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.deleteOne = function deleteOne(conditions, callback) {
    if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
      callback = conditions;
      conditions = {};
    }
  
    // get the mongodb collection object
    var mq = new this.Query(conditions, {}, this, this.collection);
  
    callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
  
    return mq.deleteOne(callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Deletes all of the documents that match `conditions` from the collection.
   * Behaves like `remove()`, but deletes all documents that match `conditions`
   * regardless of the `single` option.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Character.deleteMany({ name: /Stark/, age: { $gte: 18 } }, function (err) {});
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * Like `Model.remove()`, this function does **not** trigger `pre('remove')` or `post('remove')` hooks.
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.deleteMany = function deleteMany(conditions, callback) {
    if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
      callback = conditions;
      conditions = {};
    }
  
    // get the mongodb collection object
    var mq = new this.Query(conditions, {}, this, this.collection);
  
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return mq.deleteMany(callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Finds documents
   *
   * The `conditions` are cast to their respective SchemaTypes before the command is sent.
   *
   * ####Examples:
   *
   *     // named john and at least 18
   *     MyModel.find({ name: 'john', age: { $gte: 18 }});
   *
   *     // executes immediately, passing results to callback
   *     MyModel.find({ name: 'john', age: { $gte: 18 }}, function (err, docs) {});
   *
   *     // name LIKE john and only selecting the "name" and "friends" fields, executing immediately
   *     MyModel.find({ name: /john/i }, 'name friends', function (err, docs) { })
   *
   *     // passing options
   *     MyModel.find({ name: /john/i }, null, { skip: 10 })
   *
   *     // passing options and executing immediately
   *     MyModel.find({ name: /john/i }, null, { skip: 10 }, function (err, docs) {});
   *
   *     // executing a query explicitly
   *     var query = MyModel.find({ name: /john/i }, null, { skip: 10 })
   *     query.exec(function (err, docs) {});
   *
   *     // using the promise returned from executing a query
   *     var query = MyModel.find({ name: /john/i }, null, { skip: 10 });
   *     var promise = query.exec();
   *     promise.addBack(function (err, docs) {});
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Object|String} [projection] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](#query_Query-select)
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @see field selection #query_Query-select
   * @see promise #promise-js
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.find = function find(conditions, projection, options, callback) {
    if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
      callback = conditions;
      conditions = {};
      projection = null;
      options = null;
    } else if (typeof projection === 'function') {
      callback = projection;
      projection = null;
      options = null;
    } else if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = null;
    }
  
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
    mq.select(projection);
    mq.setOptions(options);
    if (this.schema.discriminatorMapping &&
        this.schema.discriminatorMapping.isRoot &&
        mq.selectedInclusively()) {
      // Need to select discriminator key because original schema doesn't have it
      mq.select(this.schema.options.discriminatorKey);
    }
  
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return mq.find(conditions, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Finds a single document by its _id field. `findById(id)` is almost*
   * equivalent to `findOne({ _id: id })`. If you want to query by a document's
   * `_id`, use `findById()` instead of `findOne()`.
   *
   * The `id` is cast based on the Schema before sending the command.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `findOne()`
   *
   * \* Except for how it treats `undefined`. If you use `findOne()`, you'll see
   * that `findOne(undefined)` and `findOne({ _id: undefined })` are equivalent
   * to `findOne({})` and return arbitrary documents. However, mongoose
   * translates `findById(undefined)` into `findOne({ _id: null })`.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     // find adventure by id and execute immediately
   *     Adventure.findById(id, function (err, adventure) {});
   *
   *     // same as above
   *     Adventure.findById(id).exec(callback);
   *
   *     // select only the adventures name and length
   *     Adventure.findById(id, 'name length', function (err, adventure) {});
   *
   *     // same as above
   *     Adventure.findById(id, 'name length').exec(callback);
   *
   *     // include all properties except for `length`
   *     Adventure.findById(id, '-length').exec(function (err, adventure) {});
   *
   *     // passing options (in this case return the raw js objects, not mongoose documents by passing `lean`
   *     Adventure.findById(id, 'name', { lean: true }, function (err, doc) {});
   *
   *     // same as above
   *     Adventure.findById(id, 'name').lean().exec(function (err, doc) {});
   *
   * @param {Object|String|Number} id value of `_id` to query by
   * @param {Object|String} [projection] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](#query_Query-select)
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @see field selection #query_Query-select
   * @see lean queries #query_Query-lean
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.findById = function findById(id, projection, options, callback) {
    if (typeof id === 'undefined') {
      id = null;
    }
  
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return this.findOne({_id: id}, projection, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Finds one document.
   *
   * The `conditions` are cast to their respective SchemaTypes before the command is sent.
   *
   * *Note:* `conditions` is optional, and if `conditions` is null or undefined,
   * mongoose will send an empty `findOne` command to MongoDB, which will return
   * an arbitrary document. If you're querying by `_id`, use `findById()` instead.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     // find one iphone adventures - iphone adventures??
   *     Adventure.findOne({ type: 'iphone' }, function (err, adventure) {});
   *
   *     // same as above
   *     Adventure.findOne({ type: 'iphone' }).exec(function (err, adventure) {});
   *
   *     // select only the adventures name
   *     Adventure.findOne({ type: 'iphone' }, 'name', function (err, adventure) {});
   *
   *     // same as above
   *     Adventure.findOne({ type: 'iphone' }, 'name').exec(function (err, adventure) {});
   *
   *     // specify options, in this case lean
   *     Adventure.findOne({ type: 'iphone' }, 'name', { lean: true }, callback);
   *
   *     // same as above
   *     Adventure.findOne({ type: 'iphone' }, 'name', { lean: true }).exec(callback);
   *
   *     // chaining findOne queries (same as above)
   *     Adventure.findOne({ type: 'iphone' }).select('name').lean().exec(callback);
   *
   * @param {Object} [conditions]
   * @param {Object|String} [projection] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](#query_Query-select)
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @see field selection #query_Query-select
   * @see lean queries #query_Query-lean
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.findOne = function findOne(conditions, projection, options, callback) {
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = null;
    } else if (typeof projection === 'function') {
      callback = projection;
      projection = null;
      options = null;
    } else if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
      callback = conditions;
      conditions = {};
      projection = null;
      options = null;
    }
  
    // get the mongodb collection object
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
    mq.select(projection);
    mq.setOptions(options);
    if (this.schema.discriminatorMapping &&
        this.schema.discriminatorMapping.isRoot &&
        mq.selectedInclusively()) {
      mq.select(this.schema.options.discriminatorKey);
    }
  
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return mq.findOne(conditions, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Counts number of matching documents in a database collection. This method
   * is deprecated, use `countDocuments()` instead.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Adventure.count({ type: 'jungle' }, function (err, count) {
   *       if (err) ..
   *       console.log('there are %d jungle adventures', count);
   *     });
   *
   * @deprecated
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.countDocuments = function count(conditions, callback) {
    if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
      callback = conditions;
      conditions = {};
    }
  
    // get the mongodb collection object
    const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
  
    callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
  
    return mq.countDocuments(conditions, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Counts number of matching documents in a database collection.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Adventure.count({ type: 'jungle' }, function (err, count) {
   *       if (err) ..
   *       console.log('there are %d jungle adventures', count);
   *     });
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.count = function count(conditions, callback) {
    if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
      callback = conditions;
      conditions = {};
    }
  
    // get the mongodb collection object
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
  
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return mq.count(conditions, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Creates a Query for a `distinct` operation.
   *
   * Passing a `callback` immediately executes the query.
   *
   * ####Example
   *
   *     Link.distinct('url', { clicks: {$gt: 100}}, function (err, result) {
   *       if (err) return handleError(err);
   *
   *       assert(Array.isArray(result));
   *       console.log('unique urls with more than 100 clicks', result);
   *     })
   *
   *     var query = Link.distinct('url');
   *     query.exec(callback);
   *
   * @param {String} field
   * @param {Object} [conditions] optional
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.distinct = function distinct(field, conditions, callback) {
    // get the mongodb collection object
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
  
    if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
      callback = conditions;
      conditions = {};
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return mq.distinct(field, conditions, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Creates a Query, applies the passed conditions, and returns the Query.
   *
   * For example, instead of writing:
   *
   *     User.find({age: {$gte: 21, $lte: 65}}, callback);
   *
   * we can instead write:
   *
   *     User.where('age').gte(21).lte(65).exec(callback);
   *
   * Since the Query class also supports `where` you can continue chaining
   *
   *     User
   *     .where('age').gte(21).lte(65)
   *     .where('name', /^b/i)
   *     ... etc
   *
   * @param {String} path
   * @param {Object} [val] optional value
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.where = function where(path, val) {
    void val; // eslint
    // get the mongodb collection object
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection).find({});
    return mq.where.apply(mq, arguments);
  };
  
  /**
   * Creates a `Query` and specifies a `$where` condition.
   *
   * Sometimes you need to query for things in mongodb using a JavaScript expression. You can do so via `find({ $where: javascript })`, or you can use the mongoose shortcut method $where via a Query chain or from your mongoose Model.
   *
   *     Blog.$where('this.username.indexOf("val") !== -1').exec(function (err, docs) {});
   *
   * @param {String|Function} argument is a javascript string or anonymous function
   * @method $where
   * @memberOf Model
   * @return {Query}
   * @see Query.$where #query_Query-%24where
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.$where = function $where() {
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection).find({});
    return mq.$where.apply(mq, arguments);
  };
  
  /**
   * Issues a mongodb findAndModify update command.
   *
   * Finds a matching document, updates it according to the `update` arg, passing any `options`, and returns the found document (if any) to the callback. The query executes immediately if `callback` is passed else a Query object is returned.
   *
   * ####Options:
   *
   * - `new`: bool - if true, return the modified document rather than the original. defaults to false (changed in 4.0)
   * - `upsert`: bool - creates the object if it doesn't exist. defaults to false.
   * - `fields`: {Object|String} - Field selection. Equivalent to `.select(fields).findOneAndUpdate()`
   * - `maxTimeMS`: puts a time limit on the query - requires mongodb >= 2.6.0
   * - `sort`: if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update
   * - `runValidators`: if true, runs [update validators](/docs/validation.html#update-validators) on this command. Update validators validate the update operation against the model's schema.
   * - `setDefaultsOnInsert`: if this and `upsert` are true, mongoose will apply the [defaults](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/defaults.html) specified in the model's schema if a new document is created. This option only works on MongoDB >= 2.4 because it relies on [MongoDB's `$setOnInsert` operator](https://docs.mongodb.org/v2.4/reference/operator/update/setOnInsert/).
   * - `rawResult`: if true, returns the [raw result from the MongoDB driver](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.0/api/Collection.html#findAndModify)
   * - `strict`: overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict) for this update
   *
   * ####Examples:
   *
   *     A.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update, options, callback) // executes
   *     A.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update, options)  // returns Query
   *     A.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update, callback) // executes
   *     A.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update)           // returns Query
   *     A.findOneAndUpdate()                             // returns Query
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * All top level update keys which are not `atomic` operation names are treated as set operations:
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var query = { name: 'borne' };
   *     Model.findOneAndUpdate(query, { name: 'jason bourne' }, options, callback)
   *
   *     // is sent as
   *     Model.findOneAndUpdate(query, { $set: { name: 'jason bourne' }}, options, callback)
   *
   * This helps prevent accidentally overwriting your document with `{ name: 'jason bourne' }`.
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * Values are cast to their appropriate types when using the findAndModify helpers.
   * However, the below are not executed by default.
   *
   * - defaults. Use the `setDefaultsOnInsert` option to override.
   *
   * `findAndModify` helpers support limited validation. You can
   * enable these by setting the `runValidators` options,
   * respectively.
   *
   * If you need full-fledged validation, use the traditional approach of first
   * retrieving the document.
   *
   *     Model.findById(id, function (err, doc) {
   *       if (err) ..
   *       doc.name = 'jason bourne';
   *       doc.save(callback);
   *     });
   *
   * @param {Object} [conditions]
   * @param {Object} [update]
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Object} [options.lean] if truthy, mongoose will return the document as a plain JavaScript object rather than a mongoose document. See [`Query.lean()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-lean).
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @see mongodb http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/findAndModify+Command
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.findOneAndUpdate = function(conditions, update, options, callback) {
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = null;
    } else if (arguments.length === 1) {
      if (typeof conditions === 'function') {
        var msg = 'Model.findOneAndUpdate(): First argument must not be a function.\n\n'
            + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update, options, callback)\n'
            + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update, options)\n'
            + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update)\n'
            + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndUpdate(update)\n'
            + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndUpdate()\n';
        throw new TypeError(msg);
      }
      update = conditions;
      conditions = undefined;
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    var fields;
    if (options && options.fields) {
      fields = options.fields;
    }
  
    var retainKeyOrder = get(options, 'retainKeyOrder') ||
      get(this, 'schema.options.retainKeyOrder') ||
      false;
    update = utils.clone(update, {
      depopulate: true,
      _isNested: true,
      retainKeyOrder: retainKeyOrder
    });
    if (this.schema.options.versionKey && options && options.upsert) {
      var updatedPaths = modifiedPaths(update);
      if (!updatedPaths[this.schema.options.versionKey]) {
        if (options.overwrite) {
          update[this.schema.options.versionKey] = 0;
        } else {
          if (!update.$setOnInsert) {
            update.$setOnInsert = {};
          }
          update.$setOnInsert[this.schema.options.versionKey] = 0;
        }
      }
    }
  
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
    mq.select(fields);
  
    return mq.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Issues a mongodb findAndModify update command by a document's _id field.
   * `findByIdAndUpdate(id, ...)` is equivalent to `findOneAndUpdate({ _id: id }, ...)`.
   *
   * Finds a matching document, updates it according to the `update` arg,
   * passing any `options`, and returns the found document (if any) to the
   * callback. The query executes immediately if `callback` is passed else a
   * Query object is returned.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `findOneAndUpdate()`
   *
   * ####Options:
   *
   * - `new`: bool - true to return the modified document rather than the original. defaults to false
   * - `upsert`: bool - creates the object if it doesn't exist. defaults to false.
   * - `runValidators`: if true, runs [update validators](/docs/validation.html#update-validators) on this command. Update validators validate the update operation against the model's schema.
   * - `setDefaultsOnInsert`: if this and `upsert` are true, mongoose will apply the [defaults](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/defaults.html) specified in the model's schema if a new document is created. This option only works on MongoDB >= 2.4 because it relies on [MongoDB's `$setOnInsert` operator](https://docs.mongodb.org/v2.4/reference/operator/update/setOnInsert/).
   * - `sort`: if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update
   * - `select`: sets the document fields to return
   * - `rawResult`: if true, returns the [raw result from the MongoDB driver](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.0/api/Collection.html#findAndModify)
   * - `strict`: overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict) for this update
   *
   * ####Examples:
   *
   *     A.findByIdAndUpdate(id, update, options, callback) // executes
   *     A.findByIdAndUpdate(id, update, options)  // returns Query
   *     A.findByIdAndUpdate(id, update, callback) // executes
   *     A.findByIdAndUpdate(id, update)           // returns Query
   *     A.findByIdAndUpdate()                     // returns Query
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * All top level update keys which are not `atomic` operation names are treated as set operations:
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Model.findByIdAndUpdate(id, { name: 'jason bourne' }, options, callback)
   *
   *     // is sent as
   *     Model.findByIdAndUpdate(id, { $set: { name: 'jason bourne' }}, options, callback)
   *
   * This helps prevent accidentally overwriting your document with `{ name: 'jason bourne' }`.
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * Values are cast to their appropriate types when using the findAndModify helpers.
   * However, the below are not executed by default.
   *
   * - defaults. Use the `setDefaultsOnInsert` option to override.
   *
   * `findAndModify` helpers support limited validation. You can
   * enable these by setting the `runValidators` options,
   * respectively.
   *
   * If you need full-fledged validation, use the traditional approach of first
   * retrieving the document.
   *
   *     Model.findById(id, function (err, doc) {
   *       if (err) ..
   *       doc.name = 'jason bourne';
   *       doc.save(callback);
   *     });
   *
   * @param {Object|Number|String} id value of `_id` to query by
   * @param {Object} [update]
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Object} [options.lean] if truthy, mongoose will return the document as a plain JavaScript object rather than a mongoose document. See [`Query.lean()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-lean).
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @see Model.findOneAndUpdate #model_Model.findOneAndUpdate
   * @see mongodb http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/findAndModify+Command
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.findByIdAndUpdate = function(id, update, options, callback) {
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
    if (arguments.length === 1) {
      if (typeof id === 'function') {
        var msg = 'Model.findByIdAndUpdate(): First argument must not be a function.\n\n'
            + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndUpdate(id, callback)\n'
            + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndUpdate(id)\n'
            + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndUpdate()\n';
        throw new TypeError(msg);
      }
      return this.findOneAndUpdate({_id: id}, undefined);
    }
  
    // if a model is passed in instead of an id
    if (id instanceof Document) {
      id = id._id;
    }
  
    return this.findOneAndUpdate.call(this, {_id: id}, update, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Issue a MongoDB `findOneAndDelete()` command.
   *
   * Finds a matching document, removes it, and passes the found document
   * (if any) to the callback.
   *
   * Executes immediately if `callback` is passed else a Query object is returned.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `findOneAndDelete()`
   *
   * This function differs slightly from `Model.findOneAndRemove()` in that
   * `findOneAndRemove()` becomes a [MongoDB `findAndModify()` command](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/method/db.collection.findAndModify/),
   * as opposed to a `findOneAndDelete()` command. For most mongoose use cases,
   * this distinction is purely pedantic. You should use `findOneAndDelete()`
   * unless you have a good reason not to.
   *
   * ####Options:
   *
   * - `sort`: if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update
   * - `maxTimeMS`: puts a time limit on the query - requires mongodb >= 2.6.0
   * - `select`: sets the document fields to return
   * - `projection`: like select, it determines which fields to return, ex. `{ projection: { _id: 0 } }`
   * - `rawResult`: if true, returns the [raw result from the MongoDB driver](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.0/api/Collection.html#findAndModify)
   * - `strict`: overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict) for this update
   *
   * ####Examples:
   *
   *     A.findOneAndDelete(conditions, options, callback) // executes
   *     A.findOneAndDelete(conditions, options)  // return Query
   *     A.findOneAndDelete(conditions, callback) // executes
   *     A.findOneAndDelete(conditions) // returns Query
   *     A.findOneAndDelete()           // returns Query
   *
   * Values are cast to their appropriate types when using the findAndModify helpers.
   * However, the below are not executed by default.
   *
   * - defaults. Use the `setDefaultsOnInsert` option to override.
   *
   * `findAndModify` helpers support limited validation. You can
   * enable these by setting the `runValidators` options,
   * respectively.
   *
   * If you need full-fledged validation, use the traditional approach of first
   * retrieving the document.
   *
   *     Model.findById(id, function (err, doc) {
   *       if (err) ..
   *       doc.name = 'jason bourne';
   *       doc.save(callback);
   *     });
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.findOneAndDelete = function(conditions, options, callback) {
    if (arguments.length === 1 && typeof conditions === 'function') {
      var msg = 'Model.findOneAndDelete(): First argument must not be a function.\n\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndDelete(conditions, callback)\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndDelete(conditions)\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndDelete()\n';
      throw new TypeError(msg);
    }
  
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = undefined;
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    var fields;
    if (options) {
      fields = options.select;
      options.select = undefined;
    }
  
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
    mq.select(fields);
  
    return mq.findOneAndDelete(conditions, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Issue a MongoDB `findOneAndDelete()` command by a document's _id field.
   * In other words, `findByIdAndDelete(id)` is a shorthand for
   * `findOneAndDelete({ _id: id })`.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `findOneAndDelete()`
   *
   * @param {Object|Number|String} id value of `_id` to query by
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @see Model.findOneAndRemove #model_Model.findOneAndRemove
   * @see mongodb http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/findAndModify+Command
   */
  
  Model.findByIdAndDelete = function(id, options, callback) {
    if (arguments.length === 1 && typeof id === 'function') {
      var msg = 'Model.findByIdAndDelete(): First argument must not be a function.\n\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndDelete(id, callback)\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndDelete(id)\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndDelete()\n';
      throw new TypeError(msg);
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return this.findOneAndDelete({_id: id}, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Issue a mongodb findAndModify remove command.
   *
   * Finds a matching document, removes it, passing the found document (if any) to the callback.
   *
   * Executes immediately if `callback` is passed else a Query object is returned.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `findOneAndRemove()`
   *
   * ####Options:
   *
   * - `sort`: if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update
   * - `maxTimeMS`: puts a time limit on the query - requires mongodb >= 2.6.0
   * - `select`: sets the document fields to return
   * - `projection`: like select, it determines which fields to return, ex. `{ projection: { _id: 0 } }`
   * - `rawResult`: if true, returns the [raw result from the MongoDB driver](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.0/api/Collection.html#findAndModify)
   * - `strict`: overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict) for this update
   *
   * ####Examples:
   *
   *     A.findOneAndRemove(conditions, options, callback) // executes
   *     A.findOneAndRemove(conditions, options)  // return Query
   *     A.findOneAndRemove(conditions, callback) // executes
   *     A.findOneAndRemove(conditions) // returns Query
   *     A.findOneAndRemove()           // returns Query
   *
   * Values are cast to their appropriate types when using the findAndModify helpers.
   * However, the below are not executed by default.
   *
   * - defaults. Use the `setDefaultsOnInsert` option to override.
   *
   * `findAndModify` helpers support limited validation. You can
   * enable these by setting the `runValidators` options,
   * respectively.
   *
   * If you need full-fledged validation, use the traditional approach of first
   * retrieving the document.
   *
   *     Model.findById(id, function (err, doc) {
   *       if (err) ..
   *       doc.name = 'jason bourne';
   *       doc.save(callback);
   *     });
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @see mongodb http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/findAndModify+Command
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.findOneAndRemove = function(conditions, options, callback) {
    if (arguments.length === 1 && typeof conditions === 'function') {
      var msg = 'Model.findOneAndRemove(): First argument must not be a function.\n\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndRemove(conditions, callback)\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndRemove(conditions)\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findOneAndRemove()\n';
      throw new TypeError(msg);
    }
  
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = undefined;
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    var fields;
    if (options) {
      fields = options.select;
      options.select = undefined;
    }
  
    var mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.collection);
    mq.select(fields);
  
    return mq.findOneAndRemove(conditions, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Issue a mongodb findAndModify remove command by a document's _id field. `findByIdAndRemove(id, ...)` is equivalent to `findOneAndRemove({ _id: id }, ...)`.
   *
   * Finds a matching document, removes it, passing the found document (if any) to the callback.
   *
   * Executes immediately if `callback` is passed, else a `Query` object is returned.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `findOneAndRemove()`
   *
   * ####Options:
   *
   * - `sort`: if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update
   * - `select`: sets the document fields to return
   * - `rawResult`: if true, returns the [raw result from the MongoDB driver](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.0/api/Collection.html#findAndModify)
   * - `strict`: overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict) for this update
   *
   * ####Examples:
   *
   *     A.findByIdAndRemove(id, options, callback) // executes
   *     A.findByIdAndRemove(id, options)  // return Query
   *     A.findByIdAndRemove(id, callback) // executes
   *     A.findByIdAndRemove(id) // returns Query
   *     A.findByIdAndRemove()           // returns Query
   *
   * @param {Object|Number|String} id value of `_id` to query by
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @see Model.findOneAndRemove #model_Model.findOneAndRemove
   * @see mongodb http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/findAndModify+Command
   */
  
  Model.findByIdAndRemove = function(id, options, callback) {
    if (arguments.length === 1 && typeof id === 'function') {
      var msg = 'Model.findByIdAndRemove(): First argument must not be a function.\n\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndRemove(id, callback)\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndRemove(id)\n'
          + '  ' + this.modelName + '.findByIdAndRemove()\n';
      throw new TypeError(msg);
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return this.findOneAndRemove({_id: id}, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Shortcut for saving one or more documents to the database.
   * `MyModel.create(docs)` does `new MyModel(doc).save()` for every doc in
   * docs.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `save()`
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     // pass a spread of docs and a callback
   *     Candy.create({ type: 'jelly bean' }, { type: 'snickers' }, function (err, jellybean, snickers) {
   *       if (err) // ...
   *     });
   *
   *     // pass an array of docs
   *     var array = [{ type: 'jelly bean' }, { type: 'snickers' }];
   *     Candy.create(array, function (err, candies) {
   *       if (err) // ...
   *
   *       var jellybean = candies[0];
   *       var snickers = candies[1];
   *       // ...
   *     });
   *
   *     // callback is optional; use the returned promise if you like:
   *     var promise = Candy.create({ type: 'jawbreaker' });
   *     promise.then(function (jawbreaker) {
   *       // ...
   *     })
   *
   * @param {Array|Object} docs Documents to insert, as a spread or array
   * @param {Object} [options] Options passed down to `save()`. To specify `options`, `docs` **must** be an array, not a spread.
   * @param {Function} [callback] callback
   * @return {Promise}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.create = function create(doc, options, callback) {
    let args;
    let cb;
    const discriminatorKey = this.schema.options.discriminatorKey;
  
    if (Array.isArray(doc)) {
      args = doc;
      cb = typeof options === 'function' ? options : callback;
      options = options != null && typeof options === 'object' ? options : {};
    } else {
      let last = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
      options = {};
      // Handle falsy callbacks re: #5061
      if (typeof last === 'function' || !last) {
        cb = last;
        args = utils.args(arguments, 0, arguments.length - 1);
      } else {
        args = utils.args(arguments);
      }
    }
  
    if (cb) {
      cb = this.$wrapCallback(cb);
    }
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(cb, cb => {
      if (args.length === 0) {
        return cb(null);
      }
  
      const toExecute = [];
      let firstError;
      args.forEach(doc => {
        toExecute.push(callback => {
          const Model = this.discriminators && doc[discriminatorKey] != null ?
            this.discriminators[doc[discriminatorKey]] || getDiscriminatorByValue(this, doc[discriminatorKey]) :
            this;
          if (Model == null) {
            throw new Error(`Discriminator "${doc[discriminatorKey]}" not ` +
              `found for model "${this.modelName}"`);
          }
          let toSave = doc;
          const callbackWrapper = (error, doc) => {
            if (error) {
              if (!firstError) {
                firstError = error;
              }
              return callback(null, { error: error });
            }
            callback(null, { doc: doc });
          };
  
          if (!(toSave instanceof Model)) {
            try {
              toSave = new Model(toSave);
            } catch (error) {
              return callbackWrapper(error);
            }
          }
  
          toSave.save(options, callbackWrapper);
        });
      });
  
      parallel(toExecute, (error, res) => {
        const savedDocs = [];
        const len = res.length;
        for (let i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
          if (res[i].doc) {
            savedDocs.push(res[i].doc);
          }
        }
  
        if (firstError) {
          return cb(firstError, savedDocs);
        }
  
        if (doc instanceof Array) {
          cb(null, savedDocs);
        } else {
          cb.apply(this, [null].concat(savedDocs));
        }
      });
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * _Requires a replica set running MongoDB >= 3.6.0._ Watches the
   * underlying collection for changes using
   * [MongoDB change streams](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/changeStreams/).
   *
   * This function does **not** trigger any middleware. In particular, it
   * does **not** trigger aggregate middleware.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     const doc = await Person.create({ name: 'Ned Stark' });
   *     Person.watch().on('change', change => console.log(change));
   *     // Will print from the above `console.log()`:
   *     // { _id: { _data: ... },
   *     //   operationType: 'delete',
   *     //   ns: { db: 'mydb', coll: 'Person' },
   *     //   documentKey: { _id: 5a51b125c5500f5aa094c7bd } }
   *     await doc.remove();
   *
   * @param {Array} [pipeline]
   * @param {Object} [options] see the [mongodb driver options](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/3.0/api/Collection.html#watch)
   * @return {ChangeStream} mongoose-specific change stream wrapper, inherits from EventEmitter
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.watch = function(pipeline, options) {
    return new ChangeStream(this, pipeline, options);
  };
  
  /**
   * _Requires MongoDB >= 3.6.0._ Starts a [MongoDB session](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/release-notes/3.6/#client-sessions)
   * for benefits like causal consistency and [retryable writes](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/core/retryable-writes/).
   *
   * This function does not trigger any middleware.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     const session = await Person.startSession();
   *     let doc = await Person.findOne({ name: 'Ned Stark' }, { session });
   *     await doc.remove();
   *     // `doc` will always be null, even if reading from a replica set
   *     // secondary. Without causal consistency, it is possible to
   *     // get a doc back from the below query if the query reads from a
   *     // secondary that is experiencing replication lag.
   *     doc = await Person.findOne({ name: 'Ned Stark' }, { readPreference: 'secondary' });
   *
   * @param {Object} [options] see the [mongodb driver options](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/3.0/api/MongoClient.html#startSession)
   * @param {Boolean} [options.causalConsistency=true] set to false to disable causal consistency
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Promise<ClientSession>} promise that resolves to a MongoDB driver `ClientSession`
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.startSession = function(options, callback) {
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      if (this.collection.buffer) {
        return this.collection.addQueue(() => {
          cb(null, this.db.client.startSession(options));
        });
      }
      return cb(null, this.db.client.startSession(options));
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Shortcut for validating an array of documents and inserting them into
   * MongoDB if they're all valid. This function is faster than `.create()`
   * because it only sends one operation to the server, rather than one for each
   * document.
   *
   * Mongoose always validates each document **before** sending `insertMany`
   * to MongoDB. So if one document has a validation error, no documents will
   * be saved, unless you set
   * [the `ordered` option to false](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/method/db.collection.insertMany/#error-handling).
   *
   * This function does **not** trigger save middleware.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `insertMany()`
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var arr = [{ name: 'Star Wars' }, { name: 'The Empire Strikes Back' }];
   *     Movies.insertMany(arr, function(error, docs) {});
   *
   * @param {Array|Object|*} doc(s)
   * @param {Object} [options] see the [mongodb driver options](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.2/api/Collection.html#insertMany)
   * @param {Boolean} [options.ordered = true] if true, will fail fast on the first error encountered. If false, will insert all the documents it can and report errors later. An `insertMany()` with `ordered = false` is called an "unordered" `insertMany()`.
   * @param {Boolean} [options.rawResult = false] if false, the returned promise resolves to the documents that passed mongoose document validation. If `false`, will return the [raw result from the MongoDB driver](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.2/api/Collection.html#~insertWriteOpCallback) with a `mongoose` property that contains `validationErrors` if this is an unordered `insertMany`.
   * @param {Function} [callback] callback
   * @return {Promise}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.insertMany = function(arr, options, callback) {
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = null;
    }
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      this.$__insertMany(arr, options, cb);
    });
  };
  
  /*!
   * ignore
   */
  
  Model.$__insertMany = function(arr, options, callback) {
    var _this = this;
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = null;
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
    callback = callback || utils.noop;
    options = options || {};
    var limit = get(options, 'limit', 1000);
    var rawResult = get(options, 'rawResult', false);
    var ordered = get(options, 'ordered', true);
  
    if (!Array.isArray(arr)) {
      arr = [arr];
    }
  
    var toExecute = [];
    var validationErrors = [];
    arr.forEach(function(doc) {
      toExecute.push(function(callback) {
        if (!(doc instanceof _this)) {
          doc = new _this(doc);
        }
        doc.validate({ __noPromise: true }, function(error) {
          if (error) {
            // Option `ordered` signals that insert should be continued after reaching
            // a failing insert. Therefore we delegate "null", meaning the validation
            // failed. It's up to the next function to filter out all failed models
            if (ordered === false) {
              validationErrors.push(error);
              return callback(null, null);
            }
            return callback(error);
          }
          callback(null, doc);
        });
      });
    });
  
    parallelLimit(toExecute, limit, function(error, docs) {
      if (error) {
        callback(error, null);
        return;
      }
      // We filter all failed pre-validations by removing nulls
      var docAttributes = docs.filter(function(doc) {
        return doc != null;
      });
      // Quickly escape while there aren't any valid docAttributes
      if (docAttributes.length < 1) {
        callback(null, []);
        return;
      }
      var docObjects = docAttributes.map(function(doc) {
        if (doc.schema.options.versionKey) {
          doc[doc.schema.options.versionKey] = 0;
        }
        if (doc.initializeTimestamps) {
          return doc.initializeTimestamps().toObject(internalToObjectOptions);
        }
        return doc.toObject(internalToObjectOptions);
      });
  
      _this.collection.insertMany(docObjects, options, function(error, res) {
        if (error) {
          callback(error, null);
          return;
        }
        for (var i = 0; i < docAttributes.length; ++i) {
          docAttributes[i].isNew = false;
          docAttributes[i].emit('isNew', false);
          docAttributes[i].constructor.emit('isNew', false);
        }
        if (rawResult) {
          if (ordered === false) {
            // Decorate with mongoose validation errors in case of unordered,
            // because then still do `insertMany()`
            res.mongoose = {
              validationErrors: validationErrors
            };
          }
          return callback(null, res);
        }
        callback(null, docAttributes);
      });
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Sends multiple `insertOne`, `updateOne`, `updateMany`, `replaceOne`,
   * `deleteOne`, and/or `deleteMany` operations to the MongoDB server in one
   * command. This is faster than sending multiple independent operations (like)
   * if you use `create()`) because with `bulkWrite()` there is only one round
   * trip to MongoDB.
   *
   * Mongoose will perform casting on all operations you provide.
   *
   * This function does **not** trigger any middleware, not `save()` nor `update()`.
   * If you need to trigger
   * `save()` middleware for every document use [`create()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#model_Model.create) instead.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     Character.bulkWrite([
   *       {
   *         insertOne: {
   *           document: {
   *             name: 'Eddard Stark',
   *             title: 'Warden of the North'
   *           }
   *         }
   *       },
   *       {
   *         updateOne: {
   *           filter: { name: 'Eddard Stark' },
   *           // If you were using the MongoDB driver directly, you'd need to do
   *           // `update: { $set: { title: ... } }` but mongoose adds $set for
   *           // you.
   *           update: { title: 'Hand of the King' }
   *         }
   *       },
   *       {
   *         deleteOne: {
   *           {
   *             filter: { name: 'Eddard Stark' }
   *           }
   *         }
   *       }
   *     ]).then(handleResult);
   *
   * @param {Array} ops
   * @param {Object} [options]
   * @param {Function} [callback] callback `function(error, bulkWriteOpResult) {}`
   * @return {Promise} resolves to a `BulkWriteOpResult` if the operation succeeds
   * @see writeOpResult http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/2.2/api/Collection.html#~BulkWriteOpResult
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.bulkWrite = function(ops, options, callback) {
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = null;
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
    options = options || {};
  
    var validations = ops.map((op) => {
      if (op['insertOne']) {
        return (callback) => {
          op['insertOne']['document'] = new this(op['insertOne']['document']);
          op['insertOne']['document'].validate({ __noPromise: true }, function(error) {
            if (error) {
              return callback(error, null);
            }
            callback(null);
          });
        };
      } else if (op['updateOne']) {
        op = op['updateOne'];
        return (callback) => {
          try {
            op['filter'] = cast(this.schema, op['filter']);
            op['update'] = castUpdate(this.schema, op['update'],
              this.schema.options.strict);
            if (op.setDefaultsOnInsert) {
              setDefaultsOnInsert(op['filter'], this.schema, op['update'], {
                setDefaultsOnInsert: true,
                upsert: op.upsert
              });
            }
          } catch (error) {
            return callback(error, null);
          }
  
          callback(null);
        };
      } else if (op['updateMany']) {
        op = op['updateMany'];
        return (callback) => {
          try {
            op['filter'] = cast(this.schema, op['filter']);
            op['update'] = castUpdate(this.schema, op['update'], {
              strict: this.schema.options.strict,
              overwrite: false
            });
            if (op.setDefaultsOnInsert) {
              setDefaultsOnInsert(op['filter'], this.schema, op['update'], {
                setDefaultsOnInsert: true,
                upsert: op.upsert
              });
            }
          } catch (error) {
            return callback(error, null);
          }
  
          callback(null);
        };
      } else if (op['replaceOne']) {
        return (callback) => {
          try {
            op['replaceOne']['filter'] = cast(this.schema,
              op['replaceOne']['filter']);
          } catch (error) {
            return callback(error, null);
          }
  
          // set `skipId`, otherwise we get "_id field cannot be changed"
          op['replaceOne']['replacement'] =
            new this(op['replaceOne']['replacement'], null, true);
          op['replaceOne']['replacement'].validate({ __noPromise: true }, function(error) {
            if (error) {
              return callback(error, null);
            }
            callback(null);
          });
        };
      } else if (op['deleteOne']) {
        return (callback) => {
          try {
            op['deleteOne']['filter'] = cast(this.schema,
              op['deleteOne']['filter']);
          } catch (error) {
            return callback(error, null);
          }
  
          callback(null);
        };
      } else if (op['deleteMany']) {
        return (callback) => {
          try {
            op['deleteMany']['filter'] = cast(this.schema,
              op['deleteMany']['filter']);
          } catch (error) {
            return callback(error, null);
          }
  
          callback(null);
        };
      } else {
        return (callback) => {
          callback(new Error('Invalid op passed to `bulkWrite()`'), null);
        };
      }
    });
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      parallel(validations, error => {
        if (error) {
          return cb(error);
        }
  
        this.collection.bulkWrite(ops, options, (error, res) => {
          if (error) {
            return cb(error);
          }
  
          cb(null, res);
        });
      });
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Shortcut for creating a new Document from existing raw data, pre-saved in the DB.
   * The document returned has no paths marked as modified initially.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     // hydrate previous data into a Mongoose document
   *     var mongooseCandy = Candy.hydrate({ _id: '54108337212ffb6d459f854c', type: 'jelly bean' });
   *
   * @param {Object} obj
   * @return {Model} document instance
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.hydrate = function(obj) {
    var model = require('./queryhelpers').createModel(this, obj);
    model.init(obj);
    return model;
  };
  
  /**
   * Updates one document in the database without returning it.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `update()`
   *
   * ####Examples:
   *
   *     MyModel.update({ age: { $gt: 18 } }, { oldEnough: true }, fn);
   *     MyModel.update({ name: 'Tobi' }, { ferret: true }, { multi: true }, function (err, raw) {
   *       if (err) return handleError(err);
   *       console.log('The raw response from Mongo was ', raw);
   *     });
   *
   * ####Valid options:
   *
   *  - `safe` (boolean) safe mode (defaults to value set in schema (true))
   *  - `upsert` (boolean) whether to create the doc if it doesn't match (false)
   *  - `multi` (boolean) whether multiple documents should be updated (false)
   *  - `runValidators`: if true, runs [update validators](/docs/validation.html#update-validators) on this command. Update validators validate the update operation against the model's schema.
   *  - `setDefaultsOnInsert`: if this and `upsert` are true, mongoose will apply the [defaults](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/defaults.html) specified in the model's schema if a new document is created. This option only works on MongoDB >= 2.4 because it relies on [MongoDB's `$setOnInsert` operator](https://docs.mongodb.org/v2.4/reference/operator/update/setOnInsert/).
   *  - `strict` (boolean) overrides the `strict` option for this update
   *  - `overwrite` (boolean) disables update-only mode, allowing you to overwrite the doc (false)
   *
   * All `update` values are cast to their appropriate SchemaTypes before being sent.
   *
   * The `callback` function receives `(err, rawResponse)`.
   *
   * - `err` is the error if any occurred
   * - `rawResponse` is the full response from Mongo
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * All top level keys which are not `atomic` operation names are treated as set operations:
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var query = { name: 'borne' };
   *     Model.update(query, { name: 'jason bourne' }, options, callback)
   *
   *     // is sent as
   *     Model.update(query, { $set: { name: 'jason bourne' }}, options, callback)
   *     // if overwrite option is false. If overwrite is true, sent without the $set wrapper.
   *
   * This helps prevent accidentally overwriting all documents in your collection with `{ name: 'jason bourne' }`.
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * Be careful to not use an existing model instance for the update clause (this won't work and can cause weird behavior like infinite loops). Also, ensure that the update clause does not have an _id property, which causes Mongo to return a "Mod on _id not allowed" error.
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * To update documents without waiting for a response from MongoDB, do not pass a `callback`, then call `exec` on the returned [Query](#query-js):
   *
   *     Comment.update({ _id: id }, { $set: { text: 'changed' }}).exec();
   *
   * ####Note:
   *
   * Although values are casted to their appropriate types when using update, the following are *not* applied:
   *
   * - defaults
   * - setters
   * - validators
   * - middleware
   *
   * If you need those features, use the traditional approach of first retrieving the document.
   *
   *     Model.findOne({ name: 'borne' }, function (err, doc) {
   *       if (err) ..
   *       doc.name = 'jason bourne';
   *       doc.save(callback);
   *     })
   *
   * @see strict http://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict
   * @see response http://docs.mongodb.org/v2.6/reference/command/update/#output
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Object} doc
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.update = function update(conditions, doc, options, callback) {
    return _update(this, 'update', conditions, doc, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Same as `update()`, except MongoDB will update _all_ documents that match
   * `criteria` (as opposed to just the first one) regardless of the value of
   * the `multi` option.
   *
   * **Note** updateMany will _not_ fire update middleware. Use `pre('updateMany')`
   * and `post('updateMany')` instead.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `updateMany()`
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Object} doc
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.updateMany = function updateMany(conditions, doc, options, callback) {
    return _update(this, 'updateMany', conditions, doc, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Same as `update()`, except MongoDB will update _only_ the first document that
   * matches `criteria` regardless of the value of the `multi` option.
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `updateOne()`
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Object} doc
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.updateOne = function updateOne(conditions, doc, options, callback) {
    return _update(this, 'updateOne', conditions, doc, options, callback);
  };
  
  /**
   * Same as `update()`, except MongoDB replace the existing document with the
   * given document (no atomic operators like `$set`).
   *
   * This function triggers the following middleware.
   *
   * - `replaceOne()`
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions
   * @param {Object} doc
   * @param {Object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-setOptions)
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Query}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.replaceOne = function replaceOne(conditions, doc, options, callback) {
    return _update(this, 'replaceOne', conditions, doc, options, callback);
  };
  
  /*!
   * ignore
   */
  
  function _update(model, op, conditions, doc, options, callback) {
    var mq = new model.Query({}, {}, model, model.collection);
    if (callback) {
      callback = model.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
    // gh-2406
    // make local deep copy of conditions
    if (conditions instanceof Document) {
      conditions = conditions.toObject();
    } else {
      conditions = utils.clone(conditions);
    }
    options = typeof options === 'function' ? options : utils.clone(options);
  
    var versionKey = get(model, 'schema.options.versionKey', null);
    if (versionKey && options && options.upsert) {
      if (options.overwrite) {
        doc[versionKey] = 0;
      } else {
        if (!doc.$setOnInsert) {
          doc.$setOnInsert = {};
        }
        doc.$setOnInsert[versionKey] = 0;
      }
    }
  
    return mq[op](conditions, doc, options, callback);
  }
  
  /**
   * Executes a mapReduce command.
   *
   * `o` is an object specifying all mapReduce options as well as the map and reduce functions. All options are delegated to the driver implementation. See [node-mongodb-native mapReduce() documentation](http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/api-generated/collection.html#mapreduce) for more detail about options.
   *
   * This function does not trigger any middleware.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var o = {};
   *     // `map()` and `reduce()` are run on the MongoDB server, not Node.js,
   *     // these functions are converted to strings
   *     o.map = function () { emit(this.name, 1) };
   *     o.reduce = function (k, vals) { return vals.length };
   *     User.mapReduce(o, function (err, results) {
   *       console.log(results)
   *     })
   *
   * ####Other options:
   *
   * - `query` {Object} query filter object.
   * - `sort` {Object} sort input objects using this key
   * - `limit` {Number} max number of documents
   * - `keeptemp` {Boolean, default:false} keep temporary data
   * - `finalize` {Function} finalize function
   * - `scope` {Object} scope variables exposed to map/reduce/finalize during execution
   * - `jsMode` {Boolean, default:false} it is possible to make the execution stay in JS. Provided in MongoDB > 2.0.X
   * - `verbose` {Boolean, default:false} provide statistics on job execution time.
   * - `readPreference` {String}
   * - `out*` {Object, default: {inline:1}} sets the output target for the map reduce job.
   *
   * ####* out options:
   *
   * - `{inline:1}` the results are returned in an array
   * - `{replace: 'collectionName'}` add the results to collectionName: the results replace the collection
   * - `{reduce: 'collectionName'}` add the results to collectionName: if dups are detected, uses the reducer / finalize functions
   * - `{merge: 'collectionName'}` add the results to collectionName: if dups exist the new docs overwrite the old
   *
   * If `options.out` is set to `replace`, `merge`, or `reduce`, a Model instance is returned that can be used for further querying. Queries run against this model are all executed with the `lean` option; meaning only the js object is returned and no Mongoose magic is applied (getters, setters, etc).
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var o = {};
   *     // You can also define `map()` and `reduce()` as strings if your
   *     // linter complains about `emit()` not being defined
   *     o.map = 'function () { emit(this.name, 1) }';
   *     o.reduce = 'function (k, vals) { return vals.length }';
   *     o.out = { replace: 'createdCollectionNameForResults' }
   *     o.verbose = true;
   *
   *     User.mapReduce(o, function (err, model, stats) {
   *       console.log('map reduce took %d ms', stats.processtime)
   *       model.find().where('value').gt(10).exec(function (err, docs) {
   *         console.log(docs);
   *       });
   *     })
   *
   *     // `mapReduce()` returns a promise. However, ES6 promises can only
   *     // resolve to exactly one value,
   *     o.resolveToObject = true;
   *     var promise = User.mapReduce(o);
   *     promise.then(function (res) {
   *       var model = res.model;
   *       var stats = res.stats;
   *       console.log('map reduce took %d ms', stats.processtime)
   *       return model.find().where('value').gt(10).exec();
   *     }).then(function (docs) {
   *        console.log(docs);
   *     }).then(null, handleError).end()
   *
   * @param {Object} o an object specifying map-reduce options
   * @param {Function} [callback] optional callback
   * @see http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/MapReduce
   * @return {Promise}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.mapReduce = function mapReduce(o, callback) {
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      if (!Model.mapReduce.schema) {
        var opts = {noId: true, noVirtualId: true, strict: false};
        Model.mapReduce.schema = new Schema({}, opts);
      }
  
      if (!o.out) o.out = {inline: 1};
      if (o.verbose !== false) o.verbose = true;
  
      o.map = String(o.map);
      o.reduce = String(o.reduce);
  
      if (o.query) {
        var q = new this.Query(o.query);
        q.cast(this);
        o.query = q._conditions;
        q = undefined;
      }
  
      this.collection.mapReduce(null, null, o, (err, res) => {
        if (err) {
          return cb(err);
        }
        if (res.collection) {
          // returned a collection, convert to Model
          var model = Model.compile('_mapreduce_' + res.collection.collectionName,
            Model.mapReduce.schema, res.collection.collectionName, this.db,
            this.base);
  
          model._mapreduce = true;
          res.model = model;
  
          return cb(null, res);
        }
  
        cb(null, res);
      });
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Performs [aggregations](http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/applications/aggregation/) on the models collection.
   *
   * If a `callback` is passed, the `aggregate` is executed and a `Promise` is returned. If a callback is not passed, the `aggregate` itself is returned.
   *
   * This function does not trigger any middleware.
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     // Find the max balance of all accounts
   *     Users.aggregate([
   *       { $group: { _id: null, maxBalance: { $max: '$balance' }}},
   *       { $project: { _id: 0, maxBalance: 1 }}
   *     ]).
   *     then(function (res) {
   *       console.log(res); // [ { maxBalance: 98000 } ]
   *     });
   *
   *     // Or use the aggregation pipeline builder.
   *     Users.aggregate().
   *       group({ _id: null, maxBalance: { $max: '$balance' } }).
   *       project('-id maxBalance').
   *       exec(function (err, res) {
   *         if (err) return handleError(err);
   *         console.log(res); // [ { maxBalance: 98 } ]
   *       });
   *
   * ####NOTE:
   *
   * - Arguments are not cast to the model's schema because `$project` operators allow redefining the "shape" of the documents at any stage of the pipeline, which may leave documents in an incompatible format.
   * - The documents returned are plain javascript objects, not mongoose documents (since any shape of document can be returned).
   * - Requires MongoDB >= 2.1
   *
   * @see Aggregate #aggregate_Aggregate
   * @see MongoDB http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/applications/aggregation/
   * @param {Array} [pipeline] aggregation pipeline as an array of objects
   * @param {Function} [callback]
   * @return {Aggregate}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.aggregate = function aggregate(pipeline, callback) {
    if (arguments.length > 2) {
      throw new Error('Mongoose 5.x disallows passing a spread of operators ' +
        'to `Model.aggregate()`. Instead of ' +
        '`Model.aggregate({ $match }, { $skip })`, do ' +
        '`Model.aggregate([{ $match }, { $skip }])`');
    }
  
    if (typeof pipeline === 'function') {
      callback = pipeline;
      pipeline = [];
    }
  
    var aggregate = new Aggregate(pipeline || []);
    aggregate.model(this);
  
    if (typeof callback === 'undefined') {
      return aggregate;
    }
  
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    aggregate.exec(callback);
    return aggregate;
  };
  
  /**
   * Implements `$geoSearch` functionality for Mongoose
   *
   * This function does not trigger any middleware
   *
   * ####Example:
   *
   *     var options = { near: [10, 10], maxDistance: 5 };
   *     Locations.geoSearch({ type : "house" }, options, function(err, res) {
   *       console.log(res);
   *     });
   *
   * ####Options:
   * - `near` {Array} x,y point to search for
   * - `maxDistance` {Number} the maximum distance from the point near that a result can be
   * - `limit` {Number} The maximum number of results to return
   * - `lean` {Boolean} return the raw object instead of the Mongoose Model
   *
   * @param {Object} conditions an object that specifies the match condition (required)
   * @param {Object} options for the geoSearch, some (near, maxDistance) are required
   * @param {Object} [options.lean] if truthy, mongoose will return the document as a plain JavaScript object rather than a mongoose document. See [`Query.lean()`](http://mongoosejs.com/docs/api.html#query_Query-lean).
   * @param {Function} [callback] optional callback
   * @return {Promise}
   * @see http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/command/geoSearch/
   * @see http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/core/geohaystack/
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.geoSearch = function(conditions, options, callback) {
    if (typeof options === 'function') {
      callback = options;
      options = {};
    }
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      var error;
      if (conditions === undefined || !utils.isObject(conditions)) {
        error = new Error('Must pass conditions to geoSearch');
      } else if (!options.near) {
        error = new Error('Must specify the near option in geoSearch');
      } else if (!Array.isArray(options.near)) {
        error = new Error('near option must be an array [x, y]');
      }
  
      if (error) {
        return cb(error);
      }
  
      // send the conditions in the options object
      options.search = conditions;
  
      this.collection.geoHaystackSearch(options.near[0], options.near[1], options, (err, res) => {
        if (err) {
          return cb(err);
        }
  
        var count = res.results.length;
        if (options.lean || count === 0) {
          return cb(null, res.results);
        }
  
        var errSeen = false;
  
        function init(err) {
          if (err && !errSeen) {
            return cb(err);
          }
  
          if (!--count && !errSeen) {
            cb(null, res.results);
          }
        }
  
        for (var i = 0; i < res.results.length; ++i) {
          var temp = res.results[i];
          res.results[i] = new this();
          res.results[i].init(temp, {}, init);
        }
      });
    });
  };
  
  /**
   * Populates document references.
   *
   * ####Available options:
   *
   * - path: space delimited path(s) to populate
   * - select: optional fields to select
   * - match: optional query conditions to match
   * - model: optional name of the model to use for population
   * - options: optional query options like sort, limit, etc
   *
   * ####Examples:
   *
   *     // populates a single object
   *     User.findById(id, function (err, user) {
   *       var opts = [
   *           { path: 'company', match: { x: 1 }, select: 'name' }
   *         , { path: 'notes', options: { limit: 10 }, model: 'override' }
   *       ]
   *
   *       User.populate(user, opts, function (err, user) {
   *         console.log(user);
   *       });
   *     });
   *
   *     // populates an array of objects
   *     User.find(match, function (err, users) {
   *       var opts = [{ path: 'company', match: { x: 1 }, select: 'name' }]
   *
   *       var promise = User.populate(users, opts);
   *       promise.then(console.log).end();
   *     })
   *
   *     // imagine a Weapon model exists with two saved documents:
   *     //   { _id: 389, name: 'whip' }
   *     //   { _id: 8921, name: 'boomerang' }
   *     // and this schema:
   *     // new Schema({
   *     //   name: String,
   *     //   weapon: { type: ObjectId, ref: 'Weapon' }
   *     // });
   *
   *     var user = { name: 'Indiana Jones', weapon: 389 }
   *     Weapon.populate(user, { path: 'weapon', model: 'Weapon' }, function (err, user) {
   *       console.log(user.weapon.name) // whip
   *     })
   *
   *     // populate many plain objects
   *     var users = [{ name: 'Indiana Jones', weapon: 389 }]
   *     users.push({ name: 'Batman', weapon: 8921 })
   *     Weapon.populate(users, { path: 'weapon' }, function (err, users) {
   *       users.forEach(function (user) {
   *         console.log('%s uses a %s', users.name, user.weapon.name)
   *         // Indiana Jones uses a whip
   *         // Batman uses a boomerang
   *       });
   *     });
   *     // Note that we didn't need to specify the Weapon model because
   *     // it is in the schema's ref
   *
   * @param {Document|Array} docs Either a single document or array of documents to populate.
   * @param {Object} options A hash of key/val (path, options) used for population.
   * @param {Boolean} [options.retainNullValues=false] by default, mongoose removes null and undefined values from populated arrays. Use this option to make `populate()` retain `null` and `undefined` array entries.
   * @param {Function} [callback(err,doc)] Optional callback, executed upon completion. Receives `err` and the `doc(s)`.
   * @return {Promise}
   * @api public
   */
  
  Model.populate = function(docs, paths, callback) {
    var _this = this;
    if (callback) {
      callback = this.$wrapCallback(callback);
    }
  
    // normalized paths
    paths = utils.populate(paths);
  
    // data that should persist across subPopulate calls
    var cache = {};
  
    return utils.promiseOrCallback(callback, cb => {
      _populate(_this, docs, paths, cache, cb);
    });
  };
  
  /*!
   * Populate helper
   *
   * @param {Model} model the model to use
   * @param {Document|Array} docs Either a single document or array of documents to populate.
   * @param {Object} paths
   * @param {Function} [cb(err,doc)] Optional callback, executed upon completion. Receives `err` and the `doc(s)`.
   * @return {Function}
   * @api private
   */
  
  function _populate(model, docs, paths, cache, callback) {
    var pending = paths.length;
  
    if (pending === 0) {
      return callback(null, docs);
    }
  
    // each path has its own query options and must be executed separately
    var i = pending;
    var path;
    while (i--) {
      path = paths[i];
      populate(model, docs, path, next);
    }
  
    function next(err) {
      if (err) {
        return callback(err, null);
      }
      if (--pending) {
        return;
      }
      callback(null, docs);
    }
  }
  
  /*!
   * Populates `docs`
   */
  const excludeIdReg = /\s?-_id\s?/;
  const excludeIdRegGlobal = /\s?-_id\s?/g;
  
  function populate(model, docs, options, callback) {
    // normalize single / multiple docs passed
    if (!Array.isArray(docs)) {
      docs = [docs];
    }
  
    if (docs.length === 0 || docs.every(utils.isNullOrUndefined)) {
      return callback();
    }
  
    const modelsMap = getModelsMapForPopulate(model, docs, options);
  
    if (modelsMap instanceof Error) {
      return utils.immediate(function() {
        callback(modelsMap);
      });
    }
  
    const len = modelsMap.length;
    let mod;
    let match;
    let select;
    let vals = [];
  
    function flatten(item) {
      // no need to include undefined values in our query
      return undefined !== item;
    }
  
    let _remaining = len;
    let hasOne = false;
    for (let i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
      mod = modelsMap[i];
      select = mod.options.select;
  
      if (mod.options.match) {
        match = utils.object.shallowCopy(mod.options.match);
      } else {
        match = {};
      }
  
      let ids = utils.array.flatten(mod.ids, flatten);
      ids = utils.array.unique(ids);
  
      if (ids.length === 0 || ids.every(utils.isNullOrUndefined)) {
        --_remaining;
        continue;
      }
  
      hasOne = true;
      if (mod.foreignField !== '_id' || !match['_id']) {
        match[mod.foreignField] = { $in: ids };
      }
  
      const assignmentOpts = {};
      assignmentOpts.sort = get(mod, 'options.options.sort', void 0);
      assignmentOpts.excludeId = excludeIdReg.test(select) || (select && select._id === 0);
  
      if (assignmentOpts.excludeId) {
        // override the exclusion from the query so we can use the _id
        // for document matching during assignment. we'll delete the
        // _id back off before returning the result.
        if (typeof select === 'string') {
          select = select.replace(excludeIdRegGlobal, ' ');
        } else {
          // preserve original select conditions by copying
          select = utils.object.shallowCopy(select);
          delete select._id;
        }
      }
  
      if (mod.options.options && mod.options.options.limit) {
        assignmentOpts.originalLimit = mod.options.options.limit;
        mod.options.options.limit = mod.options.options.limit * ids.length;
      }
  
      const subPopulate = utils.clone(mod.options.populate);
      const query = mod.Model.find(match, select, mod.options.options);
  
      // If we're doing virtual populate and projection is inclusive and foreign
      // field is not selected, automatically select it because mongoose needs it.
      // If projection is exclusive and client explicitly unselected the foreign
      // field, that's the client's fault.
      if (mod.foreignField !== '_id' && query.selectedInclusively() &&
        !isPathSelectedInclusive(query._fields, mod.foreignField)) {
        query.select(mod.foreignField);
      }
  
      // If we need to sub-populate, call populate recursively
      if (subPopulate) {
        query.populate(subPopulate);
      }
  
      query.exec(next.bind(this, mod, assignmentOpts));
    }
  
    if (!hasOne) {
      return callback();
    }
  
    function next(options, assignmentOpts, err, valsFromDb) {
      if (mod.options.options && mod.options.options.limit) {
        mod.options.options.limit = assignmentOpts.originalLimit;
      }
  
      if (err) return callback(err, null);
      vals = vals.concat(valsFromDb);
      _assign(null, vals, options, assignmentOpts);
      if (--_remaining === 0) {
        callback();
      }
    }
  
    function _assign(err, vals, mod, assignmentOpts) {
      if (err) return callback(err, null);
  
      var options = mod.options;
      var isVirtual = mod.isVirtual;
      var justOne = mod.justOne;
      var _val;
      var lean = options.options && options.options.lean;
      var len = vals.length;
      var rawOrder = {};
      var rawDocs = {};
      var key;
      var val;
  
      // Clone because `assignRawDocsToIdStructure` will mutate the array
      var allIds = utils.clone(mod.allIds);
  
      // optimization:
      // record the document positions as returned by
      // the query result.
      for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        val = vals[i];
        if (val) {
          _val = utils.getValue(mod.foreignField, val);
          if (Array.isArray(_val)) {
            var _valLength = _val.length;
            for (var j = 0; j < _valLength; ++j) {
              var __val = _val[j];
              if (__val instanceof Document) {
                __val = __val._id;
              }
              key = String(__val);
              if (rawDocs[key]) {
                if (Array.isArray(rawDocs[key])) {
                  rawDocs[key].push(val);
                  rawOrder[key].push(i);
                } else {
                  rawDocs[key] = [rawDocs[key], val];
                  rawOrder[key] = [rawOrder[key], i];
                }
              } else {
                if (isVirtual && !justOne) {
                  rawDocs[key] = [val];
                  rawOrder[key] = [i];
                } else {
                  rawDocs[key] = val;
                  rawOrder[key] = i;
                }
              }
            }
          } else {
            if (_val instanceof Document) {
              _val = _val._id;
            }
            key = String(_val);
            if (rawDocs[key]) {
              if (Array.isArray(rawDocs[key])) {
                rawDocs[key].push(val);
                rawOrder[key].push(i);
              } else {
                rawDocs[key] = [rawDocs[key], val];
                rawOrder[key] = [rawOrder[key], i];
              }
            } else {
              rawDocs[key] = val;
              rawOrder[key] = i;
            }
          }
          // flag each as result of population
          if (!lean) {
            val.$__.wasPopulated = true;
          }
        }
      }
  
      assignVals({
        originalModel: model,
        // If virtual, make sure to not mutate original field
        rawIds: mod.isVirtual ? allIds : mod.allIds,
        allIds: allIds,
        localField: mod.localField,
        foreignField: mod.foreignField,
        rawDocs: rawDocs,
        rawOrder: rawOrder,
        docs: mod.docs,
        path: options.path,
        options: assignmentOpts,
        justOne: mod.justOne,
        isVirtual: mod.isVirtual,
        allOptions: mod
      });
    }
  }
  
  /*!
   * Assigns documents returned from a population query back
   * to the original document path.
   */
  
  function assignVals(o) {
    // Glob all options together because `populateOptions` is confusing
    const retainNullValues = get(o, 'allOptions.options.options.retainNullValues', false);
    const populateOptions = Object.assign({}, o.options, {
      justOne: o.justOne,
      retainNullValues: retainNullValues
    });
  
    // replace the original ids in our intermediate _ids structure
    // with the documents found by query
    assignRawDocsToIdStructure(o.rawIds, o.rawDocs, o.rawOrder, populateOptions,
      o.localField, o.foreignField);
  
    // now update the original documents being populated using the
    // result structure that contains real documents.
    const docs = o.docs;
    const rawIds = o.rawIds;
    const options = o.options;
  
    function setValue(val) {
      return valueFilter(val, options, populateOptions);
    }
  
    for (let i = 0; i < docs.length; ++i) {
      const existingVal = utils.getValue(o.path, docs[i]);
      if (existingVal == null && !getVirtual(o.originalModel.schema, o.path)) {
        continue;
      }
  
      if (o.isVirtual && !o.justOne && !Array.isArray(rawIds[i])) {
        if (rawIds[i] == null) {
          rawIds[i] = [];
        } else {
          rawIds[i] = [rawIds[i]];
        }
      } else if (o.isVirtual && o.justOne && Array.isArray(rawIds[i])) {
        rawIds[i] = rawIds[i][0];
      }
  
      // If we're populating a map, the existing value will be an object, so
      // we need to transform again
      const originalSchema = o.originalModel.schema;
      let isMap = isModel(docs[i]) ?
        existingVal instanceof Map :
        utils.isPOJO(existingVal);
      // If we pass the first check, also make sure the local field's schematype
      // is map (re: gh-6460)
      isMap = isMap && get(originalSchema._getSchema(o.path), '$isSchemaMap');
      if (!o.isVirtual && isMap) {
        const _keys = existingVal instanceof Map ?
          Array.from(existingVal.keys()) :
          Object.keys(existingVal);
        rawIds[i] = rawIds[i].reduce((cur, v, i) => {
          // Avoid casting because that causes infinite recursion
          cur.$init(_keys[i], v);
          return cur;
        }, new MongooseMap({}, docs[i]));
      }
  
      if (o.isVirtual && docs[i].constructor.name === 'model') {
        // If virtual populate and doc is already init-ed, need to walk through
        // the actual doc to set rather than setting `_doc` directly
        mpath.set(o.path, rawIds[i], docs[i], setValue);
      } else {
        var parts = o.path.split('.');
        var cur = docs[i];
        for (var j = 0; j < parts.length - 1; ++j) {
          if (cur[parts[j]] == null) {
            cur[parts[j]] = {};
          }
          cur = cur[parts[j]];
        }
        if (docs[i].$__) {
          docs[i].populated(o.path, o.allIds[i], o.allOptions);
        }
  
        utils.setValue(o.path, rawIds[i], docs[i], setValue, false);
      }
    }
  }
  
  /*!
   *
   */
  
  function isModel(obj) {
    return get(obj, '$__') != null;
  }
  
  /*!
   * Assign `vals` returned by mongo query to the `rawIds`
   * structure returned from utils.getVals() honoring
   * query sort order if specified by user.
   *
   * This can be optimized.
   *
   * Rules:
   *
   *   if the value of the path is not an array, use findOne rules, else find.
   *   for findOne the results are assigned directly to doc path (including null results).
   *   for find, if user specified sort order, results are assigned directly
   *   else documents are put back in original order of array if found in results
   *
   * @param {Array} rawIds
   * @param {Array} vals
   * @param {Boolean} sort
   * @api private
   */
  
  function assignRawDocsToIdStructure(rawIds, resultDocs, resultOrder, options, localFields, foreignFields, recursed) {
    // honor user specified sort order
    var newOrder = [];
    var sorting = options.sort && rawIds.length > 1;
    var doc;
    var sid;
    var id;
  
    for (var i = 0; i < rawIds.length; ++i) {
      id = rawIds[i];
  
      if (Array.isArray(id)) {
        // handle [ [id0, id2], [id3] ]
        assignRawDocsToIdStructure(id, resultDocs, resultOrder, options, localFields, foreignFields, true);
        newOrder.push(id);
        continue;
      }
  
      if (id === null && !sorting) {
        // keep nulls for findOne unless sorting, which always
        // removes them (backward compat)
        newOrder.push(id);
        continue;
      }
  
      sid = String(id);
  
      if (recursed) {
        // apply find behavior
  
        // assign matching documents in original order unless sorting
        doc = resultDocs[sid];
        if (doc) {
          if (sorting) {
            newOrder[resultOrder[sid]] = doc;
          } else {
            newOrder.push(doc);
          }
        } else {
          newOrder.push(id);
        }
      } else {
        // apply findOne behavior - if document in results, assign, else assign null
        newOrder[i] = doc = resultDocs[sid] || null;
      }
    }
  
    rawIds.length = 0;
    if (newOrder.length) {
      // reassign the documents based on corrected order
  
      // forEach skips over sparse entries in arrays so we
      // can safely use this to our advantage dealing with sorted
      // result sets too.
      newOrder.forEach(function(doc, i) {
        rawIds[i] = doc;
      });
    }
  }
  
  function getModelsMapForPopulate(model, docs, options) {
    let i;
    let doc;
    let len = docs.length;
    let available = {};
    let map = [];
    let modelNameFromQuery = options.model && options.model.modelName || options.model;
    let schema;
    let refPath;
    let Model;
    let currentOptions;
    let modelNames;
    let modelName;
    let discriminatorKey;
    let modelForFindSchema;
  
    var originalModel = options.model;
    var isVirtual = false;
    var isRefPathArray = false;
    var modelSchema = model.schema;
  
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      doc = docs[i];
  
      schema = getSchemaTypes(modelSchema, doc, options.path);
      const isUnderneathDocArray = schema && schema.$isUnderneathDocArray;
      if (isUnderneathDocArray && get(options, 'options.sort') != null) {
        return new Error('Cannot populate with `sort` on path ' + options.path +
          ' because it is a subproperty of a document array');
      }
  
      modelNames = null;
      if (Array.isArray(schema)) {
        for (let j = 0; j < schema.length; ++j) {
          var _modelNames = _getModelNames(doc, schema[j]);
          if (!_modelNames) {
            continue;
          }
          modelNames = modelNames || [];
          for (let x = 0; x < _modelNames.length; ++x) {
            if (modelNames.indexOf(_modelNames[x]) === -1) {
              modelNames.push(_modelNames[x]);
            }
          }
        }
      } else {
        modelNames = _getModelNames(doc, schema);
        if (!modelNames) {
          continue;
        }
      }
  
      let virtual = getVirtual(model.schema, options.path);
      let localField;
      if (virtual && virtual.options) {
        let virtualPrefix = virtual.$nestedSchemaPath ?
          virtual.$nestedSchemaPath + '.' : '';
        if (typeof virtual.options.localField === 'function') {
          localField = virtualPrefix + virtual.options.localField.call(doc, doc);
        } else {
          localField = virtualPrefix + virtual.options.localField;
        }
      } else {
        localField = options.path;
      }
      let foreignField = virtual && virtual.options ?
        virtual.options.foreignField :
        '_id';
      let justOne = true;
      if (virtual && virtual.options && virtual.options.ref) {
        let normalizedRef;
        if (typeof virtual.options.ref === 'function') {
          normalizedRef = virtual.options.ref.call(doc, doc);
        } else {
          normalizedRef = virtual.options.ref;
        }
        justOne = virtual.options.justOne;
        isVirtual = true;
        if (!modelNames) {
          modelNames = [].concat(normalizedRef);
        }
      } else if (schema) {
        justOne = !schema.$isMongooseArray;
      }
  
      if (!modelNames) {
        continue;
      }
  
      if (virtual && (!localField || !foreignField)) {
        throw new Error('If you are populating a virtual, you must set the ' +
          'localField and foreignField options');
      }
  
      options.isVirtual = isVirtual;
      if (typeof localField === 'function') {
        localField = localField.call(doc, doc);
      }
      if (typeof foreignField === 'function') {
        foreignField = foreignField.call(doc);
      }
  
      const ret = convertTo_id(utils.getValue(localField, doc));
      const id = String(utils.getValue(foreignField, doc));
      options._docs[id] = Array.isArray(ret) ? ret.slice() : ret;
  
      let k = modelNames.length;
      while (k--) {
        modelName = modelNames[k];
        if (modelName == null) {
          continue;
        }
        var _doc = Array.isArray(doc) && isRefPathArray ? doc[k] : doc;
        var _ret = Array.isArray(ret) && isRefPathArray && ret[k] ? ret[k] : ret;
        try {
          Model = originalModel && originalModel.modelName ?
            originalModel :
            model.db.model(modelName);
        } catch (error) {
          return error;
        }
  
        if (!available[modelName]) {
          currentOptions = {
            model: Model
          };
  
          if (isVirtual && virtual.options && virtual.options.options) {
            currentOptions.options = utils.clone(virtual.options.options);
          }
          utils.merge(currentOptions, options);
          if (schema && !discriminatorKey) {
            currentOptions.model = Model;
          }
          options.model = Model;
  
          available[modelName] = {
            Model: Model,
            options: currentOptions,
            docs: [_doc],
            ids: [_ret],
            allIds: [ret],
            // Assume only 1 localField + foreignField
            localField: localField,
            foreignField: foreignField,
            justOne: justOne,
            isVirtual: isVirtual
          };
          map.push(available[modelName]);
        } else {
          available[modelName].docs.push(_doc);
          available[modelName].ids.push(_ret);
          available[modelName].allIds.push(ret);
        }
      }
    }
  
    function _getModelNames(doc, schema) {
      var modelNames;
      var discriminatorKey;
  
      if (schema && schema.caster) {
        schema = schema.caster;
      }
      if (schema && schema.$isSchemaMap) {
        schema = schema.$__schemaType;
      }
  
      if (!schema && model.discriminators) {
        discriminatorKey = model.schema.discriminatorMapping.key;
      }
  
      refPath = schema && schema.options && schema.options.refPath;
  
      if (refPath) {
        modelNames = utils.getValue(refPath, doc);
        isRefPathArray = false;
        if (Array.isArray(modelNames)) {
          isRefPathArray = true;
          modelNames = utils.array.flatten(modelNames);
        }
      } else {
        if (!modelNameFromQuery) {
          var modelForCurrentDoc = model;
          var schemaForCurrentDoc;
  
          if (!schema && discriminatorKey) {
            modelForFindSchema = utils.getValue(discriminatorKey, doc);
  
            if (modelForFindSchema) {
              try {
                modelForCurrentDoc = model.db.model(modelForFindSchema);
              } catch (error) {
                return error;
              }
  
              schemaForCurrentDoc = modelForCurrentDoc.schema._getSchema(options.path);
  
              if (schemaForCurrentDoc && schemaForCurrentDoc.caster) {
                schemaForCurrentDoc = schemaForCurrentDoc.caster;
              }
            }
          } else {
            schemaForCurrentDoc = schema;
          }
          var virtual = getVirtual(modelForCurrentDoc.schema, options.path);
  
          var ref;
          if ((ref = get(schemaForCurrentDoc, 'options.ref')) != null) {
            modelNames = [ref];
          } else if ((ref = get(virtual, 'options.ref')) != null) {
            if (typeof ref === 'function') {
              ref = ref.call(doc, doc);
            }
  
            // When referencing nested arrays, the ref should be an Array
            // of modelNames.
            if (Array.isArray(ref)) {
              modelNames = ref;
            } else {
              modelNames = [ref];
            }
  
            isVirtual = true;
          } else {
            // We may have a discriminator, in which case we don't want to
            // populate using the base model by default
            modelNames = discriminatorKey ? null : [model.modelName];
          }
        } else {
          modelNames = [modelNameFromQuery]; // query options
        }
      }
  
      if (!modelNames) {
        return;
      }
  
      if (!Array.isArray(modelNames)) {
        modelNames = [modelNames];
      }
  
      return modelNames;
    }
  
    return map;
  }
  
  /*!
   * Retrieve the _id of `val` if a Document or Array of Documents.
   *
   * @param {Array|Document|Any} val
   * @return {Array|Document|Any}
   */
  
  function convertTo_id(val) {
    if (val instanceof Model) return val._id;
  
    if (Array.isArray(val)) {
      for (let i = 0; i < val.length; ++i) {
        if (val[i] instanceof Model) {
          val[i] = val[i]._id;
        }
      }
      if (val.isMongooseArray && val._schema) {
        return val._schema.cast(val, val._parent);
      }
  
      return [].concat(val);
    }
  
    // `populate('map')` may be an object if populating on a doc that hasn't
    // been hydrated yet
    if (val != null && val.constructor.name === 'Object') {
      const ret = [];
      for (const key of Object.keys(val)) {
        ret.push(val[key]);
      }
      return ret;
    }
    // If doc has already been hydrated, e.g. `doc.populate('map').execPopulate()`
    // then `val` will already be a map
    if (val instanceof Map) {
      return Array.from(val.values());
    }
  
    return val;
  }
  
  /*!
   * 1) Apply backwards compatible find/findOne behavior to sub documents
   *
   *    find logic:
   *      a) filter out non-documents
   *      b) remove _id from sub docs when user specified
   *
   *    findOne
   *      a) if no doc found, set to null
   *      b) remove _id from sub docs when user specified
   *
   * 2) Remove _ids when specified by users query.
   *
   * background:
   * _ids are left in the query even when user excludes them so
   * that population mapping can occur.
   */
  
  function valueFilter(val, assignmentOpts, populateOptions) {
    if (Array.isArray(val)) {
      // find logic
      const ret = [];
      const numValues = val.length;
      for (let i = 0; i < numValues; ++i) {
        var subdoc = val[i];
        if (!isDoc(subdoc) && (!populateOptions.retainNullValues || subdoc != null)) {
          continue;
        }
        maybeRemoveId(subdoc, assignmentOpts);
        ret.push(subdoc);
        if (assignmentOpts.originalLimit &&
            ret.length >= assignmentOpts.originalLimit) {
          break;
        }
      }
  
      // Since we don't want to have to create a new mongoosearray, make sure to
      // modify the array in place
      while (val.length > ret.length) {
        Array.prototype.pop.apply(val, []);
      }
      for (let i = 0; i < ret.length; ++i) {
        val[i] = ret[i];
      }
      return val;
    }
  
    // findOne
    if (isDoc(val)) {
      maybeRemoveId(val, assignmentOpts);
      return val;
    }
  
    return populateOptions.justOne ? (val == null ? val : null) : [];
  }
  
  /*!
   * Remove _id from `subdoc` if user specified "lean" query option
   */
  
  function maybeRemoveId(subdoc, assignmentOpts) {
    if (assignmentOpts.excludeId) {
      if (typeof subdoc.setValue === 'function') {
        delete subdoc._doc._id;
      } else {
        delete subdoc._id;
      }
    }
  }
  
  /*!
   * Determine if `doc` is a document returned
   * by a populate query.
   */
  
  function isDoc(doc) {
    if (doc == null) {
      return false;
    }
  
    var type = typeof doc;
    if (type === 'string') {
      return false;
    }
  
    if (type === 'number') {
      return false;
    }
  
    if (Buffer.isBuffer(doc)) {
      return false;
    }
  
    if (doc.constructor.name === 'ObjectID') {
      return false;
    }
  
    // only docs
    return true;
  }
  
  /*!
   * Compiler utility.
   *
   * @param {String|Function} name model name or class extending Model
   * @param {Schema} schema
   * @param {String} collectionName
   * @param {Connection} connection
   * @param {Mongoose} base mongoose instance
   */
  
  Model.compile = function compile(name, schema, collectionName, connection, base) {
    var versioningEnabled = schema.options.versionKey !== false;
  
    if (versioningEnabled && !schema.paths[schema.options.versionKey]) {
      // add versioning to top level documents only
      var o = {};
      o[schema.options.versionKey] = Number;
      schema.add(o);
    }
  
    var model;
    if (typeof name === 'function' && name.prototype instanceof Model) {
      model = name;
      name = model.name;
      schema.loadClass(model, false);
      model.prototype.$isMongooseModelPrototype = true;
    } else {
      // generate new class
      model = function model(doc, fields, skipId) {
        model.hooks.execPreSync('createModel', doc);
        if (!(this instanceof model)) {
          return new model(doc, fields, skipId);
        }
        Model.call(this, doc, fields, skipId);
      };
    }
  
    model.hooks = schema.s.hooks.clone();
    model.base = base;
    model.modelName = name;
    if (!(model.prototype instanceof Model)) {
      model.__proto__ = Model;
      model.prototype.__proto__ = Model.prototype;
    }
    model.model = Model.prototype.model;
    model.db = model.prototype.db = connection;
    model.discriminators = model.prototype.discriminators = undefined;
  
    model.prototype.$__setSchema(schema);
  
    var _userProvidedOptions = schema._userProvidedOptions || {};
  
    // `bufferCommands` is true by default...
    var bufferCommands = true;
    // First, take the global option
    if (connection.base.get('bufferCommands') != null) {
      bufferCommands = connection.base.get('bufferCommands');
    }
    // Connection-specific overrides the global option
    if (connection.config.bufferCommands != null) {
      bufferCommands = connection.config.bufferCommands;
    }
    // And schema options override global and connection
    if (_userProvidedOptions.bufferCommands != null) {
      bufferCommands = _userProvidedOptions.bufferCommands;
    }
  
    var collectionOptions = {
      bufferCommands: bufferCommands,
      capped: schema.options.capped
    };
  
    model.prototype.collection = connection.collection(
      collectionName,
      collectionOptions
    );
  
    // apply methods and statics
    applyMethods(model, schema);
    applyStatics(model, schema);
    applyHooks(model, schema);
  
    model.schema = model.prototype.schema;
    model.collection = model.prototype.collection;
  
    // Create custom query constructor
    model.Query = function() {
      Query.apply(this, arguments);
    };
    model.Query.prototype = Object.create(Query.prototype);
    model.Query.base = Query.base;
    applyQueryMiddleware(model.Query, model);
    applyQueryMethods(model, schema.query);
  
    var kareemOptions = {
      useErrorHandlers: true,
      numCallbackParams: 1
    };
    model.$__insertMany = model.hooks.createWrapper('insertMany',
      model.$__insertMany, model, kareemOptions);
  
    return model;
  };
  
  /*!
   * Register custom query methods for this model
   *
   * @param {Model} model
   * @param {Schema} schema
   */
  
  function applyQueryMethods(model, methods) {
    for (var i in methods) {
      model.Query.prototype[i] = methods[i];
    }
  }
  
  /*!
   * Apply query middleware
   *
   * @param {Model} model
   */
  
  function applyQueryMiddleware(Query, model) {
    const kareemOptions = {
      useErrorHandlers: true,
      numCallbackParams: 1,
      nullResultByDefault: true
    };
  
    // `update()` thunk has a different name because `_update` was already taken
    Query.prototype._execUpdate = model.hooks.createWrapper('update',
      Query.prototype._execUpdate, null, kareemOptions);
  
    [
      'count',
      'find',
      'findOne',
      'findOneAndDelete',
      'findOneAndRemove',
      'findOneAndUpdate',
      'replaceOne',
      'updateMany',
      'updateOne'
    ].forEach(fn => {
      Query.prototype[`_${fn}`] = model.hooks.createWrapper(fn,
        Query.prototype[`_${fn}`], null, kareemOptions);
    });
  }
  
  /*!
   * Subclass this model with `conn`, `schema`, and `collection` settings.
   *
   * @param {Connection} conn
   * @param {Schema} [schema]
   * @param {String} [collection]
   * @return {Model}
   */
  
  Model.__subclass = function subclass(conn, schema, collection) {
    // subclass model using this connection and collection name
    var _this = this;
  
    var Model = function Model(doc, fields, skipId) {
      if (!(this instanceof Model)) {
        return new Model(doc, fields, skipId);
      }
      _this.call(this, doc, fields, skipId);
    };
  
    Model.__proto__ = _this;
    Model.prototype.__proto__ = _this.prototype;
    Model.db = Model.prototype.db = conn;
  
    var s = schema && typeof schema !== 'string'
      ? schema
      : _this.prototype.schema;
  
    var options = s.options || {};
    var _userProvidedOptions = s._userProvidedOptions || {};
  
    if (!collection) {
      collection = _this.prototype.schema.get('collection') ||
        utils.toCollectionName(_this.modelName, this.base.pluralize());
    }
  
    var bufferCommands = true;
    if (s) {
      if (conn.config.bufferCommands != null) {
        bufferCommands = conn.config.bufferCommands;
      }
      if (_userProvidedOptions.bufferCommands != null) {
        bufferCommands = _userProvidedOptions.bufferCommands;
      }
    }
    var collectionOptions = {
      bufferCommands: bufferCommands,
      capped: s && options.capped
    };
  
    Model.prototype.collection = conn.collection(collection, collectionOptions);
    Model.collection = Model.prototype.collection;
    // Errors handled internally, so ignore
    Model.init(() => {});
    return Model;
  };
  
  Model.$wrapCallback = function(callback) {
    if (callback == null) {
      return callback;
    }
    var _this = this;
    return function() {
      try {
        callback.apply(null, arguments);
      } catch (error) {
        _this.emit('error', error);
      }
    };
  };
  
  /*!
   * Module exports.
   */
  
  module.exports = exports = Model;
  