text: #!/usr/bin/env python3
  
  from typing import Any, Callable, Tuple, Union, cast
  
  import torch
  from torch import Tensor, dtype
  
  from captum.log import log_usage
  
  from ..._utils.common import (
      _expand_additional_forward_args,
      _expand_target,
      _format_additional_forward_args,
      _format_input,
      _format_output,
      _is_tuple,
      _run_forward,
  )
  from ..._utils.typing import BaselineType, TargetType, TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric
  from .._utils.attribution import PerturbationAttribution
  from .._utils.common import _format_input_baseline
  
  
  class FeatureAblation(PerturbationAttribution):
      r"""
      A perturbation based approach to computing attribution, involving
      replacing each input feature with a given baseline / reference, and
      computing the difference in output. By default, each scalar value within
      each input tensor is taken as a feature and replaced independently. Passing
      a feature mask, allows grouping features to be ablated together. This can
      be used in cases such as images, where an entire segment or region
      can be ablated, measuring the importance of the segment (feature group).
      Each input scalar in the group will be given the same attribution value
      equal to the change in target as a result of ablating the entire feature
      group.
  
      The forward function can either return a scalar per example or a tensor
      of a fixed sized tensor (or scalar value) for the full batch, i.e. the
      output does not grow as the batch size increase. If the output is fixed
      we consider this model to be an "aggregation" of the inputs. In the fixed
      sized output mode we require `perturbations_per_eval == 1` and the
      `feature_mask` to be either `None` or for all of them to have 1 as their
      first dimension (i.e. a feature mask requires to be applied to all inputs).
      """
  
      def __init__(self, forward_func: Callable) -> None:
          r"""
          Args:
  
              forward_func (callable): The forward function of the model or
                          any modification of it
          """
          PerturbationAttribution.__init__(self, forward_func)
          self.use_weights = False
  
      @log_usage()
      def attribute(
          self,
          inputs: TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric,
          baselines: BaselineType = None,
          target: TargetType = None,
          additional_forward_args: Any = None,
          feature_mask: Union[None, Tensor, Tuple[Tensor, ...]] = None,
          perturbations_per_eval: int = 1,
          **kwargs: Any
      ) -> TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric:
          r"""
          Args:
  
              inputs (tensor or tuple of tensors):  Input for which ablation
                          attributions are computed. If forward_func takes a single
                          tensor as input, a single input tensor should be provided.
                          If forward_func takes multiple tensors as input, a tuple
                          of the input tensors should be provided. It is assumed
                          that for all given input tensors, dimension 0 corresponds
                          to the number of examples (aka batch size), and if
                          multiple input tensors are provided, the examples must
                          be aligned appropriately.
              baselines (scalar, tensor, tuple of scalars or tensors, optional):
                          Baselines define reference value which replaces each
                          feature when ablated.
                          Baselines can be provided as:
  
                          - a single tensor, if inputs is a single tensor, with
                            exactly the same dimensions as inputs or
                            broadcastable to match the dimensions of inputs
  
                          - a single scalar, if inputs is a single tensor, which will
                            be broadcasted for each input value in input tensor.
  
                          - a tuple of tensors or scalars, the baseline corresponding
                            to each tensor in the inputs' tuple can be:
  
                            - either a tensor with matching dimensions to
                              corresponding tensor in the inputs' tuple
                              or the first dimension is one and the remaining
                              dimensions match with the corresponding
                              input tensor.
  
                            - or a scalar, corresponding to a tensor in the
                              inputs' tuple. This scalar value is broadcasted
                              for corresponding input tensor.
                          In the cases when `baselines` is not provided, we internally
                          use zero scalar corresponding to each input tensor.
                          Default: None
              target (int, tuple, tensor or list, optional):  Output indices for
                          which gradients are computed (for classification cases,
                          this is usually the target class).
                          If the network returns a scalar value per example,
                          no target index is necessary.
                          For general 2D outputs, targets can be either:
  
                          - a single integer or a tensor containing a single
                            integer, which is applied to all input examples
  
                          - a list of integers or a 1D tensor, with length matching
                            the number of examples in inputs (dim 0). Each integer
                            is applied as the target for the corresponding example.
  
                          For outputs with > 2 dimensions, targets can be either:
  
                          - A single tuple, which contains #output_dims - 1
                            elements. This target index is applied to all examples.
  
                          - A list of tuples with length equal to the number of
                            examples in inputs (dim 0), and each tuple containing
                            #output_dims - 1 elements. Each tuple is applied as the
                            target for the corresponding example.
  
                          Default: None
              additional_forward_args (any, optional): If the forward function
                          requires additional arguments other than the inputs for
                          which attributions should not be computed, this argument
                          can be provided. It must be either a single additional
                          argument of a Tensor or arbitrary (non-tuple) type or a
                          tuple containing multiple additional arguments including
                          tensors or any arbitrary python types. These arguments
                          are provided to forward_func in order following the
                          arguments in inputs.
                          For a tensor, the first dimension of the tensor must
                          correspond to the number of examples. For all other types,
                          the given argument is used for all forward evaluations.
                          Note that attributions are not computed with respect
                          to these arguments.
                          Default: None
              feature_mask (tensor or tuple of tensors, optional):
                          feature_mask defines a mask for the input, grouping
                          features which should be ablated together. feature_mask
                          should contain the same number of tensors as inputs.
                          Each tensor should
                          be the same size as the corresponding input or
                          broadcastable to match the input tensor. Each tensor
                          should contain integers in the range 0 to num_features
                          - 1, and indices corresponding to the same feature should
                          have the same value.
                          Note that features within each input tensor are ablated
                          independently (not across tensors).
                          If the forward function returns a single scalar per batch,
                          we enforce that the first dimension of each mask must be 1,
                          since attributions are returned batch-wise rather than per
                          example, so the attributions must correspond to the
                          same features (indices) in each input example.
                          If None, then a feature mask is constructed which assigns
                          each scalar within a tensor as a separate feature, which
                          is ablated independently.
                          Default: None
              perturbations_per_eval (int, optional): Allows ablation of multiple
                          features to be processed simultaneously in one call to
                          forward_fn.
                          Each forward pass will contain a maximum of
                          perturbations_per_eval * #examples samples.
                          For DataParallel models, each batch is split among the
                          available devices, so evaluations on each available
                          device contain at most
                          (perturbations_per_eval * #examples) / num_devices
                          samples.
                          If the forward function's number of outputs does not
                          change as the batch size grows (e.g. if it outputs a
                          scalar value), you must set perturbations_per_eval to 1
                          and use a single feature mask to describe the features
                          for all examples in the batch.
                          Default: 1
              **kwargs (Any, optional): Any additional arguments used by child
                          classes of FeatureAblation (such as Occlusion) to construct
                          ablations. These arguments are ignored when using
                          FeatureAblation directly.
                          Default: None
  
          Returns:
              *tensor* or tuple of *tensors* of **attributions**:
              - **attributions** (*tensor* or tuple of *tensors*):
                          The attributions with respect to each input feature.
                          If the forward function returns
                          a scalar value per example, attributions will be
                          the same size as the provided inputs, with each value
                          providing the attribution of the corresponding input index.
                          If the forward function returns a scalar per batch, then
                          attribution tensor(s) will have first dimension 1 and
                          the remaining dimensions will match the input.
                          If a single tensor is provided as inputs, a single tensor is
                          returned. If a tuple of tensors is provided for inputs, a
                          tuple of corresponding sized tensors is returned.
  
  
          Examples::
  
              >>> # SimpleClassifier takes a single input tensor of size Nx4x4,
              >>> # and returns an Nx3 tensor of class probabilities.
              >>> net = SimpleClassifier()
              >>> # Generating random input with size 2 x 4 x 4
              >>> input = torch.randn(2, 4, 4)
              >>> # Defining FeatureAblation interpreter
              >>> ablator = FeatureAblation(net)
              >>> # Computes ablation attribution, ablating each of the 16
              >>> # scalar input independently.
              >>> attr = ablator.attribute(input, target=1)
  
              >>> # Alternatively, we may want to ablate features in groups, e.g.
              >>> # grouping each 2x2 square of the inputs and ablating them together.
              >>> # This can be done by creating a feature mask as follows, which
              >>> # defines the feature groups, e.g.:
              >>> # +---+---+---+---+
              >>> # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
              >>> # +---+---+---+---+
              >>> # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
              >>> # +---+---+---+---+
              >>> # | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
              >>> # +---+---+---+---+
              >>> # | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
              >>> # +---+---+---+---+
              >>> # With this mask, all inputs with the same value are ablated
              >>> # simultaneously, and the attribution for each input in the same
              >>> # group (0, 1, 2, and 3) per example are the same.
              >>> # The attributions can be calculated as follows:
              >>> # feature mask has dimensions 1 x 4 x 4
              >>> feature_mask = torch.tensor([[[0,0,1,1],[0,0,1,1],
              >>>                             [2,2,3,3],[2,2,3,3]]])
              >>> attr = ablator.attribute(input, target=1, feature_mask=feature_mask)
          """
          # Keeps track whether original input is a tuple or not before
          # converting it into a tuple.
          is_inputs_tuple = _is_tuple(inputs)
          inputs, baselines = _format_input_baseline(inputs, baselines)
          additional_forward_args = _format_additional_forward_args(
              additional_forward_args
          )
          num_examples = inputs[0].shape[0]
          feature_mask = _format_input(feature_mask) if feature_mask is not None else None
          assert (
              isinstance(perturbations_per_eval, int) and perturbations_per_eval >= 1
          ), "Perturbations per evaluation must be an integer and at least 1."
          with torch.no_grad():
              # Computes initial evaluation with all features, which is compared
              # to each ablated result.
              initial_eval = _run_forward(
                  self.forward_func, inputs, target, additional_forward_args
              )
  
              agg_output_mode = FeatureAblation._find_output_mode(
                  perturbations_per_eval, feature_mask
              )
  
              # get as a 2D tensor (if it is not a scalar)
              if isinstance(initial_eval, torch.Tensor):
                  initial_eval = initial_eval.reshape(1, -1)
                  num_outputs = initial_eval.shape[1]
              else:
                  num_outputs = 1
  
              if not agg_output_mode:
                  assert (
                      isinstance(initial_eval, torch.Tensor)
                      and num_outputs == num_examples
                  ), (
                      "expected output of `forward_func` to have "
                      + "`batch_size` elements for perturbations_per_eval > 1 "
                      + "and all feature_mask.shape[0] > 1"
                  )
  
              # Initialize attribution totals and counts
              attrib_type = cast(
                  dtype,
                  initial_eval.dtype
                  if isinstance(initial_eval, Tensor)
                  else type(initial_eval),
              )
  
              total_attrib = [
                  torch.zeros((num_outputs,) + input.shape[1:], dtype=attrib_type)
                  for input in inputs
              ]
  
              # Weights are used in cases where ablations may be overlapping.
              if self.use_weights:
                  weights = [
                      torch.zeros((num_outputs,) + input.shape[1:]).float()
                      for input in inputs
                  ]
  
              # Iterate through each feature tensor for ablation
              for i in range(len(inputs)):
                  # Skip any empty input tensors
                  if torch.numel(inputs[i]) == 0:
                      continue
                  for (
                      current_inputs,
                      current_add_args,
                      current_target,
                      current_mask,
                  ) in self._ablation_generator(
                      i,
                      inputs,
                      additional_forward_args,
                      target,
                      baselines,
                      feature_mask,
                      perturbations_per_eval,
                      **kwargs
                  ):
                      # modified_eval dimensions: 1D tensor with length
                      # equal to #num_examples * #features in batch
                      modified_eval = _run_forward(
                          self.forward_func,
                          current_inputs,
                          current_target,
                          current_add_args,
                      )
                      # (contains 1 more dimension than inputs). This adds extra
                      # dimensions of 1 to make the tensor broadcastable with the inputs
                      # tensor.
                      if not isinstance(modified_eval, torch.Tensor):
                          eval_diff = initial_eval - modified_eval
                      else:
                          if not agg_output_mode:
                              assert (
                                  modified_eval.numel() == current_inputs[0].shape[0]
                              ), """expected output of forward_func to grow with
                              batch_size. If this is not the case for your model
                              please set perturbations_per_eval = 1"""
  
                          eval_diff = (
                              initial_eval - modified_eval.reshape((-1, num_outputs))
                          ).reshape((-1, num_outputs) + (len(inputs[i].shape) - 1) * (1,))
                      if self.use_weights:
                          weights[i] += current_mask.float().sum(dim=0)
                      total_attrib[i] += (eval_diff * current_mask.to(attrib_type)).sum(
                          dim=0
                      )
  
              # Divide total attributions by counts and return formatted attributions
              if self.use_weights:
                  attrib = tuple(
                      single_attrib.float() / weight
                      for single_attrib, weight in zip(total_attrib, weights)
                  )
              else:
                  attrib = tuple(total_attrib)
              _result = _format_output(is_inputs_tuple, attrib)
          return _result
  
      def _ablation_generator(
          self,
          i,
          inputs,
          additional_args,
          target,
          baselines,
          input_mask,
          perturbations_per_eval,
          **kwargs
      ):
          """
          This method is a generator which yields each perturbation to be evaluated
          including inputs, additional_forward_args, targets, and mask.
          """
          extra_args = {}
          for key, value in kwargs.items():
              # For any tuple argument in kwargs, we choose index i of the tuple.
              if isinstance(value, tuple):
                  extra_args[key] = value[i]
              else:
                  extra_args[key] = value
  
          input_mask = input_mask[i] if input_mask is not None else None
          min_feature, num_features, input_mask = self._get_feature_range_and_mask(
              inputs[i], input_mask, **extra_args
          )
          num_examples = inputs[0].shape[0]
          perturbations_per_eval = min(perturbations_per_eval, num_features)
          baseline = baselines[i] if isinstance(baselines, tuple) else baselines
          if isinstance(baseline, torch.Tensor):
              baseline = baseline.reshape((1,) + baseline.shape)
  
          if perturbations_per_eval > 1:
              # Repeat features and additional args for batch size.
              all_features_repeated = [
                  torch.cat([inputs[j]] * perturbations_per_eval, dim=0)
                  for j in range(len(inputs))
              ]
              additional_args_repeated = (
                  _expand_additional_forward_args(additional_args, perturbations_per_eval)
                  if additional_args is not None
                  else None
              )
              target_repeated = _expand_target(target, perturbations_per_eval)
          else:
              all_features_repeated = list(inputs)
              additional_args_repeated = additional_args
              target_repeated = target
  
          num_features_processed = min_feature
          while num_features_processed < num_features:
              current_num_ablated_features = min(
                  perturbations_per_eval, num_features - num_features_processed
              )
  
              # Store appropriate inputs and additional args based on batch size.
              if current_num_ablated_features != perturbations_per_eval:
                  current_features = [
                      feature_repeated[0 : current_num_ablated_features * num_examples]
                      for feature_repeated in all_features_repeated
                  ]
                  current_additional_args = (
                      _expand_additional_forward_args(
                          additional_args, current_num_ablated_features
                      )
                      if additional_args is not None
                      else None
                  )
                  current_target = _expand_target(target, current_num_ablated_features)
              else:
                  current_features = all_features_repeated
                  current_additional_args = additional_args_repeated
                  current_target = target_repeated
  
              # Store existing tensor before modifying
              original_tensor = current_features[i]
              # Construct ablated batch for features in range num_features_processed
              # to num_features_processed + current_num_ablated_features and return
              # mask with same size as ablated batch. ablated_features has dimension
              # (current_num_ablated_features, num_examples, inputs[i].shape[1:])
              # Note that in the case of sparse tensors, the second dimension
              # may not necessarilly be num_examples and will match the first
              # dimension of this tensor.
              current_reshaped = current_features[i].reshape(
                  (current_num_ablated_features, -1) + current_features[i].shape[1:]
              )
  
              ablated_features, current_mask = self._construct_ablated_input(
                  current_reshaped,
                  input_mask,
                  baseline,
                  num_features_processed,
                  num_features_processed + current_num_ablated_features,
                  **extra_args
              )
  
              # current_features[i] has dimension
              # (current_num_ablated_features * num_examples, inputs[i].shape[1:]),
              # which can be provided to the model as input.
              current_features[i] = ablated_features.reshape(
                  (-1,) + ablated_features.shape[2:]
              )
              yield tuple(
                  current_features
              ), current_additional_args, current_target, current_mask
              # Replace existing tensor at index i.
              current_features[i] = original_tensor
              num_features_processed += current_num_ablated_features
  
      def _construct_ablated_input(
          self, expanded_input, input_mask, baseline, start_feature, end_feature, **kwargs
      ):
          r"""
          Ablates given expanded_input tensor with given feature mask, feature range,
          and baselines. expanded_input shape is (`num_features`, `num_examples`, ...)
          with remaining dimensions corresponding to remaining original tensor
          dimensions and `num_features` = `end_feature` - `start_feature`.
          input_mask has same number of dimensions as original input tensor (one less
          than `expanded_input`), and can have first dimension either 1, applying same
          feature mask to all examples, or `num_examples`. baseline is expected to
          be broadcastable to match `expanded_input`.
  
          This method returns the ablated input tensor, which has the same
          dimensionality as `expanded_input` as well as the corresponding mask with
          either the same dimensionality as `expanded_input` or second dimension
          being 1. This mask contains 1s in locations which have been ablated (and
          thus counted towards ablations for that feature) and 0s otherwise.
          """
          current_mask = torch.stack(
              [input_mask == j for j in range(start_feature, end_feature)], dim=0
          ).long()
          ablated_tensor = (
              expanded_input * (1 - current_mask).to(expanded_input.dtype)
          ) + (baseline * current_mask.to(expanded_input.dtype))
          return ablated_tensor, current_mask
  
      def _get_feature_range_and_mask(self, input, input_mask, **kwargs):
          if input_mask is None:
              # Obtain feature mask for selected input tensor, matches size of
              # 1 input example, (1 x inputs[i].shape[1:])
              input_mask = torch.reshape(
                  torch.arange(torch.numel(input[0]), device=input.device),
                  input[0:1].shape,
              ).long()
          return (
              torch.min(input_mask).item(),
              torch.max(input_mask).item() + 1,
              input_mask,
          )
  
      @staticmethod
      def _find_output_mode(
          perturbations_per_eval: int,
          feature_mask: Union[None, TensorOrTupleOfTensorsGeneric],
      ) -> bool:
          """
          Returns True if the output mode is "aggregation output mode"
  
          Aggregation output mode is defined as: when there is no 1:1 correspondence
          with the `num_examples` (`batch_size`) and the amount of outputs your model
          produces, i.e. the model output does not grow in size as the input becomes
          larger.
  
          We assume this is the case if `perturbations_per_eval == 1`
          and your feature mask is None or is associated to all
          examples in a batch (fm.shape[0] == 1 for all fm in feature_mask).
          """
          return perturbations_per_eval == 1 and (
              feature_mask is None
              or all(len(sm.shape) == 0 or sm.shape[0] == 1 for sm in feature_mask)
          )
  