text: def indent(text, by=4, first_line=True):
      r"""
      >>> indent("a\nb\nc", by=1) == ' a\n b\n c'
      True
      """
  
      spaces = " " * by
      lines = text.splitlines(True)
      prefix = lines.pop(0) if (lines and not first_line) else ""
      return prefix + "".join(spaces + line for line in lines)
  