text: # Copyright DataStax, Inc.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  
  from binascii import unhexlify
  from bisect import bisect_left
  from collections import defaultdict, Mapping
  from functools import total_ordering
  from hashlib import md5
  from itertools import islice, cycle
  import json
  import logging
  import re
  import six
  from six.moves import zip
  import sys
  from threading import RLock
  import struct
  import random
  
  murmur3 = None
  try:
      from cassandra.murmur3 import murmur3
  except ImportError as e:
      pass
  
  from cassandra import SignatureDescriptor, ConsistencyLevel, InvalidRequest, Unauthorized
  import cassandra.cqltypes as types
  from cassandra.encoder import Encoder
  from cassandra.marshal import varint_unpack
  from cassandra.protocol import QueryMessage
  from cassandra.query import dict_factory, bind_params
  from cassandra.util import OrderedDict, Version
  from cassandra.pool import HostDistance
  from cassandra.connection import EndPoint
  
  log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
  
  cql_keywords = set((
      'add', 'aggregate', 'all', 'allow', 'alter', 'and', 'apply', 'as', 'asc', 'ascii', 'authorize', 'batch', 'begin',
      'bigint', 'blob', 'boolean', 'by', 'called', 'clustering', 'columnfamily', 'compact', 'contains', 'count',
      'counter', 'create', 'custom', 'date', 'decimal', 'delete', 'desc', 'describe', 'distinct', 'double', 'drop',
      'entries', 'execute', 'exists', 'filtering', 'finalfunc', 'float', 'from', 'frozen', 'full', 'function',
      'functions', 'grant', 'if', 'in', 'index', 'inet', 'infinity', 'initcond', 'input', 'insert', 'int', 'into', 'is', 'json',
      'key', 'keys', 'keyspace', 'keyspaces', 'language', 'limit', 'list', 'login', 'map', 'materialized', 'modify', 'nan', 'nologin',
      'norecursive', 'nosuperuser', 'not', 'null', 'of', 'on', 'options', 'or', 'order', 'password', 'permission',
      'permissions', 'primary', 'rename', 'replace', 'returns', 'revoke', 'role', 'roles', 'schema', 'select', 'set',
      'sfunc', 'smallint', 'static', 'storage', 'stype', 'superuser', 'table', 'text', 'time', 'timestamp', 'timeuuid',
      'tinyint', 'to', 'token', 'trigger', 'truncate', 'ttl', 'tuple', 'type', 'unlogged', 'update', 'use', 'user',
      'users', 'using', 'uuid', 'values', 'varchar', 'varint', 'view', 'where', 'with', 'writetime'
  ))
  """
  Set of keywords in CQL.
  
  Derived from .../cassandra/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/Cql.g
  """
  
  cql_keywords_unreserved = set((
      'aggregate', 'all', 'as', 'ascii', 'bigint', 'blob', 'boolean', 'called', 'clustering', 'compact', 'contains',
      'count', 'counter', 'custom', 'date', 'decimal', 'distinct', 'double', 'exists', 'filtering', 'finalfunc', 'float',
      'frozen', 'function', 'functions', 'inet', 'initcond', 'input', 'int', 'json', 'key', 'keys', 'keyspaces',
      'language', 'list', 'login', 'map', 'nologin', 'nosuperuser', 'options', 'password', 'permission', 'permissions',
      'returns', 'role', 'roles', 'sfunc', 'smallint', 'static', 'storage', 'stype', 'superuser', 'text', 'time',
      'timestamp', 'timeuuid', 'tinyint', 'trigger', 'ttl', 'tuple', 'type', 'user', 'users', 'uuid', 'values', 'varchar',
      'varint', 'writetime'
  ))
  """
  Set of unreserved keywords in CQL.
  
  Derived from .../cassandra/src/java/org/apache/cassandra/cql3/Cql.g
  """
  
  cql_keywords_reserved = cql_keywords - cql_keywords_unreserved
  """
  Set of reserved keywords in CQL.
  """
  
  _encoder = Encoder()
  
  
  class Metadata(object):
      """
      Holds a representation of the cluster schema and topology.
      """
  
      cluster_name = None
      """ The string name of the cluster. """
  
      keyspaces = None
      """
      A map from keyspace names to matching :class:`~.KeyspaceMetadata` instances.
      """
  
      partitioner = None
      """
      The string name of the partitioner for the cluster.
      """
  
      token_map = None
      """ A :class:`~.TokenMap` instance describing the ring topology. """
  
      def __init__(self):
          self.keyspaces = {}
          self._hosts = {}
          self._hosts_lock = RLock()
  
      def export_schema_as_string(self):
          """
          Returns a string that can be executed as a query in order to recreate
          the entire schema.  The string is formatted to be human readable.
          """
          return "\n\n".join(ks.export_as_string() for ks in self.keyspaces.values())
  
      def refresh(self, connection, timeout, target_type=None, change_type=None, **kwargs):
  
          server_version = self.get_host(connection.endpoint).release_version
          parser = get_schema_parser(connection, server_version, timeout)
  
          if not target_type:
              self._rebuild_all(parser)
              return
  
          tt_lower = target_type.lower()
          try:
              parse_method = getattr(parser, 'get_' + tt_lower)
              meta = parse_method(self.keyspaces, **kwargs)
              if meta:
                  update_method = getattr(self, '_update_' + tt_lower)
                  if tt_lower == 'keyspace' and connection.protocol_version < 3:
                      # we didn't have 'type' target in legacy protocol versions, so we need to query those too
                      user_types = parser.get_types_map(self.keyspaces, **kwargs)
                      self._update_keyspace(meta, user_types)
                  else:
                      update_method(meta)
              else:
                  drop_method = getattr(self, '_drop_' + tt_lower)
                  drop_method(**kwargs)
          except AttributeError:
              raise ValueError("Unknown schema target_type: '%s'" % target_type)
  
      def _rebuild_all(self, parser):
          current_keyspaces = set()
          for keyspace_meta in parser.get_all_keyspaces():
              current_keyspaces.add(keyspace_meta.name)
              old_keyspace_meta = self.keyspaces.get(keyspace_meta.name, None)
              self.keyspaces[keyspace_meta.name] = keyspace_meta
              if old_keyspace_meta:
                  self._keyspace_updated(keyspace_meta.name)
              else:
                  self._keyspace_added(keyspace_meta.name)
  
          # remove not-just-added keyspaces
          removed_keyspaces = [name for name in self.keyspaces.keys()
                               if name not in current_keyspaces]
          self.keyspaces = dict((name, meta) for name, meta in self.keyspaces.items()
                                if name in current_keyspaces)
          for ksname in removed_keyspaces:
              self._keyspace_removed(ksname)
  
      def _update_keyspace(self, keyspace_meta, new_user_types=None):
          ks_name = keyspace_meta.name
          old_keyspace_meta = self.keyspaces.get(ks_name, None)
          self.keyspaces[ks_name] = keyspace_meta
          if old_keyspace_meta:
              keyspace_meta.tables = old_keyspace_meta.tables
              keyspace_meta.user_types = new_user_types if new_user_types is not None else old_keyspace_meta.user_types
              keyspace_meta.indexes = old_keyspace_meta.indexes
              keyspace_meta.functions = old_keyspace_meta.functions
              keyspace_meta.aggregates = old_keyspace_meta.aggregates
              keyspace_meta.views = old_keyspace_meta.views
              if (keyspace_meta.replication_strategy != old_keyspace_meta.replication_strategy):
                  self._keyspace_updated(ks_name)
          else:
              self._keyspace_added(ks_name)
  
      def _drop_keyspace(self, keyspace):
          if self.keyspaces.pop(keyspace, None):
              self._keyspace_removed(keyspace)
  
      def _update_table(self, meta):
          try:
              keyspace_meta = self.keyspaces[meta.keyspace_name]
              # this is unfortunate, but protocol v4 does not differentiate
              # between events for tables and views. <parser>.get_table will
              # return one or the other based on the query results.
              # Here we deal with that.
              if isinstance(meta, TableMetadata):
                  keyspace_meta._add_table_metadata(meta)
              else:
                  keyspace_meta._add_view_metadata(meta)
          except KeyError:
              # can happen if keyspace disappears while processing async event
              pass
  
      def _drop_table(self, keyspace, table):
          try:
              keyspace_meta = self.keyspaces[keyspace]
              keyspace_meta._drop_table_metadata(table)  # handles either table or view
          except KeyError:
              # can happen if keyspace disappears while processing async event
              pass
  
      def _update_type(self, type_meta):
          try:
              self.keyspaces[type_meta.keyspace].user_types[type_meta.name] = type_meta
          except KeyError:
              # can happen if keyspace disappears while processing async event
              pass
  
      def _drop_type(self, keyspace, type):
          try:
              self.keyspaces[keyspace].user_types.pop(type, None)
          except KeyError:
              # can happen if keyspace disappears while processing async event
              pass
  
      def _update_function(self, function_meta):
          try:
              self.keyspaces[function_meta.keyspace].functions[function_meta.signature] = function_meta
          except KeyError:
              # can happen if keyspace disappears while processing async event
              pass
  
      def _drop_function(self, keyspace, function):
          try:
              self.keyspaces[keyspace].functions.pop(function.signature, None)
          except KeyError:
              pass
  
      def _update_aggregate(self, aggregate_meta):
          try:
              self.keyspaces[aggregate_meta.keyspace].aggregates[aggregate_meta.signature] = aggregate_meta
          except KeyError:
              pass
  
      def _drop_aggregate(self, keyspace, aggregate):
          try:
              self.keyspaces[keyspace].aggregates.pop(aggregate.signature, None)
          except KeyError:
              pass
  
      def _keyspace_added(self, ksname):
          if self.token_map:
              self.token_map.rebuild_keyspace(ksname, build_if_absent=False)
  
      def _keyspace_updated(self, ksname):
          if self.token_map:
              self.token_map.rebuild_keyspace(ksname, build_if_absent=False)
  
      def _keyspace_removed(self, ksname):
          if self.token_map:
              self.token_map.remove_keyspace(ksname)
  
      def rebuild_token_map(self, partitioner, token_map):
          """
          Rebuild our view of the topology from fresh rows from the
          system topology tables.
          For internal use only.
          """
          self.partitioner = partitioner
          if partitioner.endswith('RandomPartitioner'):
              token_class = MD5Token
          elif partitioner.endswith('Murmur3Partitioner'):
              token_class = Murmur3Token
          elif partitioner.endswith('ByteOrderedPartitioner'):
              token_class = BytesToken
          else:
              self.token_map = None
              return
  
          token_to_host_owner = {}
          ring = []
          for host, token_strings in six.iteritems(token_map):
              for token_string in token_strings:
                  token = token_class.from_string(token_string)
                  ring.append(token)
                  token_to_host_owner[token] = host
  
          all_tokens = sorted(ring)
          self.token_map = TokenMap(
              token_class, token_to_host_owner, all_tokens, self)
  
      def get_replicas(self, keyspace, key):
          """
          Returns a list of :class:`.Host` instances that are replicas for a given
          partition key.
          """
          t = self.token_map
          if not t:
              return []
          try:
              return t.get_replicas(keyspace, t.token_class.from_key(key))
          except NoMurmur3:
              return []
  
      def can_support_partitioner(self):
          if self.partitioner.endswith('Murmur3Partitioner') and murmur3 is None:
              return False
          else:
              return True
  
      def add_or_return_host(self, host):
          """
          Returns a tuple (host, new), where ``host`` is a Host
          instance, and ``new`` is a bool indicating whether
          the host was newly added.
          """
          with self._hosts_lock:
              try:
                  return self._hosts[host.endpoint], False
              except KeyError:
                  self._hosts[host.endpoint] = host
                  return host, True
  
      def remove_host(self, host):
          with self._hosts_lock:
              return bool(self._hosts.pop(host.endpoint, False))
  
      def get_host(self, endpoint_or_address):
          """
          Find a host in the metadata for a specific endpoint. If a string inet address is passed,
          iterate all hosts to match the :attr:`~.pool.Host.broadcast_rpc_address` attribute.
          """
          if not isinstance(endpoint_or_address, EndPoint):
              return self._get_host_by_address(endpoint_or_address)
  
          return self._hosts.get(endpoint_or_address)
  
      def _get_host_by_address(self, address):
          for host in six.itervalues(self._hosts):
              if host.broadcast_rpc_address == address:
                  return host
          return None
  
      def all_hosts(self):
          """
          Returns a list of all known :class:`.Host` instances in the cluster.
          """
          with self._hosts_lock:
              return list(self._hosts.values())
  
  
  REPLICATION_STRATEGY_CLASS_PREFIX = "org.apache.cassandra.locator."
  
  
  def trim_if_startswith(s, prefix):
      if s.startswith(prefix):
          return s[len(prefix):]
      return s
  
  
  _replication_strategies = {}
  
  
  class ReplicationStrategyTypeType(type):
      def __new__(metacls, name, bases, dct):
          dct.setdefault('name', name)
          cls = type.__new__(metacls, name, bases, dct)
          if not name.startswith('_'):
              _replication_strategies[name] = cls
          return cls
  
  
  @six.add_metaclass(ReplicationStrategyTypeType)
  class _ReplicationStrategy(object):
      options_map = None
  
      @classmethod
      def create(cls, strategy_class, options_map):
          if not strategy_class:
              return None
  
          strategy_name = trim_if_startswith(strategy_class, REPLICATION_STRATEGY_CLASS_PREFIX)
  
          rs_class = _replication_strategies.get(strategy_name, None)
          if rs_class is None:
              rs_class = _UnknownStrategyBuilder(strategy_name)
              _replication_strategies[strategy_name] = rs_class
  
          try:
              rs_instance = rs_class(options_map)
          except Exception as exc:
              log.warning("Failed creating %s with options %s: %s", strategy_name, options_map, exc)
              return None
  
          return rs_instance
  
      def make_token_replica_map(self, token_to_host_owner, ring):
          raise NotImplementedError()
  
      def export_for_schema(self):
          raise NotImplementedError()
  
  
  ReplicationStrategy = _ReplicationStrategy
  
  
  class _UnknownStrategyBuilder(object):
      def __init__(self, name):
          self.name = name
  
      def __call__(self, options_map):
          strategy_instance = _UnknownStrategy(self.name, options_map)
          return strategy_instance
  
  
  class _UnknownStrategy(ReplicationStrategy):
      def __init__(self, name, options_map):
          self.name = name
          self.options_map = options_map.copy() if options_map is not None else dict()
          self.options_map['class'] = self.name
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          return (isinstance(other, _UnknownStrategy) and
                  self.name == other.name and
                  self.options_map == other.options_map)
  
      def export_for_schema(self):
          """
          Returns a string version of these replication options which are
          suitable for use in a CREATE KEYSPACE statement.
          """
          if self.options_map:
              return dict((str(key), str(value)) for key, value in self.options_map.items())
          return "{'class': '%s'}" % (self.name, )
  
      def make_token_replica_map(self, token_to_host_owner, ring):
          return {}
  
  
  class SimpleStrategy(ReplicationStrategy):
  
      replication_factor = None
      """
      The replication factor for this keyspace.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, options_map):
          try:
              self.replication_factor = int(options_map['replication_factor'])
          except Exception:
              raise ValueError("SimpleStrategy requires an integer 'replication_factor' option")
  
      def make_token_replica_map(self, token_to_host_owner, ring):
          replica_map = {}
          for i in range(len(ring)):
              j, hosts = 0, list()
              while len(hosts) < self.replication_factor and j < len(ring):
                  token = ring[(i + j) % len(ring)]
                  host = token_to_host_owner[token]
                  if host not in hosts:
                      hosts.append(host)
                  j += 1
  
              replica_map[ring[i]] = hosts
          return replica_map
  
      def export_for_schema(self):
          """
          Returns a string version of these replication options which are
          suitable for use in a CREATE KEYSPACE statement.
          """
          return "{'class': 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor': '%d'}" \
                 % (self.replication_factor,)
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, SimpleStrategy):
              return False
  
          return self.replication_factor == other.replication_factor
  
  
  class NetworkTopologyStrategy(ReplicationStrategy):
  
      dc_replication_factors = None
      """
      A map of datacenter names to the replication factor for that DC.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, dc_replication_factors):
          self.dc_replication_factors = dict(
              (str(k), int(v)) for k, v in dc_replication_factors.items())
  
      def make_token_replica_map(self, token_to_host_owner, ring):
          dc_rf_map = dict((dc, int(rf))
                           for dc, rf in self.dc_replication_factors.items() if rf > 0)
  
          # build a map of DCs to lists of indexes into `ring` for tokens that
          # belong to that DC
          dc_to_token_offset = defaultdict(list)
          dc_racks = defaultdict(set)
          hosts_per_dc = defaultdict(set)
          for i, token in enumerate(ring):
              host = token_to_host_owner[token]
              dc_to_token_offset[host.datacenter].append(i)
              if host.datacenter and host.rack:
                  dc_racks[host.datacenter].add(host.rack)
                  hosts_per_dc[host.datacenter].add(host)
  
          # A map of DCs to an index into the dc_to_token_offset value for that dc.
          # This is how we keep track of advancing around the ring for each DC.
          dc_to_current_index = defaultdict(int)
  
          replica_map = defaultdict(list)
          for i in range(len(ring)):
              replicas = replica_map[ring[i]]
  
              # go through each DC and find the replicas in that DC
              for dc in dc_to_token_offset.keys():
                  if dc not in dc_rf_map:
                      continue
  
                  # advance our per-DC index until we're up to at least the
                  # current token in the ring
                  token_offsets = dc_to_token_offset[dc]
                  index = dc_to_current_index[dc]
                  num_tokens = len(token_offsets)
                  while index < num_tokens and token_offsets[index] < i:
                      index += 1
                  dc_to_current_index[dc] = index
  
                  replicas_remaining = dc_rf_map[dc]
                  replicas_this_dc = 0
                  skipped_hosts = []
                  racks_placed = set()
                  racks_this_dc = dc_racks[dc]
                  hosts_this_dc = len(hosts_per_dc[dc])
                  for token_offset in islice(cycle(token_offsets), index, index + num_tokens):
                      host = token_to_host_owner[ring[token_offset]]
                      if replicas_remaining == 0 or replicas_this_dc == hosts_this_dc:
                          break
  
                      if host in replicas:
                          continue
  
                      if host.rack in racks_placed and len(racks_placed) < len(racks_this_dc):
                          skipped_hosts.append(host)
                          continue
  
                      replicas.append(host)
                      replicas_this_dc += 1
                      replicas_remaining -= 1
                      racks_placed.add(host.rack)
  
                      if len(racks_placed) == len(racks_this_dc):
                          for host in skipped_hosts:
                              if replicas_remaining == 0:
                                  break
                              replicas.append(host)
                              replicas_remaining -= 1
                          del skipped_hosts[:]
  
          return replica_map
  
      def export_for_schema(self):
          """
          Returns a string version of these replication options which are
          suitable for use in a CREATE KEYSPACE statement.
          """
          ret = "{'class': 'NetworkTopologyStrategy'"
          for dc, repl_factor in sorted(self.dc_replication_factors.items()):
              ret += ", '%s': '%d'" % (dc, repl_factor)
          return ret + "}"
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, NetworkTopologyStrategy):
              return False
  
          return self.dc_replication_factors == other.dc_replication_factors
  
  
  class LocalStrategy(ReplicationStrategy):
      def __init__(self, options_map):
          pass
  
      def make_token_replica_map(self, token_to_host_owner, ring):
          return {}
  
      def export_for_schema(self):
          """
          Returns a string version of these replication options which are
          suitable for use in a CREATE KEYSPACE statement.
          """
          return "{'class': 'LocalStrategy'}"
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          return isinstance(other, LocalStrategy)
  
  
  class KeyspaceMetadata(object):
      """
      A representation of the schema for a single keyspace.
      """
  
      name = None
      """ The string name of the keyspace. """
  
      durable_writes = True
      """
      A boolean indicating whether durable writes are enabled for this keyspace
      or not.
      """
  
      replication_strategy = None
      """
      A :class:`.ReplicationStrategy` subclass object.
      """
  
      tables = None
      """
      A map from table names to instances of :class:`~.TableMetadata`.
      """
  
      indexes = None
      """
      A dict mapping index names to :class:`.IndexMetadata` instances.
      """
  
      user_types = None
      """
      A map from user-defined type names to instances of :class:`~cassandra.metadata.UserType`.
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.1.0
      """
  
      functions = None
      """
      A map from user-defined function signatures to instances of :class:`~cassandra.metadata.Function`.
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
      """
  
      aggregates = None
      """
      A map from user-defined aggregate signatures to instances of :class:`~cassandra.metadata.Aggregate`.
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
      """
  
      views = None
      """
      A dict mapping view names to :class:`.MaterializedViewMetadata` instances.
      """
  
      virtual = False
      """
      A boolean indicating if this is a virtual keyspace or not. Always ``False``
      for clusters running pre-4.0 versions of Cassandra.
  
      .. versionadded:: 3.15
      """
  
      _exc_info = None
      """ set if metadata parsing failed """
  
      def __init__(self, name, durable_writes, strategy_class, strategy_options):
          self.name = name
          self.durable_writes = durable_writes
          self.replication_strategy = ReplicationStrategy.create(strategy_class, strategy_options)
          self.tables = {}
          self.indexes = {}
          self.user_types = {}
          self.functions = {}
          self.aggregates = {}
          self.views = {}
  
      def export_as_string(self):
          """
          Returns a CQL query string that can be used to recreate the entire keyspace,
          including user-defined types and tables.
          """
          cql = "\n\n".join([self.as_cql_query() + ';'] +
                            self.user_type_strings() +
                            [f.export_as_string() for f in self.functions.values()] +
                            [a.export_as_string() for a in self.aggregates.values()] +
                            [t.export_as_string() for t in self.tables.values()])
          if self._exc_info:
              import traceback
              ret = "/*\nWarning: Keyspace %s is incomplete because of an error processing metadata.\n" % \
                    (self.name)
              for line in traceback.format_exception(*self._exc_info):
                  ret += line
              ret += "\nApproximate structure, for reference:\n(this should not be used to reproduce this schema)\n\n%s\n*/" % cql
              return ret
          if self.virtual:
              return ("/*\nWarning: Keyspace {ks} is a virtual keyspace and cannot be recreated with CQL.\n"
                      "Structure, for reference:*/\n"
                      "{cql}\n"
                      "").format(ks=self.name, cql=cql)
          return cql
  
      def as_cql_query(self):
          """
          Returns a CQL query string that can be used to recreate just this keyspace,
          not including user-defined types and tables.
          """
          if self.virtual:
              return "// VIRTUAL KEYSPACE {}".format(protect_name(self.name))
          ret = "CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication = %s " % (
              protect_name(self.name),
              self.replication_strategy.export_for_schema())
          return ret + (' AND durable_writes = %s' % ("true" if self.durable_writes else "false"))
  
      def user_type_strings(self):
          user_type_strings = []
          user_types = self.user_types.copy()
          keys = sorted(user_types.keys())
          for k in keys:
              if k in user_types:
                  self.resolve_user_types(k, user_types, user_type_strings)
          return user_type_strings
  
      def resolve_user_types(self, key, user_types, user_type_strings):
          user_type = user_types.pop(key)
          for type_name in user_type.field_types:
              for sub_type in types.cql_types_from_string(type_name):
                  if sub_type in user_types:
                      self.resolve_user_types(sub_type, user_types, user_type_strings)
          user_type_strings.append(user_type.export_as_string())
  
      def _add_table_metadata(self, table_metadata):
          old_indexes = {}
          old_meta = self.tables.get(table_metadata.name, None)
          if old_meta:
              # views are not queried with table, so they must be transferred to new
              table_metadata.views = old_meta.views
              # indexes will be updated with what is on the new metadata
              old_indexes = old_meta.indexes
  
          # note the intentional order of add before remove
          # this makes sure the maps are never absent something that existed before this update
          for index_name, index_metadata in six.iteritems(table_metadata.indexes):
              self.indexes[index_name] = index_metadata
  
          for index_name in (n for n in old_indexes if n not in table_metadata.indexes):
              self.indexes.pop(index_name, None)
  
          self.tables[table_metadata.name] = table_metadata
  
      def _drop_table_metadata(self, table_name):
          table_meta = self.tables.pop(table_name, None)
          if table_meta:
              for index_name in table_meta.indexes:
                  self.indexes.pop(index_name, None)
              for view_name in table_meta.views:
                  self.views.pop(view_name, None)
              return
          # we can't tell table drops from views, so drop both
          # (name is unique among them, within a keyspace)
          view_meta = self.views.pop(table_name, None)
          if view_meta:
              try:
                  self.tables[view_meta.base_table_name].views.pop(table_name, None)
              except KeyError:
                  pass
  
      def _add_view_metadata(self, view_metadata):
          try:
              self.tables[view_metadata.base_table_name].views[view_metadata.name] = view_metadata
              self.views[view_metadata.name] = view_metadata
          except KeyError:
              pass
  
  
  class UserType(object):
      """
      A user defined type, as created by ``CREATE TYPE`` statements.
  
      User-defined types were introduced in Cassandra 2.1.
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.1.0
      """
  
      keyspace = None
      """
      The string name of the keyspace in which this type is defined.
      """
  
      name = None
      """
      The name of this type.
      """
  
      field_names = None
      """
      An ordered list of the names for each field in this user-defined type.
      """
  
      field_types = None
      """
      An ordered list of the types for each field in this user-defined type.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, keyspace, name, field_names, field_types):
          self.keyspace = keyspace
          self.name = name
          # non-frozen collections can return None
          self.field_names = field_names or []
          self.field_types = field_types or []
  
      def as_cql_query(self, formatted=False):
          """
          Returns a CQL query that can be used to recreate this type.
          If `formatted` is set to :const:`True`, extra whitespace will
          be added to make the query more readable.
          """
          ret = "CREATE TYPE %s.%s (%s" % (
              protect_name(self.keyspace),
              protect_name(self.name),
              "\n" if formatted else "")
  
          if formatted:
              field_join = ",\n"
              padding = "    "
          else:
              field_join = ", "
              padding = ""
  
          fields = []
          for field_name, field_type in zip(self.field_names, self.field_types):
              fields.append("%s %s" % (protect_name(field_name), field_type))
  
          ret += field_join.join("%s%s" % (padding, field) for field in fields)
          ret += "\n)" if formatted else ")"
          return ret
  
      def export_as_string(self):
          return self.as_cql_query(formatted=True) + ';'
  
  
  class Aggregate(object):
      """
      A user defined aggregate function, as created by ``CREATE AGGREGATE`` statements.
  
      Aggregate functions were introduced in Cassandra 2.2
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
      """
  
      keyspace = None
      """
      The string name of the keyspace in which this aggregate is defined
      """
  
      name = None
      """
      The name of this aggregate
      """
  
      argument_types = None
      """
      An ordered list of the types for each argument to the aggregate
      """
  
      final_func = None
      """
      Name of a final function
      """
  
      initial_condition = None
      """
      Initial condition of the aggregate
      """
  
      return_type = None
      """
      Return type of the aggregate
      """
  
      state_func = None
      """
      Name of a state function
      """
  
      state_type = None
      """
      Type of the aggregate state
      """
  
      def __init__(self, keyspace, name, argument_types, state_func,
                   state_type, final_func, initial_condition, return_type):
          self.keyspace = keyspace
          self.name = name
          self.argument_types = argument_types
          self.state_func = state_func
          self.state_type = state_type
          self.final_func = final_func
          self.initial_condition = initial_condition
          self.return_type = return_type
  
      def as_cql_query(self, formatted=False):
          """
          Returns a CQL query that can be used to recreate this aggregate.
          If `formatted` is set to :const:`True`, extra whitespace will
          be added to make the query more readable.
          """
          sep = '\n    ' if formatted else ' '
          keyspace = protect_name(self.keyspace)
          name = protect_name(self.name)
          type_list = ', '.join(self.argument_types)
          state_func = protect_name(self.state_func)
          state_type = self.state_type
  
          ret = "CREATE AGGREGATE %(keyspace)s.%(name)s(%(type_list)s)%(sep)s" \
                "SFUNC %(state_func)s%(sep)s" \
                "STYPE %(state_type)s" % locals()
  
          ret += ''.join((sep, 'FINALFUNC ', protect_name(self.final_func))) if self.final_func else ''
          ret += ''.join((sep, 'INITCOND ', self.initial_condition)) if self.initial_condition is not None else ''
  
          return ret
  
      def export_as_string(self):
          return self.as_cql_query(formatted=True) + ';'
  
      @property
      def signature(self):
          return SignatureDescriptor.format_signature(self.name, self.argument_types)
  
  
  class Function(object):
      """
      A user defined function, as created by ``CREATE FUNCTION`` statements.
  
      User-defined functions were introduced in Cassandra 2.2
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.6.0
      """
  
      keyspace = None
      """
      The string name of the keyspace in which this function is defined
      """
  
      name = None
      """
      The name of this function
      """
  
      argument_types = None
      """
      An ordered list of the types for each argument to the function
      """
  
      argument_names = None
      """
      An ordered list of the names of each argument to the function
      """
  
      return_type = None
      """
      Return type of the function
      """
  
      language = None
      """
      Language of the function body
      """
  
      body = None
      """
      Function body string
      """
  
      called_on_null_input = None
      """
      Flag indicating whether this function should be called for rows with null values
      (convenience function to avoid handling nulls explicitly if the result will just be null)
      """
  
      def __init__(self, keyspace, name, argument_types, argument_names,
                   return_type, language, body, called_on_null_input):
          self.keyspace = keyspace
          self.name = name
          self.argument_types = argument_types
          # argument_types (frozen<list<>>) will always be a list
          # argument_name is not frozen in C* < 3.0 and may return None
          self.argument_names = argument_names or []
          self.return_type = return_type
          self.language = language
          self.body = body
          self.called_on_null_input = called_on_null_input
  
      def as_cql_query(self, formatted=False):
          """
          Returns a CQL query that can be used to recreate this function.
          If `formatted` is set to :const:`True`, extra whitespace will
          be added to make the query more readable.
          """
          sep = '\n    ' if formatted else ' '
          keyspace = protect_name(self.keyspace)
          name = protect_name(self.name)
          arg_list = ', '.join(["%s %s" % (protect_name(n), t)
                               for n, t in zip(self.argument_names, self.argument_types)])
          typ = self.return_type
          lang = self.language
          body = self.body
          on_null = "CALLED" if self.called_on_null_input else "RETURNS NULL"
  
          return "CREATE FUNCTION %(keyspace)s.%(name)s(%(arg_list)s)%(sep)s" \
                 "%(on_null)s ON NULL INPUT%(sep)s" \
                 "RETURNS %(typ)s%(sep)s" \
                 "LANGUAGE %(lang)s%(sep)s" \
                 "AS $$%(body)s$$" % locals()
  
      def export_as_string(self):
          return self.as_cql_query(formatted=True) + ';'
  
      @property
      def signature(self):
          return SignatureDescriptor.format_signature(self.name, self.argument_types)
  
  
  class TableMetadata(object):
      """
      A representation of the schema for a single table.
      """
  
      keyspace_name = None
      """ String name of this Table's keyspace """
  
      name = None
      """ The string name of the table. """
  
      partition_key = None
      """
      A list of :class:`.ColumnMetadata` instances representing the columns in
      the partition key for this table.  This will always hold at least one
      column.
      """
  
      clustering_key = None
      """
      A list of :class:`.ColumnMetadata` instances representing the columns
      in the clustering key for this table.  These are all of the
      :attr:`.primary_key` columns that are not in the :attr:`.partition_key`.
  
      Note that a table may have no clustering keys, in which case this will
      be an empty list.
      """
  
      @property
      def primary_key(self):
          """
          A list of :class:`.ColumnMetadata` representing the components of
          the primary key for this table.
          """
          return self.partition_key + self.clustering_key
  
      columns = None
      """
      A dict mapping column names to :class:`.ColumnMetadata` instances.
      """
  
      indexes = None
      """
      A dict mapping index names to :class:`.IndexMetadata` instances.
      """
  
      is_compact_storage = False
  
      options = None
      """
      A dict mapping table option names to their specific settings for this
      table.
      """
  
      compaction_options = {
          "min_compaction_threshold": "min_threshold",
          "max_compaction_threshold": "max_threshold",
          "compaction_strategy_class": "class"}
  
      triggers = None
      """
      A dict mapping trigger names to :class:`.TriggerMetadata` instances.
      """
  
      views = None
      """
      A dict mapping view names to :class:`.MaterializedViewMetadata` instances.
      """
  
      _exc_info = None
      """ set if metadata parsing failed """
  
      virtual = False
      """
      A boolean indicating if this is a virtual table or not. Always ``False``
      for clusters running pre-4.0 versions of Cassandra.
  
      .. versionadded:: 3.15
      """
  
      @property
      def is_cql_compatible(self):
          """
          A boolean indicating if this table can be represented as CQL in export
          """
          if self.virtual:
              return False
          comparator = getattr(self, 'comparator', None)
          if comparator:
              # no compact storage with more than one column beyond PK if there
              # are clustering columns
              incompatible = (self.is_compact_storage and
                              len(self.columns) > len(self.primary_key) + 1 and
                              len(self.clustering_key) >= 1)
  
              return not incompatible
          return True
  
      extensions = None
      """
      Metadata describing configuration for table extensions
      """
  
      def __init__(self, keyspace_name, name, partition_key=None, clustering_key=None, columns=None, triggers=None, options=None, virtual=False):
          self.keyspace_name = keyspace_name
          self.name = name
          self.partition_key = [] if partition_key is None else partition_key
          self.clustering_key = [] if clustering_key is None else clustering_key
          self.columns = OrderedDict() if columns is None else columns
          self.indexes = {}
          self.options = {} if options is None else options
          self.comparator = None
          self.triggers = OrderedDict() if triggers is None else triggers
          self.views = {}
          self.virtual = virtual
  
      def export_as_string(self):
          """
          Returns a string of CQL queries that can be used to recreate this table
          along with all indexes on it.  The returned string is formatted to
          be human readable.
          """
          if self._exc_info:
              import traceback
              ret = "/*\nWarning: Table %s.%s is incomplete because of an error processing metadata.\n" % \
                    (self.keyspace_name, self.name)
              for line in traceback.format_exception(*self._exc_info):
                  ret += line
              ret += "\nApproximate structure, for reference:\n(this should not be used to reproduce this schema)\n\n%s\n*/" % self._all_as_cql()
          elif not self.is_cql_compatible:
              # If we can't produce this table with CQL, comment inline
              ret = "/*\nWarning: Table %s.%s omitted because it has constructs not compatible with CQL (was created via legacy API).\n" % \
                    (self.keyspace_name, self.name)
              ret += "\nApproximate structure, for reference:\n(this should not be used to reproduce this schema)\n\n%s\n*/" % self._all_as_cql()
          elif self.virtual:
              ret = ('/*\nWarning: Table {ks}.{tab} is a virtual table and cannot be recreated with CQL.\n'
                     'Structure, for reference:\n'
                     '{cql}\n*/').format(ks=self.keyspace_name, tab=self.name, cql=self._all_as_cql())
  
          else:
              ret = self._all_as_cql()
  
          return ret
  
      def _all_as_cql(self):
          ret = self.as_cql_query(formatted=True)
          ret += ";"
  
          for index in self.indexes.values():
              ret += "\n%s;" % index.as_cql_query()
  
          for trigger_meta in self.triggers.values():
              ret += "\n%s;" % (trigger_meta.as_cql_query(),)
  
          for view_meta in self.views.values():
              ret += "\n\n%s;" % (view_meta.as_cql_query(formatted=True),)
  
          if self.extensions:
              registry = _RegisteredExtensionType._extension_registry
              for k in six.viewkeys(registry) & self.extensions:  # no viewkeys on OrderedMapSerializeKey
                  ext = registry[k]
                  cql = ext.after_table_cql(self, k, self.extensions[k])
                  if cql:
                      ret += "\n\n%s" % (cql,)
  
          return ret
  
      def as_cql_query(self, formatted=False):
          """
          Returns a CQL query that can be used to recreate this table (index
          creations are not included).  If `formatted` is set to :const:`True`,
          extra whitespace will be added to make the query human readable.
          """
          ret = "%s TABLE %s.%s (%s" % (
              ('VIRTUAL' if self.virtual else 'CREATE'),
              protect_name(self.keyspace_name),
              protect_name(self.name),
              "\n" if formatted else "")
  
          if formatted:
              column_join = ",\n"
              padding = "    "
          else:
              column_join = ", "
              padding = ""
  
          columns = []
          for col in self.columns.values():
              columns.append("%s %s%s" % (protect_name(col.name), col.cql_type, ' static' if col.is_static else ''))
  
          if len(self.partition_key) == 1 and not self.clustering_key:
              columns[0] += " PRIMARY KEY"
  
          ret += column_join.join("%s%s" % (padding, col) for col in columns)
  
          # primary key
          if len(self.partition_key) > 1 or self.clustering_key:
              ret += "%s%sPRIMARY KEY (" % (column_join, padding)
  
              if len(self.partition_key) > 1:
                  ret += "(%s)" % ", ".join(protect_name(col.name) for col in self.partition_key)
              else:
                  ret += protect_name(self.partition_key[0].name)
  
              if self.clustering_key:
                  ret += ", %s" % ", ".join(protect_name(col.name) for col in self.clustering_key)
  
              ret += ")"
  
          # properties
          ret += "%s) WITH " % ("\n" if formatted else "")
          ret += self._property_string(formatted, self.clustering_key, self.options, self.is_compact_storage)
  
          return ret
  
      @classmethod
      def _property_string(cls, formatted, clustering_key, options_map, is_compact_storage=False):
          properties = []
          if is_compact_storage:
              properties.append("COMPACT STORAGE")
  
          if clustering_key:
              cluster_str = "CLUSTERING ORDER BY "
  
              inner = []
              for col in clustering_key:
                  ordering = "DESC" if col.is_reversed else "ASC"
                  inner.append("%s %s" % (protect_name(col.name), ordering))
  
              cluster_str += "(%s)" % ", ".join(inner)
              properties.append(cluster_str)
  
          properties.extend(cls._make_option_strings(options_map))
  
          join_str = "\n    AND " if formatted else " AND "
          return join_str.join(properties)
  
      @classmethod
      def _make_option_strings(cls, options_map):
          ret = []
          options_copy = dict(options_map.items())
  
          actual_options = json.loads(options_copy.pop('compaction_strategy_options', '{}'))
          value = options_copy.pop("compaction_strategy_class", None)
          actual_options.setdefault("class", value)
  
          compaction_option_strings = ["'%s': '%s'" % (k, v) for k, v in actual_options.items()]
          ret.append('compaction = {%s}' % ', '.join(compaction_option_strings))
  
          for system_table_name in cls.compaction_options.keys():
              options_copy.pop(system_table_name, None)  # delete if present
          options_copy.pop('compaction_strategy_option', None)
  
          if not options_copy.get('compression'):
              params = json.loads(options_copy.pop('compression_parameters', '{}'))
              param_strings = ["'%s': '%s'" % (k, v) for k, v in params.items()]
              ret.append('compression = {%s}' % ', '.join(param_strings))
  
          for name, value in options_copy.items():
              if value is not None:
                  if name == "comment":
                      value = value or ""
                  ret.append("%s = %s" % (name, protect_value(value)))
  
          return list(sorted(ret))
  
  
  class TableExtensionInterface(object):
      """
      Defines CQL/DDL for Cassandra table extensions.
      """
      # limited API for now. Could be expanded as new extension types materialize -- "extend_option_strings", for example
      @classmethod
      def after_table_cql(cls, ext_key, ext_blob):
          """
          Called to produce CQL/DDL to follow the table definition.
          Should contain requisite terminating semicolon(s).
          """
          pass
  
  
  class _RegisteredExtensionType(type):
  
      _extension_registry = {}
  
      def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dct):
          cls = super(_RegisteredExtensionType, mcs).__new__(mcs, name, bases, dct)
          if name != 'RegisteredTableExtension':
              mcs._extension_registry[cls.name] = cls
          return cls
  
  
  @six.add_metaclass(_RegisteredExtensionType)
  class RegisteredTableExtension(TableExtensionInterface):
      """
      Extending this class registers it by name (associated by key in the `system_schema.tables.extensions` map).
      """
      name = None
      """
      Name of the extension (key in the map)
      """
  
  
  def protect_name(name):
      return maybe_escape_name(name)
  
  
  def protect_names(names):
      return [protect_name(n) for n in names]
  
  
  def protect_value(value):
      if value is None:
          return 'NULL'
      if isinstance(value, (int, float, bool)):
          return str(value).lower()
      return "'%s'" % value.replace("'", "''")
  
  
  valid_cql3_word_re = re.compile(r'^[a-z][0-9a-z_]*$')
  
  
  def is_valid_name(name):
      if name is None:
          return False
      if name.lower() in cql_keywords_reserved:
          return False
      return valid_cql3_word_re.match(name) is not None
  
  
  def maybe_escape_name(name):
      if is_valid_name(name):
          return name
      return escape_name(name)
  
  
  def escape_name(name):
      return '"%s"' % (name.replace('"', '""'),)
  
  
  class ColumnMetadata(object):
      """
      A representation of a single column in a table.
      """
  
      table = None
      """ The :class:`.TableMetadata` this column belongs to. """
  
      name = None
      """ The string name of this column. """
  
      cql_type = None
      """
      The CQL type for the column.
      """
  
      is_static = False
      """
      If this column is static (available in Cassandra 2.1+), this will
      be :const:`True`, otherwise :const:`False`.
      """
  
      is_reversed = False
      """
      If this column is reversed (DESC) as in clustering order
      """
  
      _cass_type = None
  
      def __init__(self, table_metadata, column_name, cql_type, is_static=False, is_reversed=False):
          self.table = table_metadata
          self.name = column_name
          self.cql_type = cql_type
          self.is_static = is_static
          self.is_reversed = is_reversed
  
      def __str__(self):
          return "%s %s" % (self.name, self.cql_type)
  
  
  class IndexMetadata(object):
      """
      A representation of a secondary index on a column.
      """
      keyspace_name = None
      """ A string name of the keyspace. """
  
      table_name = None
      """ A string name of the table this index is on. """
  
      name = None
      """ A string name for the index. """
  
      kind = None
      """ A string representing the kind of index (COMPOSITE, CUSTOM,...). """
  
      index_options = {}
      """ A dict of index options. """
  
      def __init__(self, keyspace_name, table_name, index_name, kind, index_options):
          self.keyspace_name = keyspace_name
          self.table_name = table_name
          self.name = index_name
          self.kind = kind
          self.index_options = index_options
  
      def as_cql_query(self):
          """
          Returns a CQL query that can be used to recreate this index.
          """
          options = dict(self.index_options)
          index_target = options.pop("target")
          if self.kind != "CUSTOM":
              return "CREATE INDEX %s ON %s.%s (%s)" % (
                  protect_name(self.name),
                  protect_name(self.keyspace_name),
                  protect_name(self.table_name),
                  index_target)
          else:
              class_name = options.pop("class_name")
              ret = "CREATE CUSTOM INDEX %s ON %s.%s (%s) USING '%s'" % (
                  protect_name(self.name),
                  protect_name(self.keyspace_name),
                  protect_name(self.table_name),
                  index_target,
                  class_name)
              if options:
                  # PYTHON-1008: `ret` will always be a unicode
                  opts_cql_encoded = _encoder.cql_encode_all_types(options, as_text_type=True)
                  ret += " WITH OPTIONS = %s" % opts_cql_encoded
              return ret
  
      def export_as_string(self):
          """
          Returns a CQL query string that can be used to recreate this index.
          """
          return self.as_cql_query() + ';'
  
  
  class TokenMap(object):
      """
      Information about the layout of the ring.
      """
  
      token_class = None
      """
      A subclass of :class:`.Token`, depending on what partitioner the cluster uses.
      """
  
      token_to_host_owner = None
      """
      A map of :class:`.Token` objects to the :class:`.Host` that owns that token.
      """
  
      tokens_to_hosts_by_ks = None
      """
      A map of keyspace names to a nested map of :class:`.Token` objects to
      sets of :class:`.Host` objects.
      """
  
      ring = None
      """
      An ordered list of :class:`.Token` instances in the ring.
      """
  
      _metadata = None
  
      def __init__(self, token_class, token_to_host_owner, all_tokens, metadata):
          self.token_class = token_class
          self.ring = all_tokens
          self.token_to_host_owner = token_to_host_owner
  
          self.tokens_to_hosts_by_ks = {}
          self._metadata = metadata
          self._rebuild_lock = RLock()
  
      def rebuild_keyspace(self, keyspace, build_if_absent=False):
          with self._rebuild_lock:
              try:
                  current = self.tokens_to_hosts_by_ks.get(keyspace, None)
                  if (build_if_absent and current is None) or (not build_if_absent and current is not None):
                      ks_meta = self._metadata.keyspaces.get(keyspace)
                      if ks_meta:
                          replica_map = self.replica_map_for_keyspace(self._metadata.keyspaces[keyspace])
                          self.tokens_to_hosts_by_ks[keyspace] = replica_map
              except Exception:
                  # should not happen normally, but we don't want to blow up queries because of unexpected meta state
                  # bypass until new map is generated
                  self.tokens_to_hosts_by_ks[keyspace] = {}
                  log.exception("Failed creating a token map for keyspace '%s' with %s. PLEASE REPORT THIS: https://datastax-oss.atlassian.net/projects/PYTHON", keyspace, self.token_to_host_owner)
  
      def replica_map_for_keyspace(self, ks_metadata):
          strategy = ks_metadata.replication_strategy
          if strategy:
              return strategy.make_token_replica_map(self.token_to_host_owner, self.ring)
          else:
              return None
  
      def remove_keyspace(self, keyspace):
          self.tokens_to_hosts_by_ks.pop(keyspace, None)
  
      def get_replicas(self, keyspace, token):
          """
          Get  a set of :class:`.Host` instances representing all of the
          replica nodes for a given :class:`.Token`.
          """
          tokens_to_hosts = self.tokens_to_hosts_by_ks.get(keyspace, None)
          if tokens_to_hosts is None:
              self.rebuild_keyspace(keyspace, build_if_absent=True)
              tokens_to_hosts = self.tokens_to_hosts_by_ks.get(keyspace, None)
  
          if tokens_to_hosts:
              # The values in self.ring correspond to the end of the
              # token range up to and including the value listed.
              point = bisect_left(self.ring, token)
              if point == len(self.ring):
                  return tokens_to_hosts[self.ring[0]]
              else:
                  return tokens_to_hosts[self.ring[point]]
          return []
  
  
  @total_ordering
  class Token(object):
      """
      Abstract class representing a token.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, token):
          self.value = token
  
      @classmethod
      def hash_fn(cls, key):
          return key
  
      @classmethod
      def from_key(cls, key):
          return cls(cls.hash_fn(key))
  
      @classmethod
      def from_string(cls, token_string):
          raise NotImplementedError()
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          return self.value == other.value
  
      def __lt__(self, other):
          return self.value < other.value
  
      def __hash__(self):
          return hash(self.value)
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.value)
      __str__ = __repr__
  
  
  MIN_LONG = -(2 ** 63)
  MAX_LONG = (2 ** 63) - 1
  
  
  class NoMurmur3(Exception):
      pass
  
  
  class HashToken(Token):
  
      @classmethod
      def from_string(cls, token_string):
          """ `token_string` should be the string representation from the server. """
          # The hash partitioners just store the deciman value
          return cls(int(token_string))
  
  
  class Murmur3Token(HashToken):
      """
      A token for ``Murmur3Partitioner``.
      """
  
      @classmethod
      def hash_fn(cls, key):
          if murmur3 is not None:
              h = int(murmur3(key))
              return h if h != MIN_LONG else MAX_LONG
          else:
              raise NoMurmur3()
  
      def __init__(self, token):
          """ `token` is an int or string representing the token. """
          self.value = int(token)
  
  
  class MD5Token(HashToken):
      """
      A token for ``RandomPartitioner``.
      """
  
      @classmethod
      def hash_fn(cls, key):
          if isinstance(key, six.text_type):
              key = key.encode('UTF-8')
          return abs(varint_unpack(md5(key).digest()))
  
  
  class BytesToken(Token):
      """
      A token for ``ByteOrderedPartitioner``.
      """
  
      @classmethod
      def from_string(cls, token_string):
          """ `token_string` should be the string representation from the server. """
          # unhexlify works fine with unicode input in everythin but pypy3, where it Raises "TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface"
          if isinstance(token_string, six.text_type):
              token_string = token_string.encode('ascii')
          # The BOP stores a hex string
          return cls(unhexlify(token_string))
  
  
  class TriggerMetadata(object):
      """
      A representation of a trigger for a table.
      """
  
      table = None
      """ The :class:`.TableMetadata` this trigger belongs to. """
  
      name = None
      """ The string name of this trigger. """
  
      options = None
      """
      A dict mapping trigger option names to their specific settings for this
      table.
      """
      def __init__(self, table_metadata, trigger_name, options=None):
          self.table = table_metadata
          self.name = trigger_name
          self.options = options
  
      def as_cql_query(self):
          ret = "CREATE TRIGGER %s ON %s.%s USING %s" % (
              protect_name(self.name),
              protect_name(self.table.keyspace_name),
              protect_name(self.table.name),
              protect_value(self.options['class'])
          )
          return ret
  
      def export_as_string(self):
          return self.as_cql_query() + ';'
  
  
  class _SchemaParser(object):
  
      def __init__(self, connection, timeout):
          self.connection = connection
          self.timeout = timeout
  
      def _handle_results(self, success, result, expected_failures=tuple()):
          """
          Given a bool and a ResultSet (the form returned per result from
          Connection.wait_for_responses), return a dictionary containing the
          results. Used to process results from asynchronous queries to system
          tables.
  
          ``expected_failures`` will usually be used to allow callers to ignore
          ``InvalidRequest`` errors caused by a missing system keyspace. For
          example, some DSE versions report a 4.X server version, but do not have
          virtual tables. Thus, running against 4.X servers, SchemaParserV4 uses
          expected_failures to make a best-effort attempt to read those
          keyspaces, but treat them as empty if they're not found.
  
          :param success: A boolean representing whether or not the query
          succeeded
          :param result: The resultset in question.
          :expected_failures: An Exception class or an iterable thereof. If the
          query failed, but raised an instance of an expected failure class, this
          will ignore the failure and return an empty list.
          """
          if not success and isinstance(result, expected_failures):
              return []
          elif success:
              return dict_factory(*result.results) if result else []
          else:
              raise result
  
      def _query_build_row(self, query_string, build_func):
          result = self._query_build_rows(query_string, build_func)
          return result[0] if result else None
  
      def _query_build_rows(self, query_string, build_func):
          query = QueryMessage(query=query_string, consistency_level=ConsistencyLevel.ONE)
          responses = self.connection.wait_for_responses((query), timeout=self.timeout, fail_on_error=False)
          (success, response) = responses[0]
          if success:
              result = dict_factory(*response.results)
              return [build_func(row) for row in result]
          elif isinstance(response, InvalidRequest):
              log.debug("user types table not found")
              return []
          else:
              raise response
  
  
  class SchemaParserV22(_SchemaParser):
      _SELECT_KEYSPACES = "SELECT * FROM system.schema_keyspaces"
      _SELECT_COLUMN_FAMILIES = "SELECT * FROM system.schema_columnfamilies"
      _SELECT_COLUMNS = "SELECT * FROM system.schema_columns"
      _SELECT_TRIGGERS = "SELECT * FROM system.schema_triggers"
      _SELECT_TYPES = "SELECT * FROM system.schema_usertypes"
      _SELECT_FUNCTIONS = "SELECT * FROM system.schema_functions"
      _SELECT_AGGREGATES = "SELECT * FROM system.schema_aggregates"
  
      _table_name_col = 'columnfamily_name'
  
      _function_agg_arument_type_col = 'signature'
  
      recognized_table_options = (
          "comment",
          "read_repair_chance",
          "dclocal_read_repair_chance",  # kept to be safe, but see _build_table_options()
          "local_read_repair_chance",
          "replicate_on_write",
          "gc_grace_seconds",
          "bloom_filter_fp_chance",
          "caching",
          "compaction_strategy_class",
          "compaction_strategy_options",
          "min_compaction_threshold",
          "max_compaction_threshold",
          "compression_parameters",
          "min_index_interval",
          "max_index_interval",
          "index_interval",
          "speculative_retry",
          "rows_per_partition_to_cache",
          "memtable_flush_period_in_ms",
          "populate_io_cache_on_flush",
          "compression",
          "default_time_to_live")
  
      def __init__(self, connection, timeout):
          super(SchemaParserV22, self).__init__(connection, timeout)
          self.keyspaces_result = []
          self.tables_result = []
          self.columns_result = []
          self.triggers_result = []
          self.types_result = []
          self.functions_result = []
          self.aggregates_result = []
  
          self.keyspace_table_rows = defaultdict(list)
          self.keyspace_table_col_rows = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list))
          self.keyspace_type_rows = defaultdict(list)
          self.keyspace_func_rows = defaultdict(list)
          self.keyspace_agg_rows = defaultdict(list)
          self.keyspace_table_trigger_rows = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list))
  
      def get_all_keyspaces(self):
          self._query_all()
  
          for row in self.keyspaces_result:
              keyspace_meta = self._build_keyspace_metadata(row)
  
              try:
                  for table_row in self.keyspace_table_rows.get(keyspace_meta.name, []):
                      table_meta = self._build_table_metadata(table_row)
                      keyspace_meta._add_table_metadata(table_meta)
  
                  for usertype_row in self.keyspace_type_rows.get(keyspace_meta.name, []):
                      usertype = self._build_user_type(usertype_row)
                      keyspace_meta.user_types[usertype.name] = usertype
  
                  for fn_row in self.keyspace_func_rows.get(keyspace_meta.name, []):
                      fn = self._build_function(fn_row)
                      keyspace_meta.functions[fn.signature] = fn
  
                  for agg_row in self.keyspace_agg_rows.get(keyspace_meta.name, []):
                      agg = self._build_aggregate(agg_row)
                      keyspace_meta.aggregates[agg.signature] = agg
              except Exception:
                  log.exception("Error while parsing metadata for keyspace %s. Metadata model will be incomplete.", keyspace_meta.name)
                  keyspace_meta._exc_info = sys.exc_info()
  
              yield keyspace_meta
  
      def get_table(self, keyspaces, keyspace, table):
          cl = ConsistencyLevel.ONE
          where_clause = bind_params(" WHERE keyspace_name = %%s AND %s = %%s" % (self._table_name_col,), (keyspace, table), _encoder)
          cf_query = QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_COLUMN_FAMILIES + where_clause, consistency_level=cl)
          col_query = QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_COLUMNS + where_clause, consistency_level=cl)
          triggers_query = QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TRIGGERS + where_clause, consistency_level=cl)
          (cf_success, cf_result), (col_success, col_result), (triggers_success, triggers_result) \
              = self.connection.wait_for_responses(cf_query, col_query, triggers_query, timeout=self.timeout, fail_on_error=False)
          table_result = self._handle_results(cf_success, cf_result)
          col_result = self._handle_results(col_success, col_result)
  
          # the triggers table doesn't exist in C* 1.2
          triggers_result = self._handle_results(triggers_success, triggers_result,
                                                 expected_failures=InvalidRequest)
  
          if table_result:
              return self._build_table_metadata(table_result[0], col_result, triggers_result)
  
      def get_type(self, keyspaces, keyspace, type):
          where_clause = bind_params(" WHERE keyspace_name = %s AND type_name = %s", (keyspace, type), _encoder)
          return self._query_build_row(self._SELECT_TYPES + where_clause, self._build_user_type)
  
      def get_types_map(self, keyspaces, keyspace):
          where_clause = bind_params(" WHERE keyspace_name = %s", (keyspace,), _encoder)
          types = self._query_build_rows(self._SELECT_TYPES + where_clause, self._build_user_type)
          return dict((t.name, t) for t in types)
  
      def get_function(self, keyspaces, keyspace, function):
          where_clause = bind_params(" WHERE keyspace_name = %%s AND function_name = %%s AND %s = %%s" % (self._function_agg_arument_type_col,),
                                     (keyspace, function.name, function.argument_types), _encoder)
          return self._query_build_row(self._SELECT_FUNCTIONS + where_clause, self._build_function)
  
      def get_aggregate(self, keyspaces, keyspace, aggregate):
          where_clause = bind_params(" WHERE keyspace_name = %%s AND aggregate_name = %%s AND %s = %%s" % (self._function_agg_arument_type_col,),
                                     (keyspace, aggregate.name, aggregate.argument_types), _encoder)
  
          return self._query_build_row(self._SELECT_AGGREGATES + where_clause, self._build_aggregate)
  
      def get_keyspace(self, keyspaces, keyspace):
          where_clause = bind_params(" WHERE keyspace_name = %s", (keyspace,), _encoder)
          return self._query_build_row(self._SELECT_KEYSPACES + where_clause, self._build_keyspace_metadata)
  
      @classmethod
      def _build_keyspace_metadata(cls, row):
          try:
              ksm = cls._build_keyspace_metadata_internal(row)
          except Exception:
              name = row["keyspace_name"]
              ksm = KeyspaceMetadata(name, False, 'UNKNOWN', {})
              ksm._exc_info = sys.exc_info()  # capture exc_info before log because nose (test) logging clears it in certain circumstances
              log.exception("Error while parsing metadata for keyspace %s row(%s)", name, row)
          return ksm
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_keyspace_metadata_internal(row):
          name = row["keyspace_name"]
          durable_writes = row["durable_writes"]
          strategy_class = row["strategy_class"]
          strategy_options = json.loads(row["strategy_options"])
          return KeyspaceMetadata(name, durable_writes, strategy_class, strategy_options)
  
      @classmethod
      def _build_user_type(cls, usertype_row):
          field_types = list(map(cls._schema_type_to_cql, usertype_row['field_types']))
          return UserType(usertype_row['keyspace_name'], usertype_row['type_name'],
                          usertype_row['field_names'], field_types)
  
      @classmethod
      def _build_function(cls, function_row):
          return_type = cls._schema_type_to_cql(function_row['return_type'])
          return Function(function_row['keyspace_name'], function_row['function_name'],
                          function_row[cls._function_agg_arument_type_col], function_row['argument_names'],
                          return_type, function_row['language'], function_row['body'],
                          function_row['called_on_null_input'])
  
      @classmethod
      def _build_aggregate(cls, aggregate_row):
          cass_state_type = types.lookup_casstype(aggregate_row['state_type'])
          initial_condition = aggregate_row['initcond']
          if initial_condition is not None:
              initial_condition = _encoder.cql_encode_all_types(cass_state_type.deserialize(initial_condition, 3))
          state_type = _cql_from_cass_type(cass_state_type)
          return_type = cls._schema_type_to_cql(aggregate_row['return_type'])
          return Aggregate(aggregate_row['keyspace_name'], aggregate_row['aggregate_name'],
                           aggregate_row['signature'], aggregate_row['state_func'], state_type,
                           aggregate_row['final_func'], initial_condition, return_type)
  
      def _build_table_metadata(self, row, col_rows=None, trigger_rows=None):
          keyspace_name = row["keyspace_name"]
          cfname = row[self._table_name_col]
  
          col_rows = col_rows or self.keyspace_table_col_rows[keyspace_name][cfname]
          trigger_rows = trigger_rows or self.keyspace_table_trigger_rows[keyspace_name][cfname]
  
          if not col_rows:  # CASSANDRA-8487
              log.warning("Building table metadata with no column meta for %s.%s",
                          keyspace_name, cfname)
  
          table_meta = TableMetadata(keyspace_name, cfname)
  
          try:
              comparator = types.lookup_casstype(row["comparator"])
              table_meta.comparator = comparator
  
              is_dct_comparator = issubclass(comparator, types.DynamicCompositeType)
              is_composite_comparator = issubclass(comparator, types.CompositeType)
              column_name_types = comparator.subtypes if is_composite_comparator else (comparator,)
  
              num_column_name_components = len(column_name_types)
              last_col = column_name_types[-1]
  
              column_aliases = row.get("column_aliases", None)
  
              clustering_rows = [r for r in col_rows
                                 if r.get('type', None) == "clustering_key"]
              if len(clustering_rows) > 1:
                  clustering_rows = sorted(clustering_rows, key=lambda row: row.get('component_index'))
  
              if column_aliases is not None:
                  column_aliases = json.loads(column_aliases)
  
              if not column_aliases:  # json load failed or column_aliases empty PYTHON-562
                  column_aliases = [r.get('column_name') for r in clustering_rows]
  
              if is_composite_comparator:
                  if issubclass(last_col, types.ColumnToCollectionType):
                      # collections
                      is_compact = False
                      has_value = False
                      clustering_size = num_column_name_components - 2
                  elif (len(column_aliases) == num_column_name_components - 1 and
                        issubclass(last_col, types.UTF8Type)):
                      # aliases?
                      is_compact = False
                      has_value = False
                      clustering_size = num_column_name_components - 1
                  else:
                      # compact table
                      is_compact = True
                      has_value = column_aliases or not col_rows
                      clustering_size = num_column_name_components
  
                      # Some thrift tables define names in composite types (see PYTHON-192)
                      if not column_aliases and hasattr(comparator, 'fieldnames'):
                          column_aliases = filter(None, comparator.fieldnames)
              else:
                  is_compact = True
                  if column_aliases or not col_rows or is_dct_comparator:
                      has_value = True
                      clustering_size = num_column_name_components
                  else:
                      has_value = False
                      clustering_size = 0
  
              # partition key
              partition_rows = [r for r in col_rows
                                if r.get('type', None) == "partition_key"]
  
              if len(partition_rows) > 1:
                  partition_rows = sorted(partition_rows, key=lambda row: row.get('component_index'))
  
              key_aliases = row.get("key_aliases")
              if key_aliases is not None:
                  key_aliases = json.loads(key_aliases) if key_aliases else []
              else:
                  # In 2.0+, we can use the 'type' column. In 3.0+, we have to use it.
                  key_aliases = [r.get('column_name') for r in partition_rows]
  
              key_validator = row.get("key_validator")
              if key_validator is not None:
                  key_type = types.lookup_casstype(key_validator)
                  key_types = key_type.subtypes if issubclass(key_type, types.CompositeType) else [key_type]
              else:
                  key_types = [types.lookup_casstype(r.get('validator')) for r in partition_rows]
  
              for i, col_type in enumerate(key_types):
                  if len(key_aliases) > i:
                      column_name = key_aliases[i]
                  elif i == 0:
                      column_name = "key"
                  else:
                      column_name = "key%d" % i
  
                  col = ColumnMetadata(table_meta, column_name, col_type.cql_parameterized_type())
                  table_meta.columns[column_name] = col
                  table_meta.partition_key.append(col)
  
              # clustering key
              for i in range(clustering_size):
                  if len(column_aliases) > i:
                      column_name = column_aliases[i]
                  else:
                      column_name = "column%d" % (i + 1)
  
                  data_type = column_name_types[i]
                  cql_type = _cql_from_cass_type(data_type)
                  is_reversed = types.is_reversed_casstype(data_type)
                  col = ColumnMetadata(table_meta, column_name, cql_type, is_reversed=is_reversed)
                  table_meta.columns[column_name] = col
                  table_meta.clustering_key.append(col)
  
              # value alias (if present)
              if has_value:
                  value_alias_rows = [r for r in col_rows
                                      if r.get('type', None) == "compact_value"]
  
                  if not key_aliases:  # TODO are we checking the right thing here?
                      value_alias = "value"
                  else:
                      value_alias = row.get("value_alias", None)
                      if value_alias is None and value_alias_rows:  # CASSANDRA-8487
                          # In 2.0+, we can use the 'type' column. In 3.0+, we have to use it.
                          value_alias = value_alias_rows[0].get('column_name')
  
                  default_validator = row.get("default_validator")
                  if default_validator:
                      validator = types.lookup_casstype(default_validator)
                  else:
                      if value_alias_rows:  # CASSANDRA-8487
                          validator = types.lookup_casstype(value_alias_rows[0].get('validator'))
  
                  cql_type = _cql_from_cass_type(validator)
                  col = ColumnMetadata(table_meta, value_alias, cql_type)
                  if value_alias:  # CASSANDRA-8487
                      table_meta.columns[value_alias] = col
  
              # other normal columns
              for col_row in col_rows:
                  column_meta = self._build_column_metadata(table_meta, col_row)
                  if column_meta.name is not None:
                      table_meta.columns[column_meta.name] = column_meta
                      index_meta = self._build_index_metadata(column_meta, col_row)
                      if index_meta:
                          table_meta.indexes[index_meta.name] = index_meta
  
              for trigger_row in trigger_rows:
                  trigger_meta = self._build_trigger_metadata(table_meta, trigger_row)
                  table_meta.triggers[trigger_meta.name] = trigger_meta
  
              table_meta.options = self._build_table_options(row)
              table_meta.is_compact_storage = is_compact
          except Exception:
              table_meta._exc_info = sys.exc_info()
              log.exception("Error while parsing metadata for table %s.%s row(%s) columns(%s)", keyspace_name, cfname, row, col_rows)
  
          return table_meta
  
      def _build_table_options(self, row):
          """ Setup the mostly-non-schema table options, like caching settings """
          options = dict((o, row.get(o)) for o in self.recognized_table_options if o in row)
  
          # the option name when creating tables is "dclocal_read_repair_chance",
          # but the column name in system.schema_columnfamilies is
          # "local_read_repair_chance".  We'll store this as dclocal_read_repair_chance,
          # since that's probably what users are expecting (and we need it for the
          # CREATE TABLE statement anyway).
          if "local_read_repair_chance" in options:
              val = options.pop("local_read_repair_chance")
              options["dclocal_read_repair_chance"] = val
  
          return options
  
      @classmethod
      def _build_column_metadata(cls, table_metadata, row):
          name = row["column_name"]
          type_string = row["validator"]
          data_type = types.lookup_casstype(type_string)
          cql_type = _cql_from_cass_type(data_type)
          is_static = row.get("type", None) == "static"
          is_reversed = types.is_reversed_casstype(data_type)
          column_meta = ColumnMetadata(table_metadata, name, cql_type, is_static, is_reversed)
          column_meta._cass_type = data_type
          return column_meta
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_index_metadata(column_metadata, row):
          index_name = row.get("index_name")
          kind = row.get("index_type")
          if index_name or kind:
              options = row.get("index_options")
              options = json.loads(options) if options else {}
              options = options or {}  # if the json parsed to None, init empty dict
  
              # generate a CQL index identity string
              target = protect_name(column_metadata.name)
              if kind != "CUSTOM":
                  if "index_keys" in options:
                      target = 'keys(%s)' % (target,)
                  elif "index_values" in options:
                      # don't use any "function" for collection values
                      pass
                  else:
                      # it might be a "full" index on a frozen collection, but
                      # we need to check the data type to verify that, because
                      # there is no special index option for full-collection
                      # indexes.
                      data_type = column_metadata._cass_type
                      collection_types = ('map', 'set', 'list')
                      if data_type.typename == "frozen" and data_type.subtypes[0].typename in collection_types:
                          # no index option for full-collection index
                          target = 'full(%s)' % (target,)
              options['target'] = target
              return IndexMetadata(column_metadata.table.keyspace_name, column_metadata.table.name, index_name, kind, options)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_trigger_metadata(table_metadata, row):
          name = row["trigger_name"]
          options = row["trigger_options"]
          trigger_meta = TriggerMetadata(table_metadata, name, options)
          return trigger_meta
  
      def _query_all(self):
          cl = ConsistencyLevel.ONE
          queries = [
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_KEYSPACES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_COLUMN_FAMILIES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_COLUMNS, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TYPES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_FUNCTIONS, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_AGGREGATES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TRIGGERS, consistency_level=cl)
          ]
  
          ((ks_success, ks_result),
           (table_success, table_result),
           (col_success, col_result),
           (types_success, types_result),
           (functions_success, functions_result),
           (aggregates_success, aggregates_result),
           (triggers_success, triggers_result)) = (
               self.connection.wait_for_responses(*queries, timeout=self.timeout,
                                                  fail_on_error=False)
          )
  
          self.keyspaces_result = self._handle_results(ks_success, ks_result)
          self.tables_result = self._handle_results(table_success, table_result)
          self.columns_result = self._handle_results(col_success, col_result)
  
          # if we're connected to Cassandra < 2.0, the triggers table will not exist
          if triggers_success:
              self.triggers_result = dict_factory(*triggers_result.results)
          else:
              if isinstance(triggers_result, InvalidRequest):
                  log.debug("triggers table not found")
              elif isinstance(triggers_result, Unauthorized):
                  log.warning("this version of Cassandra does not allow access to schema_triggers metadata with authorization enabled (CASSANDRA-7967); "
                              "The driver will operate normally, but will not reflect triggers in the local metadata model, or schema strings.")
              else:
                  raise triggers_result
  
          # if we're connected to Cassandra < 2.1, the usertypes table will not exist
          if types_success:
              self.types_result = dict_factory(*types_result.results)
          else:
              if isinstance(types_result, InvalidRequest):
                  log.debug("user types table not found")
                  self.types_result = {}
              else:
                  raise types_result
  
          # functions were introduced in Cassandra 2.2
          if functions_success:
              self.functions_result = dict_factory(*functions_result.results)
          else:
              if isinstance(functions_result, InvalidRequest):
                  log.debug("user functions table not found")
              else:
                  raise functions_result
  
          # aggregates were introduced in Cassandra 2.2
          if aggregates_success:
              self.aggregates_result = dict_factory(*aggregates_result.results)
          else:
              if isinstance(aggregates_result, InvalidRequest):
                  log.debug("user aggregates table not found")
              else:
                  raise aggregates_result
  
          self._aggregate_results()
  
      def _aggregate_results(self):
          m = self.keyspace_table_rows
          for row in self.tables_result:
              m[row["keyspace_name"]].append(row)
  
          m = self.keyspace_table_col_rows
          for row in self.columns_result:
              ksname = row["keyspace_name"]
              cfname = row[self._table_name_col]
              m[ksname][cfname].append(row)
  
          m = self.keyspace_type_rows
          for row in self.types_result:
              m[row["keyspace_name"]].append(row)
  
          m = self.keyspace_func_rows
          for row in self.functions_result:
              m[row["keyspace_name"]].append(row)
  
          m = self.keyspace_agg_rows
          for row in self.aggregates_result:
              m[row["keyspace_name"]].append(row)
  
          m = self.keyspace_table_trigger_rows
          for row in self.triggers_result:
              ksname = row["keyspace_name"]
              cfname = row[self._table_name_col]
              m[ksname][cfname].append(row)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _schema_type_to_cql(type_string):
          cass_type = types.lookup_casstype(type_string)
          return _cql_from_cass_type(cass_type)
  
  
  class SchemaParserV3(SchemaParserV22):
      _SELECT_KEYSPACES = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.keyspaces"
      _SELECT_TABLES = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.tables"
      _SELECT_COLUMNS = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.columns"
      _SELECT_INDEXES = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.indexes"
      _SELECT_TRIGGERS = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.triggers"
      _SELECT_TYPES = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.types"
      _SELECT_FUNCTIONS = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.functions"
      _SELECT_AGGREGATES = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.aggregates"
      _SELECT_VIEWS = "SELECT * FROM system_schema.views"
  
      _table_name_col = 'table_name'
  
      _function_agg_arument_type_col = 'argument_types'
  
      recognized_table_options = (
          'bloom_filter_fp_chance',
          'caching',
          'cdc',
          'comment',
          'compaction',
          'compression',
          'crc_check_chance',
          'dclocal_read_repair_chance',
          'default_time_to_live',
          'gc_grace_seconds',
          'max_index_interval',
          'memtable_flush_period_in_ms',
          'min_index_interval',
          'read_repair_chance',
          'speculative_retry')
  
      def __init__(self, connection, timeout):
          super(SchemaParserV3, self).__init__(connection, timeout)
          self.indexes_result = []
          self.keyspace_table_index_rows = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list))
          self.keyspace_view_rows = defaultdict(list)
  
      def get_all_keyspaces(self):
          for keyspace_meta in super(SchemaParserV3, self).get_all_keyspaces():
              for row in self.keyspace_view_rows[keyspace_meta.name]:
                  view_meta = self._build_view_metadata(row)
                  keyspace_meta._add_view_metadata(view_meta)
              yield keyspace_meta
  
      def get_table(self, keyspaces, keyspace, table):
          cl = ConsistencyLevel.ONE
          where_clause = bind_params(" WHERE keyspace_name = %%s AND %s = %%s" % (self._table_name_col), (keyspace, table), _encoder)
          cf_query = QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TABLES + where_clause, consistency_level=cl)
          col_query = QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_COLUMNS + where_clause, consistency_level=cl)
          indexes_query = QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_INDEXES + where_clause, consistency_level=cl)
          triggers_query = QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TRIGGERS + where_clause, consistency_level=cl)
  
          # in protocol v4 we don't know if this event is a view or a table, so we look for both
          where_clause = bind_params(" WHERE keyspace_name = %s AND view_name = %s", (keyspace, table), _encoder)
          view_query = QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_VIEWS + where_clause,
                                    consistency_level=cl)
          ((cf_success, cf_result), (col_success, col_result),
           (indexes_sucess, indexes_result), (triggers_success, triggers_result),
           (view_success, view_result)) = (
               self.connection.wait_for_responses(
                   cf_query, col_query, indexes_query, triggers_query,
                   view_query, timeout=self.timeout, fail_on_error=False)
          )
          table_result = self._handle_results(cf_success, cf_result)
          col_result = self._handle_results(col_success, col_result)
          if table_result:
              indexes_result = self._handle_results(indexes_sucess, indexes_result)
              triggers_result = self._handle_results(triggers_success, triggers_result)
              return self._build_table_metadata(table_result[0], col_result, triggers_result, indexes_result)
  
          view_result = self._handle_results(view_success, view_result)
          if view_result:
              return self._build_view_metadata(view_result[0], col_result)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_keyspace_metadata_internal(row):
          name = row["keyspace_name"]
          durable_writes = row["durable_writes"]
          strategy_options = dict(row["replication"])
          strategy_class = strategy_options.pop("class")
          return KeyspaceMetadata(name, durable_writes, strategy_class, strategy_options)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_aggregate(aggregate_row):
          return Aggregate(aggregate_row['keyspace_name'], aggregate_row['aggregate_name'],
                           aggregate_row['argument_types'], aggregate_row['state_func'], aggregate_row['state_type'],
                           aggregate_row['final_func'], aggregate_row['initcond'], aggregate_row['return_type'])
  
      def _build_table_metadata(self, row, col_rows=None, trigger_rows=None, index_rows=None, virtual=False):
          keyspace_name = row["keyspace_name"]
          table_name = row[self._table_name_col]
  
          col_rows = col_rows or self.keyspace_table_col_rows[keyspace_name][table_name]
          trigger_rows = trigger_rows or self.keyspace_table_trigger_rows[keyspace_name][table_name]
          index_rows = index_rows or self.keyspace_table_index_rows[keyspace_name][table_name]
  
          table_meta = TableMetadataV3(keyspace_name, table_name, virtual=virtual)
          try:
              table_meta.options = self._build_table_options(row)
              flags = row.get('flags', set())
              if flags:
                  compact_static = False
                  table_meta.is_compact_storage = 'dense' in flags or 'super' in flags or 'compound' not in flags
                  is_dense = 'dense' in flags
              elif virtual:
                  compact_static = False
                  table_meta.is_compact_storage = False
                  is_dense = False
              else:
                  compact_static = True
                  table_meta.is_compact_storage = True
                  is_dense = False
  
              self._build_table_columns(table_meta, col_rows, compact_static, is_dense, virtual)
  
              for trigger_row in trigger_rows:
                  trigger_meta = self._build_trigger_metadata(table_meta, trigger_row)
                  table_meta.triggers[trigger_meta.name] = trigger_meta
  
              for index_row in index_rows:
                  index_meta = self._build_index_metadata(table_meta, index_row)
                  if index_meta:
                      table_meta.indexes[index_meta.name] = index_meta
  
              table_meta.extensions = row.get('extensions', {})
          except Exception:
              table_meta._exc_info = sys.exc_info()
              log.exception("Error while parsing metadata for table %s.%s row(%s) columns(%s)", keyspace_name, table_name, row, col_rows)
  
          return table_meta
  
      def _build_table_options(self, row):
          """ Setup the mostly-non-schema table options, like caching settings """
          return dict((o, row.get(o)) for o in self.recognized_table_options if o in row)
  
      def _build_table_columns(self, meta, col_rows, compact_static=False, is_dense=False, virtual=False):
          # partition key
          partition_rows = [r for r in col_rows
                            if r.get('kind', None) == "partition_key"]
          if len(partition_rows) > 1:
              partition_rows = sorted(partition_rows, key=lambda row: row.get('position'))
          for r in partition_rows:
              # we have to add meta here (and not in the later loop) because TableMetadata.columns is an
              # OrderedDict, and it assumes keys are inserted first, in order, when exporting CQL
              column_meta = self._build_column_metadata(meta, r)
              meta.columns[column_meta.name] = column_meta
              meta.partition_key.append(meta.columns[r.get('column_name')])
  
          # clustering key
          if not compact_static:
              clustering_rows = [r for r in col_rows
                                 if r.get('kind', None) == "clustering"]
              if len(clustering_rows) > 1:
                  clustering_rows = sorted(clustering_rows, key=lambda row: row.get('position'))
              for r in clustering_rows:
                  column_meta = self._build_column_metadata(meta, r)
                  meta.columns[column_meta.name] = column_meta
                  meta.clustering_key.append(meta.columns[r.get('column_name')])
  
          for col_row in (r for r in col_rows
                          if r.get('kind', None) not in ('partition_key', 'clustering_key')):
              column_meta = self._build_column_metadata(meta, col_row)
              if is_dense and column_meta.cql_type == types.cql_empty_type:
                  continue
              if compact_static and not column_meta.is_static:
                  # for compact static tables, we omit the clustering key and value, and only add the logical columns.
                  # They are marked not static so that it generates appropriate CQL
                  continue
              if compact_static:
                  column_meta.is_static = False
              meta.columns[column_meta.name] = column_meta
  
      def _build_view_metadata(self, row, col_rows=None):
          keyspace_name = row["keyspace_name"]
          view_name = row["view_name"]
          base_table_name = row["base_table_name"]
          include_all_columns = row["include_all_columns"]
          where_clause = row["where_clause"]
          col_rows = col_rows or self.keyspace_table_col_rows[keyspace_name][view_name]
          view_meta = MaterializedViewMetadata(keyspace_name, view_name, base_table_name,
                                               include_all_columns, where_clause, self._build_table_options(row))
          self._build_table_columns(view_meta, col_rows)
          view_meta.extensions = row.get('extensions', {})
  
          return view_meta
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_column_metadata(table_metadata, row):
          name = row["column_name"]
          cql_type = row["type"]
          is_static = row.get("kind", None) == "static"
          is_reversed = row["clustering_order"].upper() == "DESC"
          column_meta = ColumnMetadata(table_metadata, name, cql_type, is_static, is_reversed)
          return column_meta
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_index_metadata(table_metadata, row):
          index_name = row.get("index_name")
          kind = row.get("kind")
          if index_name or kind:
              index_options = row.get("options")
              return IndexMetadata(table_metadata.keyspace_name, table_metadata.name, index_name, kind, index_options)
          else:
              return None
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_trigger_metadata(table_metadata, row):
          name = row["trigger_name"]
          options = row["options"]
          trigger_meta = TriggerMetadata(table_metadata, name, options)
          return trigger_meta
  
      def _query_all(self):
          cl = ConsistencyLevel.ONE
          queries = [
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_KEYSPACES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TABLES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_COLUMNS, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TYPES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_FUNCTIONS, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_AGGREGATES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TRIGGERS, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_INDEXES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_VIEWS, consistency_level=cl)
          ]
  
          ((ks_success, ks_result),
           (table_success, table_result),
           (col_success, col_result),
           (types_success, types_result),
           (functions_success, functions_result),
           (aggregates_success, aggregates_result),
           (triggers_success, triggers_result),
           (indexes_success, indexes_result),
           (views_success, views_result)) = self.connection.wait_for_responses(
               *queries, timeout=self.timeout, fail_on_error=False
          )
  
          self.keyspaces_result = self._handle_results(ks_success, ks_result)
          self.tables_result = self._handle_results(table_success, table_result)
          self.columns_result = self._handle_results(col_success, col_result)
          self.triggers_result = self._handle_results(triggers_success, triggers_result)
          self.types_result = self._handle_results(types_success, types_result)
          self.functions_result = self._handle_results(functions_success, functions_result)
          self.aggregates_result = self._handle_results(aggregates_success, aggregates_result)
          self.indexes_result = self._handle_results(indexes_success, indexes_result)
          self.views_result = self._handle_results(views_success, views_result)
  
          self._aggregate_results()
  
      def _aggregate_results(self):
          super(SchemaParserV3, self)._aggregate_results()
  
          m = self.keyspace_table_index_rows
          for row in self.indexes_result:
              ksname = row["keyspace_name"]
              cfname = row[self._table_name_col]
              m[ksname][cfname].append(row)
  
          m = self.keyspace_view_rows
          for row in self.views_result:
              m[row["keyspace_name"]].append(row)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _schema_type_to_cql(type_string):
          return type_string
  
  
  class SchemaParserV4(SchemaParserV3):
  
      recognized_table_options = tuple(
          opt for opt in
          SchemaParserV3.recognized_table_options
          if opt not in (
              # removed in V4: CASSANDRA-13910
              'dclocal_read_repair_chance', 'read_repair_chance'
          )
      )
  
      _SELECT_VIRTUAL_KEYSPACES = 'SELECT * from system_virtual_schema.keyspaces'
      _SELECT_VIRTUAL_TABLES = 'SELECT * from system_virtual_schema.tables'
      _SELECT_VIRTUAL_COLUMNS = 'SELECT * from system_virtual_schema.columns'
  
      def __init__(self, connection, timeout):
          super(SchemaParserV4, self).__init__(connection, timeout)
          self.virtual_keyspaces_rows = defaultdict(list)
          self.virtual_tables_rows = defaultdict(list)
          self.virtual_columns_rows = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list))
  
      def _query_all(self):
          cl = ConsistencyLevel.ONE
          # todo: this duplicates V3; we should find a way for _query_all methods
          # to extend each other.
          queries = [
              # copied from V3
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_KEYSPACES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TABLES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_COLUMNS, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TYPES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_FUNCTIONS, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_AGGREGATES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_TRIGGERS, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_INDEXES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_VIEWS, consistency_level=cl),
              # V4-only queries
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_VIRTUAL_KEYSPACES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_VIRTUAL_TABLES, consistency_level=cl),
              QueryMessage(query=self._SELECT_VIRTUAL_COLUMNS, consistency_level=cl)
          ]
  
          responses = self.connection.wait_for_responses(
              *queries, timeout=self.timeout, fail_on_error=False)
          (
              # copied from V3
              (ks_success, ks_result),
              (table_success, table_result),
              (col_success, col_result),
              (types_success, types_result),
              (functions_success, functions_result),
              (aggregates_success, aggregates_result),
              (triggers_success, triggers_result),
              (indexes_success, indexes_result),
              (views_success, views_result),
              # V4-only responses
              (virtual_ks_success, virtual_ks_result),
              (virtual_table_success, virtual_table_result),
              (virtual_column_success, virtual_column_result)
          ) = responses
  
          # copied from V3
          self.keyspaces_result = self._handle_results(ks_success, ks_result)
          self.tables_result = self._handle_results(table_success, table_result)
          self.columns_result = self._handle_results(col_success, col_result)
          self.triggers_result = self._handle_results(triggers_success, triggers_result)
          self.types_result = self._handle_results(types_success, types_result)
          self.functions_result = self._handle_results(functions_success, functions_result)
          self.aggregates_result = self._handle_results(aggregates_success, aggregates_result)
          self.indexes_result = self._handle_results(indexes_success, indexes_result)
          self.views_result = self._handle_results(views_success, views_result)
          # V4-only results
          # These tables don't exist in some DSE versions reporting 4.X so we can
          # ignore them if we got an error
          self.virtual_keyspaces_result = self._handle_results(
              virtual_ks_success, virtual_ks_result,
              expected_failures=InvalidRequest
          )
          self.virtual_tables_result = self._handle_results(
              virtual_table_success, virtual_table_result,
              expected_failures=InvalidRequest
          )
          self.virtual_columns_result = self._handle_results(
              virtual_column_success, virtual_column_result,
              expected_failures=InvalidRequest
          )
  
          self._aggregate_results()
  
      def _aggregate_results(self):
          super(SchemaParserV4, self)._aggregate_results()
  
          m = self.virtual_tables_rows
          for row in self.virtual_tables_result:
              m[row["keyspace_name"]].append(row)
  
          m = self.virtual_columns_rows
          for row in self.virtual_columns_result:
              ks_name = row['keyspace_name']
              tab_name = row[self._table_name_col]
              m[ks_name][tab_name].append(row)
  
      def get_all_keyspaces(self):
          for x in super(SchemaParserV4, self).get_all_keyspaces():
              yield x
  
          for row in self.virtual_keyspaces_result:
              ks_name = row['keyspace_name']
              keyspace_meta = self._build_keyspace_metadata(row)
              keyspace_meta.virtual = True
  
              for table_row in self.virtual_tables_rows.get(ks_name, []):
                  table_name = table_row[self._table_name_col]
  
                  col_rows = self.virtual_columns_rows[ks_name][table_name]
                  keyspace_meta._add_table_metadata(
                      self._build_table_metadata(table_row,
                                                 col_rows=col_rows,
                                                 virtual=True)
                  )
              yield keyspace_meta
  
      @staticmethod
      def _build_keyspace_metadata_internal(row):
          # necessary fields that aren't int virtual ks
          row["durable_writes"] = row.get("durable_writes", None)
          row["replication"] = row.get("replication", {})
          row["replication"]["class"] = row["replication"].get("class", None)
          return super(SchemaParserV4, SchemaParserV4)._build_keyspace_metadata_internal(row)
  
  
  class TableMetadataV3(TableMetadata):
      compaction_options = {}
  
      option_maps = ['compaction', 'compression', 'caching']
  
      @property
      def is_cql_compatible(self):
          return True
  
      @classmethod
      def _make_option_strings(cls, options_map):
          ret = []
          options_copy = dict(options_map.items())
  
          for option in cls.option_maps:
              value = options_copy.get(option)
              if isinstance(value, Mapping):
                  del options_copy[option]
                  params = ("'%s': '%s'" % (k, v) for k, v in value.items())
                  ret.append("%s = {%s}" % (option, ', '.join(params)))
  
          for name, value in options_copy.items():
              if value is not None:
                  if name == "comment":
                      value = value or ""
                  ret.append("%s = %s" % (name, protect_value(value)))
  
          return list(sorted(ret))
  
  
  class MaterializedViewMetadata(object):
      """
      A representation of a materialized view on a table
      """
  
      keyspace_name = None
  
      """ A string name of the view."""
  
      name = None
      """ A string name of the view."""
  
      base_table_name = None
      """ A string name of the base table for this view."""
  
      partition_key = None
      """
      A list of :class:`.ColumnMetadata` instances representing the columns in
      the partition key for this view.  This will always hold at least one
      column.
      """
  
      clustering_key = None
      """
      A list of :class:`.ColumnMetadata` instances representing the columns
      in the clustering key for this view.
  
      Note that a table may have no clustering keys, in which case this will
      be an empty list.
      """
  
      columns = None
      """
      A dict mapping column names to :class:`.ColumnMetadata` instances.
      """
  
      include_all_columns = None
      """ A flag indicating whether the view was created AS SELECT * """
  
      where_clause = None
      """ String WHERE clause for the view select statement. From server metadata """
  
      options = None
      """
      A dict mapping table option names to their specific settings for this
      view.
      """
  
      extensions = None
      """
      Metadata describing configuration for table extensions
      """
  
      def __init__(self, keyspace_name, view_name, base_table_name, include_all_columns, where_clause, options):
          self.keyspace_name = keyspace_name
          self.name = view_name
          self.base_table_name = base_table_name
          self.partition_key = []
          self.clustering_key = []
          self.columns = OrderedDict()
          self.include_all_columns = include_all_columns
          self.where_clause = where_clause
          self.options = options or {}
  
      def as_cql_query(self, formatted=False):
          """
          Returns a CQL query that can be used to recreate this function.
          If `formatted` is set to :const:`True`, extra whitespace will
          be added to make the query more readable.
          """
          sep = '\n    ' if formatted else ' '
          keyspace = protect_name(self.keyspace_name)
          name = protect_name(self.name)
  
          selected_cols = '*' if self.include_all_columns else ', '.join(protect_name(col.name) for col in self.columns.values())
          base_table = protect_name(self.base_table_name)
          where_clause = self.where_clause
  
          part_key = ', '.join(protect_name(col.name) for col in self.partition_key)
          if len(self.partition_key) > 1:
              pk = "((%s)" % part_key
          else:
              pk = "(%s" % part_key
          if self.clustering_key:
              pk += ", %s" % ', '.join(protect_name(col.name) for col in self.clustering_key)
          pk += ")"
  
          properties = TableMetadataV3._property_string(formatted, self.clustering_key, self.options)
  
          ret = ("CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW %(keyspace)s.%(name)s AS%(sep)s"
                 "SELECT %(selected_cols)s%(sep)s"
                 "FROM %(keyspace)s.%(base_table)s%(sep)s"
                 "WHERE %(where_clause)s%(sep)s"
                 "PRIMARY KEY %(pk)s%(sep)s"
                 "WITH %(properties)s") % locals()
  
          if self.extensions:
              registry = _RegisteredExtensionType._extension_registry
              for k in six.viewkeys(registry) & self.extensions:  # no viewkeys on OrderedMapSerializeKey
                  ext = registry[k]
                  cql = ext.after_table_cql(self, k, self.extensions[k])
                  if cql:
                      ret += "\n\n%s" % (cql,)
          return ret
  
      def export_as_string(self):
          return self.as_cql_query(formatted=True) + ";"
  
  
  def get_schema_parser(connection, server_version, timeout):
      version = Version(server_version)
      if version >= Version('4.0.0'):
          return SchemaParserV4(connection, timeout)
      if version >= Version('3.0.0'):
          return SchemaParserV3(connection, timeout)
      else:
          # we could further specialize by version. Right now just refactoring the
          # multi-version parser we have as of C* 2.2.0rc1.
          return SchemaParserV22(connection, timeout)
  
  
  def _cql_from_cass_type(cass_type):
      """
      A string representation of the type for this column, such as "varchar"
      or "map<string, int>".
      """
      if issubclass(cass_type, types.ReversedType):
          return cass_type.subtypes[0].cql_parameterized_type()
      else:
          return cass_type.cql_parameterized_type()
  
  
  NO_VALID_REPLICA = object()
  
  
  def group_keys_by_replica(session, keyspace, table, keys):
      """
      Returns a :class:`dict` with the keys grouped per host. This can be
      used to more accurately group by IN clause or to batch the keys per host.
  
      If a valid replica is not found for a particular key it will be grouped under
      :class:`~.NO_VALID_REPLICA`
  
      Example usage::
          result = group_keys_by_replica(
                       session, "system", "peers",
                       (("127.0.0.1", ), ("127.0.0.2", ))
                   )
      """
      cluster = session.cluster
  
      partition_keys = cluster.metadata.keyspaces[keyspace].tables[table].partition_key
  
      serializers = list(types._cqltypes[partition_key.cql_type] for partition_key in partition_keys)
      keys_per_host = defaultdict(list)
      distance = cluster._default_load_balancing_policy.distance
  
      for key in keys:
          serialized_key = [serializer.serialize(pk, cluster.protocol_version)
                            for serializer, pk in zip(serializers, key)]
          if len(serialized_key) == 1:
              routing_key = serialized_key[0]
          else:
              routing_key = b"".join(struct.pack(">H%dsB" % len(p), len(p), p, 0) for p in serialized_key)
          all_replicas = cluster.metadata.get_replicas(keyspace, routing_key)
          # First check if there are local replicas
          valid_replicas = [host for host in all_replicas if
                            host.is_up and distance(host) == HostDistance.LOCAL]
          if not valid_replicas:
              valid_replicas = [host for host in all_replicas if host.is_up]
  
          if valid_replicas:
              keys_per_host[random.choice(valid_replicas)].append(key)
          else:
              # We will group under this statement all the keys for which
              # we haven't found a valid replica
              keys_per_host[NO_VALID_REPLICA].append(key)
  
      return dict(keys_per_host)
  