text: /**
   * \file
   * MonoDomain functions
   *
   * Author:
   *	Dietmar Maurer (dietmar@ximian.com)
   *	Patrik Torstensson
   *
   * Copyright 2001-2003 Ximian, Inc (http://www.ximian.com)
   * Copyright 2004-2009 Novell, Inc (http://www.novell.com)
   * Copyright 2011-2012 Xamarin, Inc (http://www.xamarin.com)
   * Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
   */
  
  #include <config.h>
  #include <glib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <sys/stat.h>
  
  #include <mono/metadata/gc-internals.h>
  
  #include <mono/utils/atomic.h>
  #include <mono/utils/mono-compiler.h>
  #include <mono/utils/mono-logger-internals.h>
  #include <mono/utils/mono-membar.h>
  #include <mono/utils/mono-counters.h>
  #include <mono/utils/hazard-pointer.h>
  #include <mono/utils/mono-tls.h>
  #include <mono/utils/mono-mmap.h>
  #include <mono/utils/mono-threads.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/object.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/object-internals.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/domain-internals.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/class-internals.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/class-init.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/debug-internals.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/assembly-internals.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/exception.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/metadata-internals.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/appdomain.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/mono-config.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/mono-hash-internals.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/threads-types.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/runtime.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/w32mutex.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/w32semaphore.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/w32event.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/w32process.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/w32file.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/threads.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/profiler-private.h>
  #include <mono/metadata/coree.h>
  #include <mono/utils/mono-experiments.h>
  #include "external-only.h"
  #include "mono/utils/mono-tls-inline.h"
  
  //#define DEBUG_DOMAIN_UNLOAD 1
  
  #define GET_APPDOMAIN    mono_tls_get_domain
  #define SET_APPDOMAIN(x) do { \
  	MonoThreadInfo *info; \
  	mono_tls_set_domain (x); \
  	info = mono_thread_info_current (); \
  	if (info) \
  		mono_thread_info_tls_set (info, TLS_KEY_DOMAIN, (x));	\
  } while (FALSE)
  
  #define GET_APPCONTEXT() (mono_thread_internal_current ()->current_appcontext)
  #define SET_APPCONTEXT(x) MONO_OBJECT_SETREF_INTERNAL (mono_thread_internal_current (), current_appcontext, (x))
  
  static guint16 appdomain_list_size = 0;
  static guint16 appdomain_next = 0;
  static MonoDomain **appdomains_list = NULL;
  static MonoImage *exe_image;
  static gboolean debug_domain_unload;
  
  gboolean mono_dont_free_domains;
  
  #define mono_appdomains_lock() mono_coop_mutex_lock (&appdomains_mutex)
  #define mono_appdomains_unlock() mono_coop_mutex_unlock (&appdomains_mutex)
  static MonoCoopMutex appdomains_mutex;
  
  static MonoDomain *mono_root_domain = NULL;
  
  /* some statistics */
  static int max_domain_code_size = 0;
  static int max_domain_code_alloc = 0;
  static int total_domain_code_alloc = 0;
  
  /* AppConfigInfo: Information about runtime versions supported by an 
   * aplication.
   */
  typedef struct {
  	GSList *supported_runtimes;
  	char *required_runtime;
  	int configuration_count;
  	int startup_count;
  } AppConfigInfo;
  
  static const MonoRuntimeInfo *current_runtime = NULL;
  
  #define NOT_AVAIL {0xffffU,0xffffU,0xffffU,0xffffU}
  
  /* This is the list of runtime versions supported by this JIT.
   */
  static const MonoRuntimeInfo supported_runtimes[] = {
  	{"v4.0.30319","4.5", { {4,0,0,0}, {10,0,0,0}, {4,0,0,0}, {4,0,0,0}, {4,0,0,0} } },
  	{"mobile",    "2.1", { {2,0,5,0}, {10,0,0,0}, {2,0,5,0}, {2,0,5,0}, {4,0,0,0} } },
  	{"moonlight", "2.1", { {2,0,5,0}, { 9,0,0,0}, {3,5,0,0}, {3,0,0,0}, NOT_AVAIL } },
  };
  
  #undef NOT_AVAIL
  
  
  /* The stable runtime version */
  #define DEFAULT_RUNTIME_VERSION "v4.0.30319"
  
  /* Callbacks installed by the JIT */
  static MonoCreateDomainFunc create_domain_hook;
  static MonoFreeDomainFunc free_domain_hook;
  
  /* AOT cache configuration */
  static MonoAotCacheConfig aot_cache_config;
  
  static GSList*
  get_runtimes_from_exe (const char *exe_file, MonoImage **exe_image);
  
  static const MonoRuntimeInfo*
  get_runtime_by_version (const char *version);
  
  static void
  mono_domain_alcs_destroy (MonoDomain *domain);
  
  static void
  mono_domain_alcs_lock (MonoDomain *domain);
  
  static void
  mono_domain_alcs_unlock (MonoDomain *domain);
  
  static void
  mono_domain_create_default_alc (MonoDomain *domain);
  
  static LockFreeMempool*
  lock_free_mempool_new (void)
  {
  	return g_new0 (LockFreeMempool, 1);
  }
  
  static void
  lock_free_mempool_free (LockFreeMempool *mp)
  {
  	LockFreeMempoolChunk *chunk, *next;
  
  	chunk = mp->chunks;
  	while (chunk) {
  		next = (LockFreeMempoolChunk *)chunk->prev;
  		mono_vfree (chunk, mono_pagesize (), MONO_MEM_ACCOUNT_DOMAIN);
  		chunk = next;
  	}
  	g_free (mp);
  }
  
  /*
   * This is async safe
   */
  static LockFreeMempoolChunk*
  lock_free_mempool_chunk_new (LockFreeMempool *mp, int len)
  {
  	LockFreeMempoolChunk *chunk, *prev;
  	int size;
  
  	size = mono_pagesize ();
  	while (size - sizeof (LockFreeMempoolChunk) < len)
  		size += mono_pagesize ();
  	chunk = (LockFreeMempoolChunk *)mono_valloc (0, size, MONO_MMAP_READ|MONO_MMAP_WRITE, MONO_MEM_ACCOUNT_DOMAIN);
  	g_assert (chunk);
  	chunk->mem = (guint8 *)ALIGN_PTR_TO ((char*)chunk + sizeof (LockFreeMempoolChunk), 16);
  	chunk->size = ((char*)chunk + size) - (char*)chunk->mem;
  	chunk->pos = 0;
  
  	/* Add to list of chunks lock-free */
  	while (TRUE) {
  		prev = mp->chunks;
  		if (mono_atomic_cas_ptr ((volatile gpointer*)&mp->chunks, chunk, prev) == prev)
  			break;
  	}
  	chunk->prev = prev;
  
  	return chunk;
  }
  
  /*
   * This is async safe
   */
  static gpointer
  lock_free_mempool_alloc0 (LockFreeMempool *mp, guint size)
  {
  	LockFreeMempoolChunk *chunk;
  	gpointer res;
  	int oldpos;
  
  	// FIXME: Free the allocator
  
  	size = ALIGN_TO (size, 8);
  	chunk = mp->current;
  	if (!chunk) {
  		chunk = lock_free_mempool_chunk_new (mp, size);
  		mono_memory_barrier ();
  		/* Publish */
  		mp->current = chunk;
  	}
  
  	/* The code below is lock-free, 'chunk' is shared state */
  	oldpos = mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&chunk->pos, size);
  	if (oldpos + size > chunk->size) {
  		chunk = lock_free_mempool_chunk_new (mp, size);
  		g_assert (chunk->pos + size <= chunk->size);
  		res = chunk->mem;
  		chunk->pos += size;
  		mono_memory_barrier ();
  		mp->current = chunk;
  	} else {
  		res = (char*)chunk->mem + oldpos;
  	}
  
  	return res;
  }
  
  void
  mono_install_create_domain_hook (MonoCreateDomainFunc func)
  {
  	create_domain_hook = func;
  }
  
  void
  mono_install_free_domain_hook (MonoFreeDomainFunc func)
  {
  	free_domain_hook = func;
  }
  
  gboolean
  mono_string_equal_internal (MonoString *s1, MonoString *s2)
  {
  	int l1 = mono_string_length_internal (s1);
  	int l2 = mono_string_length_internal (s2);
  
  	if (s1 == s2)
  		return TRUE;
  	if (l1 != l2)
  		return FALSE;
  
  	return memcmp (mono_string_chars_internal (s1), mono_string_chars_internal (s2), l1 * 2) == 0;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_string_equal:
   * \param s1 First string to compare
   * \param s2 Second string to compare
   *
   * Compares two \c MonoString* instances ordinally for equality.
   *
   * \returns FALSE if the strings differ.
   */
  gboolean
  mono_string_equal (MonoString *s1, MonoString *s2)
  {
  	MONO_EXTERNAL_ONLY (gboolean, mono_string_equal_internal (s1, s2));
  }
  
  guint
  mono_string_hash_internal (MonoString *s)
  {
  	const gunichar2 *p = mono_string_chars_internal (s);
  	int i, len = mono_string_length_internal (s);
  	guint h = 0;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
  		h = (h << 5) - h + *p;
  		p++;
  	}
  
  	return h;	
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_string_hash:
   * \param s the string to hash
   *
   * Compute the hash for a \c MonoString*
   * \returns the hash for the string.
   */
  guint
  mono_string_hash (MonoString *s)
  {
  	MONO_EXTERNAL_ONLY (guint, mono_string_hash_internal (s));
  }
  
  static gboolean
  mono_ptrarray_equal (gpointer *s1, gpointer *s2)
  {
  	int len = GPOINTER_TO_INT (s1 [0]);
  	if (len != GPOINTER_TO_INT (s2 [0]))
  		return FALSE;
  
  	return memcmp (s1 + 1, s2 + 1, len * sizeof(gpointer)) == 0; 
  }
  
  static guint
  mono_ptrarray_hash (gpointer *s)
  {
  	int i;
  	int len = GPOINTER_TO_INT (s [0]);
  	guint hash = 0;
  	
  	for (i = 1; i < len; i++)
  		hash += GPOINTER_TO_UINT (s [i]);
  
  	return hash;	
  }
  
  //g_malloc on sgen and mono_gc_alloc_fixed on boehm
  static void*
  gc_alloc_fixed_non_heap_list (size_t size)
  {
  	if (mono_gc_is_moving ())
  		return g_malloc0 (size);
  	else
  		return mono_gc_alloc_fixed (size, MONO_GC_DESCRIPTOR_NULL, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, NULL, "Domain List");
  }
  
  static void
  gc_free_fixed_non_heap_list (void *ptr)
  {
  	if (mono_gc_is_moving ())
  		g_free (ptr);
  	else
  		mono_gc_free_fixed (ptr);
  }
  /*
   * Allocate an id for domain and set domain->domain_id.
   * LOCKING: must be called while holding appdomains_mutex.
   * We try to assign low numbers to the domain, so it can be used
   * as an index in data tables to lookup domain-specific info
   * with minimal memory overhead. We also try not to reuse the
   * same id too quickly (to help debugging).
   */
  static int
  domain_id_alloc (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  	int id = -1, i;
  	if (!appdomains_list) {
  		appdomain_list_size = 2;
  		appdomains_list = (MonoDomain **)gc_alloc_fixed_non_heap_list (appdomain_list_size * sizeof (void*));
  
  	}
  	for (i = appdomain_next; i < appdomain_list_size; ++i) {
  		if (!appdomains_list [i]) {
  			id = i;
  			break;
  		}
  	}
  	if (id == -1) {
  		for (i = 0; i < appdomain_next; ++i) {
  			if (!appdomains_list [i]) {
  				id = i;
  				break;
  			}
  		}
  	}
  	if (id == -1) {
  		MonoDomain **new_list;
  		int new_size = appdomain_list_size * 2;
  		if (new_size >= (1 << 16))
  			g_assert_not_reached ();
  		id = appdomain_list_size;
  		new_list = (MonoDomain **)gc_alloc_fixed_non_heap_list (new_size * sizeof (void*));
  		memcpy (new_list, appdomains_list, appdomain_list_size * sizeof (void*));
  		gc_free_fixed_non_heap_list (appdomains_list);
  		appdomains_list = new_list;
  		appdomain_list_size = new_size;
  	}
  	domain->domain_id = id;
  	appdomains_list [id] = domain;
  	appdomain_next++;
  	if (appdomain_next > appdomain_list_size)
  		appdomain_next = 0;
  	return id;
  }
  
  static gsize domain_gc_bitmap [sizeof(MonoDomain)/4/32 + 1];
  static MonoGCDescriptor domain_gc_desc = MONO_GC_DESCRIPTOR_NULL;
  static guint32 domain_shadow_serial = 0L;
  
  /**
   * mono_domain_create:
   *
   * Creates a new application domain, the unmanaged representation
   * of the actual domain.
   *
   * Application domains provide an isolation facilty for assemblies.   You
   * can load assemblies and execute code in them that will not be visible
   * to other application domains. This is a runtime-based virtualization
   * technology.
   *
   * It is possible to unload domains, which unloads the assemblies and
   * data that was allocated in that domain.
   *
   * When a domain is created a mempool is allocated for domain-specific
   * structures, along a dedicated code manager to hold code that is
   * associated with the domain.
   *
   * \returns New initialized \c MonoDomain, with no configuration or assemblies
   * loaded into it.
   */
  MonoDomain *
  mono_domain_create (void)
  {
  	MonoDomain *domain;
  	guint32 shadow_serial;
    
  	mono_appdomains_lock ();
  	shadow_serial = domain_shadow_serial++;
    
  	if (!domain_gc_desc) {
  		unsigned int i, bit = 0;
  		for (i = G_STRUCT_OFFSET (MonoDomain, MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_OBJECT); i < G_STRUCT_OFFSET (MonoDomain, MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_GC_TRACKED); i += sizeof (gpointer)) {
  			bit = i / sizeof (gpointer);
  			domain_gc_bitmap [bit / 32] |= (gsize) 1 << (bit % 32);
  		}
  		domain_gc_desc = mono_gc_make_descr_from_bitmap ((gsize*)domain_gc_bitmap, bit + 1);
  	}
  	mono_appdomains_unlock ();
  
  	if (!mono_gc_is_moving ())
  		domain = (MonoDomain *)mono_gc_alloc_fixed (sizeof (MonoDomain), MONO_GC_DESCRIPTOR_NULL, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, NULL, "Domain Structure");
  	else
  		domain = (MonoDomain *)mono_gc_alloc_fixed (sizeof (MonoDomain), domain_gc_desc, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, NULL, "Domain Structure");
  
  	domain->shadow_serial = shadow_serial;
  	domain->domain = NULL;
  	domain->setup = NULL;
  	domain->friendly_name = NULL;
  	domain->search_path = NULL;
  
  	MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_loading, (domain));
  
  	domain->mp = mono_mempool_new ();
  	domain->code_mp = mono_code_manager_new ();
  	domain->lock_free_mp = lock_free_mempool_new ();
  	domain->env = mono_g_hash_table_new_type_internal ((GHashFunc)mono_string_hash_internal, (GCompareFunc)mono_string_equal_internal, MONO_HASH_KEY_VALUE_GC, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, domain, "Domain Environment Variable Table");
  	domain->domain_assemblies = NULL;
  	domain->assembly_bindings = NULL;
  	domain->assembly_bindings_parsed = FALSE;
  	domain->class_vtable_array = g_ptr_array_new ();
  	domain->proxy_vtable_hash = g_hash_table_new ((GHashFunc)mono_ptrarray_hash, (GCompareFunc)mono_ptrarray_equal);
  	mono_jit_code_hash_init (&domain->jit_code_hash);
  	domain->ldstr_table = mono_g_hash_table_new_type_internal ((GHashFunc)mono_string_hash_internal, (GCompareFunc)mono_string_equal_internal, MONO_HASH_KEY_VALUE_GC, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, domain, "Domain String Pool Table");
  	domain->num_jit_info_table_duplicates = 0;
  	domain->jit_info_table = mono_jit_info_table_new (domain);
  	domain->jit_info_free_queue = NULL;
  	domain->finalizable_objects_hash = g_hash_table_new (mono_aligned_addr_hash, NULL);
  	domain->ftnptrs_hash = g_hash_table_new (mono_aligned_addr_hash, NULL);
  
  	mono_coop_mutex_init_recursive (&domain->lock);
  
  	mono_os_mutex_init_recursive (&domain->assemblies_lock);
  	mono_os_mutex_init_recursive (&domain->jit_code_hash_lock);
  	mono_os_mutex_init_recursive (&domain->finalizable_objects_hash_lock);
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_coop_mutex_init (&domain->alcs_lock);
  #endif
  
  	mono_appdomains_lock ();
  	domain_id_alloc (domain);
  	mono_appdomains_unlock ();
  
  #ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
  	mono_atomic_inc_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_appdomains);
  	mono_atomic_inc_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_total_appdomains);
  #endif
  
  	mono_debug_domain_create (domain);
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_domain_create_default_alc (domain);
  #endif
  
  	if (create_domain_hook)
  		create_domain_hook (domain);
  
  	MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_loaded, (domain));
  	
  	return domain;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_init_internal:
   * 
   * Creates the initial application domain and initializes the mono_defaults
   * structure.
   * This function is guaranteed to not run any IL code.
   * If exe_filename is not NULL, the method will determine the required runtime
   * from the exe configuration file or the version PE field.
   * If runtime_version is not NULL, that runtime version will be used.
   * Either exe_filename or runtime_version must be provided.
   *
   * Returns: the initial domain.
   */
  static MonoDomain *
  mono_init_internal (const char *filename, const char *exe_filename, const char *runtime_version)
  {
  	static MonoDomain *domain = NULL;
  	MonoAssembly *ass = NULL;
  	MonoImageOpenStatus status = MONO_IMAGE_OK;
  	GSList *runtimes = NULL;
  
  #ifdef DEBUG_DOMAIN_UNLOAD
  	debug_domain_unload = TRUE;
  #endif
  
  	if (domain)
  		g_assert_not_reached ();
  
  #if defined(HOST_WIN32) && G_HAVE_API_SUPPORT(HAVE_CLASSIC_WINAPI_SUPPORT)
  	/* Avoid system error message boxes. */
  	SetErrorMode (SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS | SEM_NOOPENFILEERRORBOX);
  #endif
  
  #ifndef HOST_WIN32
  	mono_w32handle_init ();
  	mono_w32handle_namespace_init ();
  #endif
  
  	mono_w32mutex_init ();
  	mono_w32semaphore_init ();
  	mono_w32event_init ();
  	mono_w32process_init ();
  	mono_w32file_init ();
  
  #ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
  	mono_perfcounters_init ();
  #endif
  	mono_counters_init ();
  
  	mono_counters_register ("Max native code in a domain", MONO_COUNTER_INT|MONO_COUNTER_JIT, &max_domain_code_size);
  	mono_counters_register ("Max code space allocated in a domain", MONO_COUNTER_INT|MONO_COUNTER_JIT, &max_domain_code_alloc);
  	mono_counters_register ("Total code space allocated", MONO_COUNTER_INT|MONO_COUNTER_JIT, &total_domain_code_alloc);
  
  	mono_counters_register ("Max HashTable Chain Length", MONO_COUNTER_INT|MONO_COUNTER_METADATA, &mono_g_hash_table_max_chain_length);
  
  	mono_gc_base_init ();
  	mono_thread_info_attach ();
  
  	mono_coop_mutex_init_recursive (&appdomains_mutex);
  
  	mono_metadata_init ();
  	mono_images_init ();
  	mono_assemblies_init ();
  	mono_classes_init ();
  	mono_loader_init ();
  	mono_reflection_init ();
  	mono_runtime_init_tls ();
  	mono_icall_init ();
  
  	domain = mono_domain_create ();
  	mono_root_domain = domain;
  
  	SET_APPDOMAIN (domain);
  
  #if defined(ENABLE_EXPERIMENT_null)
  	if (mono_experiment_enabled (MONO_EXPERIMENT_null))
  		g_warning ("null experiment enabled");
  #endif
  
  	/* Get a list of runtimes supported by the exe */
  	if (exe_filename != NULL) {
  		/*
  		 * This function will load the exe file as a MonoImage. We need to close it, but
  		 * that would mean it would be reloaded later. So instead, we save it to
  		 * exe_image, and close it during shutdown.
  		 */
  		runtimes = get_runtimes_from_exe (exe_filename, &exe_image);
  #ifdef HOST_WIN32
  		if (!exe_image) {
  			exe_image = mono_assembly_open_from_bundle (mono_domain_default_alc (domain), exe_filename, NULL, FALSE);
  			if (!exe_image)
  				exe_image = mono_image_open (exe_filename, NULL);
  		}
  		mono_fixup_exe_image (exe_image);
  #endif
  	} else if (runtime_version != NULL) {
  		const MonoRuntimeInfo* rt = get_runtime_by_version (runtime_version);
  		if (rt != NULL)
  			runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)rt);
  	}
  
  	if (runtimes == NULL) {
  		const MonoRuntimeInfo *default_runtime = get_runtime_by_version (DEFAULT_RUNTIME_VERSION);
  		g_assert (default_runtime);
  		runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)default_runtime);
  		if (runtime_version != NULL)
  			g_print ("WARNING: The requested runtime version \"%s\" is unavailable.\n", runtime_version);
  		else
  			g_print ("WARNING: The runtime version supported by this application is unavailable.\n");
  		g_print ("Using default runtime: %s\n", default_runtime->runtime_version); 
  	}
  
  	/* The selected runtime will be the first one for which there is a mscrolib.dll */
  	GSList *tmp = runtimes;
  	while (tmp != NULL) {
  		current_runtime = (MonoRuntimeInfo*)tmp->data;
  		g_assert (current_runtime);
  		ass = mono_assembly_load_corlib (current_runtime, &status);
  		if (status != MONO_IMAGE_OK && status != MONO_IMAGE_ERROR_ERRNO)
  			break;
  		tmp = tmp->next;
  	}
  
  	g_slist_free (runtimes);
  	
  	if ((status != MONO_IMAGE_OK) || (ass == NULL)) {
  		switch (status){
  		case MONO_IMAGE_ERROR_ERRNO: {
  			char *corlib_file = g_build_filename (mono_assembly_getrootdir (), "mono", current_runtime->framework_version, "mscorlib.dll", (const char*)NULL);
  			g_print ("The assembly mscorlib.dll was not found or could not be loaded.\n");
  			g_print ("It should have been installed in the `%s' directory.\n", corlib_file);
  			g_free (corlib_file);
  			break;
  		}
  		case MONO_IMAGE_IMAGE_INVALID:
  			g_print ("The file %s/mscorlib.dll is an invalid CIL image\n",
  				 mono_assembly_getrootdir ());
  			break;
  		case MONO_IMAGE_MISSING_ASSEMBLYREF:
  			g_print ("Missing assembly reference in %s/mscorlib.dll\n",
  				 mono_assembly_getrootdir ());
  			break;
  		case MONO_IMAGE_OK:
  			/* to suppress compiler warning */
  			break;
  		}
  		
  		exit (1);
  	}
  	mono_defaults.corlib = mono_assembly_get_image_internal (ass);
  
  	mono_defaults.object_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Object");
  
  	mono_defaults.void_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Void");
  
  	mono_defaults.boolean_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Boolean");
  
  	mono_defaults.byte_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Byte");
  
  	mono_defaults.sbyte_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "SByte");
  
  	mono_defaults.int16_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Int16");
  
  	mono_defaults.uint16_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "UInt16");
  
  	mono_defaults.int32_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Int32");
  
  	mono_defaults.uint32_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "UInt32");
  
  	mono_defaults.uint_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "UIntPtr");
  
  	mono_defaults.int_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "IntPtr");
  
  	mono_defaults.int64_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Int64");
  
  	mono_defaults.uint64_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "UInt64");
  
  	mono_defaults.single_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Single");
  
  	mono_defaults.double_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Double");
  
  	mono_defaults.char_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Char");
  
  	mono_defaults.string_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "String");
  
  	mono_defaults.enum_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Enum");
  
  	mono_defaults.array_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Array");
  
  	mono_defaults.delegate_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  		mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Delegate");
  
  	mono_defaults.multicastdelegate_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  		mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "MulticastDelegate");
  
  #ifndef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_defaults.manualresetevent_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  		mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "ManualResetEvent");
  #endif
  
  	mono_defaults.typehandle_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeTypeHandle");
  
  	mono_defaults.methodhandle_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeMethodHandle");
  
  	mono_defaults.fieldhandle_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeFieldHandle");
  
  	mono_defaults.systemtype_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Type");
  
  	mono_defaults.runtimetype_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeType");
  
  	mono_defaults.exception_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Exception");
  
  	mono_defaults.threadabortexception_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "ThreadAbortException");
  
  	mono_defaults.thread_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "Thread");
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	/* There is only one thread class */
  	mono_defaults.internal_thread_class = mono_defaults.thread_class;
  #else
  	mono_defaults.internal_thread_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "InternalThread");
  #endif
  
  	mono_defaults.appdomain_class = mono_class_get_appdomain_class ();
  
  #ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
  	mono_defaults.transparent_proxy_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies", "TransparentProxy");
  
  	mono_defaults.real_proxy_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies", "RealProxy");
  
  	mono_defaults.marshalbyrefobject_class =  mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "MarshalByRefObject");
  
  	mono_defaults.iremotingtypeinfo_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.Remoting", "IRemotingTypeInfo");
  
  #endif
  
          /* FIXME pretty sure this is wrong and netcore has messages... */
  #ifndef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_defaults.mono_method_message_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                  mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging", "MonoMethodMessage");
  #endif
  
  	mono_defaults.field_info_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  		mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Reflection", "FieldInfo");
  
  	mono_defaults.method_info_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  		mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Reflection", "MethodInfo");
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_defaults.stack_frame_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Diagnostics", "MonoStackFrame");
  #else
  	mono_defaults.stack_frame_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Diagnostics", "StackFrame");
  #endif
  
  	mono_defaults.marshal_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.InteropServices", "Marshal");
  
  	mono_defaults.typed_reference_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "TypedReference");
  
  	mono_defaults.argumenthandle_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeArgumentHandle");
  
  	mono_defaults.monitor_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "Monitor");
  	/*
  	Not using GENERATE_TRY_GET_CLASS_WITH_CACHE_DECL as this type is heavily checked by sgen when computing finalization.
  	*/
  	mono_defaults.critical_finalizer_object = mono_class_try_load_from_name (mono_defaults.corlib,
  			"System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution", "CriticalFinalizerObject");
  
  	mono_assembly_load_friends (ass);
  
  	mono_defaults.attribute_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  		mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Attribute");
  
  	mono_class_init_internal (mono_defaults.array_class);
  	mono_defaults.generic_nullable_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  		mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Nullable`1");
  	mono_defaults.generic_ilist_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Collections.Generic", "IList`1");
  	mono_defaults.generic_ireadonlylist_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Collections.Generic", "IReadOnlyList`1");
  	mono_defaults.generic_ienumerator_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  	        mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Collections.Generic", "IEnumerator`1");
  
  #ifndef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	MonoClass *threadpool_wait_callback_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
  		mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "_ThreadPoolWaitCallback");
  
  	ERROR_DECL (error);
  	mono_defaults.threadpool_perform_wait_callback_method = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (
  		threadpool_wait_callback_class, "PerformWaitCallback", 0, 0, error);
  	mono_error_assert_ok (error);
  #endif
  
  	domain->friendly_name = g_path_get_basename (filename);
  
  	MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_name, (domain, domain->friendly_name));
  
  	return domain;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_init:
   * 
   * Creates the initial application domain and initializes the mono_defaults
   * structure.
   *
   * This function is guaranteed to not run any IL code.
   * The runtime is initialized using the default runtime version.
   *
   * Returns: the initial domain.
   */
  MonoDomain *
  mono_init (const char *domain_name)
  {
  	return mono_init_internal (domain_name, NULL, DEFAULT_RUNTIME_VERSION);
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_init_from_assembly:
   * \param domain_name name to give to the initial domain
   * \param filename filename to load on startup
   *
   * Used by the runtime, users should use mono_jit_init instead.
   *
   * Creates the initial application domain and initializes the mono_defaults
   * structure.
   * This function is guaranteed to not run any IL code.
   * The runtime is initialized using the runtime version required by the
   * provided executable. The version is determined by looking at the exe 
   * configuration file and the version PE field)
   *
   * \returns the initial domain.
   */
  MonoDomain *
  mono_init_from_assembly (const char *domain_name, const char *filename)
  {
  	return mono_init_internal (domain_name, filename, NULL);
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_init_version:
   * 
   * Used by the runtime, users should use \c mono_jit_init instead.
   * 
   * Creates the initial application domain and initializes the \c mono_defaults
   * structure.
   *
   * This function is guaranteed to not run any IL code.
   * The runtime is initialized using the provided rutime version.
   *
   * \returns the initial domain.
   */
  MonoDomain *
  mono_init_version (const char *domain_name, const char *version)
  {
  	return mono_init_internal (domain_name, NULL, version);
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_cleanup:
   *
   * Cleans up all metadata modules. 
   */
  void
  mono_cleanup (void)
  {
  	mono_close_exe_image ();
  
  	mono_thread_info_cleanup ();
  
  	mono_defaults.corlib = NULL;
  
  	mono_config_cleanup ();
  	mono_loader_cleanup ();
  	mono_classes_cleanup ();
  	mono_assemblies_cleanup ();
  	mono_debug_cleanup ();
  	mono_images_cleanup ();
  	mono_metadata_cleanup ();
  
  	mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&appdomains_mutex);
  
  	mono_w32process_cleanup ();
  	mono_w32file_cleanup ();
  }
  
  void
  mono_close_exe_image (void)
  {
  	if (exe_image)
  		mono_image_close (exe_image);
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_root_domain:
   *
   * The root AppDomain is the initial domain created by the runtime when it is
   * initialized.  Programs execute on this AppDomain, but can create new ones
   * later.   Currently there is no unmanaged API to create new AppDomains, this
   * must be done from managed code.
   *
   * Returns: the root appdomain, to obtain the current domain, use mono_domain_get ()
   */
  MonoDomain*
  mono_get_root_domain (void)
  {
  	return mono_root_domain;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_domain_get:
   *
   * This method returns the value of the current \c MonoDomain that this thread
   * and code are running under.   To obtain the root domain use
   * \c mono_get_root_domain API.
   *
   * \returns the current domain
   */
  MonoDomain *
  mono_domain_get ()
  {
  	return GET_APPDOMAIN ();
  }
  
  void
  mono_domain_unset (void)
  {
  	SET_APPDOMAIN (NULL);
  }
  
  void
  mono_domain_set_internal_with_options (MonoDomain *domain, gboolean migrate_exception)
  {
  	MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
  	MonoInternalThread *thread;
  
  	if (mono_domain_get () == domain)
  		return;
  
  	SET_APPDOMAIN (domain);
  	SET_APPCONTEXT (domain->default_context);
  
  	if (migrate_exception) {
  		thread = mono_thread_internal_current ();
  		if (!thread->abort_exc)
  			return;
  
  		g_assert (thread->abort_exc->object.vtable->domain != domain);
  		MONO_OBJECT_SETREF_INTERNAL (thread, abort_exc, mono_get_exception_thread_abort ());
  		g_assert (thread->abort_exc->object.vtable->domain == domain);
  	}
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_domain_foreach:
   * \param func function to invoke with the domain data
   * \param user_data user-defined pointer that is passed to the supplied \p func fo reach domain
   *
   * Use this method to safely iterate over all the loaded application
   * domains in the current runtime.   The provided \p func is invoked with a
   * pointer to the \c MonoDomain and is given the value of the \p user_data
   * parameter which can be used to pass state to your called routine.
   */
  void
  mono_domain_foreach (MonoDomainFunc func, gpointer user_data)
  {
  	MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
  	int i, size;
  	MonoDomain **copy;
  
  	/*
  	 * Create a copy of the data to avoid calling the user callback
  	 * inside the lock because that could lead to deadlocks.
  	 * We can do this because this function is not perf. critical.
  	 */
  	mono_appdomains_lock ();
  	size = appdomain_list_size;
  	copy = (MonoDomain **)gc_alloc_fixed_non_heap_list (appdomain_list_size * sizeof (void*));
  	memcpy (copy, appdomains_list, appdomain_list_size * sizeof (void*));
  	mono_appdomains_unlock ();
  
  	for (i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
  		if (copy [i])
  			func (copy [i], user_data);
  	}
  
  	gc_free_fixed_non_heap_list (copy);
  	MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
  }
  
  /* FIXME: maybe we should integrate this with mono_assembly_open? */
  /**
   * mono_domain_assembly_open:
   * \param domain the application domain
   * \param name file name of the assembly
   */
  MonoAssembly *
  mono_domain_assembly_open (MonoDomain *domain, const char *name)
  {
  	MonoAssembly *result;
  	MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
  	result = mono_domain_assembly_open_internal (domain, mono_domain_default_alc (domain), name);
  	MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
  	return result;
  }
  
  // Uses the domain on legacy mono and the ALC on current
  MonoAssembly *
  mono_domain_assembly_open_internal (MonoDomain *domain, MonoAssemblyLoadContext *alc, const char *name)
  {
  	MonoDomain *current;
  	MonoAssembly *ass;
  	GSList *tmp;
  
  	MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_alc_assemblies_lock (alc);
  	for (tmp = alc->loaded_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
  		ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
  		if (strcmp (name, ass->aname.name) == 0) {
  			mono_alc_assemblies_unlock (alc);
  			return ass;
  		}
  	}
  	mono_alc_assemblies_unlock (alc);
  #else
  	mono_domain_assemblies_lock (domain);
  	for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
  		ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
  		if (strcmp (name, ass->aname.name) == 0) {
  			mono_domain_assemblies_unlock (domain);
  			return ass;
  		}
  	}
  	mono_domain_assemblies_unlock (domain);
  #endif
  
  	MonoAssemblyOpenRequest req;
  	mono_assembly_request_prepare_open (&req, MONO_ASMCTX_DEFAULT, alc);
  	if (domain != mono_domain_get ()) {
  		current = mono_domain_get ();
  
  		mono_domain_set_fast (domain, FALSE);
  		ass = mono_assembly_request_open (name, &req, NULL);
  		mono_domain_set_fast (current, FALSE);
  	} else {
  		ass = mono_assembly_request_open (name, &req, NULL);
  	}
  
  	return ass;
  }
  
  static void
  unregister_vtable_reflection_type (MonoVTable *vtable)
  {
  	MonoObject *type = (MonoObject *)vtable->type;
  
  	if (type->vtable->klass != mono_defaults.runtimetype_class)
  		MONO_GC_UNREGISTER_ROOT_IF_MOVING (vtable->type);
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_domain_free:
   * \param domain the domain to release
   * \param force if TRUE, it allows the root domain to be released (used at shutdown only).
   *
   * This releases the resources associated with the specific domain.
   * This is a low-level function that is invoked by the AppDomain infrastructure
   * when necessary.
   *
   * In theory, this is dead code on netcore and thus does not need to be ALC-aware.
   */
  void
  mono_domain_free (MonoDomain *domain, gboolean force)
  {
  	int code_size, code_alloc;
  	GSList *tmp;
  	gpointer *p;
  
  	if ((domain == mono_root_domain) && !force) {
  		g_warning ("cant unload root domain");
  		return;
  	}
  
  	if (mono_dont_free_domains)
  		return;
  
  	MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_unloading, (domain));
  
  	mono_debug_domain_unload (domain);
  
  	/* must do this early as it accesses fields and types */
  	if (domain->special_static_fields) {
  		mono_alloc_special_static_data_free (domain->special_static_fields);
  		g_hash_table_destroy (domain->special_static_fields);
  		domain->special_static_fields = NULL;
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * We must destroy all these hash tables here because they
  	 * contain references to managed objects belonging to the
  	 * domain.  Once we let the GC clear the domain there must be
  	 * no more such references, or we'll crash if a collection
  	 * occurs.
  	 */
  	mono_g_hash_table_destroy (domain->ldstr_table);
  	domain->ldstr_table = NULL;
  
  	mono_g_hash_table_destroy (domain->env);
  	domain->env = NULL;
  
  	mono_reflection_cleanup_domain (domain);
  
  	/* This must be done before type_hash is freed */
  	if (domain->class_vtable_array) {
  		int i;
  		for (i = 0; i < domain->class_vtable_array->len; ++i)
  			unregister_vtable_reflection_type ((MonoVTable *)g_ptr_array_index (domain->class_vtable_array, i));
  	}
  
  	if (domain->type_hash) {
  		mono_g_hash_table_destroy (domain->type_hash);
  		domain->type_hash = NULL;
  	}
  	if (domain->type_init_exception_hash) {
  		mono_g_hash_table_destroy (domain->type_init_exception_hash);
  		domain->type_init_exception_hash = NULL;
  	}
  
  	for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
  		MonoAssembly *ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
  		mono_assembly_release_gc_roots (ass);
  	}
  
  	/* Have to zero out reference fields since they will be invalidated by the clear_domain () call below */
  	for (p = (gpointer*)&domain->MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_OBJECT; p < (gpointer*)&domain->MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_GC_TRACKED; ++p)
  		*p = NULL;
  
  	/* This needs to be done before closing assemblies */
  	mono_gc_clear_domain (domain);
  
  	/* Close dynamic assemblies first, since they have no ref count */
  	for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
  		MonoAssembly *ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
  		if (!ass->image || !image_is_dynamic (ass->image))
  			continue;
  		mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_INFO, MONO_TRACE_ASSEMBLY, "Unloading domain %s[%p], assembly %s[%p], ref_count=%d", domain->friendly_name, domain, ass->aname.name, ass, ass->ref_count);
  		if (!mono_assembly_close_except_image_pools (ass))
  			tmp->data = NULL;
  	}
  
  	for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
  		MonoAssembly *ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
  		if (!ass)
  			continue;
  		if (!ass->image || image_is_dynamic (ass->image))
  			continue;
  		mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_INFO, MONO_TRACE_ASSEMBLY, "Unloading domain %s[%p], assembly %s[%p], ref_count=%d", domain->friendly_name, domain, ass->aname.name, ass, ass->ref_count);
  		if (!mono_assembly_close_except_image_pools (ass))
  			tmp->data = NULL;
  	}
  
  	for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
  		MonoAssembly *ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
  		if (ass)
  			mono_assembly_close_finish (ass);
  	}
  	g_slist_free (domain->domain_assemblies);
  	domain->domain_assemblies = NULL;
  
  	/* 
  	 * Send this after the assemblies have been unloaded and the domain is still in a 
  	 * usable state.
  	 */
  	MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_unloaded, (domain));
  
  	if (free_domain_hook)
  		free_domain_hook (domain);
  
  	/* FIXME: free delegate_hash_table when it's used */
  	if (domain->search_path) {
  		g_strfreev (domain->search_path);
  		domain->search_path = NULL;
  	}
  	domain->create_proxy_for_type_method = NULL;
  	domain->private_invoke_method = NULL;
  	domain->default_context = NULL;
  	domain->out_of_memory_ex = NULL;
  	domain->null_reference_ex = NULL;
  	domain->stack_overflow_ex = NULL;
  	domain->ephemeron_tombstone = NULL;
  	domain->entry_assembly = NULL;
  
  	g_free (domain->friendly_name);
  	domain->friendly_name = NULL;
  	g_ptr_array_free (domain->class_vtable_array, TRUE);
  	domain->class_vtable_array = NULL;
  	g_hash_table_destroy (domain->proxy_vtable_hash);
  	domain->proxy_vtable_hash = NULL;
  	mono_internal_hash_table_destroy (&domain->jit_code_hash);
  
  	/*
  	 * There might still be jit info tables of this domain which
  	 * are not freed.  Since the domain cannot be in use anymore,
  	 * this will free them.
  	 */
  	mono_thread_hazardous_try_free_all ();
  	if (domain->aot_modules)
  		mono_jit_info_table_free (domain->aot_modules);
  	g_assert (domain->num_jit_info_table_duplicates == 0);
  	mono_jit_info_table_free (domain->jit_info_table);
  	domain->jit_info_table = NULL;
  	g_assert (!domain->jit_info_free_queue);
  
  	/* collect statistics */
  	code_alloc = mono_code_manager_size (domain->code_mp, &code_size);
  	total_domain_code_alloc += code_alloc;
  	max_domain_code_alloc = MAX (max_domain_code_alloc, code_alloc);
  	max_domain_code_size = MAX (max_domain_code_size, code_size);
  
  	if (debug_domain_unload) {
  		mono_mempool_invalidate (domain->mp);
  		mono_code_manager_invalidate (domain->code_mp);
  	} else {
  #ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
  		/* FIXME: use an explicit subtraction method as soon as it's available */
  		mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_bytes, -1 * mono_mempool_get_allocated (domain->mp));
  #endif
  		mono_mempool_destroy (domain->mp);
  		domain->mp = NULL;
  		mono_code_manager_destroy (domain->code_mp);
  		domain->code_mp = NULL;
  	}
  	lock_free_mempool_free (domain->lock_free_mp);
  	domain->lock_free_mp = NULL;
  
  	g_hash_table_destroy (domain->finalizable_objects_hash);
  	domain->finalizable_objects_hash = NULL;
  	if (domain->generic_virtual_cases) {
  		g_hash_table_destroy (domain->generic_virtual_cases);
  		domain->generic_virtual_cases = NULL;
  	}
  	if (domain->ftnptrs_hash) {
  		g_hash_table_destroy (domain->ftnptrs_hash);
  		domain->ftnptrs_hash = NULL;
  	}
  	if (domain->method_to_dyn_method) {
  		g_hash_table_destroy (domain->method_to_dyn_method);
  		domain->method_to_dyn_method = NULL;
  	}
  
  	mono_domain_alcs_destroy (domain);
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&domain->alcs_lock);
  #endif
  
  	mono_os_mutex_destroy (&domain->finalizable_objects_hash_lock);
  	mono_os_mutex_destroy (&domain->assemblies_lock);
  	mono_os_mutex_destroy (&domain->jit_code_hash_lock);
  
  	mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&domain->lock);
  
  	domain->setup = NULL;
  
  	if (mono_gc_is_moving ())
  		mono_gc_deregister_root ((char*)&(domain->MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_GC_TRACKED));
  
  	mono_appdomains_lock ();
  	appdomains_list [domain->domain_id] = NULL;
  	mono_appdomains_unlock ();
  
  	mono_gc_free_fixed (domain);
  
  #ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
  	mono_atomic_dec_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_appdomains);
  #endif
  
  	if (domain == mono_root_domain)
  		mono_root_domain = NULL;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_domain_get_by_id:
   * \param domainid the ID
   * \returns the domain for a specific domain id.
   */
  MonoDomain * 
  mono_domain_get_by_id (gint32 domainid) 
  {
  	MonoDomain * domain;
  
  	MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
  	mono_appdomains_lock ();
  	if (domainid < appdomain_list_size)
  		domain = appdomains_list [domainid];
  	else
  		domain = NULL;
  	mono_appdomains_unlock ();
  	MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
  	return domain;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_domain_get_id:
   *
   * A domain ID is guaranteed to be unique for as long as the domain
   * using it is alive. It may be reused later once the domain has been
   * unloaded.
   *
   * \returns The unique ID for \p domain.
   */
  gint32
  mono_domain_get_id (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  	return domain->domain_id;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_domain_get_friendly_name:
   *
   * The returned string's lifetime is the same as \p domain's. Consider
   * copying it if you need to store it somewhere.
   *
   * \returns The friendly name of \p domain. Can be NULL if not yet set.
   */
  const char *
  mono_domain_get_friendly_name (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  	return domain->friendly_name;
  }
  
  /*
   * mono_domain_alloc:
   *
   * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
   */
  gpointer
  (mono_domain_alloc) (MonoDomain *domain, guint size)
  {
  	gpointer res;
  
  	mono_domain_lock (domain);
  #ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
  	mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_bytes, size);
  #endif
  	res = mono_mempool_alloc (domain->mp, size);
  	mono_domain_unlock (domain);
  
  	return res;
  }
  
  /*
   * mono_domain_alloc0:
   *
   * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
   */
  gpointer
  (mono_domain_alloc0) (MonoDomain *domain, guint size)
  {
  	gpointer res;
  
  	mono_domain_lock (domain);
  #ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
  	mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_bytes, size);
  #endif
  	res = mono_mempool_alloc0 (domain->mp, size);
  	mono_domain_unlock (domain);
  
  	return res;
  }
  
  gpointer
  (mono_domain_alloc0_lock_free) (MonoDomain *domain, guint size)
  {
  	return lock_free_mempool_alloc0 (domain->lock_free_mp, size);
  }
  
  /*
   * mono_domain_code_reserve:
   *
   * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
   */
  void*
  (mono_domain_code_reserve) (MonoDomain *domain, int size)
  {
  	gpointer res;
  
  	mono_domain_lock (domain);
  	res = mono_code_manager_reserve (domain->code_mp, size);
  	mono_domain_unlock (domain);
  
  	return res;
  }
  
  /*
   * mono_domain_code_reserve_align:
   *
   * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
   */
  void*
  (mono_domain_code_reserve_align) (MonoDomain *domain, int size, int alignment)
  {
  	gpointer res;
  
  	mono_domain_lock (domain);
  	res = mono_code_manager_reserve_align (domain->code_mp, size, alignment);
  	mono_domain_unlock (domain);
  
  	return res;
  }
  
  /*
   * mono_domain_code_commit:
   *
   * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
   */
  void
  mono_domain_code_commit (MonoDomain *domain, void *data, int size, int newsize)
  {
  	mono_domain_lock (domain);
  	mono_code_manager_commit (domain->code_mp, data, size, newsize);
  	mono_domain_unlock (domain);
  }
  
  /*
   * mono_domain_code_foreach:
   * Iterate over the code thunks of the code manager of @domain.
   * 
   * The @func callback MUST not take any locks. If it really needs to, it must respect
   * the locking rules of the runtime: http://www.mono-project.com/Mono:Runtime:Documentation:ThreadSafety 
   * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
   */
  
  void
  mono_domain_code_foreach (MonoDomain *domain, MonoCodeManagerFunc func, void *user_data)
  {
  	mono_domain_lock (domain);
  	mono_code_manager_foreach (domain->code_mp, func, user_data);
  	mono_domain_unlock (domain);
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_context_set:
   */
  void 
  mono_context_set (MonoAppContext * new_context)
  {
  	SET_APPCONTEXT (new_context);
  }
  
  void
  mono_context_set_handle (MonoAppContextHandle new_context)
  {
  	SET_APPCONTEXT (MONO_HANDLE_RAW (new_context));
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_context_get:
   *
   * Returns: the current Mono Application Context.
   */
  MonoAppContext * 
  mono_context_get (void)
  {
  	return GET_APPCONTEXT ();
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_context_get_handle:
   *
   * Returns: the current Mono Application Context.
   */
  MonoAppContextHandle
  mono_context_get_handle (void)
  {
  	return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoAppContext, GET_APPCONTEXT ());
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_context_get_id:
   * \param context the context to operate on.
   *
   * Context IDs are guaranteed to be unique for the duration of a Mono
   * process; they are never reused.
   *
   * \returns The unique ID for \p context.
   */
  gint32
  mono_context_get_id (MonoAppContext *context)
  {
  	return context->context_id;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_context_get_domain_id:
   * \param context the context to operate on.
   * \returns The ID of the domain that \p context was created in.
   */
  gint32
  mono_context_get_domain_id (MonoAppContext *context)
  {
  	return context->domain_id;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_corlib:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoImage* for the \c mscorlib.dll assembly
   * \returns The \c MonoImage for mscorlib.dll
   */
  MonoImage*
  mono_get_corlib (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.corlib;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_object_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Object .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Object type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_object_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.object_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_byte_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Byte .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Byte type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_byte_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.byte_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_void_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Void .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Void type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_void_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.void_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_boolean_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Boolean .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Boolean type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_boolean_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.boolean_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_sbyte_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.SByte.
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.SByte type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_sbyte_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.sbyte_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_int16_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Int16 .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Int16 type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_int16_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.int16_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_uint16_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.UInt16 .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.UInt16 type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_uint16_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.uint16_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_int32_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Int32 .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Int32 type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_int32_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.int32_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_uint32_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.UInt32 .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.UInt32 type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_uint32_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.uint32_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_intptr_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.IntPtr .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.IntPtr type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_intptr_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.int_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_uintptr_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.UIntPtr .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.UIntPtr type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_uintptr_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.uint_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_int64_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Int64 .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Int64 type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_int64_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.int64_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_uint64_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.UInt64 .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.UInt64 type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_uint64_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.uint64_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_single_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Single  (32-bit floating points).
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Single type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_single_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.single_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_double_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Double  (64-bit floating points).
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Double type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_double_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.double_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_char_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Char .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Char type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_char_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.char_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_string_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.String .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.String type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_string_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.string_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_enum_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Enum .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Enum type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_enum_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.enum_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_array_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Array .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Array type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_array_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.array_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_thread_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Threading.Thread .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Threading.Thread type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_thread_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.thread_class;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_get_exception_class:
   * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Exception .
   * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c  type.
   */
  MonoClass*
  mono_get_exception_class (void)
  {
  	return mono_defaults.exception_class;
  }
  
  
  static char* get_attribute_value (const gchar **attribute_names, 
  					const gchar **attribute_values, 
  					const char *att_name)
  {
  	int n;
  	for (n=0; attribute_names[n] != NULL; n++) {
  		if (strcmp (attribute_names[n], att_name) == 0)
  			return g_strdup (attribute_values[n]);
  	}
  	return NULL;
  }
  
  static void start_element (GMarkupParseContext *context, 
                             const gchar         *element_name,
  			   const gchar        **attribute_names,
  			   const gchar        **attribute_values,
  			   gpointer             user_data,
  			   GError             **gerror)
  {
  	AppConfigInfo* app_config = (AppConfigInfo*) user_data;
  	
  	if (strcmp (element_name, "configuration") == 0) {
  		app_config->configuration_count++;
  		return;
  	}
  	if (strcmp (element_name, "startup") == 0) {
  		app_config->startup_count++;
  		return;
  	}
  	
  	if (app_config->configuration_count != 1 || app_config->startup_count != 1)
  		return;
  	
  	if (strcmp (element_name, "requiredRuntime") == 0) {
  		app_config->required_runtime = get_attribute_value (attribute_names, attribute_values, "version");
  	} else if (strcmp (element_name, "supportedRuntime") == 0) {
  		char *version = get_attribute_value (attribute_names, attribute_values, "version");
  		app_config->supported_runtimes = g_slist_append (app_config->supported_runtimes, version);
  	}
  }
  
  static void end_element   (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                             const gchar         *element_name,
  			   gpointer             user_data,
  			   GError             **gerror)
  {
  	AppConfigInfo* app_config = (AppConfigInfo*) user_data;
  	
  	if (strcmp (element_name, "configuration") == 0) {
  		app_config->configuration_count--;
  	} else if (strcmp (element_name, "startup") == 0) {
  		app_config->startup_count--;
  	}
  }
  
  static const GMarkupParser 
  mono_parser = {
  	start_element,
  	end_element,
  	NULL,
  	NULL,
  	NULL
  };
  
  static AppConfigInfo *
  app_config_parse (const char *exe_filename)
  {
  	AppConfigInfo *app_config;
  	GMarkupParseContext *context;
  	char *text;
  	gsize len;
  	const char *bundled_config;
  	char *config_filename;
  
  	bundled_config = mono_config_string_for_assembly_file (exe_filename);
  
  	if (bundled_config) {
  		text = g_strdup (bundled_config);
  		len = strlen (text);
  	} else {
  		config_filename = g_strconcat (exe_filename, ".config", (const char*)NULL);
  
  		if (!g_file_get_contents (config_filename, &text, &len, NULL)) {
  			g_free (config_filename);
  			return NULL;
  		}
  		g_free (config_filename);
  	}
  
  	app_config = g_new0 (AppConfigInfo, 1);
  
  	context = g_markup_parse_context_new (&mono_parser, (GMarkupParseFlags)0, app_config, NULL);
  	if (g_markup_parse_context_parse (context, text, len, NULL)) {
  		g_markup_parse_context_end_parse (context, NULL);
  	}
  	g_markup_parse_context_free (context);
  	g_free (text);
  	return app_config;
  }
  
  static void 
  app_config_free (AppConfigInfo* app_config)
  {
  	char *rt;
  	GSList *list = app_config->supported_runtimes;
  	while (list != NULL) {
  		rt = (char*)list->data;
  		g_free (rt);
  		list = g_slist_next (list);
  	}
  	g_slist_free (app_config->supported_runtimes);
  	g_free (app_config->required_runtime);
  	g_free (app_config);
  }
  
  
  static const MonoRuntimeInfo*
  get_runtime_by_version (const char *version)
  {
  	int n;
  	int max = G_N_ELEMENTS (supported_runtimes);
  	int vlen;
  
  	if (!version)
  		return NULL;
  
  	for (n=0; n<max; n++) {
  		if (strcmp (version, supported_runtimes[n].runtime_version) == 0)
  			return &supported_runtimes[n];
  	}
  	
  	vlen = strlen (version);
  	if (vlen >= 4 && version [1] - '0' >= 4) {
  		for (n=0; n<max; n++) {
  			if (strncmp (version, supported_runtimes[n].runtime_version, 4) == 0)
  				return &supported_runtimes[n];
  		}
  	}
  	
  	return NULL;
  }
  
  static GSList*
  get_runtimes_from_exe (const char *file, MonoImage **out_image)
  {
  	AppConfigInfo* app_config;
  	char *version;
  	const MonoRuntimeInfo* runtime = NULL;
  	MonoImage *image = NULL;
  	GSList *runtimes = NULL;
  	
  	app_config = app_config_parse (file);
  	
  	if (app_config != NULL) {
  		/* Check supportedRuntime elements, if none is supported, fail.
  		 * If there are no such elements, look for a requiredRuntime element.
  		 */
  		if (app_config->supported_runtimes != NULL) {
  			GSList *list = app_config->supported_runtimes;
  			while (list != NULL) {
  				version = (char*) list->data;
  				runtime = get_runtime_by_version (version);
  				if (runtime != NULL)
  					runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)runtime);
  				list = g_slist_next (list);
  			}
  			runtimes = g_slist_reverse (runtimes);
  			app_config_free (app_config);
  			return runtimes;
  		}
  		
  		/* Check the requiredRuntime element. This is for 1.0 apps only. */
  		if (app_config->required_runtime != NULL) {
  			const MonoRuntimeInfo* runtime = get_runtime_by_version (app_config->required_runtime);
  			if (runtime != NULL)
  				runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)runtime);
  			app_config_free (app_config);
  			return runtimes;
  		}
  		app_config_free (app_config);
  	}
  	
  	/* Look for a runtime with the exact version */
  	image = mono_assembly_open_from_bundle (mono_domain_default_alc (mono_domain_get ()), file, NULL, FALSE);
  
  	if (image == NULL)
  		image = mono_image_open (file, NULL);
  
  	if (image == NULL) {
  		/* The image is wrong or the file was not found. In this case return
  		 * a default runtime and leave to the initialization method the work of
  		 * reporting the error.
  		 */
  		runtime = get_runtime_by_version (DEFAULT_RUNTIME_VERSION);
  		runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)runtime);
  		return runtimes;
  	}
  
  	*out_image = image;
  
  	runtime = get_runtime_by_version (image->version);
  	if (runtime != NULL)
  		runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)runtime);
  	return runtimes;
  }
  
  
  /**
   * mono_get_runtime_info:
   *
   * Returns: the version of the current runtime instance.
   */
  const MonoRuntimeInfo*
  mono_get_runtime_info (void)
  {
  	return current_runtime;
  }
  
  /**
   * mono_framework_version:
   *
   * Return the major version of the framework curently executing.
   */
  int
  mono_framework_version (void)
  {
  	return current_runtime->framework_version [0] - '0';
  }
  
  void
  mono_enable_debug_domain_unload (gboolean enable)
  {
  	debug_domain_unload = enable;
  }
  
  MonoAotCacheConfig *
  mono_get_aot_cache_config (void)
  {
  	return &aot_cache_config;
  }
  
  void
  mono_domain_lock (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  	mono_locks_coop_acquire (&domain->lock, DomainLock);
  }
  
  void
  mono_domain_unlock (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  	mono_locks_coop_release (&domain->lock, DomainLock);
  }
  
  GPtrArray*
  mono_domain_get_assemblies (MonoDomain *domain, gboolean refonly)
  {
  	GSList *tmp;
  	GPtrArray *assemblies;
  	MonoAssembly *ass;
  
  	assemblies = g_ptr_array_new ();
  	mono_domain_assemblies_lock (domain);
  	for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
  		ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
  		gboolean ass_ref_only = mono_asmctx_get_kind (&ass->context) == MONO_ASMCTX_REFONLY;
  		if (refonly != ass_ref_only)
  			continue;
  		if (ass->corlib_internal)
  			continue;
  		g_ptr_array_add (assemblies, ass);
  	}
  	mono_domain_assemblies_unlock (domain);
  	return assemblies;
  }
  
  MonoAssemblyLoadContext *
  mono_domain_default_alc (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  #ifndef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	return NULL;
  #else
  	return domain->default_alc;
  #endif
  }
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  static inline void
  mono_domain_alcs_lock (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  	mono_coop_mutex_lock (&domain->alcs_lock);
  }
  
  static inline void
  mono_domain_alcs_unlock (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  	mono_coop_mutex_unlock (&domain->alcs_lock);
  }
  #endif
  
  
  static MonoAssemblyLoadContext *
  create_alc (MonoDomain *domain, gboolean is_default)
  {
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	MonoAssemblyLoadContext *alc = NULL;
  
  	mono_domain_alcs_lock (domain);
  	if (is_default && domain->default_alc)
  		goto leave;
  
  	alc = g_new0 (MonoAssemblyLoadContext, 1);
  	mono_alc_init (alc, domain);
  
  	domain->alcs = g_slist_prepend (domain->alcs, alc);
  	if (is_default)
  		domain->default_alc = alc;
  leave:
  	mono_domain_alcs_unlock (domain);
  	return alc;
  #else
  	return NULL;
  #endif
  }
  
  void
  mono_domain_create_default_alc (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	if (domain->default_alc)
  		return;
  	create_alc (domain, TRUE);
  #endif
  }
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  MonoAssemblyLoadContext *
  mono_domain_create_individual_alc (MonoDomain *domain, uint32_t this_gchandle, gboolean collectible, MonoError *error)
  {
  	g_assert (!collectible); /* TODO: implement collectible ALCs */
  	MonoAssemblyLoadContext *alc = create_alc (domain, FALSE);
  	alc->gchandle = this_gchandle;
  	return alc;
  }
  #endif
  
  static void
  mono_alc_free (MonoAssemblyLoadContext *alc)
  {
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_alc_cleanup (alc);
  	g_free (alc);
  #endif
  }
  
  void
  mono_domain_alcs_destroy (MonoDomain *domain)
  {
  #ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
  	mono_domain_alcs_lock (domain);
  	GSList *alcs = domain->alcs;
  	domain->alcs = NULL;
  	domain->default_alc = NULL;
  	mono_domain_alcs_unlock (domain);
  
  	for (GSList *iter = alcs; iter; iter = g_slist_next (iter)) {
  		mono_alc_free ((MonoAssemblyLoadContext*)iter->data);
  	}
  #endif
  }
  