text: """
  DataFrame
  ---------
  An efficient 2D container for potentially mixed-type time series or other
  labeled data series.
  
  Similar to its R counterpart, data.frame, except providing automatic data
  alignment and a host of useful data manipulation methods having to do with the
  labeling information
  """
  from __future__ import division
  # pylint: disable=E1101,E1103
  # pylint: disable=W0212,W0231,W0703,W0622
  
  import functools
  import collections
  import itertools
  import sys
  import types
  import warnings
  
  from numpy import nan as NA
  import numpy as np
  import numpy.ma as ma
  
  from pandas.core.common import (isnull, notnull, PandasError, _try_sort,
                                  _default_index, _maybe_upcast, _is_sequence,
                                  _infer_dtype_from_scalar, _values_from_object,
                                  is_list_like, _get_dtype, _maybe_box_datetimelike)
  from pandas.core.generic import NDFrame, _shared_docs
  from pandas.core.index import Index, MultiIndex, _ensure_index
  from pandas.core.indexing import (_maybe_droplevels,
                                    _convert_to_index_sliceable,
                                    _check_bool_indexer)
  from pandas.core.internals import (BlockManager,
                                     create_block_manager_from_arrays,
                                     create_block_manager_from_blocks)
  from pandas.core.series import Series
  from pandas.core.categorical import Categorical
  import pandas.computation.expressions as expressions
  from pandas.computation.eval import eval as _eval
  from numpy import percentile as _quantile
  from pandas.compat import(range, zip, lrange, lmap, lzip, StringIO, u,
                            OrderedDict, raise_with_traceback)
  from pandas import compat
  from pandas.sparse.array import SparseArray
  from pandas.util.decorators import deprecate, Appender, Substitution, \
      deprecate_kwarg
  
  from pandas.tseries.period import PeriodIndex
  from pandas.tseries.index import DatetimeIndex
  
  import pandas.core.algorithms as algos
  import pandas.core.common as com
  import pandas.core.format as fmt
  import pandas.core.nanops as nanops
  import pandas.core.ops as ops
  
  import pandas.lib as lib
  import pandas.algos as _algos
  
  from pandas.core.config import get_option
  
  #----------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Docstring templates
  
  _shared_doc_kwargs = dict(axes='index, columns', klass='DataFrame',
                            axes_single_arg="{0,1,'index','columns'}")
  
  _numeric_only_doc = """numeric_only : boolean, default None
      Include only float, int, boolean data. If None, will attempt to use
      everything, then use only numeric data
  """
  
  _merge_doc = """
  Merge DataFrame objects by performing a database-style join operation by
  columns or indexes.
  
  If joining columns on columns, the DataFrame indexes *will be
  ignored*. Otherwise if joining indexes on indexes or indexes on a column or
  columns, the index will be passed on.
  
  Parameters
  ----------%s
  right : DataFrame
  how : {'left', 'right', 'outer', 'inner'}, default 'inner'
      * left: use only keys from left frame (SQL: left outer join)
      * right: use only keys from right frame (SQL: right outer join)
      * outer: use union of keys from both frames (SQL: full outer join)
      * inner: use intersection of keys from both frames (SQL: inner join)
  on : label or list
      Field names to join on. Must be found in both DataFrames. If on is
      None and not merging on indexes, then it merges on the intersection of
      the columns by default.
  left_on : label or list, or array-like
      Field names to join on in left DataFrame. Can be a vector or list of
      vectors of the length of the DataFrame to use a particular vector as
      the join key instead of columns
  right_on : label or list, or array-like
      Field names to join on in right DataFrame or vector/list of vectors per
      left_on docs
  left_index : boolean, default False
      Use the index from the left DataFrame as the join key(s). If it is a
      MultiIndex, the number of keys in the other DataFrame (either the index
      or a number of columns) must match the number of levels
  right_index : boolean, default False
      Use the index from the right DataFrame as the join key. Same caveats as
      left_index
  sort : boolean, default False
      Sort the join keys lexicographically in the result DataFrame
  suffixes : 2-length sequence (tuple, list, ...)
      Suffix to apply to overlapping column names in the left and right
      side, respectively
  copy : boolean, default True
      If False, do not copy data unnecessarily
  
  Examples
  --------
  
  >>> A              >>> B
      lkey value         rkey value
  0   foo  1         0   foo  5
  1   bar  2         1   bar  6
  2   baz  3         2   qux  7
  3   foo  4         3   bar  8
  
  >>> merge(A, B, left_on='lkey', right_on='rkey', how='outer')
     lkey  value_x  rkey  value_y
  0  foo   1        foo   5
  1  foo   4        foo   5
  2  bar   2        bar   6
  3  bar   2        bar   8
  4  baz   3        NaN   NaN
  5  NaN   NaN      qux   7
  
  Returns
  -------
  merged : DataFrame
      The output type will the be same as 'left', if it is a subclass
      of DataFrame.
  """
  
  #----------------------------------------------------------------------
  # DataFrame class
  
  
  class DataFrame(NDFrame):
  
      """ Two-dimensional size-mutable, potentially heterogeneous tabular data
      structure with labeled axes (rows and columns). Arithmetic operations
      align on both row and column labels. Can be thought of as a dict-like
      container for Series objects. The primary pandas data structure
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      data : numpy ndarray (structured or homogeneous), dict, or DataFrame
          Dict can contain Series, arrays, constants, or list-like objects
      index : Index or array-like
          Index to use for resulting frame. Will default to np.arange(n) if
          no indexing information part of input data and no index provided
      columns : Index or array-like
          Column labels to use for resulting frame. Will default to
          np.arange(n) if no column labels are provided
      dtype : dtype, default None
          Data type to force, otherwise infer
      copy : boolean, default False
          Copy data from inputs. Only affects DataFrame / 2d ndarray input
  
      Examples
      --------
      >>> d = {'col1': ts1, 'col2': ts2}
      >>> df = DataFrame(data=d, index=index)
      >>> df2 = DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 5))
      >>> df3 = DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 5),
      ...                 columns=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
  
      See also
      --------
      DataFrame.from_records : constructor from tuples, also record arrays
      DataFrame.from_dict : from dicts of Series, arrays, or dicts
      DataFrame.from_csv : from CSV files
      DataFrame.from_items : from sequence of (key, value) pairs
      pandas.read_csv, pandas.read_table, pandas.read_clipboard
      """
      _auto_consolidate = True
  
      @property
      def _constructor(self):
          return DataFrame
  
      _constructor_sliced = Series
  
      def __init__(self, data=None, index=None, columns=None, dtype=None,
                   copy=False):
          if data is None:
              data = {}
          if dtype is not None:
              dtype = self._validate_dtype(dtype)
  
          if isinstance(data, DataFrame):
              data = data._data
  
          if isinstance(data, BlockManager):
              mgr = self._init_mgr(data, axes=dict(index=index, columns=columns),
                                   dtype=dtype, copy=copy)
          elif isinstance(data, dict):
              mgr = self._init_dict(data, index, columns, dtype=dtype)
          elif isinstance(data, ma.MaskedArray):
              import numpy.ma.mrecords as mrecords
              # masked recarray
              if isinstance(data, mrecords.MaskedRecords):
                  mgr = _masked_rec_array_to_mgr(data, index, columns, dtype,
                                                 copy)
  
              # a masked array
              else:
                  mask = ma.getmaskarray(data)
                  if mask.any():
                      data, fill_value = _maybe_upcast(data, copy=True)
                      data[mask] = fill_value
                  else:
                      data = data.copy()
                  mgr = self._init_ndarray(data, index, columns, dtype=dtype,
                                           copy=copy)
  
          elif isinstance(data, (np.ndarray, Series, Index)):
              if data.dtype.names:
                  data_columns = list(data.dtype.names)
                  data = dict((k, data[k]) for k in data_columns)
                  if columns is None:
                      columns = data_columns
                  mgr = self._init_dict(data, index, columns, dtype=dtype)
              elif getattr(data, 'name', None):
                  mgr = self._init_dict({data.name: data}, index, columns,
                                        dtype=dtype)
              else:
                  mgr = self._init_ndarray(data, index, columns, dtype=dtype,
                                           copy=copy)
          elif isinstance(data, (list, types.GeneratorType)):
              if isinstance(data, types.GeneratorType):
                  data = list(data)
              if len(data) > 0:
                  if index is None and isinstance(data[0], Series):
                      index = _get_names_from_index(data)
  
                  if is_list_like(data[0]) and getattr(data[0], 'ndim', 1) == 1:
                      arrays, columns = _to_arrays(data, columns, dtype=dtype)
                      columns = _ensure_index(columns)
  
                      if index is None:
                          index = _default_index(len(data))
                      mgr = _arrays_to_mgr(arrays, columns, index, columns,
                                           dtype=dtype)
                  else:
                      mgr = self._init_ndarray(data, index, columns, dtype=dtype,
                                               copy=copy)
              else:
                  mgr = self._init_ndarray(data, index, columns, dtype=dtype,
                                           copy=copy)
          elif isinstance(data, collections.Iterator):
              raise TypeError("data argument can't be an iterator")
          else:
              try:
                  arr = np.array(data, dtype=dtype, copy=copy)
              except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
                  exc = TypeError('DataFrame constructor called with '
                                  'incompatible data and dtype: %s' % e)
                  raise_with_traceback(exc)
  
              if arr.ndim == 0 and index is not None and columns is not None:
                  if isinstance(data, compat.string_types) and dtype is None:
                      dtype = np.object_
                  if dtype is None:
                      dtype, data = _infer_dtype_from_scalar(data)
  
                  values = np.empty((len(index), len(columns)), dtype=dtype)
                  values.fill(data)
                  mgr = self._init_ndarray(values, index, columns, dtype=dtype,
                                           copy=False)
              else:
                  raise PandasError('DataFrame constructor not properly called!')
  
          NDFrame.__init__(self, mgr, fastpath=True)
  
      def _init_dict(self, data, index, columns, dtype=None):
          """
          Segregate Series based on type and coerce into matrices.
          Needs to handle a lot of exceptional cases.
          """
          if columns is not None:
              columns = _ensure_index(columns)
  
              # prefilter if columns passed
  
              data = dict((k, v) for k, v in compat.iteritems(data)
                          if k in columns)
  
              if index is None:
                  index = extract_index(list(data.values()))
              else:
                  index = _ensure_index(index)
  
              arrays = []
              data_names = []
              for k in columns:
                  if k not in data:
                      # no obvious "empty" int column
                      if dtype is not None and issubclass(dtype.type,
                                                          np.integer):
                          continue
  
                      if dtype is None:
                          # 1783
                          v = np.empty(len(index), dtype=object)
                      else:
                          v = np.empty(len(index), dtype=dtype)
  
                      v.fill(NA)
                  else:
                      v = data[k]
                  data_names.append(k)
                  arrays.append(v)
          else:
              keys = list(data.keys())
              if not isinstance(data, OrderedDict):
                  keys = _try_sort(keys)
              columns = data_names = Index(keys)
              arrays = [data[k] for k in keys]
  
          return _arrays_to_mgr(arrays, data_names, index, columns,
                                dtype=dtype)
  
      def _init_ndarray(self, values, index, columns, dtype=None,
                        copy=False):
          if isinstance(values, Series):
              if columns is None:
                  if values.name is not None:
                      columns = [values.name]
              if index is None:
                  index = values.index
              else:
                  values = values.reindex(index)
  
              # zero len case (GH #2234)
              if not len(values) and columns is not None and len(columns):
                  values = np.empty((0, 1), dtype=object)
  
          values = _prep_ndarray(values, copy=copy)
  
          if dtype is not None:
              if values.dtype != dtype:
                  try:
                      values = values.astype(dtype)
                  except Exception as orig:
                      e = ValueError("failed to cast to '%s' (Exception was: %s)"
                                     % (dtype, orig))
                      raise_with_traceback(e)
  
          N, K = values.shape
  
          if index is None:
              index = _default_index(N)
          else:
              index = _ensure_index(index)
  
          if columns is None:
              columns = _default_index(K)
          else:
              columns = _ensure_index(columns)
  
          return create_block_manager_from_blocks([values.T], [columns, index])
  
      @property
      def axes(self):
          return [self.index, self.columns]
  
      @property
      def shape(self):
          return (len(self.index), len(self.columns))
  
      def _repr_fits_vertical_(self):
          """
          Check length against max_rows.
          """
          max_rows = get_option("display.max_rows")
          return len(self) <= max_rows
  
      def _repr_fits_horizontal_(self, ignore_width=False):
          """
          Check if full repr fits in horizontal boundaries imposed by the display
          options width and max_columns. In case off non-interactive session, no
          boundaries apply.
  
          ignore_width is here so ipnb+HTML output can behave the way
          users expect. display.max_columns remains in effect.
          GH3541, GH3573
          """
  
          width, height = fmt.get_console_size()
          max_columns = get_option("display.max_columns")
          nb_columns = len(self.columns)
  
          # exceed max columns
          if ((max_columns and nb_columns > max_columns) or
                  ((not ignore_width) and width and nb_columns > (width // 2))):
              return False
  
          if (ignore_width  # used by repr_html under IPython notebook
                  # scripts ignore terminal dims
                  or not com.in_interactive_session()):
              return True
  
          if (get_option('display.width') is not None or
                  com.in_ipython_frontend()):
              # check at least the column row for excessive width
              max_rows = 1
          else:
              max_rows = get_option("display.max_rows")
  
          # when auto-detecting, so width=None and not in ipython front end
          # check whether repr fits horizontal by actualy checking
          # the width of the rendered repr
          buf = StringIO()
  
          # only care about the stuff we'll actually print out
          # and to_string on entire frame may be expensive
          d = self
  
          if not (max_rows is None):  # unlimited rows
              # min of two, where one may be None
              d = d.iloc[:min(max_rows, len(d))]
          else:
              return True
  
          d.to_string(buf=buf)
          value = buf.getvalue()
          repr_width = max([len(l) for l in value.split('\n')])
  
          return repr_width < width
  
      def _info_repr(self):
          """True if the repr should show the info view."""
          info_repr_option = (get_option("display.large_repr") == "info")
          return info_repr_option and not (
              self._repr_fits_horizontal_() and self._repr_fits_vertical_()
          )
  
      def __unicode__(self):
          """
          Return a string representation for a particular DataFrame
  
          Invoked by unicode(df) in py2 only. Yields a Unicode String in both
          py2/py3.
          """
          buf = StringIO(u(""))
          if self._info_repr():
              self.info(buf=buf)
              return buf.getvalue()
  
          max_rows = get_option("display.max_rows")
          max_cols = get_option("display.max_columns")
          show_dimensions = get_option("display.show_dimensions")
          if get_option("display.expand_frame_repr"):
              width, _ = fmt.get_console_size()
          else:
              width = None
          self.to_string(buf=buf, max_rows=max_rows, max_cols=max_cols,
                         line_width=width, show_dimensions=show_dimensions)
  
          return buf.getvalue()
  
      def _repr_html_(self):
          """
          Return a html representation for a particular DataFrame.
          Mainly for IPython notebook.
          """
          # qtconsole doesn't report its line width, and also
          # behaves badly when outputting an HTML table
          # that doesn't fit the window, so disable it.
          # XXX: In IPython 3.x and above, the Qt console will not attempt to
          # display HTML, so this check can be removed when support for IPython 2.x
          # is no longer needed.
          if com.in_qtconsole():
              # 'HTML output is disabled in QtConsole'
              return None
  
          if self._info_repr():
              buf = StringIO(u(""))
              self.info(buf=buf)
              # need to escape the <class>, should be the first line.
              val = buf.getvalue().replace('<', r'&lt;', 1).replace('>',
                                                                    r'&gt;', 1)
              return '<pre>' + val + '</pre>'
  
          if get_option("display.notebook_repr_html"):
              max_rows = get_option("display.max_rows")
              max_cols = get_option("display.max_columns")
              show_dimensions = get_option("display.show_dimensions")
  
              return ('<div style="max-height:1000px;'
                      'max-width:1500px;overflow:auto;">\n' +
                      self.to_html(max_rows=max_rows, max_cols=max_cols,
                                   show_dimensions=show_dimensions) + '\n</div>')
          else:
              return None
  
      def iteritems(self):
          """Iterator over (column, series) pairs"""
          if self.columns.is_unique and hasattr(self, '_item_cache'):
              for k in self.columns:
                  yield k, self._get_item_cache(k)
          else:
              for i, k in enumerate(self.columns):
                  yield k, self.icol(i)
  
      def iterrows(self):
          """
          Iterate over rows of DataFrame as (index, Series) pairs.
  
          Notes
          -----
  
          * ``iterrows`` does **not** preserve dtypes across the rows (dtypes
            are preserved across columns for DataFrames). For example,
  
              >>> df = DataFrame([[1, 1.0]], columns=['x', 'y'])
              >>> row = next(df.iterrows())[1]
              >>> print(row['x'].dtype)
              float64
              >>> print(df['x'].dtype)
              int64
  
          Returns
          -------
          it : generator
              A generator that iterates over the rows of the frame.
          """
          columns = self.columns
          for k, v in zip(self.index, self.values):
              s = Series(v, index=columns, name=k)
              yield k, s
  
      def itertuples(self, index=True):
          """
          Iterate over rows of DataFrame as tuples, with index value
          as first element of the tuple
          """
          arrays = []
          if index:
              arrays.append(self.index)
  
          # use integer indexing because of possible duplicate column names
          arrays.extend(self.iloc[:, k] for k in range(len(self.columns)))
          return zip(*arrays)
  
      if compat.PY3:  # pragma: no cover
          items = iteritems
  
      def __len__(self):
          """Returns length of info axis, but here we use the index """
          return len(self.index)
  
      def dot(self, other):
          """
          Matrix multiplication with DataFrame or Series objects
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame or Series
  
          Returns
          -------
          dot_product : DataFrame or Series
          """
          if isinstance(other, (Series, DataFrame)):
              common = self.columns.union(other.index)
              if (len(common) > len(self.columns) or
                      len(common) > len(other.index)):
                  raise ValueError('matrices are not aligned')
  
              left = self.reindex(columns=common, copy=False)
              right = other.reindex(index=common, copy=False)
              lvals = left.values
              rvals = right.values
          else:
              left = self
              lvals = self.values
              rvals = np.asarray(other)
              if lvals.shape[1] != rvals.shape[0]:
                  raise ValueError('Dot product shape mismatch, %s vs %s' %
                                   (lvals.shape, rvals.shape))
  
          if isinstance(other, DataFrame):
              return self._constructor(np.dot(lvals, rvals),
                                       index=left.index,
                                       columns=other.columns)
          elif isinstance(other, Series):
              return Series(np.dot(lvals, rvals), index=left.index)
          elif isinstance(rvals, (np.ndarray, Index)):
              result = np.dot(lvals, rvals)
              if result.ndim == 2:
                  return self._constructor(result, index=left.index)
              else:
                  return Series(result, index=left.index)
          else:  # pragma: no cover
              raise TypeError('unsupported type: %s' % type(other))
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # IO methods (to / from other formats)
  
      @classmethod
      def from_dict(cls, data, orient='columns', dtype=None):
          """
          Construct DataFrame from dict of array-like or dicts
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          data : dict
              {field : array-like} or {field : dict}
          orient : {'columns', 'index'}, default 'columns'
              The "orientation" of the data. If the keys of the passed dict
              should be the columns of the resulting DataFrame, pass 'columns'
              (default). Otherwise if the keys should be rows, pass 'index'.
  
          Returns
          -------
          DataFrame
          """
          index, columns = None, None
          orient = orient.lower()
          if orient == 'index':
              if len(data) > 0:
                  # TODO speed up Series case
                  if isinstance(list(data.values())[0], (Series, dict)):
                      data = _from_nested_dict(data)
                  else:
                      data, index = list(data.values()), list(data.keys())
          elif orient != 'columns':  # pragma: no cover
              raise ValueError('only recognize index or columns for orient')
  
          return cls(data, index=index, columns=columns, dtype=dtype)
  
      @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name='outtype', new_arg_name='orient')
      def to_dict(self, orient='dict'):
          """Convert DataFrame to dictionary.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          orient : str {'dict', 'list', 'series', 'split', 'records'}
              Determines the type of the values of the dictionary.
  
              - dict (default) : dict like {column -> {index -> value}}
              - list : dict like {column -> [values]}
              - series : dict like {column -> Series(values)}
              - split : dict like
                {index -> [index], columns -> [columns], data -> [values]}
              - records : list like
                [{column -> value}, ... , {column -> value}]
  
              Abbreviations are allowed. `s` indicates `series` and `sp`
              indicates `split`.
  
          Returns
          -------
          result : dict like {column -> {index -> value}}
          """
          if not self.columns.is_unique:
              warnings.warn("DataFrame columns are not unique, some "
                            "columns will be omitted.", UserWarning)
          if orient.lower().startswith('d'):
              return dict((k, v.to_dict()) for k, v in compat.iteritems(self))
          elif orient.lower().startswith('l'):
              return dict((k, v.tolist()) for k, v in compat.iteritems(self))
          elif orient.lower().startswith('sp'):
              return {'index': self.index.tolist(),
                      'columns': self.columns.tolist(),
                      'data': self.values.tolist()}
          elif orient.lower().startswith('s'):
              return dict((k, v) for k, v in compat.iteritems(self))
          elif orient.lower().startswith('r'):
              return [dict((k, v) for k, v in zip(self.columns, row))
                      for row in self.values]
          else:  # pragma: no cover
              raise ValueError("outtype %s not understood" % outtype)
  
      def to_gbq(self, destination_table, project_id=None, chunksize=10000,
                 verbose=True, reauth=False):
          """Write a DataFrame to a Google BigQuery table.
  
          THIS IS AN EXPERIMENTAL LIBRARY
  
          If the table exists, the dataframe will be written to the table using
          the defined table schema and column types. For simplicity, this method
          uses the Google BigQuery streaming API. The to_gbq method chunks data
          into a default chunk size of 10,000. Failures return the complete error
          response which can be quite long depending on the size of the insert.
          There are several important limitations of the Google streaming API
          which are detailed at:
          https://developers.google.com/bigquery/streaming-data-into-bigquery.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          dataframe : DataFrame
              DataFrame to be written
          destination_table : string
              Name of table to be written, in the form 'dataset.tablename'
          project_id : str
              Google BigQuery Account project ID.
          chunksize : int (default 10000)
              Number of rows to be inserted in each chunk from the dataframe.
          verbose : boolean (default True)
              Show percentage complete
          reauth : boolean (default False)
              Force Google BigQuery to reauthenticate the user. This is useful
              if multiple accounts are used.
  
          """
  
          from pandas.io import gbq
          return gbq.to_gbq(self, destination_table, project_id=project_id,
                            chunksize=chunksize, verbose=verbose,
                            reauth=reauth)
  
      @classmethod
      def from_records(cls, data, index=None, exclude=None, columns=None,
                       coerce_float=False, nrows=None):
          """
          Convert structured or record ndarray to DataFrame
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          data : ndarray (structured dtype), list of tuples, dict, or DataFrame
          index : string, list of fields, array-like
              Field of array to use as the index, alternately a specific set of
              input labels to use
          exclude : sequence, default None
              Columns or fields to exclude
          columns : sequence, default None
              Column names to use. If the passed data do not have names
              associated with them, this argument provides names for the
              columns. Otherwise this argument indicates the order of the columns
              in the result (any names not found in the data will become all-NA
              columns)
          coerce_float : boolean, default False
              Attempt to convert values to non-string, non-numeric objects (like
              decimal.Decimal) to floating point, useful for SQL result sets
  
          Returns
          -------
          df : DataFrame
          """
          # Make a copy of the input columns so we can modify it
          if columns is not None:
              columns = _ensure_index(columns)
  
          if com.is_iterator(data):
              if nrows == 0:
                  return cls()
  
              try:
                  if compat.PY3:
                      first_row = next(data)
                  else:
                      first_row = next(data)
              except StopIteration:
                  return cls(index=index, columns=columns)
  
              dtype = None
              if hasattr(first_row, 'dtype') and first_row.dtype.names:
                  dtype = first_row.dtype
  
              values = [first_row]
  
              if nrows is None:
                  values += data
              else:
                  values.extend(itertools.islice(data, nrows - 1))
  
              if dtype is not None:
                  data = np.array(values, dtype=dtype)
              else:
                  data = values
  
          if isinstance(data, dict):
              if columns is None:
                  columns = arr_columns = _ensure_index(sorted(data))
                  arrays = [data[k] for k in columns]
              else:
                  arrays = []
                  arr_columns = []
                  for k, v in compat.iteritems(data):
                      if k in columns:
                          arr_columns.append(k)
                          arrays.append(v)
  
                  arrays, arr_columns = _reorder_arrays(arrays, arr_columns,
                                                        columns)
  
          elif isinstance(data, (np.ndarray, DataFrame)):
              arrays, columns = _to_arrays(data, columns)
              if columns is not None:
                  columns = _ensure_index(columns)
              arr_columns = columns
          else:
              arrays, arr_columns = _to_arrays(data, columns,
                                               coerce_float=coerce_float)
  
              arr_columns = _ensure_index(arr_columns)
              if columns is not None:
                  columns = _ensure_index(columns)
              else:
                  columns = arr_columns
  
          if exclude is None:
              exclude = set()
          else:
              exclude = set(exclude)
  
          result_index = None
          if index is not None:
              if (isinstance(index, compat.string_types) or
                      not hasattr(index, "__iter__")):
                  i = columns.get_loc(index)
                  exclude.add(index)
                  if len(arrays) > 0:
                      result_index = Index(arrays[i], name=index)
                  else:
                      result_index = Index([], name=index)
              else:
                  try:
                      to_remove = [arr_columns.get_loc(field) for field in index]
  
                      result_index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
                          [arrays[i] for i in to_remove], names=index)
  
                      exclude.update(index)
                  except Exception:
                      result_index = index
  
          if any(exclude):
              arr_exclude = [x for x in exclude if x in arr_columns]
              to_remove = [arr_columns.get_loc(col) for col in arr_exclude]
              arrays = [v for i, v in enumerate(arrays) if i not in to_remove]
  
              arr_columns = arr_columns.drop(arr_exclude)
              columns = columns.drop(exclude)
  
          mgr = _arrays_to_mgr(arrays, arr_columns, result_index,
                               columns)
  
          return cls(mgr)
  
      def to_records(self, index=True, convert_datetime64=True):
          """
          Convert DataFrame to record array. Index will be put in the
          'index' field of the record array if requested
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          index : boolean, default True
              Include index in resulting record array, stored in 'index' field
          convert_datetime64 : boolean, default True
              Whether to convert the index to datetime.datetime if it is a
              DatetimeIndex
  
          Returns
          -------
          y : recarray
          """
          if index:
              if com.is_datetime64_dtype(self.index) and convert_datetime64:
                  ix_vals = [self.index.to_pydatetime()]
              else:
                  if isinstance(self.index, MultiIndex):
                      # array of tuples to numpy cols. copy copy copy
                      ix_vals = lmap(np.array, zip(*self.index.values))
                  else:
                      ix_vals = [self.index.values]
  
              arrays = ix_vals + [self[c].values for c in self.columns]
  
              count = 0
              index_names = list(self.index.names)
              if isinstance(self.index, MultiIndex):
                  for i, n in enumerate(index_names):
                      if n is None:
                          index_names[i] = 'level_%d' % count
                          count += 1
              elif index_names[0] is None:
                  index_names = ['index']
              names = index_names + lmap(str, self.columns)
          else:
              arrays = [self[c].values for c in self.columns]
              names = lmap(str, self.columns)
  
          dtype = np.dtype([(x, v.dtype) for x, v in zip(names, arrays)])
          return np.rec.fromarrays(arrays, dtype=dtype, names=names)
  
      @classmethod
      def from_items(cls, items, columns=None, orient='columns'):
          """
          Convert (key, value) pairs to DataFrame. The keys will be the axis
          index (usually the columns, but depends on the specified
          orientation). The values should be arrays or Series.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          items : sequence of (key, value) pairs
              Values should be arrays or Series.
          columns : sequence of column labels, optional
              Must be passed if orient='index'.
          orient : {'columns', 'index'}, default 'columns'
              The "orientation" of the data. If the keys of the
              input correspond to column labels, pass 'columns'
              (default). Otherwise if the keys correspond to the index,
              pass 'index'.
  
          Returns
          -------
          frame : DataFrame
          """
          keys, values = lzip(*items)
  
          if orient == 'columns':
              if columns is not None:
                  columns = _ensure_index(columns)
  
                  idict = dict(items)
                  if len(idict) < len(items):
                      if not columns.equals(_ensure_index(keys)):
                          raise ValueError('With non-unique item names, passed '
                                           'columns must be identical')
                      arrays = values
                  else:
                      arrays = [idict[k] for k in columns if k in idict]
              else:
                  columns = _ensure_index(keys)
                  arrays = values
  
              return cls._from_arrays(arrays, columns, None)
          elif orient == 'index':
              if columns is None:
                  raise TypeError("Must pass columns with orient='index'")
  
              keys = _ensure_index(keys)
  
              arr = np.array(values, dtype=object).T
              data = [lib.maybe_convert_objects(v) for v in arr]
              return cls._from_arrays(data, columns, keys)
          else:  # pragma: no cover
              raise ValueError("'orient' must be either 'columns' or 'index'")
  
      @classmethod
      def _from_arrays(cls, arrays, columns, index, dtype=None):
          mgr = _arrays_to_mgr(arrays, columns, index, columns, dtype=dtype)
          return cls(mgr)
  
      @classmethod
      def from_csv(cls, path, header=0, sep=',', index_col=0,
                   parse_dates=True, encoding=None, tupleize_cols=False,
                   infer_datetime_format=False):
          """
          Read delimited file into DataFrame
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          path : string file path or file handle / StringIO
          header : int, default 0
              Row to use at header (skip prior rows)
          sep : string, default ','
              Field delimiter
          index_col : int or sequence, default 0
              Column to use for index. If a sequence is given, a MultiIndex
              is used. Different default from read_table
          parse_dates : boolean, default True
              Parse dates. Different default from read_table
          tupleize_cols : boolean, default False
              write multi_index columns as a list of tuples (if True)
              or new (expanded format) if False)
          infer_datetime_format: boolean, default False
              If True and `parse_dates` is True for a column, try to infer the
              datetime format based on the first datetime string. If the format
              can be inferred, there often will be a large parsing speed-up.
  
          Notes
          -----
          Preferable to use read_table for most general purposes but from_csv
          makes for an easy roundtrip to and from file, especially with a
          DataFrame of time series data
  
          Returns
          -------
          y : DataFrame
          """
          from pandas.io.parsers import read_table
          return read_table(path, header=header, sep=sep,
                            parse_dates=parse_dates, index_col=index_col,
                            encoding=encoding, tupleize_cols=tupleize_cols,
                            infer_datetime_format=infer_datetime_format)
  
      def to_sparse(self, fill_value=None, kind='block'):
          """
          Convert to SparseDataFrame
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          fill_value : float, default NaN
          kind : {'block', 'integer'}
  
          Returns
          -------
          y : SparseDataFrame
          """
          from pandas.core.sparse import SparseDataFrame
          return SparseDataFrame(self._series, index=self.index,
                                 default_kind=kind,
                                 default_fill_value=fill_value)
  
      def to_panel(self):
          """
          Transform long (stacked) format (DataFrame) into wide (3D, Panel)
          format.
  
          Currently the index of the DataFrame must be a 2-level MultiIndex. This
          may be generalized later
  
          Returns
          -------
          panel : Panel
          """
          from pandas.core.panel import Panel
          from pandas.core.reshape import block2d_to_blocknd
  
          # only support this kind for now
          if (not isinstance(self.index, MultiIndex) or  # pragma: no cover
                  len(self.index.levels) != 2):
              raise NotImplementedError('Only 2-level MultiIndex are supported.')
  
          if not self.index.is_unique:
              raise ValueError("Can't convert non-uniquely indexed "
                               "DataFrame to Panel")
  
          self._consolidate_inplace()
  
          # minor axis must be sorted
          if self.index.lexsort_depth < 2:
              selfsorted = self.sortlevel(0)
          else:
              selfsorted = self
  
          major_axis, minor_axis = selfsorted.index.levels
  
          major_labels, minor_labels = selfsorted.index.labels
  
          shape = len(major_axis), len(minor_axis)
  
          new_blocks = []
          for block in selfsorted._data.blocks:
              newb = block2d_to_blocknd(
                  values=block.values.T,
                  placement=block.mgr_locs, shape=shape,
                  labels=[major_labels, minor_labels],
                  ref_items=selfsorted.columns)
              new_blocks.append(newb)
  
          # preserve names, if any
          major_axis = major_axis.copy()
          major_axis.name = self.index.names[0]
  
          minor_axis = minor_axis.copy()
          minor_axis.name = self.index.names[1]
  
          new_axes = [selfsorted.columns, major_axis, minor_axis]
          new_mgr = create_block_manager_from_blocks(new_blocks, new_axes)
  
          return Panel(new_mgr)
  
      to_wide = deprecate('to_wide', to_panel)
  
      @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name='cols', new_arg_name='columns')
      def to_csv(self, path_or_buf=None, sep=",", na_rep='', float_format=None,
                 columns=None, header=True, index=True, index_label=None,
                 mode='w', encoding=None, quoting=None,
                 quotechar='"', line_terminator='\n', chunksize=None,
                 tupleize_cols=False, date_format=None, doublequote=True,
                 escapechar=None, **kwds):
          r"""Write DataFrame to a comma-separated values (csv) file
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          path_or_buf : string or file handle, default None
              File path or object, if None is provided the result is returned as
              a string.
          sep : character, default ","
              Field delimiter for the output file.
          na_rep : string, default ''
              Missing data representation
          float_format : string, default None
              Format string for floating point numbers
          columns : sequence, optional
              Columns to write
          header : boolean or list of string, default True
              Write out column names. If a list of string is given it is assumed
              to be aliases for the column names
          index : boolean, default True
              Write row names (index)
          index_label : string or sequence, or False, default None
              Column label for index column(s) if desired. If None is given, and
              `header` and `index` are True, then the index names are used. A
              sequence should be given if the DataFrame uses MultiIndex.  If
              False do not print fields for index names. Use index_label=False
              for easier importing in R
          nanRep : None
              deprecated, use na_rep
          mode : str
              Python write mode, default 'w'
          encoding : string, optional
              a string representing the encoding to use if the contents are
              non-ascii, for python versions prior to 3
          line_terminator : string, default '\\n'
              The newline character or character sequence to use in the output
              file
          quoting : optional constant from csv module
              defaults to csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL
          quotechar : string (length 1), default '"'
              character used to quote fields
          doublequote : boolean, default True
              Control quoting of `quotechar` inside a field
          escapechar : string (length 1), default None
              character used to escape `sep` and `quotechar` when appropriate
          chunksize : int or None
              rows to write at a time
          tupleize_cols : boolean, default False
              write multi_index columns as a list of tuples (if True)
              or new (expanded format) if False)
          date_format : string, default None
              Format string for datetime objects
          cols : kwarg only alias of columns [deprecated]
          """
  
          formatter = fmt.CSVFormatter(self, path_or_buf,
                                       line_terminator=line_terminator,
                                       sep=sep, encoding=encoding,
                                       quoting=quoting, na_rep=na_rep,
                                       float_format=float_format, cols=columns,
                                       header=header, index=index,
                                       index_label=index_label, mode=mode,
                                       chunksize=chunksize, quotechar=quotechar,
                                       engine=kwds.get("engine"),
                                       tupleize_cols=tupleize_cols,
                                       date_format=date_format,
                                       doublequote=doublequote,
                                       escapechar=escapechar)
          formatter.save()
  
          if path_or_buf is None:
              return formatter.path_or_buf.getvalue()
  
      @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name='cols', new_arg_name='columns')
      def to_excel(self, excel_writer, sheet_name='Sheet1', na_rep='',
                   float_format=None, columns=None, header=True, index=True,
                   index_label=None, startrow=0, startcol=0, engine=None,
                   merge_cells=True, encoding=None, inf_rep='inf'):
          """
          Write DataFrame to a excel sheet
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          excel_writer : string or ExcelWriter object
              File path or existing ExcelWriter
          sheet_name : string, default 'Sheet1'
              Name of sheet which will contain DataFrame
          na_rep : string, default ''
              Missing data representation
          float_format : string, default None
              Format string for floating point numbers
          columns : sequence, optional
              Columns to write
          header : boolean or list of string, default True
              Write out column names. If a list of string is given it is
              assumed to be aliases for the column names
          index : boolean, default True
              Write row names (index)
          index_label : string or sequence, default None
              Column label for index column(s) if desired. If None is given, and
              `header` and `index` are True, then the index names are used. A
              sequence should be given if the DataFrame uses MultiIndex.
          startrow :
              upper left cell row to dump data frame
          startcol :
              upper left cell column to dump data frame
          engine : string, default None
              write engine to use - you can also set this via the options
              ``io.excel.xlsx.writer``, ``io.excel.xls.writer``, and
              ``io.excel.xlsm.writer``.
          merge_cells : boolean, default True
              Write MultiIndex and Hierarchical Rows as merged cells.
          encoding: string, default None
              encoding of the resulting excel file. Only necessary for xlwt,
              other writers support unicode natively.
          cols : kwarg only alias of columns [deprecated]
          inf_rep : string, default 'inf'
              Representation for infinity (there is no native representation for
              infinity in Excel)
  
          Notes
          -----
          If passing an existing ExcelWriter object, then the sheet will be added
          to the existing workbook.  This can be used to save different
          DataFrames to one workbook:
  
          >>> writer = ExcelWriter('output.xlsx')
          >>> df1.to_excel(writer,'Sheet1')
          >>> df2.to_excel(writer,'Sheet2')
          >>> writer.save()
          """
          from pandas.io.excel import ExcelWriter
  
          need_save = False
          if encoding == None:
              encoding = 'ascii'
  
          if isinstance(excel_writer, compat.string_types):
              excel_writer = ExcelWriter(excel_writer, engine=engine)
              need_save = True
  
          formatter = fmt.ExcelFormatter(self,
                                         na_rep=na_rep,
                                         cols=columns,
                                         header=header,
                                         float_format=float_format,
                                         index=index,
                                         index_label=index_label,
                                         merge_cells=merge_cells,
                                         inf_rep=inf_rep)
          formatted_cells = formatter.get_formatted_cells()
          excel_writer.write_cells(formatted_cells, sheet_name,
                                   startrow=startrow, startcol=startcol)
          if need_save:
              excel_writer.save()
  
      def to_stata(
          self, fname, convert_dates=None, write_index=True, encoding="latin-1",
              byteorder=None, time_stamp=None, data_label=None):
          """
          A class for writing Stata binary dta files from array-like objects
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          fname : file path or buffer
              Where to save the dta file.
          convert_dates : dict
              Dictionary mapping column of datetime types to the stata internal
              format that you want to use for the dates. Options are
              'tc', 'td', 'tm', 'tw', 'th', 'tq', 'ty'. Column can be either a
              number or a name.
          encoding : str
              Default is latin-1. Note that Stata does not support unicode.
          byteorder : str
              Can be ">", "<", "little", or "big". The default is None which uses
              `sys.byteorder`
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> writer = StataWriter('./data_file.dta', data)
          >>> writer.write_file()
  
          Or with dates
  
          >>> writer = StataWriter('./date_data_file.dta', data, {2 : 'tw'})
          >>> writer.write_file()
          """
          from pandas.io.stata import StataWriter
          writer = StataWriter(fname, self, convert_dates=convert_dates,
                               encoding=encoding, byteorder=byteorder,
                               time_stamp=time_stamp, data_label=data_label,
                               write_index=write_index)
          writer.write_file()
  
      @Appender(fmt.docstring_to_string, indents=1)
      def to_string(self, buf=None, columns=None, col_space=None, colSpace=None,
                    header=True, index=True, na_rep='NaN', formatters=None,
                    float_format=None, sparsify=None, index_names=True,
                    justify=None, line_width=None, max_rows=None, max_cols=None,
                    show_dimensions=False):
          """
          Render a DataFrame to a console-friendly tabular output.
          """
  
          if colSpace is not None:  # pragma: no cover
              warnings.warn("colSpace is deprecated, use col_space",
                            FutureWarning)
              col_space = colSpace
  
          formatter = fmt.DataFrameFormatter(self, buf=buf, columns=columns,
                                             col_space=col_space, na_rep=na_rep,
                                             formatters=formatters,
                                             float_format=float_format,
                                             sparsify=sparsify,
                                             justify=justify,
                                             index_names=index_names,
                                             header=header, index=index,
                                             line_width=line_width,
                                             max_rows=max_rows,
                                             max_cols=max_cols,
                                             show_dimensions=show_dimensions)
          formatter.to_string()
  
          if buf is None:
              result = formatter.buf.getvalue()
              return result
  
      @Appender(fmt.docstring_to_string, indents=1)
      def to_html(self, buf=None, columns=None, col_space=None, colSpace=None,
                  header=True, index=True, na_rep='NaN', formatters=None,
                  float_format=None, sparsify=None, index_names=True,
                  justify=None, bold_rows=True, classes=None, escape=True,
                  max_rows=None, max_cols=None, show_dimensions=False):
          """
          Render a DataFrame as an HTML table.
  
          `to_html`-specific options:
  
          bold_rows : boolean, default True
              Make the row labels bold in the output
          classes : str or list or tuple, default None
              CSS class(es) to apply to the resulting html table
          escape : boolean, default True
              Convert the characters <, >, and & to HTML-safe sequences.=
          max_rows : int, optional
              Maximum number of rows to show before truncating. If None, show
              all.
          max_cols : int, optional
              Maximum number of columns to show before truncating. If None, show
              all.
  
          """
  
          if colSpace is not None:  # pragma: no cover
              warnings.warn("colSpace is deprecated, use col_space",
                            FutureWarning)
              col_space = colSpace
  
          formatter = fmt.DataFrameFormatter(self, buf=buf, columns=columns,
                                             col_space=col_space, na_rep=na_rep,
                                             formatters=formatters,
                                             float_format=float_format,
                                             sparsify=sparsify,
                                             justify=justify,
                                             index_names=index_names,
                                             header=header, index=index,
                                             bold_rows=bold_rows,
                                             escape=escape,
                                             max_rows=max_rows,
                                             max_cols=max_cols,
                                             show_dimensions=show_dimensions)
          formatter.to_html(classes=classes)
  
          if buf is None:
              return formatter.buf.getvalue()
  
      @Appender(fmt.docstring_to_string, indents=1)
      def to_latex(self, buf=None, columns=None, col_space=None, colSpace=None,
                   header=True, index=True, na_rep='NaN', formatters=None,
                   float_format=None, sparsify=None, index_names=True,
                   bold_rows=True, longtable=False, escape=True):
          """
          Render a DataFrame to a tabular environment table. You can splice
          this into a LaTeX document. Requires \\usepackage{booktabs}.
  
          `to_latex`-specific options:
  
          bold_rows : boolean, default True
              Make the row labels bold in the output
          longtable : boolean, default False
              Use a longtable environment instead of tabular. Requires adding
              a \\usepackage{longtable} to your LaTeX preamble.
          escape : boolean, default True
              When set to False prevents from escaping latex special
              characters in column names.
  
          """
  
          if colSpace is not None:  # pragma: no cover
              warnings.warn("colSpace is deprecated, use col_space",
                            FutureWarning)
              col_space = colSpace
  
          formatter = fmt.DataFrameFormatter(self, buf=buf, columns=columns,
                                             col_space=col_space, na_rep=na_rep,
                                             header=header, index=index,
                                             formatters=formatters,
                                             float_format=float_format,
                                             bold_rows=bold_rows,
                                             sparsify=sparsify,
                                             index_names=index_names,
                                             escape=escape)
          formatter.to_latex(longtable=longtable)
  
          if buf is None:
              return formatter.buf.getvalue()
  
      def info(self, verbose=None, buf=None, max_cols=None, memory_usage=None):
          """
          Concise summary of a DataFrame.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          verbose : {None, True, False}, optional
              Whether to print the full summary.
              None follows the `display.max_info_columns` setting.
              True or False overrides the `display.max_info_columns` setting.
          buf : writable buffer, defaults to sys.stdout
          max_cols : int, default None
              Determines whether full summary or short summary is printed.
              None follows the `display.max_info_columns` setting.
          memory_usage : boolean, default None
              Specifies whether total memory usage of the DataFrame
              elements (including index) should be displayed. None follows
              the `display.memory_usage` setting. True or False overrides
              the `display.memory_usage` setting. Memory usage is shown in
              human-readable units (base-2 representation).
          """
          from pandas.core.format import _put_lines
  
          if buf is None:  # pragma: no cover
              buf = sys.stdout
  
          lines = []
  
          lines.append(str(type(self)))
          lines.append(self.index.summary())
  
          if len(self.columns) == 0:
              lines.append('Empty %s' % type(self).__name__)
              _put_lines(buf, lines)
              return
  
          cols = self.columns
  
          # hack
          if max_cols is None:
              max_cols = get_option(
                  'display.max_info_columns', len(self.columns) + 1)
  
          max_rows = get_option('display.max_info_rows', len(self) + 1)
  
          show_counts = ((len(self.columns) <= max_cols) and
                         (len(self) < max_rows))
          exceeds_info_cols = len(self.columns) > max_cols
  
          def _verbose_repr():
              lines.append('Data columns (total %d columns):' %
                           len(self.columns))
              space = max([len(com.pprint_thing(k)) for k in self.columns]) + 4
              counts = None
  
              tmpl = "%s%s"
              if show_counts:
                  counts = self.count()
                  if len(cols) != len(counts):  # pragma: no cover
                      raise AssertionError('Columns must equal counts (%d != %d)' %
                                           (len(cols), len(counts)))
                  tmpl = "%s non-null %s"
  
              dtypes = self.dtypes
              for i, col in enumerate(self.columns):
                  dtype = dtypes[col]
                  col = com.pprint_thing(col)
  
                  count = ""
                  if show_counts:
                      count = counts.iloc[i]
  
                  lines.append(_put_str(col, space) +
                               tmpl % (count, dtype))
  
          def _non_verbose_repr():
              lines.append(self.columns.summary(name='Columns'))
  
          def _sizeof_fmt(num):
              # returns size in human readable format
              for x in ['bytes', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB']:
                  if num < 1024.0:
                      return "%3.1f %s" % (num, x)
                  num /= 1024.0
              return "%3.1f %s" % (num, 'PB')
  
          if verbose:
              _verbose_repr()
          elif verbose is False:  # specifically set to False, not nesc None
              _non_verbose_repr()
          else:
              if exceeds_info_cols:
                  _non_verbose_repr()
              else:
                  _verbose_repr()
  
          counts = self.get_dtype_counts()
          dtypes = ['%s(%d)' % k for k in sorted(compat.iteritems(counts))]
          lines.append('dtypes: %s' % ', '.join(dtypes))
          if memory_usage is None:
              memory_usage = get_option('display.memory_usage')
          if memory_usage:  # append memory usage of df to display
              lines.append("memory usage: %s\n" %
                              _sizeof_fmt(self.memory_usage(index=True).sum()))
          _put_lines(buf, lines)
  
      def memory_usage(self, index=False):
          """Memory usage of DataFrame columns.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          index : bool
              Specifies whether to include memory usage of DataFrame's
              index in returned Series. If `index=True` (default is False)
              the first index of the Series is `Index`.
  
          Returns
          -------
          sizes : Series
              A series with column names as index and memory usage of
              columns with units of bytes.
  
          Notes
          -----
          Memory usage does not include memory consumed by elements that
          are not components of the array.
  
          See Also
          --------
          numpy.ndarray.nbytes
          """
          result = Series([ c.values.nbytes for col, c in self.iteritems() ],
                          index=self.columns)
          if index:
               result = Series(self.index.values.nbytes,
                          index=['Index']).append(result)
          return result
  
      def transpose(self):
          """Transpose index and columns"""
          return super(DataFrame, self).transpose(1, 0)
  
      T = property(transpose)
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Picklability
  
      # legacy pickle formats
      def _unpickle_frame_compat(self, state):  # pragma: no cover
          from pandas.core.common import _unpickle_array
          if len(state) == 2:  # pragma: no cover
              series, idx = state
              columns = sorted(series)
          else:
              series, cols, idx = state
              columns = _unpickle_array(cols)
  
          index = _unpickle_array(idx)
          self._data = self._init_dict(series, index, columns, None)
  
      def _unpickle_matrix_compat(self, state):  # pragma: no cover
          from pandas.core.common import _unpickle_array
          # old unpickling
          (vals, idx, cols), object_state = state
  
          index = _unpickle_array(idx)
          dm = DataFrame(vals, index=index, columns=_unpickle_array(cols),
                         copy=False)
  
          if object_state is not None:
              ovals, _, ocols = object_state
              objects = DataFrame(ovals, index=index,
                                  columns=_unpickle_array(ocols),
                                  copy=False)
  
              dm = dm.join(objects)
  
          self._data = dm._data
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Getting and setting elements
  
      def get_value(self, index, col, takeable=False):
          """
          Quickly retrieve single value at passed column and index
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          index : row label
          col : column label
          takeable : interpret the index/col as indexers, default False
  
          Returns
          -------
          value : scalar value
          """
  
          if takeable:
              series = self._iget_item_cache(col)
              return _maybe_box_datetimelike(series.values[index])
  
          series = self._get_item_cache(col)
          engine = self.index._engine
          return engine.get_value(series.get_values(), index)
  
      def set_value(self, index, col, value, takeable=False):
          """
          Put single value at passed column and index
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          index : row label
          col : column label
          value : scalar value
          takeable : interpret the index/col as indexers, default False
  
          Returns
          -------
          frame : DataFrame
              If label pair is contained, will be reference to calling DataFrame,
              otherwise a new object
          """
          try:
              if takeable is True:
                  series = self._iget_item_cache(col)
                  return series.set_value(index, value, takeable=True)
  
              series = self._get_item_cache(col)
              engine = self.index._engine
              engine.set_value(series.values, index, value)
              return self
          except (KeyError, TypeError):
  
              # set using a non-recursive method & reset the cache
              self.loc[index, col] = value
              self._item_cache.pop(col, None)
  
              return self
  
      def irow(self, i, copy=False):
          return self._ixs(i, axis=0)
  
      def icol(self, i):
          return self._ixs(i, axis=1)
  
      def _ixs(self, i, axis=0):
          """
          i : int, slice, or sequence of integers
          axis : int
          """
  
          # irow
          if axis == 0:
  
              """
              Notes
              -----
              If slice passed, the resulting data will be a view
              """
  
              if isinstance(i, slice):
                  return self[i]
              else:
                  label = self.index[i]
                  if isinstance(label, Index):
                      # a location index by definition
                      result = self.take(i, axis=axis)
                      copy=True
                  else:
                      new_values = self._data.fast_xs(i)
  
                      # if we are a copy, mark as such
                      copy = isinstance(new_values,np.ndarray) and new_values.base is None
                      result = Series(new_values, index=self.columns,
                                      name=self.index[i], dtype=new_values.dtype)
                  result._set_is_copy(self, copy=copy)
                  return result
  
          # icol
          else:
  
              """
              Notes
              -----
              If slice passed, the resulting data will be a view
              """
  
              label = self.columns[i]
              if isinstance(i, slice):
                  # need to return view
                  lab_slice = slice(label[0], label[-1])
                  return self.ix[:, lab_slice]
              else:
                  label = self.columns[i]
                  if isinstance(label, Index):
                      return self.take(i, axis=1, convert=True)
  
                  # if the values returned are not the same length
                  # as the index (iow a not found value), iget returns
                  # a 0-len ndarray. This is effectively catching
                  # a numpy error (as numpy should really raise)
                  values = self._data.iget(i)
                  if not len(values):
                      values = np.array([np.nan] * len(self.index), dtype=object)
                  result = self._constructor_sliced.from_array(
                      values, index=self.index,
                      name=label, fastpath=True)
  
                  # this is a cached value, mark it so
                  result._set_as_cached(label, self)
  
                  return result
  
      def iget_value(self, i, j):
          return self.iat[i, j]
  
      def __getitem__(self, key):
  
          # shortcut if we are an actual column
          is_mi_columns = isinstance(self.columns, MultiIndex)
          try:
              if key in self.columns and not is_mi_columns:
                  return self._getitem_column(key)
          except:
              pass
  
          # see if we can slice the rows
          indexer = _convert_to_index_sliceable(self, key)
          if indexer is not None:
              return self._getitem_slice(indexer)
  
          if isinstance(key, (Series, np.ndarray, Index, list)):
              # either boolean or fancy integer index
              return self._getitem_array(key)
          elif isinstance(key, DataFrame):
              return self._getitem_frame(key)
          elif is_mi_columns:
              return self._getitem_multilevel(key)
          else:
              return self._getitem_column(key)
  
      def _getitem_column(self, key):
          """ return the actual column """
  
          # get column
          if self.columns.is_unique:
              return self._get_item_cache(key)
  
          # duplicate columns & possible reduce dimensionaility
          result = self._constructor(self._data.get(key))
          if result.columns.is_unique:
              result = result[key]
  
          return result
  
      def _getitem_slice(self, key):
          return self._slice(key, axis=0)
  
      def _getitem_array(self, key):
          # also raises Exception if object array with NA values
          if com._is_bool_indexer(key):
              # warning here just in case -- previously __setitem__ was
              # reindexing but __getitem__ was not; it seems more reasonable to
              # go with the __setitem__ behavior since that is more consistent
              # with all other indexing behavior
              if isinstance(key, Series) and not key.index.equals(self.index):
                  warnings.warn("Boolean Series key will be reindexed to match "
                                "DataFrame index.", UserWarning)
              elif len(key) != len(self.index):
                  raise ValueError('Item wrong length %d instead of %d.' %
                                   (len(key), len(self.index)))
              # _check_bool_indexer will throw exception if Series key cannot
              # be reindexed to match DataFrame rows
              key = _check_bool_indexer(self.index, key)
              indexer = key.nonzero()[0]
              return self.take(indexer, axis=0, convert=False)
          else:
              indexer = self.ix._convert_to_indexer(key, axis=1)
              return self.take(indexer, axis=1, convert=True)
  
      def _getitem_multilevel(self, key):
          loc = self.columns.get_loc(key)
          if isinstance(loc, (slice, Series, np.ndarray, Index)):
              new_columns = self.columns[loc]
              result_columns = _maybe_droplevels(new_columns, key)
              if self._is_mixed_type:
                  result = self.reindex(columns=new_columns)
                  result.columns = result_columns
              else:
                  new_values = self.values[:, loc]
                  result = DataFrame(new_values, index=self.index,
                                     columns=result_columns).__finalize__(self)
              if len(result.columns) == 1:
                  top = result.columns[0]
                  if ((type(top) == str and top == '') or
                          (type(top) == tuple and top[0] == '')):
                      result = result['']
                      if isinstance(result, Series):
                          result = Series(result, index=self.index, name=key)
  
              result._set_is_copy(self)
              return result
          else:
              return self._get_item_cache(key)
  
      def _getitem_frame(self, key):
          if key.values.dtype != np.bool_:
              raise ValueError('Must pass DataFrame with boolean values only')
          return self.where(key)
  
      def query(self, expr, **kwargs):
          """Query the columns of a frame with a boolean expression.
  
          .. versionadded:: 0.13
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          expr : string
              The query string to evaluate.  You can refer to variables
              in the environment by prefixing them with an '@' character like
              ``@a + b``.
          kwargs : dict
              See the documentation for :func:`pandas.eval` for complete details
              on the keyword arguments accepted by :meth:`DataFrame.query`.
  
          Returns
          -------
          q : DataFrame
  
          Notes
          -----
          The result of the evaluation of this expression is first passed to
          :attr:`DataFrame.loc` and if that fails because of a
          multidimensional key (e.g., a DataFrame) then the result will be passed
          to :meth:`DataFrame.__getitem__`.
  
          This method uses the top-level :func:`pandas.eval` function to
          evaluate the passed query.
  
          The :meth:`~pandas.DataFrame.query` method uses a slightly
          modified Python syntax by default. For example, the ``&`` and ``|``
          (bitwise) operators have the precedence of their boolean cousins,
          :keyword:`and` and :keyword:`or`. This *is* syntactically valid Python,
          however the semantics are different.
  
          You can change the semantics of the expression by passing the keyword
          argument ``parser='python'``. This enforces the same semantics as
          evaluation in Python space. Likewise, you can pass ``engine='python'``
          to evaluate an expression using Python itself as a backend. This is not
          recommended as it is inefficient compared to using ``numexpr`` as the
          engine.
  
          The :attr:`DataFrame.index` and
          :attr:`DataFrame.columns` attributes of the
          :class:`~pandas.DataFrame` instance are placed in the query namespace
          by default, which allows you to treat both the index and columns of the
          frame as a column in the frame.
          The identifier ``index`` is used for the frame index; you can also
          use the name of the index to identify it in a query.
  
          For further details and examples see the ``query`` documentation in
          :ref:`indexing <indexing.query>`.
  
          See Also
          --------
          pandas.eval
          DataFrame.eval
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> from numpy.random import randn
          >>> from pandas import DataFrame
          >>> df = DataFrame(randn(10, 2), columns=list('ab'))
          >>> df.query('a > b')
          >>> df[df.a > df.b]  # same result as the previous expression
          """
          kwargs['level'] = kwargs.pop('level', 0) + 1
          res = self.eval(expr, **kwargs)
  
          try:
              return self.loc[res]
          except ValueError:
              # when res is multi-dimensional loc raises, but this is sometimes a
              # valid query
              return self[res]
  
      def eval(self, expr, **kwargs):
          """Evaluate an expression in the context of the calling DataFrame
          instance.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          expr : string
              The expression string to evaluate.
          kwargs : dict
              See the documentation for :func:`~pandas.eval` for complete details
              on the keyword arguments accepted by
              :meth:`~pandas.DataFrame.query`.
  
          Returns
          -------
          ret : ndarray, scalar, or pandas object
  
          See Also
          --------
          pandas.DataFrame.query
          pandas.eval
  
          Notes
          -----
          For more details see the API documentation for :func:`~pandas.eval`.
          For detailed examples see :ref:`enhancing performance with eval
          <enhancingperf.eval>`.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> from numpy.random import randn
          >>> from pandas import DataFrame
          >>> df = DataFrame(randn(10, 2), columns=list('ab'))
          >>> df.eval('a + b')
          >>> df.eval('c = a + b')
          """
          resolvers = kwargs.pop('resolvers', None)
          kwargs['level'] = kwargs.pop('level', 0) + 1
          if resolvers is None:
              index_resolvers = self._get_index_resolvers()
              resolvers = dict(self.iteritems()), index_resolvers
          kwargs['target'] = self
          kwargs['resolvers'] = kwargs.get('resolvers', ()) + resolvers
          return _eval(expr, **kwargs)
  
      def select_dtypes(self, include=None, exclude=None):
          """Return a subset of a DataFrame including/excluding columns based on
          their ``dtype``.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          include, exclude : list-like
              A list of dtypes or strings to be included/excluded. You must pass
              in a non-empty sequence for at least one of these.
  
          Raises
          ------
          ValueError
              * If both of ``include`` and ``exclude`` are empty
              * If ``include`` and ``exclude`` have overlapping elements
              * If any kind of string dtype is passed in.
          TypeError
              * If either of ``include`` or ``exclude`` is not a sequence
  
          Returns
          -------
          subset : DataFrame
              The subset of the frame including the dtypes in ``include`` and
              excluding the dtypes in ``exclude``.
  
          Notes
          -----
          * To select all *numeric* types use the numpy dtype ``numpy.number``
          * To select strings you must use the ``object`` dtype, but note that
            this will return *all* object dtype columns
          * See the `numpy dtype hierarchy
            <http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/arrays.scalars.html>`__
          * To select Pandas categorical dtypes, use 'category'
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> df = pd.DataFrame({'a': np.random.randn(6).astype('f4'),
          ...                    'b': [True, False] * 3,
          ...                    'c': [1.0, 2.0] * 3})
          >>> df
                  a      b  c
          0  0.3962   True  1
          1  0.1459  False  2
          2  0.2623   True  1
          3  0.0764  False  2
          4 -0.9703   True  1
          5 -1.2094  False  2
          >>> df.select_dtypes(include=['float64'])
             c
          0  1
          1  2
          2  1
          3  2
          4  1
          5  2
          >>> df.select_dtypes(exclude=['floating'])
                 b
          0   True
          1  False
          2   True
          3  False
          4   True
          5  False
          """
          include, exclude = include or (), exclude or ()
          if not (com.is_list_like(include) and com.is_list_like(exclude)):
              raise TypeError('include and exclude must both be non-string'
                              ' sequences')
          selection = tuple(map(frozenset, (include, exclude)))
  
          if not any(selection):
              raise ValueError('at least one of include or exclude must be '
                               'nonempty')
  
          # convert the myriad valid dtypes object to a single representation
          include, exclude = map(lambda x:
                                 frozenset(map(com._get_dtype_from_object, x)),
                                 selection)
          for dtypes in (include, exclude):
              com._invalidate_string_dtypes(dtypes)
  
          # can't both include AND exclude!
          if not include.isdisjoint(exclude):
              raise ValueError('include and exclude overlap on %s'
                               % (include & exclude))
  
          # empty include/exclude -> defaults to True
          # three cases (we've already raised if both are empty)
          # case 1: empty include, nonempty exclude
          # we have True, True, ... True for include, same for exclude
          # in the loop below we get the excluded
          # and when we call '&' below we get only the excluded
          # case 2: nonempty include, empty exclude
          # same as case 1, but with include
          # case 3: both nonempty
          # the "union" of the logic of case 1 and case 2:
          # we get the included and excluded, and return their logical and
          include_these = Series(not bool(include), index=self.columns)
          exclude_these = Series(not bool(exclude), index=self.columns)
  
          def is_dtype_instance_mapper(column, dtype):
              return column, functools.partial(issubclass, dtype.type)
  
          for column, f in itertools.starmap(is_dtype_instance_mapper,
                                             self.dtypes.iteritems()):
              if include:  # checks for the case of empty include or exclude
                  include_these[column] = any(map(f, include))
              if exclude:
                  exclude_these[column] = not any(map(f, exclude))
  
          dtype_indexer = include_these & exclude_these
          return self.loc[com._get_info_slice(self, dtype_indexer)]
  
      def _box_item_values(self, key, values):
          items = self.columns[self.columns.get_loc(key)]
          if values.ndim == 2:
              return self._constructor(values.T, columns=items, index=self.index)
          else:
              return self._box_col_values(values, items)
  
      def _box_col_values(self, values, items):
          """ provide boxed values for a column """
          return self._constructor_sliced.from_array(values, index=self.index,
                                                     name=items, fastpath=True)
  
      def __setitem__(self, key, value):
  
          # see if we can slice the rows
          indexer = _convert_to_index_sliceable(self, key)
          if indexer is not None:
              return self._setitem_slice(indexer, value)
  
          if isinstance(key, (Series, np.ndarray, list, Index)):
              self._setitem_array(key, value)
          elif isinstance(key, DataFrame):
              self._setitem_frame(key, value)
          else:
              # set column
              self._set_item(key, value)
  
      def _setitem_slice(self, key, value):
          self._check_setitem_copy()
          self.ix._setitem_with_indexer(key, value)
  
      def _setitem_array(self, key, value):
          # also raises Exception if object array with NA values
          if com._is_bool_indexer(key):
              if len(key) != len(self.index):
                  raise ValueError('Item wrong length %d instead of %d!' %
                                   (len(key), len(self.index)))
              key = _check_bool_indexer(self.index, key)
              indexer = key.nonzero()[0]
              self._check_setitem_copy()
              self.ix._setitem_with_indexer(indexer, value)
          else:
              if isinstance(value, DataFrame):
                  if len(value.columns) != len(key):
                      raise ValueError('Columns must be same length as key')
                  for k1, k2 in zip(key, value.columns):
                      self[k1] = value[k2]
              else:
                  indexer = self.ix._convert_to_indexer(key, axis=1)
                  self._check_setitem_copy()
                  self.ix._setitem_with_indexer((slice(None), indexer), value)
  
      def _setitem_frame(self, key, value):
          # support boolean setting with DataFrame input, e.g.
          # df[df > df2] = 0
          if key.values.dtype != np.bool_:
              raise TypeError('Must pass DataFrame with boolean values only')
  
          self._check_inplace_setting(value)
          self._check_setitem_copy()
          self.where(-key, value, inplace=True)
  
      def _ensure_valid_index(self, value):
          """
          ensure that if we don't have an index, that we can create one from the
          passed value
          """
          if not len(self.index):
  
              # GH5632, make sure that we are a Series convertible
              if is_list_like(value):
                  try:
                      value = Series(value)
                  except:
                      pass
  
                  if not isinstance(value, Series):
                      raise ValueError('Cannot set a frame with no defined index '
                                       'and a value that cannot be converted to a '
                                       'Series')
  
                  self._data = self._data.reindex_axis(value.index.copy(), axis=1,
                                                       fill_value=np.nan)
  
              # we are a scalar
              # noop
              else:
  
                  pass
  
      def _set_item(self, key, value):
          """
          Add series to DataFrame in specified column.
  
          If series is a numpy-array (not a Series/TimeSeries), it must be the
          same length as the DataFrames index or an error will be thrown.
  
          Series/TimeSeries will be conformed to the DataFrames index to
          ensure homogeneity.
          """
  
          self._ensure_valid_index(value)
          value = self._sanitize_column(key, value)
          NDFrame._set_item(self, key, value)
  
          # check if we are modifying a copy
          # try to set first as we want an invalid
          # value exeption to occur first
          if len(self):
              self._check_setitem_copy()
  
      def insert(self, loc, column, value, allow_duplicates=False):
          """
          Insert column into DataFrame at specified location.
  
          If `allow_duplicates` is False, raises Exception if column
          is already contained in the DataFrame.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          loc : int
              Must have 0 <= loc <= len(columns)
          column : object
          value : int, Series, or array-like
          """
          self._ensure_valid_index(value)
          value = self._sanitize_column(column, value)
          self._data.insert(
              loc, column, value, allow_duplicates=allow_duplicates)
  
      def _sanitize_column(self, key, value):
          # Need to make sure new columns (which go into the BlockManager as new
          # blocks) are always copied
  
          def reindexer(value):
              # reindex if necessary
  
              if value.index.equals(self.index) or not len(self.index):
                  value = value.values.copy()
              else:
  
                  # GH 4107
                  try:
                      value = value.reindex(self.index).values
                  except Exception as e:
  
                      # duplicate axis
                      if not value.index.is_unique:
                          raise e
  
                      # other
                      raise TypeError('incompatible index of inserted column '
                                      'with frame index')
              return value
  
          if isinstance(value, Series):
              value = reindexer(value)
  
          elif isinstance(value, DataFrame):
              # align right-hand-side columns if self.columns
              # is multi-index and self[key] is a sub-frame
              if isinstance(self.columns, MultiIndex) and key in self.columns:
                  loc = self.columns.get_loc(key)
                  if isinstance(loc, (slice, Series, np.ndarray, Index)):
                      cols = _maybe_droplevels(self.columns[loc], key)
                      if len(cols) and not cols.equals(value.columns):
                          value = value.reindex_axis(cols, axis=1)
              # now align rows
              value = reindexer(value).T
  
          elif isinstance(value, Categorical):
              value = value.copy()
  
          elif (isinstance(value, Index) or _is_sequence(value)):
              from pandas.core.series import _sanitize_index
              value = _sanitize_index(value, self.index, copy=False)
              if not isinstance(value, (np.ndarray, Index)):
                  if isinstance(value, list) and len(value) > 0:
                      value = com._possibly_convert_platform(value)
                  else:
                      value = com._asarray_tuplesafe(value)
              elif value.ndim == 2:
                  value = value.copy().T
              else:
                  value = value.copy()
          else:
              # upcast the scalar
              dtype, value = _infer_dtype_from_scalar(value)
              value = np.repeat(value, len(self.index)).astype(dtype)
              value = com._possibly_cast_to_datetime(value, dtype)
  
          # return unconsolidatables directly
          if isinstance(value, (Categorical, SparseArray)):
              return value
  
          # broadcast across multiple columns if necessary
          if key in self.columns and value.ndim == 1:
              if not self.columns.is_unique or isinstance(self.columns,
                                                          MultiIndex):
                  existing_piece = self[key]
                  if isinstance(existing_piece, DataFrame):
                      value = np.tile(value, (len(existing_piece.columns), 1))
  
          return np.atleast_2d(np.asarray(value))
  
      @property
      def _series(self):
          result = {}
          for idx, item in enumerate(self.columns):
              result[item] = Series(self._data.iget(idx), index=self.index,
                                    name=item)
          return result
  
      def lookup(self, row_labels, col_labels):
          """Label-based "fancy indexing" function for DataFrame.
          Given equal-length arrays of row and column labels, return an
          array of the values corresponding to each (row, col) pair.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          row_labels : sequence
              The row labels to use for lookup
          col_labels : sequence
              The column labels to use for lookup
  
          Notes
          -----
          Akin to::
  
              result = []
              for row, col in zip(row_labels, col_labels):
                  result.append(df.get_value(row, col))
  
          Examples
          --------
          values : ndarray
              The found values
  
          """
          n = len(row_labels)
          if n != len(col_labels):
              raise ValueError('Row labels must have same size as column labels')
  
          thresh = 1000
          if not self._is_mixed_type or n > thresh:
              values = self.values
              ridx = self.index.get_indexer(row_labels)
              cidx = self.columns.get_indexer(col_labels)
              if (ridx == -1).any():
                  raise KeyError('One or more row labels was not found')
              if (cidx == -1).any():
                  raise KeyError('One or more column labels was not found')
              flat_index = ridx * len(self.columns) + cidx
              result = values.flat[flat_index]
          else:
              result = np.empty(n, dtype='O')
              for i, (r, c) in enumerate(zip(row_labels, col_labels)):
                  result[i] = self.get_value(r, c)
  
          if result.dtype == 'O':
              result = lib.maybe_convert_objects(result)
  
          return result
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Reindexing and alignment
  
      def _reindex_axes(self, axes, level, limit, method, fill_value, copy):
          frame = self
  
          columns = axes['columns']
          if columns is not None:
              frame = frame._reindex_columns(columns, copy, level, fill_value,
                                             limit)
  
          index = axes['index']
          if index is not None:
              frame = frame._reindex_index(index, method, copy, level,
                                           fill_value, limit)
  
          return frame
  
      def _reindex_index(self, new_index, method, copy, level, fill_value=NA,
                         limit=None):
          new_index, indexer = self.index.reindex(new_index, method, level,
                                                  limit=limit)
          return self._reindex_with_indexers({0: [new_index, indexer]},
                                             copy=copy, fill_value=fill_value,
                                             allow_dups=False)
  
      def _reindex_columns(self, new_columns, copy, level, fill_value=NA,
                           limit=None):
          new_columns, indexer = self.columns.reindex(new_columns, level=level,
                                                      limit=limit)
          return self._reindex_with_indexers({1: [new_columns, indexer]},
                                             copy=copy, fill_value=fill_value,
                                             allow_dups=False)
  
      def _reindex_multi(self, axes, copy, fill_value):
          """ we are guaranteed non-Nones in the axes! """
  
          new_index, row_indexer = self.index.reindex(axes['index'])
          new_columns, col_indexer = self.columns.reindex(axes['columns'])
  
          if row_indexer is not None and col_indexer is not None:
              indexer = row_indexer, col_indexer
              new_values = com.take_2d_multi(self.values, indexer,
                                             fill_value=fill_value)
              return self._constructor(new_values, index=new_index,
                                       columns=new_columns)
          else:
              return self._reindex_with_indexers({0: [new_index,   row_indexer],
                                                  1: [new_columns, col_indexer]},
                                                 copy=copy,
                                                 fill_value=fill_value)
  
      @Appender(_shared_docs['reindex'] % _shared_doc_kwargs)
      def reindex(self, index=None, columns=None, **kwargs):
          return super(DataFrame, self).reindex(index=index, columns=columns,
                                                **kwargs)
  
      @Appender(_shared_docs['reindex_axis'] % _shared_doc_kwargs)
      def reindex_axis(self, labels, axis=0, method=None, level=None, copy=True,
                       limit=None, fill_value=np.nan):
          return super(DataFrame, self).reindex_axis(labels=labels, axis=axis,
                                                     method=method, level=level,
                                                     copy=copy, limit=limit,
                                                     fill_value=fill_value)
  
      @Appender(_shared_docs['rename'] % _shared_doc_kwargs)
      def rename(self, index=None, columns=None, **kwargs):
          return super(DataFrame, self).rename(index=index, columns=columns,
                                               **kwargs)
  
      def set_index(self, keys, drop=True, append=False, inplace=False,
                    verify_integrity=False):
          """
          Set the DataFrame index (row labels) using one or more existing
          columns. By default yields a new object.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          keys : column label or list of column labels / arrays
          drop : boolean, default True
              Delete columns to be used as the new index
          append : boolean, default False
              Whether to append columns to existing index
          inplace : boolean, default False
              Modify the DataFrame in place (do not create a new object)
          verify_integrity : boolean, default False
              Check the new index for duplicates. Otherwise defer the check until
              necessary. Setting to False will improve the performance of this
              method
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> indexed_df = df.set_index(['A', 'B'])
          >>> indexed_df2 = df.set_index(['A', [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]])
          >>> indexed_df3 = df.set_index([[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]])
  
          Returns
          -------
          dataframe : DataFrame
          """
          if not isinstance(keys, list):
              keys = [keys]
  
          if inplace:
              frame = self
          else:
              frame = self.copy()
  
          arrays = []
          names = []
          if append:
              names = [x for x in self.index.names]
              if isinstance(self.index, MultiIndex):
                  for i in range(self.index.nlevels):
                      arrays.append(self.index.get_level_values(i))
              else:
                  arrays.append(self.index)
  
          to_remove = []
          for col in keys:
              if isinstance(col, MultiIndex):
                  # append all but the last column so we don't have to modify
                  # the end of this loop
                  for n in range(col.nlevels - 1):
                      arrays.append(col.get_level_values(n))
  
                  level = col.get_level_values(col.nlevels - 1)
                  names.extend(col.names)
              elif isinstance(col, Series):
                  level = col.values
                  names.append(col.name)
              elif isinstance(col, Index):
                  level = col
                  names.append(col.name)
              elif isinstance(col, (list, np.ndarray, Index)):
                  level = col
                  names.append(None)
              else:
                  level = frame[col].values
                  names.append(col)
                  if drop:
                      to_remove.append(col)
              arrays.append(level)
  
          index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays, names=names)
  
          if verify_integrity and not index.is_unique:
              duplicates = index.get_duplicates()
              raise ValueError('Index has duplicate keys: %s' % duplicates)
  
          for c in to_remove:
              del frame[c]
  
          # clear up memory usage
          index._cleanup()
  
          frame.index = index
  
          if not inplace:
              return frame
  
      def reset_index(self, level=None, drop=False, inplace=False, col_level=0,
                      col_fill=''):
          """
          For DataFrame with multi-level index, return new DataFrame with
          labeling information in the columns under the index names, defaulting
          to 'level_0', 'level_1', etc. if any are None. For a standard index,
          the index name will be used (if set), otherwise a default 'index' or
          'level_0' (if 'index' is already taken) will be used.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          level : int, str, tuple, or list, default None
              Only remove the given levels from the index. Removes all levels by
              default
          drop : boolean, default False
              Do not try to insert index into dataframe columns. This resets
              the index to the default integer index.
          inplace : boolean, default False
              Modify the DataFrame in place (do not create a new object)
          col_level : int or str, default 0
              If the columns have multiple levels, determines which level the
              labels are inserted into. By default it is inserted into the first
              level.
          col_fill : object, default ''
              If the columns have multiple levels, determines how the other
              levels are named. If None then the index name is repeated.
  
          Returns
          -------
          resetted : DataFrame
          """
          if inplace:
              new_obj = self
          else:
              new_obj = self.copy()
  
          def _maybe_casted_values(index, labels=None):
              if isinstance(index, PeriodIndex):
                  values = index.asobject.values
              elif (isinstance(index, DatetimeIndex) and
                    index.tz is not None):
                  values = index.asobject
              else:
                  values = index.values
                  if values.dtype == np.object_:
                      values = lib.maybe_convert_objects(values)
  
              # if we have the labels, extract the values with a mask
              if labels is not None:
                  mask = labels == -1
                  values = values.take(labels)
                  if mask.any():
                      values, changed = com._maybe_upcast_putmask(values,
                                                                  mask, np.nan)
              return values
  
          new_index = np.arange(len(new_obj),dtype='int64')
          if isinstance(self.index, MultiIndex):
              if level is not None:
                  if not isinstance(level, (tuple, list)):
                      level = [level]
                  level = [self.index._get_level_number(lev) for lev in level]
                  if len(level) < len(self.index.levels):
                      new_index = self.index.droplevel(level)
  
              if not drop:
                  names = self.index.names
                  zipped = lzip(self.index.levels, self.index.labels)
  
                  multi_col = isinstance(self.columns, MultiIndex)
                  for i, (lev, lab) in reversed(list(enumerate(zipped))):
                      col_name = names[i]
                      if col_name is None:
                          col_name = 'level_%d' % i
  
                      if multi_col:
                          if col_fill is None:
                              col_name = tuple([col_name] *
                                               self.columns.nlevels)
                          else:
                              name_lst = [col_fill] * self.columns.nlevels
                              lev_num = self.columns._get_level_number(col_level)
                              name_lst[lev_num] = col_name
                              col_name = tuple(name_lst)
  
                      # to ndarray and maybe infer different dtype
                      level_values = _maybe_casted_values(lev, lab)
                      if level is None or i in level:
                          new_obj.insert(0, col_name, level_values)
  
          elif not drop:
              name = self.index.name
              if name is None or name == 'index':
                  name = 'index' if 'index' not in self else 'level_0'
              if isinstance(self.columns, MultiIndex):
                  if col_fill is None:
                      name = tuple([name] * self.columns.nlevels)
                  else:
                      name_lst = [col_fill] * self.columns.nlevels
                      lev_num = self.columns._get_level_number(col_level)
                      name_lst[lev_num] = name
                      name = tuple(name_lst)
              values = _maybe_casted_values(self.index)
              new_obj.insert(0, name, values)
  
          new_obj.index = new_index
          if not inplace:
              return new_obj
  
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Reindex-based selection methods
  
      def dropna(self, axis=0, how='any', thresh=None, subset=None,
                 inplace=False):
          """
          Return object with labels on given axis omitted where alternately any
          or all of the data are missing
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1}, or tuple/list thereof
              Pass tuple or list to drop on multiple axes
          how : {'any', 'all'}
              * any : if any NA values are present, drop that label
              * all : if all values are NA, drop that label
          thresh : int, default None
              int value : require that many non-NA values
          subset : array-like
              Labels along other axis to consider, e.g. if you are dropping rows
              these would be a list of columns to include
          inplace : boolean, defalt False
              If True, do operation inplace and return None.
  
          Returns
          -------
          dropped : DataFrame
          """
          if isinstance(axis, (tuple, list)):
              result = self
              for ax in axis:
                  result = result.dropna(how=how, thresh=thresh,
                                         subset=subset, axis=ax)
          else:
              axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
              agg_axis = 1 - axis
  
              agg_obj = self
              if subset is not None:
                  ax = self._get_axis(agg_axis)
                  indices = ax.get_indexer_for(subset)
                  check = indices == -1
                  if check.any():
                      raise KeyError(list(np.compress(check,subset)))
                  agg_obj = self.take(indices,axis=agg_axis)
  
              count = agg_obj.count(axis=agg_axis)
  
              if thresh is not None:
                  mask = count >= thresh
              elif how == 'any':
                  mask = count == len(agg_obj._get_axis(agg_axis))
              elif how == 'all':
                  mask = count > 0
              else:
                  if how is not None:
                      raise ValueError('invalid how option: %s' % how)
                  else:
                      raise TypeError('must specify how or thresh')
  
              result = self.take(mask.nonzero()[0], axis=axis, convert=False)
  
          if inplace:
              self._update_inplace(result)
          else:
              return result
  
      @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name='cols', new_arg_name='subset')
      def drop_duplicates(self, subset=None, take_last=False, inplace=False):
          """
          Return DataFrame with duplicate rows removed, optionally only
          considering certain columns
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          subset : column label or sequence of labels, optional
              Only consider certain columns for identifying duplicates, by
              default use all of the columns
          take_last : boolean, default False
              Take the last observed row in a row. Defaults to the first row
          inplace : boolean, default False
              Whether to drop duplicates in place or to return a copy
          cols : kwargs only argument of subset [deprecated]
  
          Returns
          -------
          deduplicated : DataFrame
          """
          duplicated = self.duplicated(subset, take_last=take_last)
  
          if inplace:
              inds, = (-duplicated).nonzero()
              new_data = self._data.take(inds)
              self._update_inplace(new_data)
          else:
              return self[-duplicated]
  
      @deprecate_kwarg(old_arg_name='cols', new_arg_name='subset')
      def duplicated(self, subset=None, take_last=False):
          """
          Return boolean Series denoting duplicate rows, optionally only
          considering certain columns
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          subset : column label or sequence of labels, optional
              Only consider certain columns for identifying duplicates, by
              default use all of the columns
          take_last : boolean, default False
              Take the last observed row in a row. Defaults to the first row
          cols : kwargs only argument of subset [deprecated]
  
          Returns
          -------
          duplicated : Series
          """
          # kludge for #1833
          def _m8_to_i8(x):
              if issubclass(x.dtype.type, np.datetime64):
                  return x.view(np.int64)
              return x
  
          if subset is None:
              values = list(_m8_to_i8(self.values.T))
          else:
              if np.iterable(subset) and not isinstance(subset, compat.string_types):
                  if isinstance(subset, tuple):
                      if subset in self.columns:
                          values = [self[subset].values]
                      else:
                          values = [_m8_to_i8(self[x].values) for x in subset]
                  else:
                      values = [_m8_to_i8(self[x].values) for x in subset]
              else:
                  values = [self[subset].values]
  
          keys = lib.fast_zip_fillna(values)
          duplicated = lib.duplicated(keys, take_last=take_last)
          return Series(duplicated, index=self.index)
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Sorting
  
      def sort(self, columns=None, axis=0, ascending=True,
               inplace=False, kind='quicksort', na_position='last'):
          """
          Sort DataFrame either by labels (along either axis) or by the values in
          column(s)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          columns : object
              Column name(s) in frame. Accepts a column name or a list
              for a nested sort. A tuple will be interpreted as the
              levels of a multi-index.
          ascending : boolean or list, default True
              Sort ascending vs. descending. Specify list for multiple sort
              orders
          axis : {0, 1}
              Sort index/rows versus columns
          inplace : boolean, default False
              Sort the DataFrame without creating a new instance
          kind : {'quicksort', 'mergesort', 'heapsort'}, optional
              This option is only applied when sorting on a single column or label.
          na_position : {'first', 'last'} (optional, default='last')
              'first' puts NaNs at the beginning
              'last' puts NaNs at the end
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> result = df.sort(['A', 'B'], ascending=[1, 0])
  
          Returns
          -------
          sorted : DataFrame
          """
          return self.sort_index(by=columns, axis=axis, ascending=ascending,
                                 inplace=inplace, kind=kind, na_position=na_position)
  
      def sort_index(self, axis=0, by=None, ascending=True, inplace=False,
                     kind='quicksort', na_position='last'):
          """
          Sort DataFrame either by labels (along either axis) or by the values in
          a column
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1}
              Sort index/rows versus columns
          by : object
              Column name(s) in frame. Accepts a column name or a list
              for a nested sort. A tuple will be interpreted as the
              levels of a multi-index.
          ascending : boolean or list, default True
              Sort ascending vs. descending. Specify list for multiple sort
              orders
          inplace : boolean, default False
              Sort the DataFrame without creating a new instance
          na_position : {'first', 'last'} (optional, default='last')
              'first' puts NaNs at the beginning
              'last' puts NaNs at the end
          kind : {'quicksort', 'mergesort', 'heapsort'}, optional
              This option is only applied when sorting on a single column or label.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> result = df.sort_index(by=['A', 'B'], ascending=[True, False])
  
          Returns
          -------
          sorted : DataFrame
          """
  
          from pandas.core.groupby import _lexsort_indexer, _nargsort
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if axis not in [0, 1]:  # pragma: no cover
              raise AssertionError('Axis must be 0 or 1, got %s' % str(axis))
  
          labels = self._get_axis(axis)
  
          if by is not None:
              if axis != 0:
                  raise ValueError('When sorting by column, axis must be 0 '
                                   '(rows)')
              if not isinstance(by, list):
                  by = [by]
              if com._is_sequence(ascending) and len(by) != len(ascending):
                  raise ValueError('Length of ascending (%d) != length of by'
                                   ' (%d)' % (len(ascending), len(by)))
              if len(by) > 1:
                  def trans(v):
                      if com.needs_i8_conversion(v):
                          return v.view('i8')
                      return v
                  keys = []
                  for x in by:
                      k = self[x].values
                      if k.ndim == 2:
                          raise ValueError('Cannot sort by duplicate column %s' % str(x))
                      keys.append(trans(k))
                  indexer = _lexsort_indexer(keys, orders=ascending,
                                             na_position=na_position)
                  indexer = com._ensure_platform_int(indexer)
              else:
                  by = by[0]
                  k = self[by].values
                  if k.ndim == 2:
  
                      # try to be helpful
                      if isinstance(self.columns, MultiIndex):
                          raise ValueError('Cannot sort by column %s in a multi-index'
                                           '  you need to explicity provide all the levels'
                                           % str(by))
  
                      raise ValueError('Cannot sort by duplicate column %s'
                                       % str(by))
                  if isinstance(ascending, (tuple, list)):
                      ascending = ascending[0]
  
                  indexer = _nargsort(k, kind=kind, ascending=ascending,
                                      na_position=na_position)
  
          elif isinstance(labels, MultiIndex):
  
              # make sure that the axis is lexsorted to start
              # if not we need to reconstruct to get the correct indexer
              if not labels.is_lexsorted():
                  labels = MultiIndex.from_tuples(labels.values)
  
              indexer = _lexsort_indexer(labels.labels, orders=ascending,
                                         na_position=na_position)
              indexer = com._ensure_platform_int(indexer)
          else:
              indexer = _nargsort(labels, kind=kind, ascending=ascending,
                                  na_position=na_position)
  
          bm_axis = self._get_block_manager_axis(axis)
          new_data = self._data.take(indexer, axis=bm_axis,
                                     convert=False, verify=False)
  
          if inplace:
              return self._update_inplace(new_data)
          else:
              return self._constructor(new_data).__finalize__(self)
  
      def sortlevel(self, level=0, axis=0, ascending=True,
                    inplace=False, sort_remaining=True):
          """
          Sort multilevel index by chosen axis and primary level. Data will be
          lexicographically sorted by the chosen level followed by the other
          levels (in order)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          level : int
          axis : {0, 1}
          ascending : boolean, default True
          inplace : boolean, default False
              Sort the DataFrame without creating a new instance
          sort_remaining : boolean, default True
              Sort by the other levels too.
  
          Returns
          -------
          sorted : DataFrame
          """
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          the_axis = self._get_axis(axis)
          if not isinstance(the_axis, MultiIndex):
              raise TypeError('can only sort by level with a hierarchical index')
  
          new_axis, indexer = the_axis.sortlevel(level, ascending=ascending,
                                                 sort_remaining=sort_remaining)
  
          if self._is_mixed_type and not inplace:
              ax = 'index' if axis == 0 else 'columns'
  
              if new_axis.is_unique:
                  return self.reindex(**{ax: new_axis})
              else:
                  return self.take(indexer, axis=axis, convert=False)
  
          bm_axis = self._get_block_manager_axis(axis)
          new_data = self._data.take(indexer, axis=bm_axis,
                                     convert=False, verify=False)
          if inplace:
              return self._update_inplace(new_data)
          else:
              return self._constructor(new_data).__finalize__(self)
  
      def swaplevel(self, i, j, axis=0):
          """
          Swap levels i and j in a MultiIndex on a particular axis
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          i, j : int, string (can be mixed)
              Level of index to be swapped. Can pass level name as string.
  
          Returns
          -------
          swapped : type of caller (new object)
          """
          result = self.copy()
  
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if axis == 0:
              result.index = result.index.swaplevel(i, j)
          else:
              result.columns = result.columns.swaplevel(i, j)
          return result
  
      def reorder_levels(self, order, axis=0):
          """
          Rearrange index levels using input order.
          May not drop or duplicate levels
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          order : list of int or list of str
              List representing new level order. Reference level by number
              (position) or by key (label).
          axis : int
              Where to reorder levels.
  
          Returns
          -------
          type of caller (new object)
          """
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if not isinstance(self._get_axis(axis),
                            MultiIndex):  # pragma: no cover
              raise TypeError('Can only reorder levels on a hierarchical axis.')
  
          result = self.copy()
  
          if axis == 0:
              result.index = result.index.reorder_levels(order)
          else:
              result.columns = result.columns.reorder_levels(order)
          return result
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Arithmetic / combination related
  
      def _combine_frame(self, other, func, fill_value=None, level=None):
          this, other = self.align(other, join='outer', level=level, copy=False)
          new_index, new_columns = this.index, this.columns
  
          def _arith_op(left, right):
              if fill_value is not None:
                  left_mask = isnull(left)
                  right_mask = isnull(right)
                  left = left.copy()
                  right = right.copy()
  
                  # one but not both
                  mask = left_mask ^ right_mask
                  left[left_mask & mask] = fill_value
                  right[right_mask & mask] = fill_value
  
              return func(left, right)
  
          if this._is_mixed_type or other._is_mixed_type:
  
              # unique
              if this.columns.is_unique:
  
                  def f(col):
                      r = _arith_op(this[col].values, other[col].values)
                      return self._constructor_sliced(r, index=new_index,
                                                      dtype=r.dtype)
  
                  result = dict([(col, f(col)) for col in this])
  
              # non-unique
              else:
  
                  def f(i):
                      r = _arith_op(this.iloc[:, i].values,
                                    other.iloc[:, i].values)
                      return self._constructor_sliced(r, index=new_index,
                                                      dtype=r.dtype)
  
                  result = dict([
                      (i, f(i)) for i, col in enumerate(this.columns)
                  ])
                  result = self._constructor(result, index=new_index, copy=False)
                  result.columns = new_columns
                  return result
  
          else:
              result = _arith_op(this.values, other.values)
  
          return self._constructor(result, index=new_index,
                                   columns=new_columns, copy=False)
  
      def _combine_series(self, other, func, fill_value=None, axis=None,
                          level=None):
          if axis is not None:
              axis = self._get_axis_name(axis)
              if axis == 'index':
                  return self._combine_match_index(other, func, level=level, fill_value=fill_value)
              else:
                  return self._combine_match_columns(other, func, level=level, fill_value=fill_value)
          return self._combine_series_infer(other, func, level=level, fill_value=fill_value)
  
      def _combine_series_infer(self, other, func, level=None, fill_value=None):
          if len(other) == 0:
              return self * NA
  
          if len(self) == 0:
              # Ambiguous case, use _series so works with DataFrame
              return self._constructor(data=self._series, index=self.index,
                                       columns=self.columns)
  
          # teeny hack because one does DataFrame + TimeSeries all the time
          if self.index.is_all_dates and other.index.is_all_dates:
              warnings.warn(("TimeSeries broadcasting along DataFrame index "
                             "by default is deprecated. Please use "
                             "DataFrame.<op> to explicitly broadcast arithmetic "
                             "operations along the index"),
                            FutureWarning)
              return self._combine_match_index(other, func, level=level, fill_value=fill_value)
          else:
              return self._combine_match_columns(other, func, level=level, fill_value=fill_value)
  
      def _combine_match_index(self, other, func, level=None, fill_value=None):
          left, right = self.align(other, join='outer', axis=0, level=level, copy=False)
          if fill_value is not None:
              raise NotImplementedError("fill_value %r not supported." %
                                        fill_value)
          return self._constructor(func(left.values.T, right.values).T,
                                   index=left.index,
                                   columns=self.columns, copy=False)
  
      def _combine_match_columns(self, other, func, level=None, fill_value=None):
          left, right = self.align(other, join='outer', axis=1, level=level, copy=False)
          if fill_value is not None:
              raise NotImplementedError("fill_value %r not supported" %
                                        fill_value)
  
          new_data = left._data.eval(
              func=func, other=right, axes=[left.columns, self.index])
          return self._constructor(new_data)
  
      def _combine_const(self, other, func, raise_on_error=True):
          if self.empty:
              return self
  
          new_data = self._data.eval(func=func, other=other, raise_on_error=raise_on_error)
          return self._constructor(new_data)
  
      def _compare_frame_evaluate(self, other, func, str_rep):
  
          # unique
          if self.columns.is_unique:
              def _compare(a, b):
                  return dict([(col, func(a[col], b[col])) for col in a.columns])
              new_data = expressions.evaluate(_compare, str_rep, self, other)
              return self._constructor(data=new_data, index=self.index,
                                       columns=self.columns, copy=False)
          # non-unique
          else:
              def _compare(a, b):
                  return dict([(i, func(a.iloc[:, i], b.iloc[:, i]))
                               for i, col in enumerate(a.columns)])
              new_data = expressions.evaluate(_compare, str_rep, self, other)
              result = self._constructor(data=new_data, index=self.index,
                                         copy=False)
              result.columns = self.columns
              return result
  
      def _compare_frame(self, other, func, str_rep):
          if not self._indexed_same(other):
              raise ValueError('Can only compare identically-labeled '
                               'DataFrame objects')
          return self._compare_frame_evaluate(other, func, str_rep)
  
      def _flex_compare_frame(self, other, func, str_rep, level):
          if not self._indexed_same(other):
              self, other = self.align(other, 'outer', level=level, copy=False)
          return self._compare_frame_evaluate(other, func, str_rep)
  
      def combine(self, other, func, fill_value=None, overwrite=True):
          """
          Add two DataFrame objects and do not propagate NaN values, so if for a
          (column, time) one frame is missing a value, it will default to the
          other frame's value (which might be NaN as well)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame
          func : function
          fill_value : scalar value
          overwrite : boolean, default True
              If True then overwrite values for common keys in the calling frame
  
          Returns
          -------
          result : DataFrame
          """
  
          other_idxlen = len(other.index)  # save for compare
  
          this, other = self.align(other, copy=False)
          new_index = this.index
  
          if other.empty and len(new_index) == len(self.index):
              return self.copy()
  
          if self.empty and len(other) == other_idxlen:
              return other.copy()
  
          # sorts if possible
          new_columns = this.columns.union(other.columns)
          do_fill = fill_value is not None
  
          result = {}
          for col in new_columns:
              series = this[col]
              otherSeries = other[col]
  
              this_dtype = series.dtype
              other_dtype = otherSeries.dtype
  
              this_mask = isnull(series)
              other_mask = isnull(otherSeries)
  
              # don't overwrite columns unecessarily
              # DO propogate if this column is not in the intersection
              if not overwrite and other_mask.all():
                  result[col] = this[col].copy()
                  continue
  
              if do_fill:
                  series = series.copy()
                  otherSeries = otherSeries.copy()
                  series[this_mask] = fill_value
                  otherSeries[other_mask] = fill_value
  
              # if we have different dtypes, possibily promote
              new_dtype = this_dtype
              if this_dtype != other_dtype:
                  new_dtype = com._lcd_dtypes(this_dtype, other_dtype)
                  series = series.astype(new_dtype)
                  otherSeries = otherSeries.astype(new_dtype)
  
              # see if we need to be represented as i8 (datetimelike)
              # try to keep us at this dtype
              needs_i8_conversion = com.needs_i8_conversion(new_dtype)
              if needs_i8_conversion:
                  this_dtype = new_dtype
                  arr = func(series, otherSeries, True)
              else:
                  arr = func(series, otherSeries)
  
              if do_fill:
                  arr = com.ensure_float(arr)
                  arr[this_mask & other_mask] = NA
  
              # try to downcast back to the original dtype
              if needs_i8_conversion:
                  arr = com._possibly_cast_to_datetime(arr, this_dtype)
              else:
                  arr = com._possibly_downcast_to_dtype(arr, this_dtype)
  
              result[col] = arr
  
          # convert_objects just in case
          return self._constructor(result,
                                   index=new_index,
                                   columns=new_columns).convert_objects(
              convert_dates=True,
              copy=False)
  
      def combine_first(self, other):
          """
          Combine two DataFrame objects and default to non-null values in frame
          calling the method. Result index columns will be the union of the
          respective indexes and columns
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame
  
          Examples
          --------
          a's values prioritized, use values from b to fill holes:
  
          >>> a.combine_first(b)
  
  
          Returns
          -------
          combined : DataFrame
          """
          def combiner(x, y, needs_i8_conversion=False):
              x_values = x.values if hasattr(x, 'values') else x
              y_values = y.values if hasattr(y, 'values') else y
              if needs_i8_conversion:
                  mask = isnull(x)
                  x_values = x_values.view('i8')
                  y_values = y_values.view('i8')
              else:
                  mask = isnull(x_values)
  
              return expressions.where(mask, y_values, x_values,
                                       raise_on_error=True)
  
          return self.combine(other, combiner, overwrite=False)
  
      def update(self, other, join='left', overwrite=True, filter_func=None,
                 raise_conflict=False):
          """
          Modify DataFrame in place using non-NA values from passed
          DataFrame. Aligns on indices
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame, or object coercible into a DataFrame
          join : {'left', 'right', 'outer', 'inner'}, default 'left'
          overwrite : boolean, default True
              If True then overwrite values for common keys in the calling frame
          filter_func : callable(1d-array) -> 1d-array<boolean>, default None
              Can choose to replace values other than NA. Return True for values
              that should be updated
          raise_conflict : boolean
              If True, will raise an error if the DataFrame and other both
              contain data in the same place.
          """
          # TODO: Support other joins
          if join != 'left':  # pragma: no cover
              raise NotImplementedError("Only left join is supported")
  
          if not isinstance(other, DataFrame):
              other = DataFrame(other)
  
          other = other.reindex_like(self)
  
          for col in self.columns:
              this = self[col].values
              that = other[col].values
              if filter_func is not None:
                  mask = ~filter_func(this) | isnull(that)
              else:
                  if raise_conflict:
                      mask_this = notnull(that)
                      mask_that = notnull(this)
                      if any(mask_this & mask_that):
                          raise ValueError("Data overlaps.")
  
                  if overwrite:
                      mask = isnull(that)
  
                      # don't overwrite columns unecessarily
                      if mask.all():
                          continue
                  else:
                      mask = notnull(this)
  
              self[col] = expressions.where(
                  mask, this, that, raise_on_error=True)
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Misc methods
  
      def first_valid_index(self):
          """
          Return label for first non-NA/null value
          """
          return self.index[self.count(1) > 0][0]
  
      def last_valid_index(self):
          """
          Return label for last non-NA/null value
          """
          return self.index[self.count(1) > 0][-1]
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Data reshaping
  
      def pivot(self, index=None, columns=None, values=None):
          """
          Reshape data (produce a "pivot" table) based on column values. Uses
          unique values from index / columns to form axes and return either
          DataFrame or Panel, depending on whether you request a single value
          column (DataFrame) or all columns (Panel)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          index : string or object
              Column name to use to make new frame's index
          columns : string or object
              Column name to use to make new frame's columns
          values : string or object, optional
              Column name to use for populating new frame's values
  
          Notes
          -----
          For finer-tuned control, see hierarchical indexing documentation along
          with the related stack/unstack methods
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> df
              foo   bar  baz
          0   one   A    1.
          1   one   B    2.
          2   one   C    3.
          3   two   A    4.
          4   two   B    5.
          5   two   C    6.
  
          >>> df.pivot('foo', 'bar', 'baz')
               A   B   C
          one  1   2   3
          two  4   5   6
  
          >>> df.pivot('foo', 'bar')['baz']
               A   B   C
          one  1   2   3
          two  4   5   6
  
          Returns
          -------
          pivoted : DataFrame
              If no values column specified, will have hierarchically indexed
              columns
          """
          from pandas.core.reshape import pivot
          return pivot(self, index=index, columns=columns, values=values)
  
      def stack(self, level=-1, dropna=True):
          """
          Pivot a level of the (possibly hierarchical) column labels, returning a
          DataFrame (or Series in the case of an object with a single level of
          column labels) having a hierarchical index with a new inner-most level
          of row labels.
          The level involved will automatically get sorted.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          level : int, string, or list of these, default last level
              Level(s) to stack, can pass level name
          dropna : boolean, default True
              Whether to drop rows in the resulting Frame/Series with no valid
              values
  
          Examples
          ----------
          >>> s
               a   b
          one  1.  2.
          two  3.  4.
  
          >>> s.stack()
          one a    1
              b    2
          two a    3
              b    4
  
          Returns
          -------
          stacked : DataFrame or Series
          """
          from pandas.core.reshape import stack, stack_multiple
  
          if isinstance(level, (tuple, list)):
              return stack_multiple(self, level, dropna=dropna)
          else:
              return stack(self, level, dropna=dropna)
  
      def unstack(self, level=-1):
          """
          Pivot a level of the (necessarily hierarchical) index labels, returning
          a DataFrame having a new level of column labels whose inner-most level
          consists of the pivoted index labels. If the index is not a MultiIndex,
          the output will be a Series (the analogue of stack when the columns are
          not a MultiIndex).
          The level involved will automatically get sorted.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          level : int, string, or list of these, default -1 (last level)
              Level(s) of index to unstack, can pass level name
  
          See also
          --------
          DataFrame.pivot : Pivot a table based on column values.
          DataFrame.stack : Pivot a level of the column labels (inverse operation
              from `unstack`).
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('one', 'a'), ('one', 'b'),
          ...                                    ('two', 'a'), ('two', 'b')])
          >>> s = pd.Series(np.arange(1.0, 5.0), index=index)
          >>> s
          one  a   1
               b   2
          two  a   3
               b   4
          dtype: float64
  
          >>> s.unstack(level=-1)
               a   b
          one  1  2
          two  3  4
  
          >>> s.unstack(level=0)
             one  two
          a  1   3
          b  2   4
  
          >>> df = s.unstack(level=0)
          >>> df.unstack()
          one  a  1.
               b  3.
          two  a  2.
               b  4.
  
          Returns
          -------
          unstacked : DataFrame or Series
          """
          from pandas.core.reshape import unstack
          return unstack(self, level)
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Time series-related
  
      def diff(self, periods=1):
          """
          1st discrete difference of object
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          periods : int, default 1
              Periods to shift for forming difference
  
          Returns
          -------
          diffed : DataFrame
          """
          new_data = self._data.diff(n=periods)
          return self._constructor(new_data)
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Function application
  
      def apply(self, func, axis=0, broadcast=False, raw=False, reduce=None,
                args=(), **kwds):
          """
          Applies function along input axis of DataFrame.
  
          Objects passed to functions are Series objects having index
          either the DataFrame's index (axis=0) or the columns (axis=1).
          Return type depends on whether passed function aggregates, or the
          reduce argument if the DataFrame is empty.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          func : function
              Function to apply to each column/row
          axis : {0, 1}
              * 0 : apply function to each column
              * 1 : apply function to each row
          broadcast : boolean, default False
              For aggregation functions, return object of same size with values
              propagated
          reduce : boolean or None, default None
              Try to apply reduction procedures. If the DataFrame is empty,
              apply will use reduce to determine whether the result should be a
              Series or a DataFrame. If reduce is None (the default), apply's
              return value will be guessed by calling func an empty Series (note:
              while guessing, exceptions raised by func will be ignored). If
              reduce is True a Series will always be returned, and if False a
              DataFrame will always be returned.
          raw : boolean, default False
              If False, convert each row or column into a Series. If raw=True the
              passed function will receive ndarray objects instead. If you are
              just applying a NumPy reduction function this will achieve much
              better performance
          args : tuple
              Positional arguments to pass to function in addition to the
              array/series
          Additional keyword arguments will be passed as keywords to the function
  
          Notes
          -----
          In the current implementation apply calls func twice on the
          first column/row to decide whether it can take a fast or slow
          code path. This can lead to unexpected behavior if func has
          side-effects, as they will take effect twice for the first
          column/row.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> df.apply(numpy.sqrt) # returns DataFrame
          >>> df.apply(numpy.sum, axis=0) # equiv to df.sum(0)
          >>> df.apply(numpy.sum, axis=1) # equiv to df.sum(1)
  
          See also
          --------
          DataFrame.applymap: For elementwise operations
  
          Returns
          -------
          applied : Series or DataFrame
          """
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if kwds or args and not isinstance(func, np.ufunc):
              f = lambda x: func(x, *args, **kwds)
          else:
              f = func
  
          if len(self.columns) == 0 and len(self.index) == 0:
              return self._apply_empty_result(func, axis, reduce, *args, **kwds)
  
          if isinstance(f, np.ufunc):
              results = f(self.values)
              return self._constructor(data=results, index=self.index,
                                       columns=self.columns, copy=False)
          else:
              if not broadcast:
                  if not all(self.shape):
                      return self._apply_empty_result(func, axis, reduce, *args,
                                                      **kwds)
  
                  if raw and not self._is_mixed_type:
                      return self._apply_raw(f, axis)
                  else:
                      if reduce is None:
                          reduce = True
                      return self._apply_standard(f, axis, reduce=reduce)
              else:
                  return self._apply_broadcast(f, axis)
  
      def _apply_empty_result(self, func, axis, reduce, *args, **kwds):
          if reduce is None:
              reduce = False
              try:
                  reduce = not isinstance(func(_EMPTY_SERIES, *args, **kwds),
                                          Series)
              except Exception:
                  pass
  
          if reduce:
              return Series(NA, index=self._get_agg_axis(axis))
          else:
              return self.copy()
  
      def _apply_raw(self, func, axis):
          try:
              result = lib.reduce(self.values, func, axis=axis)
          except Exception:
              result = np.apply_along_axis(func, axis, self.values)
  
          # TODO: mixed type case
          if result.ndim == 2:
              return DataFrame(result, index=self.index,
                               columns=self.columns)
          else:
              return Series(result, index=self._get_agg_axis(axis))
  
      def _apply_standard(self, func, axis, ignore_failures=False, reduce=True):
  
          # skip if we are mixed datelike and trying reduce across axes
          # GH6125
          if reduce and axis==1 and self._is_mixed_type and self._is_datelike_mixed_type:
              reduce=False
  
          # try to reduce first (by default)
          # this only matters if the reduction in values is of different dtype
          # e.g. if we want to apply to a SparseFrame, then can't directly reduce
          if reduce:
  
              try:
  
                  # the is the fast-path
                  values = self.values
                  dummy = Series(NA, index=self._get_axis(axis),
                                 dtype=values.dtype)
  
                  labels = self._get_agg_axis(axis)
                  result = lib.reduce(values, func, axis=axis, dummy=dummy,
                                      labels=labels)
                  return Series(result, index=labels)
              except Exception:
                  pass
  
          dtype = object if self._is_mixed_type else None
          if axis == 0:
              series_gen = (self.icol(i) for i in range(len(self.columns)))
              res_index = self.columns
              res_columns = self.index
          elif axis == 1:
              res_index = self.index
              res_columns = self.columns
              values = self.values
              series_gen = (Series.from_array(arr, index=res_columns, name=name, dtype=dtype)
                            for i, (arr, name) in
                            enumerate(zip(values, res_index)))
          else:  # pragma : no cover
              raise AssertionError('Axis must be 0 or 1, got %s' % str(axis))
  
          i = None
          keys = []
          results = {}
          if ignore_failures:
              successes = []
              for i, v in enumerate(series_gen):
                  try:
                      results[i] = func(v)
                      keys.append(v.name)
                      successes.append(i)
                  except Exception:
                      pass
              # so will work with MultiIndex
              if len(successes) < len(res_index):
                  res_index = res_index.take(successes)
          else:
              try:
                  for i, v in enumerate(series_gen):
                      results[i] = func(v)
                      keys.append(v.name)
              except Exception as e:
                  if hasattr(e, 'args'):
                      # make sure i is defined
                      if i is not None:
                          k = res_index[i]
                          e.args = e.args + ('occurred at index %s' %
                                             com.pprint_thing(k),)
                  raise
  
          if len(results) > 0 and _is_sequence(results[0]):
              if not isinstance(results[0], Series):
                  index = res_columns
              else:
                  index = None
  
              result = self._constructor(data=results, index=index)
              result.columns = res_index
  
              if axis == 1:
                  result = result.T
              result = result.convert_objects(copy=False)
  
          else:
  
              result = Series(results)
              result.index = res_index
  
          return result
  
      def _apply_broadcast(self, func, axis):
          if axis == 0:
              target = self
          elif axis == 1:
              target = self.T
          else:  # pragma: no cover
              raise AssertionError('Axis must be 0 or 1, got %s' % axis)
  
          result_values = np.empty_like(target.values)
          columns = target.columns
          for i, col in enumerate(columns):
              result_values[:, i] = func(target[col])
  
          result = self._constructor(result_values, index=target.index,
                                     columns=target.columns)
  
          if axis == 1:
              result = result.T
  
          return result
  
      def applymap(self, func):
          """
          Apply a function to a DataFrame that is intended to operate
          elementwise, i.e. like doing map(func, series) for each series in the
          DataFrame
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          func : function
              Python function, returns a single value from a single value
  
          Returns
          -------
          applied : DataFrame
  
          See also
          --------
          DataFrame.apply : For operations on rows/columns
  
          """
  
          # if we have a dtype == 'M8[ns]', provide boxed values
          def infer(x):
              if com.needs_i8_conversion(x):
                  f = com.i8_boxer(x)
                  x = lib.map_infer(_values_from_object(x), f)
              return lib.map_infer(_values_from_object(x), func)
          return self.apply(infer)
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Merging / joining methods
  
      def append(self, other, ignore_index=False, verify_integrity=False):
          """
          Append columns of other to end of this frame's columns and index,
          returning a new object.  Columns not in this frame are added as new
          columns.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame or list of Series/dict-like objects
          ignore_index : boolean, default False
              If True do not use the index labels. Useful for gluing together
              record arrays
          verify_integrity : boolean, default False
              If True, raise ValueError on creating index with duplicates
  
          Notes
          -----
          If a list of dict is passed and the keys are all contained in the
          DataFrame's index, the order of the columns in the resulting DataFrame
          will be unchanged
  
          Returns
          -------
          appended : DataFrame
          """
          if isinstance(other, (Series, dict)):
              if isinstance(other, dict):
                  other = Series(other)
              if other.name is None and not ignore_index:
                  raise TypeError('Can only append a Series if '
                                  'ignore_index=True')
  
              index = None if other.name is None else [other.name]
              combined_columns = self.columns.tolist() + self.columns.union(other.index).difference(self.columns).tolist()
              other = other.reindex(combined_columns, copy=False)
              other = DataFrame(other.values.reshape((1, len(other))),
                                index=index, columns=combined_columns).convert_objects()
              if not self.columns.equals(combined_columns):
                  self = self.reindex(columns=combined_columns)
          elif isinstance(other, list) and not isinstance(other[0], DataFrame):
              other = DataFrame(other)
              if (self.columns.get_indexer(other.columns) >= 0).all():
                  other = other.ix[:, self.columns]
  
          from pandas.tools.merge import concat
          if isinstance(other, (list, tuple)):
              to_concat = [self] + other
          else:
              to_concat = [self, other]
          return concat(to_concat, ignore_index=ignore_index,
                        verify_integrity=verify_integrity)
  
      def join(self, other, on=None, how='left', lsuffix='', rsuffix='',
               sort=False):
          """
          Join columns with other DataFrame either on index or on a key
          column. Efficiently Join multiple DataFrame objects by index at once by
          passing a list.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame, Series with name field set, or list of DataFrame
              Index should be similar to one of the columns in this one. If a
              Series is passed, its name attribute must be set, and that will be
              used as the column name in the resulting joined DataFrame
          on : column name, tuple/list of column names, or array-like
              Column(s) to use for joining, otherwise join on index. If multiples
              columns given, the passed DataFrame must have a MultiIndex. Can
              pass an array as the join key if not already contained in the
              calling DataFrame. Like an Excel VLOOKUP operation
          how : {'left', 'right', 'outer', 'inner'}
              How to handle indexes of the two objects. Default: 'left'
              for joining on index, None otherwise
  
              * left: use calling frame's index
              * right: use input frame's index
              * outer: form union of indexes
              * inner: use intersection of indexes
          lsuffix : string
              Suffix to use from left frame's overlapping columns
          rsuffix : string
              Suffix to use from right frame's overlapping columns
          sort : boolean, default False
              Order result DataFrame lexicographically by the join key. If False,
              preserves the index order of the calling (left) DataFrame
  
          Notes
          -----
          on, lsuffix, and rsuffix options are not supported when passing a list
          of DataFrame objects
  
          Returns
          -------
          joined : DataFrame
          """
          # For SparseDataFrame's benefit
          return self._join_compat(other, on=on, how=how, lsuffix=lsuffix,
                                   rsuffix=rsuffix, sort=sort)
  
      def _join_compat(self, other, on=None, how='left', lsuffix='', rsuffix='',
                       sort=False):
          from pandas.tools.merge import merge, concat
  
          if isinstance(other, Series):
              if other.name is None:
                  raise ValueError('Other Series must have a name')
              other = DataFrame({other.name: other})
  
          if isinstance(other, DataFrame):
              return merge(self, other, left_on=on, how=how,
                           left_index=on is None, right_index=True,
                           suffixes=(lsuffix, rsuffix), sort=sort)
          else:
              if on is not None:
                  raise ValueError('Joining multiple DataFrames only supported'
                                   ' for joining on index')
  
              # join indexes only using concat
              if how == 'left':
                  how = 'outer'
                  join_axes = [self.index]
              else:
                  join_axes = None
  
              frames = [self] + list(other)
  
              can_concat = all(df.index.is_unique for df in frames)
  
              if can_concat:
                  return concat(frames, axis=1, join=how, join_axes=join_axes,
                                verify_integrity=True)
  
              joined = frames[0]
  
              for frame in frames[1:]:
                  joined = merge(joined, frame, how=how,
                                 left_index=True, right_index=True)
  
              return joined
  
      @Substitution('')
      @Appender(_merge_doc, indents=2)
      def merge(self, right, how='inner', on=None, left_on=None, right_on=None,
                left_index=False, right_index=False, sort=False,
                suffixes=('_x', '_y'), copy=True):
          from pandas.tools.merge import merge
          return merge(self, right, how=how, on=on,
                       left_on=left_on, right_on=right_on,
                       left_index=left_index, right_index=right_index, sort=sort,
                       suffixes=suffixes, copy=copy)
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Statistical methods, etc.
  
      def corr(self, method='pearson', min_periods=1):
          """
          Compute pairwise correlation of columns, excluding NA/null values
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          method : {'pearson', 'kendall', 'spearman'}
              * pearson : standard correlation coefficient
              * kendall : Kendall Tau correlation coefficient
              * spearman : Spearman rank correlation
          min_periods : int, optional
              Minimum number of observations required per pair of columns
              to have a valid result. Currently only available for pearson
              and spearman correlation
  
          Returns
          -------
          y : DataFrame
          """
          numeric_df = self._get_numeric_data()
          cols = numeric_df.columns
          mat = numeric_df.values
  
          if method == 'pearson':
              correl = _algos.nancorr(com._ensure_float64(mat),
                                      minp=min_periods)
          elif method == 'spearman':
              correl = _algos.nancorr_spearman(com._ensure_float64(mat),
                                               minp=min_periods)
          else:
              if min_periods is None:
                  min_periods = 1
              mat = mat.T
              corrf = nanops.get_corr_func(method)
              K = len(cols)
              correl = np.empty((K, K), dtype=float)
              mask = np.isfinite(mat)
              for i, ac in enumerate(mat):
                  for j, bc in enumerate(mat):
                      valid = mask[i] & mask[j]
                      if valid.sum() < min_periods:
                          c = NA
                      elif not valid.all():
                          c = corrf(ac[valid], bc[valid])
                      else:
                          c = corrf(ac, bc)
                      correl[i, j] = c
                      correl[j, i] = c
  
          return self._constructor(correl, index=cols, columns=cols)
  
      def cov(self, min_periods=None):
          """
          Compute pairwise covariance of columns, excluding NA/null values
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          min_periods : int, optional
              Minimum number of observations required per pair of columns
              to have a valid result.
  
          Returns
          -------
          y : DataFrame
  
          Notes
          -----
          `y` contains the covariance matrix of the DataFrame's time series.
          The covariance is normalized by N-1 (unbiased estimator).
          """
          numeric_df = self._get_numeric_data()
          cols = numeric_df.columns
          mat = numeric_df.values
  
          if notnull(mat).all():
              if min_periods is not None and min_periods > len(mat):
                  baseCov = np.empty((mat.shape[1], mat.shape[1]))
                  baseCov.fill(np.nan)
              else:
                  baseCov = np.cov(mat.T)
              baseCov = baseCov.reshape((len(cols), len(cols)))
          else:
              baseCov = _algos.nancorr(com._ensure_float64(mat), cov=True,
                                       minp=min_periods)
  
          return self._constructor(baseCov, index=cols, columns=cols)
  
      def corrwith(self, other, axis=0, drop=False):
          """
          Compute pairwise correlation between rows or columns of two DataFrame
          objects.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame
          axis : {0, 1}
              0 to compute column-wise, 1 for row-wise
          drop : boolean, default False
              Drop missing indices from result, default returns union of all
  
          Returns
          -------
          correls : Series
          """
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if isinstance(other, Series):
              return self.apply(other.corr, axis=axis)
  
          this = self._get_numeric_data()
          other = other._get_numeric_data()
  
          left, right = this.align(other, join='inner', copy=False)
  
          # mask missing values
          left = left + right * 0
          right = right + left * 0
  
          if axis == 1:
              left = left.T
              right = right.T
  
          # demeaned data
          ldem = left - left.mean()
          rdem = right - right.mean()
  
          num = (ldem * rdem).sum()
          dom = (left.count() - 1) * left.std() * right.std()
  
          correl = num / dom
  
          if not drop:
              raxis = 1 if axis == 0 else 0
              result_index = this._get_axis(raxis).union(other._get_axis(raxis))
              correl = correl.reindex(result_index)
  
          return correl
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # ndarray-like stats methods
  
      def count(self, axis=0, level=None, numeric_only=False):
          """
          Return Series with number of non-NA/null observations over requested
          axis. Works with non-floating point data as well (detects NaN and None)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1}
              0 for row-wise, 1 for column-wise
          level : int or level name, default None
              If the axis is a MultiIndex (hierarchical), count along a
              particular level, collapsing into a DataFrame
          numeric_only : boolean, default False
              Include only float, int, boolean data
  
          Returns
          -------
          count : Series (or DataFrame if level specified)
          """
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if level is not None:
              return self._count_level(level, axis=axis,
                                       numeric_only=numeric_only)
  
          if numeric_only:
              frame = self._get_numeric_data()
          else:
              frame = self
  
          # GH #423
          if len(frame._get_axis(axis)) == 0:
              result = Series(0, index=frame._get_agg_axis(axis))
          else:
              if axis == 1:
                  counts = notnull(frame.values).sum(1)
                  result = Series(counts, index=frame._get_agg_axis(axis))
              else:
                  result = notnull(frame).sum(axis=axis)
  
          return result.astype('int64')
  
      def _count_level(self, level, axis=0, numeric_only=False):
          if numeric_only:
              frame = self._get_numeric_data()
          else:
              frame = self
  
          if axis == 1:
              frame = frame.T
  
          if not isinstance(frame.index, MultiIndex):
              raise TypeError("Can only count levels on hierarchical %s." %
                              self._get_axis_name(axis))
  
          # python 2.5
          mask = notnull(frame.values).view(np.uint8)
  
          if isinstance(level, compat.string_types):
              level = self.index._get_level_number(level)
  
          level_index = frame.index.levels[level]
          labels = com._ensure_int64(frame.index.labels[level])
          counts = lib.count_level_2d(mask, labels, len(level_index))
  
          result = DataFrame(counts, index=level_index,
                             columns=frame.columns)
  
          if axis == 1:
              return result.T
          else:
              return result
  
      def any(self, axis=None, bool_only=None, skipna=True, level=None,
              **kwargs):
          """
          Return whether any element is True over requested axis.
          %(na_action)s
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1}
              0 for row-wise, 1 for column-wise
          skipna : boolean, default True
              Exclude NA/null values. If an entire row/column is NA, the result
              will be NA
          level : int or level name, default None
              If the axis is a MultiIndex (hierarchical), count along a
              particular level, collapsing into a DataFrame
          bool_only : boolean, default None
              Only include boolean data.
  
          Returns
          -------
          any : Series (or DataFrame if level specified)
          """
          if axis is None:
              axis = self._stat_axis_number
          if level is not None:
              return self._agg_by_level('any', axis=axis, level=level,
                                        skipna=skipna)
          return self._reduce(nanops.nanany, axis=axis, skipna=skipna,
                              numeric_only=bool_only, filter_type='bool')
  
      def all(self, axis=None, bool_only=None, skipna=True, level=None,
              **kwargs):
          """
          Return whether all elements are True over requested axis.
          %(na_action)s
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1}
              0 for row-wise, 1 for column-wise
          skipna : boolean, default True
              Exclude NA/null values. If an entire row/column is NA, the result
              will be NA
          level : int or level name, default None
              If the axis is a MultiIndex (hierarchical), count along a
              particular level, collapsing into a DataFrame
          bool_only : boolean, default None
              Only include boolean data.
  
          Returns
          -------
          any : Series (or DataFrame if level specified)
          """
          if axis is None:
              axis = self._stat_axis_number
          if level is not None:
              return self._agg_by_level('all', axis=axis, level=level,
                                        skipna=skipna)
          return self._reduce(nanops.nanall, axis=axis, skipna=skipna,
                              numeric_only=bool_only, filter_type='bool')
  
      def _reduce(self, op, axis=0, skipna=True, numeric_only=None,
                  filter_type=None, name=None, **kwds):
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          f = lambda x: op(x, axis=axis, skipna=skipna, **kwds)
          labels = self._get_agg_axis(axis)
  
          # exclude timedelta/datetime unless we are uniform types
          if axis == 1 and self._is_mixed_type and self._is_datelike_mixed_type:
              numeric_only = True
  
          if numeric_only is None:
              try:
                  values = self.values
                  result = f(values)
              except Exception as e:
  
                  # try by-column first
                  if filter_type is None and axis == 0:
                      try:
  
                          # this can end up with a non-reduction
                          # but not always. if the types are mixed
                          # with datelike then need to make sure a series
                          result = self.apply(f,reduce=False)
                          if result.ndim == self.ndim:
                              result = result.iloc[0]
                          return result
                      except:
                          pass
  
                  if filter_type is None or filter_type == 'numeric':
                      data = self._get_numeric_data()
                  elif filter_type == 'bool':
                      data = self._get_bool_data()
                  else:  # pragma: no cover
                      e = NotImplementedError("Handling exception with filter_"
                                              "type %s not implemented."
                                              % filter_type)
                      raise_with_traceback(e)
                  result = f(data.values)
                  labels = data._get_agg_axis(axis)
          else:
              if numeric_only:
                  if filter_type is None or filter_type == 'numeric':
                      data = self._get_numeric_data()
                  elif filter_type == 'bool':
                      data = self._get_bool_data()
                  else:  # pragma: no cover
                      msg = ("Generating numeric_only data with filter_type %s"
                             "not supported." % filter_type)
                      raise NotImplementedError(msg)
                  values = data.values
                  labels = data._get_agg_axis(axis)
              else:
                  values = self.values
              result = f(values)
  
          if result.dtype == np.object_:
              try:
                  if filter_type is None or filter_type == 'numeric':
                      result = result.astype(np.float64)
                  elif filter_type == 'bool' and notnull(result).all():
                      result = result.astype(np.bool_)
              except (ValueError, TypeError):
  
                  # try to coerce to the original dtypes item by item if we can
                  if axis == 0:
                      result = com._coerce_to_dtypes(result, self.dtypes)
  
          return Series(result, index=labels)
  
      def idxmin(self, axis=0, skipna=True):
          """
          Return index of first occurrence of minimum over requested axis.
          NA/null values are excluded.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1}
              0 for row-wise, 1 for column-wise
          skipna : boolean, default True
              Exclude NA/null values. If an entire row/column is NA, the result
              will be NA
  
          Returns
          -------
          idxmin : Series
  
          Notes
          -----
          This method is the DataFrame version of ``ndarray.argmin``.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Series.idxmin
          """
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          indices = nanops.nanargmin(self.values, axis=axis, skipna=skipna)
          index = self._get_axis(axis)
          result = [index[i] if i >= 0 else NA for i in indices]
          return Series(result, index=self._get_agg_axis(axis))
  
      def idxmax(self, axis=0, skipna=True):
          """
          Return index of first occurrence of maximum over requested axis.
          NA/null values are excluded.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1}
              0 for row-wise, 1 for column-wise
          skipna : boolean, default True
              Exclude NA/null values. If an entire row/column is NA, the result
              will be first index.
  
          Returns
          -------
          idxmax : Series
  
          Notes
          -----
          This method is the DataFrame version of ``ndarray.argmax``.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Series.idxmax
          """
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          indices = nanops.nanargmax(self.values, axis=axis, skipna=skipna)
          index = self._get_axis(axis)
          result = [index[i] if i >= 0 else NA for i in indices]
          return Series(result, index=self._get_agg_axis(axis))
  
      def _get_agg_axis(self, axis_num):
          """ let's be explict about this """
          if axis_num == 0:
              return self.columns
          elif axis_num == 1:
              return self.index
          else:
              raise ValueError('Axis must be 0 or 1 (got %r)' % axis_num)
  
      def mode(self, axis=0, numeric_only=False):
          """
          Gets the mode of each element along the axis selected. Empty if nothing
          has 2+ occurrences. Adds a row for each mode per label, fills in gaps
          with nan.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1, 'index', 'columns'} (default 0)
              * 0/'index' : get mode of each column
              * 1/'columns' : get mode of each row
          numeric_only : boolean, default False
              if True, only apply to numeric columns
  
          Returns
          -------
          modes : DataFrame (sorted)
          """
          data = self if not numeric_only else self._get_numeric_data()
          f = lambda s: s.mode()
          return data.apply(f, axis=axis)
  
      def quantile(self, q=0.5, axis=0, numeric_only=True):
          """
          Return values at the given quantile over requested axis, a la
          numpy.percentile.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          q : float or array-like, default 0.5 (50% quantile)
              0 <= q <= 1, the quantile(s) to compute
          axis : {0, 1}
              0 for row-wise, 1 for column-wise
  
          Returns
          -------
          quantiles : Series or DataFrame
              If ``q`` is an array, a DataFrame will be returned where the
              index is ``q``, the columns are the columns of self, and the
              values are the quantiles.
              If ``q`` is a float, a Series will be returned where the
              index is the columns of self and the values are the quantiles.
  
          Examples
          --------
  
          >>> df = DataFrame(np.array([[1, 1], [2, 10], [3, 100], [4, 100]]),
                            columns=['a', 'b'])
          >>> df.quantile(.1)
          a    1.3
          b    3.7
          dtype: float64
          >>> df.quantile([.1, .5])
                 a     b
          0.1  1.3   3.7
          0.5  2.5  55.0
          """
          per = np.asarray(q) * 100
  
          if not com.is_list_like(per):
              per = [per]
              q = [q]
              squeeze = True
          else:
              squeeze = False
  
          def f(arr, per):
              if arr._is_datelike_mixed_type:
                  values = _values_from_object(arr).view('i8')
              else:
                  values = arr.astype(float)
              values = values[notnull(values)]
              if len(values) == 0:
                  return NA
              else:
                  return _quantile(values, per)
  
          data = self._get_numeric_data() if numeric_only else self
          if axis == 1:
              data = data.T
  
          # need to know which cols are timestamp going in so that we can
          # map timestamp over them after getting the quantile.
          is_dt_col = data.dtypes.map(com.is_datetime64_dtype)
          is_dt_col = is_dt_col[is_dt_col].index
  
          quantiles = [[f(vals, x) for x in per]
                       for (_, vals) in data.iteritems()]
          result = DataFrame(quantiles, index=data._info_axis, columns=q).T
          if len(is_dt_col) > 0:
              result[is_dt_col] = result[is_dt_col].applymap(lib.Timestamp)
          if squeeze:
              if result.shape == (1, 1):
                  result = result.T.iloc[:, 0]  # don't want scalar
              else:
                  result = result.T.squeeze()
              result.name = None  # For groupby, so it can set an index name
          return result
  
      def rank(self, axis=0, numeric_only=None, method='average',
               na_option='keep', ascending=True, pct=False):
          """
          Compute numerical data ranks (1 through n) along axis. Equal values are
          assigned a rank that is the average of the ranks of those values
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          axis : {0, 1}, default 0
              Ranks over columns (0) or rows (1)
          numeric_only : boolean, default None
              Include only float, int, boolean data
          method : {'average', 'min', 'max', 'first', 'dense'}
              * average: average rank of group
              * min: lowest rank in group
              * max: highest rank in group
              * first: ranks assigned in order they appear in the array
              * dense: like 'min', but rank always increases by 1 between groups
          na_option : {'keep', 'top', 'bottom'}
              * keep: leave NA values where they are
              * top: smallest rank if ascending
              * bottom: smallest rank if descending
          ascending : boolean, default True
              False for ranks by high (1) to low (N)
          pct : boolean, default False
              Computes percentage rank of data
  
          Returns
          -------
          ranks : DataFrame
          """
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if numeric_only is None:
              try:
                  ranks = algos.rank(self.values, axis=axis, method=method,
                                     ascending=ascending, na_option=na_option,
                                     pct=pct)
                  return self._constructor(ranks, index=self.index,
                                           columns=self.columns)
              except TypeError:
                  numeric_only = True
          if numeric_only:
              data = self._get_numeric_data()
          else:
              data = self
          ranks = algos.rank(data.values, axis=axis, method=method,
                             ascending=ascending, na_option=na_option, pct=pct)
          return self._constructor(ranks, index=data.index, columns=data.columns)
  
      def to_timestamp(self, freq=None, how='start', axis=0, copy=True):
          """
          Cast to DatetimeIndex of timestamps, at *beginning* of period
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          freq : string, default frequency of PeriodIndex
              Desired frequency
          how : {'s', 'e', 'start', 'end'}
              Convention for converting period to timestamp; start of period
              vs. end
          axis : {0, 1} default 0
              The axis to convert (the index by default)
          copy : boolean, default True
              If false then underlying input data is not copied
  
          Returns
          -------
          df : DataFrame with DatetimeIndex
          """
          new_data = self._data
          if copy:
              new_data = new_data.copy()
  
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if axis == 0:
              new_data.set_axis(1, self.index.to_timestamp(freq=freq, how=how))
          elif axis == 1:
              new_data.set_axis(0, self.columns.to_timestamp(freq=freq, how=how))
          else:  # pragma: no cover
              raise AssertionError('Axis must be 0 or 1. Got %s' % str(axis))
  
          return self._constructor(new_data)
  
      def to_period(self, freq=None, axis=0, copy=True):
          """
          Convert DataFrame from DatetimeIndex to PeriodIndex with desired
          frequency (inferred from index if not passed)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          freq : string, default
          axis : {0, 1}, default 0
              The axis to convert (the index by default)
          copy : boolean, default True
              If False then underlying input data is not copied
  
          Returns
          -------
          ts : TimeSeries with PeriodIndex
          """
          new_data = self._data
          if copy:
              new_data = new_data.copy()
  
          axis = self._get_axis_number(axis)
          if axis == 0:
              new_data.set_axis(1, self.index.to_period(freq=freq))
          elif axis == 1:
              new_data.set_axis(0, self.columns.to_period(freq=freq))
          else:  # pragma: no cover
              raise AssertionError('Axis must be 0 or 1. Got %s' % str(axis))
  
          return self._constructor(new_data)
  
      def isin(self, values):
          """
          Return boolean DataFrame showing whether each element in the
          DataFrame is contained in values.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          values : iterable, Series, DataFrame or dictionary
              The result will only be true at a location if all the
              labels match. If `values` is a Series, that's the index. If
              `values` is a dictionary, the keys must be the column names,
              which must match. If `values` is a DataFrame,
              then both the index and column labels must match.
  
          Returns
          -------
  
          DataFrame of booleans
  
          Examples
          --------
          When ``values`` is a list:
  
          >>> df = DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': ['a', 'b', 'f']})
          >>> df.isin([1, 3, 12, 'a'])
                 A      B
          0   True   True
          1  False  False
          2   True  False
  
          When ``values`` is a dict:
  
          >>> df = DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [1, 4, 7]})
          >>> df.isin({'A': [1, 3], 'B': [4, 7, 12]})
                 A      B
          0   True  False  # Note that B didn't match the 1 here.
          1  False   True
          2   True   True
  
          When ``values`` is a Series or DataFrame:
  
          >>> df = DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': ['a', 'b', 'f']})
          >>> other = DataFrame({'A': [1, 3, 3, 2], 'B': ['e', 'f', 'f', 'e']})
          >>> df.isin(other)
                 A      B
          0   True  False
          1  False  False  # Column A in `other` has a 3, but not at index 1.
          2   True   True
          """
          if isinstance(values, dict):
              from collections import defaultdict
              from pandas.tools.merge import concat
              values = defaultdict(list, values)
              return concat((self.iloc[:, [i]].isin(values[col])
                             for i, col in enumerate(self.columns)), axis=1)
          elif isinstance(values, Series):
              if not values.index.is_unique:
                  raise ValueError("ValueError: cannot compute isin with"
                                   " a duplicate axis.")
              return self.eq(values.reindex_like(self), axis='index')
          elif isinstance(values, DataFrame):
              if not (values.columns.is_unique and values.index.is_unique):
                  raise ValueError("ValueError: cannot compute isin with"
                                   " a duplicate axis.")
              return self.eq(values.reindex_like(self))
          else:
              if not is_list_like(values):
                  raise TypeError("only list-like or dict-like objects are"
                                  " allowed to be passed to DataFrame.isin(), "
                                  "you passed a "
                                  "{0!r}".format(type(values).__name__))
              return DataFrame(lib.ismember(self.values.ravel(),
                                            set(values)).reshape(self.shape),
                               self.index,
                               self.columns)
  
      #----------------------------------------------------------------------
      # Deprecated stuff
  
      def combineAdd(self, other):
          """
          Add two DataFrame objects and do not propagate
          NaN values, so if for a (column, time) one frame is missing a
          value, it will default to the other frame's value (which might
          be NaN as well)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame
  
          Returns
          -------
          DataFrame
          """
          return self.add(other, fill_value=0.)
  
      def combineMult(self, other):
          """
          Multiply two DataFrame objects and do not propagate NaN values, so if
          for a (column, time) one frame is missing a value, it will default to
          the other frame's value (which might be NaN as well)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : DataFrame
  
          Returns
          -------
          DataFrame
          """
          return self.mul(other, fill_value=1.)
  
  
  DataFrame._setup_axes(['index', 'columns'], info_axis=1, stat_axis=0,
                        axes_are_reversed=True, aliases={'rows': 0})
  DataFrame._add_numeric_operations()
  
  _EMPTY_SERIES = Series([])
  
  def _arrays_to_mgr(arrays, arr_names, index, columns, dtype=None):
      """
      Segregate Series based on type and coerce into matrices.
      Needs to handle a lot of exceptional cases.
      """
      # figure out the index, if necessary
      if index is None:
          index = extract_index(arrays)
      else:
          index = _ensure_index(index)
  
      # don't force copy because getting jammed in an ndarray anyway
      arrays = _homogenize(arrays, index, dtype)
  
      # from BlockManager perspective
      axes = [_ensure_index(columns), _ensure_index(index)]
  
      return create_block_manager_from_arrays(arrays, arr_names, axes)
  
  
  def extract_index(data):
      from pandas.core.index import _union_indexes
  
      index = None
      if len(data) == 0:
          index = Index([])
      elif len(data) > 0:
          raw_lengths = []
          indexes = []
  
          have_raw_arrays = False
          have_series = False
          have_dicts = False
  
          for v in data:
              if isinstance(v, Series):
                  have_series = True
                  indexes.append(v.index)
              elif isinstance(v, dict):
                  have_dicts = True
                  indexes.append(list(v.keys()))
              elif is_list_like(v) and getattr(v, 'ndim', 1) == 1:
                  have_raw_arrays = True
                  raw_lengths.append(len(v))
  
          if not indexes and not raw_lengths:
              raise ValueError('If using all scalar values, you must must pass'
                               ' an index')
  
          if have_series or have_dicts:
              index = _union_indexes(indexes)
  
          if have_raw_arrays:
              lengths = list(set(raw_lengths))
              if len(lengths) > 1:
                  raise ValueError('arrays must all be same length')
  
              if have_dicts:
                  raise ValueError('Mixing dicts with non-Series may lead to '
                                   'ambiguous ordering.')
  
              if have_series:
                  if lengths[0] != len(index):
                      msg = ('array length %d does not match index length %d'
                             % (lengths[0], len(index)))
                      raise ValueError(msg)
              else:
                  index = Index(np.arange(lengths[0]))
  
      return _ensure_index(index)
  
  
  def _prep_ndarray(values, copy=True):
      if not isinstance(values, (np.ndarray, Series, Index)):
          if len(values) == 0:
              return np.empty((0, 0), dtype=object)
  
          def convert(v):
              return com._possibly_convert_platform(v)
  
          # we could have a 1-dim or 2-dim list here
          # this is equiv of np.asarray, but does object conversion
          # and platform dtype preservation
          try:
              if com.is_list_like(values[0]) or hasattr(values[0], 'len'):
                  values = np.array([convert(v) for v in values])
              else:
                  values = convert(values)
          except:
              values = convert(values)
  
      else:
          # drop subclass info, do not copy data
          values = np.asarray(values)
          if copy:
              values = values.copy()
  
      if values.ndim == 1:
          values = values.reshape((values.shape[0], 1))
      elif values.ndim != 2:
          raise ValueError('Must pass 2-d input')
  
      return values
  
  
  def _to_arrays(data, columns, coerce_float=False, dtype=None):
      """
      Return list of arrays, columns
      """
      if isinstance(data, DataFrame):
          if columns is not None:
              arrays = [data.icol(i).values for i, col in enumerate(data.columns)
                        if col in columns]
          else:
              columns = data.columns
              arrays = [data.icol(i).values for i in range(len(columns))]
  
          return arrays, columns
  
      if not len(data):
          if isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
              columns = data.dtype.names
              if columns is not None:
                  return [[]] * len(columns), columns
          return [], []  # columns if columns is not None else []
      if isinstance(data[0], (list, tuple)):
          return _list_to_arrays(data, columns, coerce_float=coerce_float,
                                 dtype=dtype)
      elif isinstance(data[0], collections.Mapping):
          return _list_of_dict_to_arrays(data, columns,
                                         coerce_float=coerce_float,
                                         dtype=dtype)
      elif isinstance(data[0], Series):
          return _list_of_series_to_arrays(data, columns,
                                           coerce_float=coerce_float,
                                           dtype=dtype)
      elif (isinstance(data, (np.ndarray, Series, Index))
            and data.dtype.names is not None):
  
          columns = list(data.dtype.names)
          arrays = [data[k] for k in columns]
          return arrays, columns
      else:
          # last ditch effort
          data = lmap(tuple, data)
          return _list_to_arrays(data, columns,
                                 coerce_float=coerce_float,
                                 dtype=dtype)
  
  
  def _masked_rec_array_to_mgr(data, index, columns, dtype, copy):
      """ extract from a masked rec array and create the manager """
  
      # essentially process a record array then fill it
      fill_value = data.fill_value
      fdata = ma.getdata(data)
      if index is None:
          index = _get_names_from_index(fdata)
          if index is None:
              index = _default_index(len(data))
      index = _ensure_index(index)
  
      if columns is not None:
          columns = _ensure_index(columns)
      arrays, arr_columns = _to_arrays(fdata, columns)
  
      # fill if needed
      new_arrays = []
      for fv, arr, col in zip(fill_value, arrays, arr_columns):
          mask = ma.getmaskarray(data[col])
          if mask.any():
              arr, fv = _maybe_upcast(arr, fill_value=fv, copy=True)
              arr[mask] = fv
          new_arrays.append(arr)
  
      # create the manager
      arrays, arr_columns = _reorder_arrays(new_arrays, arr_columns, columns)
      if columns is None:
          columns = arr_columns
  
      mgr = _arrays_to_mgr(arrays, arr_columns, index, columns)
  
      if copy:
          mgr = mgr.copy()
      return mgr
  
  
  def _reorder_arrays(arrays, arr_columns, columns):
      # reorder according to the columns
      if (columns is not None and len(columns) and arr_columns is not None and
              len(arr_columns)):
          indexer = _ensure_index(
              arr_columns).get_indexer(columns)
          arr_columns = _ensure_index(
              [arr_columns[i] for i in indexer])
          arrays = [arrays[i] for i in indexer]
      return arrays, arr_columns
  
  
  def _list_to_arrays(data, columns, coerce_float=False, dtype=None):
      if len(data) > 0 and isinstance(data[0], tuple):
          content = list(lib.to_object_array_tuples(data).T)
      else:
          # list of lists
          content = list(lib.to_object_array(data).T)
      return _convert_object_array(content, columns, dtype=dtype,
                                   coerce_float=coerce_float)
  
  
  def _list_of_series_to_arrays(data, columns, coerce_float=False, dtype=None):
      from pandas.core.index import _get_combined_index
  
      if columns is None:
          columns = _get_combined_index([
              s.index for s in data if getattr(s, 'index', None) is not None
          ])
  
      indexer_cache = {}
  
      aligned_values = []
      for s in data:
          index = getattr(s, 'index', None)
          if index is None:
              index = _default_index(len(s))
  
          if id(index) in indexer_cache:
              indexer = indexer_cache[id(index)]
          else:
              indexer = indexer_cache[id(index)] = index.get_indexer(columns)
  
          values = _values_from_object(s)
          aligned_values.append(com.take_1d(values, indexer))
  
      values = np.vstack(aligned_values)
  
      if values.dtype == np.object_:
          content = list(values.T)
          return _convert_object_array(content, columns, dtype=dtype,
                                       coerce_float=coerce_float)
      else:
          return values.T, columns
  
  
  def _list_of_dict_to_arrays(data, columns, coerce_float=False, dtype=None):
      if columns is None:
          gen = (list(x.keys()) for x in data)
          columns = lib.fast_unique_multiple_list_gen(gen)
  
      # assure that they are of the base dict class and not of derived
      # classes
      data = [(type(d) is dict) and d or dict(d) for d in data]
  
      content = list(lib.dicts_to_array(data, list(columns)).T)
      return _convert_object_array(content, columns, dtype=dtype,
                                   coerce_float=coerce_float)
  
  
  def _convert_object_array(content, columns, coerce_float=False, dtype=None):
      if columns is None:
          columns = _default_index(len(content))
      else:
          if len(columns) != len(content):  # pragma: no cover
              # caller's responsibility to check for this...
              raise AssertionError('%d columns passed, passed data had %s '
                                   'columns' % (len(columns), len(content)))
  
      # provide soft conversion of object dtypes
      def convert(arr):
          if dtype != object and dtype != np.object:
              arr = lib.maybe_convert_objects(arr, try_float=coerce_float)
              arr = com._possibly_cast_to_datetime(arr, dtype)
          return arr
  
      arrays = [ convert(arr) for arr in content ]
  
      return arrays, columns
  
  
  def _get_names_from_index(data):
      index = lrange(len(data))
      has_some_name = any([getattr(s, 'name', None) is not None for s in data])
      if not has_some_name:
          return index
  
      count = 0
      for i, s in enumerate(data):
          n = getattr(s, 'name', None)
          if n is not None:
              index[i] = n
          else:
              index[i] = 'Unnamed %d' % count
              count += 1
  
      return index
  
  
  def _homogenize(data, index, dtype=None):
      from pandas.core.series import _sanitize_array
  
      oindex = None
      homogenized = []
  
      for v in data:
          if isinstance(v, Series):
              if dtype is not None:
                  v = v.astype(dtype)
              if v.index is not index:
                  # Forces alignment. No need to copy data since we
                  # are putting it into an ndarray later
                  v = v.reindex(index, copy=False)
          else:
              if isinstance(v, dict):
                  if oindex is None:
                      oindex = index.astype('O')
                  if type(v) == dict:
                      # fast cython method
                      v = lib.fast_multiget(v, oindex.values, default=NA)
                  else:
                      v = lib.map_infer(oindex.values, v.get)
  
              v = _sanitize_array(v, index, dtype=dtype, copy=False,
                                  raise_cast_failure=False)
  
          homogenized.append(v)
  
      return homogenized
  
  
  def _from_nested_dict(data):
      # TODO: this should be seriously cythonized
      new_data = OrderedDict()
      for index, s in compat.iteritems(data):
          for col, v in compat.iteritems(s):
              new_data[col] = new_data.get(col, OrderedDict())
              new_data[col][index] = v
      return new_data
  
  
  def _put_str(s, space):
      return ('%s' % s)[:space].ljust(space)
  
  
  #----------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Add plotting methods to DataFrame
  
  import pandas.tools.plotting as gfx
  
  DataFrame.plot = gfx.plot_frame
  DataFrame.hist = gfx.hist_frame
  
  
  @Appender(_shared_docs['boxplot'] % _shared_doc_kwargs)
  def boxplot(self, column=None, by=None, ax=None, fontsize=None,
              rot=0, grid=True, figsize=None, layout=None, return_type=None,
              **kwds):
      import pandas.tools.plotting as plots
      import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
      ax = plots.boxplot(self, column=column, by=by, ax=ax,
                         fontsize=fontsize, grid=grid, rot=rot,
                         figsize=figsize, layout=layout, return_type=return_type,
                         **kwds)
      plt.draw_if_interactive()
      return ax
  
  DataFrame.boxplot = boxplot
  
  ops.add_flex_arithmetic_methods(DataFrame, **ops.frame_flex_funcs)
  ops.add_special_arithmetic_methods(DataFrame, **ops.frame_special_funcs)
  
  if __name__ == '__main__':
      import nose
      nose.runmodule(argv=[__file__, '-vvs', '-x', '--pdb', '--pdb-failure'],
                     exit=False)
  