text: -- Strings.
  SELECT '""'::jsonb;				-- OK.
  SELECT $$''$$::jsonb;			-- ERROR, single quotes are not allowed
  SELECT '"abc"'::jsonb;			-- OK
  SELECT '"abc'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, quotes not closed
  SELECT '"abc
  def"'::jsonb;					-- ERROR, unescaped newline in string constant
  SELECT '"\n\"\\"'::jsonb;		-- OK, legal escapes
  SELECT '"\v"'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, not a valid JSON escape
  SELECT '"\u"'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, incomplete escape
  SELECT '"\u00"'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, incomplete escape
  SELECT '"\u000g"'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, g is not a hex digit
  SELECT '"\u0000"'::jsonb;		-- OK, legal escape
  -- use octet_length here so we don't get an odd unicode char in the
  -- output
  SELECT octet_length('"\uaBcD"'::jsonb::text); -- OK, uppercase and lower case both OK
  
  -- Numbers.
  SELECT '1'::jsonb;				-- OK
  SELECT '0'::jsonb;				-- OK
  SELECT '01'::jsonb;				-- ERROR, not valid according to JSON spec
  SELECT '0.1'::jsonb;				-- OK
  SELECT '9223372036854775808'::jsonb;	-- OK, even though it's too large for int8
  SELECT '1e100'::jsonb;			-- OK
  SELECT '1.3e100'::jsonb;			-- OK
  SELECT '1f2'::jsonb;				-- ERROR
  SELECT '0.x1'::jsonb;			-- ERROR
  SELECT '1.3ex100'::jsonb;		-- ERROR
  
  -- Arrays.
  SELECT '[]'::jsonb;				-- OK
  SELECT '[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]'::jsonb;  -- OK
  SELECT '[1,2]'::jsonb;			-- OK
  SELECT '[1,2,]'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, trailing comma
  SELECT '[1,2'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, no closing bracket
  SELECT '[1,[2]'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, no closing bracket
  
  -- Objects.
  SELECT '{}'::jsonb;				-- OK
  SELECT '{"abc"}'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, no value
  SELECT '{"abc":1}'::jsonb;		-- OK
  SELECT '{1:"abc"}'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, keys must be strings
  SELECT '{"abc",1}'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, wrong separator
  SELECT '{"abc"=1}'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, totally wrong separator
  SELECT '{"abc"::1}'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, another wrong separator
  SELECT '{"abc":1,"def":2,"ghi":[3,4],"hij":{"klm":5,"nop":[6]}}'::jsonb; -- OK
  SELECT '{"abc":1:2}'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, colon in wrong spot
  SELECT '{"abc":1,3}'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, no value
  
  -- Miscellaneous stuff.
  SELECT 'true'::jsonb;			-- OK
  SELECT 'false'::jsonb;			-- OK
  SELECT 'null'::jsonb;			-- OK
  SELECT ' true '::jsonb;			-- OK, even with extra whitespace
  SELECT 'true false'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, too many values
  SELECT 'true, false'::jsonb;		-- ERROR, too many values
  SELECT 'truf'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, not a keyword
  SELECT 'trues'::jsonb;			-- ERROR, not a keyword
  SELECT ''::jsonb;				-- ERROR, no value
  SELECT '    '::jsonb;			-- ERROR, no value
  
  -- make sure jsonb is passed through json generators without being escaped
  SELECT array_to_json(ARRAY [jsonb '{"a":1}', jsonb '{"b":[2,3]}']);
  
  -- jsonb extraction functions
  CREATE TEMP TABLE test_jsonb (
         json_type text,
         test_json jsonb
  );
  
  INSERT INTO test_jsonb VALUES
  ('scalar','"a scalar"'),
  ('array','["zero", "one","two",null,"four","five", [1,2,3],{"f1":9}]'),
  ('object','{"field1":"val1","field2":"val2","field3":null, "field4": 4, "field5": [1,2,3], "field6": {"f1":9}}');
  
  SELECT test_json -> 'x' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar';
  SELECT test_json -> 'x' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  SELECT test_json -> 'x' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  SELECT test_json -> 'field2' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  
  SELECT test_json ->> 'field2' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar';
  SELECT test_json ->> 'field2' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  SELECT test_json ->> 'field2' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  
  SELECT test_json -> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar';
  SELECT test_json -> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  SELECT test_json -> 9 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  SELECT test_json -> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  
  SELECT test_json ->> 6 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  SELECT test_json ->> 7 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  
  SELECT test_json ->> 'field4' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  SELECT test_json ->> 'field5' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  SELECT test_json ->> 'field6' FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  
  SELECT test_json ->> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar';
  SELECT test_json ->> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  SELECT test_json ->> 2 FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  
  SELECT jsonb_object_keys(test_json) FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'scalar';
  SELECT jsonb_object_keys(test_json) FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  SELECT jsonb_object_keys(test_json) FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  
  -- nulls
  SELECT (test_json->'field3') IS NULL AS expect_false FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  SELECT (test_json->>'field3') IS NULL AS expect_true FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'object';
  SELECT (test_json->3) IS NULL AS expect_false FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  SELECT (test_json->>3) IS NULL AS expect_true FROM test_jsonb WHERE json_type = 'array';
  
  -- equality and inequality
  SELECT '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb = '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb;
  SELECT '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb = '{"x":"z"}'::jsonb;
  
  SELECT '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb <> '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb;
  SELECT '{"x":"y"}'::jsonb <> '{"x":"z"}'::jsonb;
  
  -- containment
  SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b"}');
  SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b", "c":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b", "g":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"g":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"c"}');
  SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b"}');
  SELECT jsonb_contains('{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}', '{"a":"b", "c":"q"}');
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b"}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b", "c":null}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b", "g":null}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"g":null}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"c"}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b"}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}'::jsonb @> '{"a":"b", "c":"q"}';
  
  SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b"}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b", "c":null}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b", "g":null}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contained('{"g":null}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"c"}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b"}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_contained('{"a":"b", "c":"q"}', '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}');
  SELECT '{"a":"b"}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "c":null}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "g":null}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}';
  SELECT '{"g":null}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}';
  SELECT '{"a":"c"}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b"}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b", "c":"q"}'::jsonb <@ '{"a":"b", "b":1, "c":null}';
  -- Raw scalar may contain another raw scalar, array may contain a raw scalar
  SELECT '[5]'::jsonb @> '[5]';
  SELECT '5'::jsonb @> '5';
  SELECT '[5]'::jsonb @> '5';
  -- But a raw scalar cannot contain an array
  SELECT '5'::jsonb @> '[5]';
  -- In general, one thing should always contain itself. Test array containment:
  SELECT '["9", ["7", "3"], 1]'::jsonb @> '["9", ["7", "3"], 1]'::jsonb;
  SELECT '["9", ["7", "3"], ["1"]]'::jsonb @> '["9", ["7", "3"], ["1"]]'::jsonb;
  -- array containment string matching confusion bug
  SELECT '{ "name": "Bob", "tags": [ "enim", "qui"]}'::jsonb @> '{"tags":["qu"]}';
  
  -- array length
  SELECT jsonb_array_length('[1,2,3,{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]},4]');
  SELECT jsonb_array_length('[]');
  SELECT jsonb_array_length('{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]}');
  SELECT jsonb_array_length('4');
  
  -- each
  SELECT jsonb_each('{"f1":[1,2,3],"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":null}');
  SELECT jsonb_each('{"a":{"b":"c","c":"b","1":"first"},"b":[1,2],"c":"cc","1":"first","n":null}'::jsonb) AS q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_each('{"f1":[1,2,3],"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":null,"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_each('{"a":{"b":"c","c":"b","1":"first"},"b":[1,2],"c":"cc","1":"first","n":null}'::jsonb) AS q;
  
  SELECT jsonb_each_text('{"f1":[1,2,3],"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":null,"f5":"null"}');
  SELECT jsonb_each_text('{"a":{"b":"c","c":"b","1":"first"},"b":[1,2],"c":"cc","1":"first","n":null}'::jsonb) AS q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_each_text('{"f1":[1,2,3],"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":null,"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_each_text('{"a":{"b":"c","c":"b","1":"first"},"b":[1,2],"c":"cc","1":"first","n":null}'::jsonb) AS q;
  
  -- exists
  SELECT jsonb_exists('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', 'a');
  SELECT jsonb_exists('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', 'b');
  SELECT jsonb_exists('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', 'c');
  SELECT jsonb_exists('{"a":"null", "b":"qq"}', 'a');
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ? 'a';
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ? 'b';
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ? 'c';
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":"null", "b":"qq"}' ? 'a';
  -- array exists - array elements should behave as keys
  SELECT count(*) from testjsonb  WHERE j->'array' ? 'bar';
  -- type sensitive array exists - should return no rows (since "exists" only
  -- matches strings that are either object keys or array elements)
  SELECT count(*) from testjsonb  WHERE j->'array' ? '5'::text;
  -- However, a raw scalar is *contained* within the array
  SELECT count(*) from testjsonb  WHERE j->'array' @> '5'::jsonb;
  
  SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['a','b']);
  SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['b','a']);
  SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['c','a']);
  SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['c','d']);
  SELECT jsonb_exists_any('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', '{}'::text[]);
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| ARRAY['a','b'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| ARRAY['b','a'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| ARRAY['c','a'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| ARRAY['c','d'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?| '{}'::text[];
  
  SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['a','b']);
  SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['b','a']);
  SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['c','a']);
  SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', ARRAY['c','d']);
  SELECT jsonb_exists_all('{"a":null, "b":"qq"}', '{}'::text[]);
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['a','b'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['b','a'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['c','a'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['c','d'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& ARRAY['a','a', 'b', 'b', 'b'];
  SELECT jsonb '{"a":null, "b":"qq"}' ?& '{}'::text[];
  
  -- typeof
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('{}') AS object;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('{"c":3,"p":"o"}') AS object;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('[]') AS array;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('["a", 1]') AS array;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('null') AS "null";
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('1') AS number;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('-1') AS number;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('1.0') AS number;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('1e2') AS number;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('-1.0') AS number;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('true') AS boolean;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('false') AS boolean;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('"hello"') AS string;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('"true"') AS string;
  SELECT jsonb_typeof('"1.0"') AS string;
  
  -- extract_path, extract_path_as_text
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f4','f6');
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2');
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2',0::text);
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2',1::text);
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f4','f6');
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2');
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2',0::text);
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}','f2',1::text);
  
  -- extract_path nulls
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":null,"f6":"stringy"}}','f4','f5') IS NULL AS expect_false;
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":null,"f6":"stringy"}}','f4','f5') IS NULL AS expect_true;
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":[0,1,2,null]}','f4','3') IS NULL AS expect_false;
  SELECT jsonb_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":[0,1,2,null]}','f4','3') IS NULL AS expect_true;
  
  -- extract_path operators
  SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>array['f4','f6'];
  SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>array['f2'];
  SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>array['f2','0'];
  SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>array['f2','1'];
  SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>array['f4','f6'];
  SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>array['f2'];
  SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>array['f2','0'];
  SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>array['f2','1'];
  
  -- same using array literals
  SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>'{f4,f6}';
  SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>'{f2}';
  SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>'{f2,0}';
  SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>'{f2,1}';
  SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>'{f4,f6}';
  SELECT '{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>'{f2}';
  SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>'{f2,0}';
  SELECT '{"f2":["f3",1],"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"stringy"}}'::jsonb#>>'{f2,1}';
  
  -- same on jsonb scalars (expecting errors)
  SELECT '42'::jsonb#>array['f2'];
  SELECT '42'::jsonb#>array['0'];
  SELECT '42'::jsonb#>>array['f2'];
  SELECT '42'::jsonb#>>array['0'];
  
  -- array_elements
  SELECT jsonb_array_elements('[1,true,[1,[2,3]],null,{"f1":1,"f2":[7,8,9]},false]');
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_array_elements('[1,true,[1,[2,3]],null,{"f1":1,"f2":[7,8,9]},false]') q;
  SELECT jsonb_array_elements_text('[1,true,[1,[2,3]],null,{"f1":1,"f2":[7,8,9]},false,"stringy"]');
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_array_elements_text('[1,true,[1,[2,3]],null,{"f1":1,"f2":[7,8,9]},false,"stringy"]') q;
  
  -- populate_record
  CREATE TYPE jbpop AS (a text, b int, c timestamp);
  
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(NULL::jbpop,'{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2}') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(row('x',3,'2012-12-31 15:30:56')::jbpop,'{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2}') q;
  
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(NULL::jbpop,'{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2}') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(row('x',3,'2012-12-31 15:30:56')::jbpop,'{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2}') q;
  
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(NULL::jbpop,'{"a":[100,200,false],"x":43.2}') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(row('x',3,'2012-12-31 15:30:56')::jbpop,'{"a":[100,200,false],"x":43.2}') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_record(row('x',3,'2012-12-31 15:30:56')::jbpop,'{"c":[100,200,false],"x":43.2}') q;
  
  -- populate_recordset
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(NULL::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(NULL::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":[100,200,300],"x":43.2},{"a":{"z":true},"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"c":[100,200,300],"x":43.2},{"a":{"z":true},"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(NULL::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":"blurfl","x":43.2},{"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  SELECT * FROM jsonb_populate_recordset(row('def',99,NULL)::jbpop,'[{"a":[100,200,300],"x":43.2},{"a":{"z":true},"b":3,"c":"2012-01-20 10:42:53"}]') q;
  
  -- handling of unicode surrogate pairs
  
  SELECT octet_length((jsonb '{ "a":  "\ud83d\ude04\ud83d\udc36" }' -> 'a')::text) AS correct_in_utf8;
  SELECT jsonb '{ "a":  "\ud83d\ud83d" }' -> 'a'; -- 2 high surrogates in a row
  SELECT jsonb '{ "a":  "\ude04\ud83d" }' -> 'a'; -- surrogates in wrong order
  SELECT jsonb '{ "a":  "\ud83dX" }' -> 'a'; -- orphan high surrogate
  SELECT jsonb '{ "a":  "\ude04X" }' -> 'a'; -- orphan low surrogate
  
  -- handling of simple unicode escapes
  SELECT jsonb '{ "a":  "the Copyright \u00a9 sign" }' ->> 'a' AS correct_in_utf8;
  SELECT jsonb '{ "a":  "dollar \u0024 character" }' ->> 'a' AS correct_everyWHERE;
  SELECT jsonb '{ "a":  "null \u0000 escape" }' ->> 'a' AS not_unescaped;
  
  -- jsonb_to_record and jsonb_to_recordset
  
  select * from jsonb_to_record('{"a":1,"b":"foo","c":"bar"}')
      as x(a int, b text, d text);
  
  select * from jsonb_to_recordset('[{"a":1,"b":"foo","d":false},{"a":2,"b":"bar","c":true}]')
      as x(a int, b text, c boolean);
  
  -- indexing
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":null}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC"}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC", "public":true}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25.0}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ? 'public';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ? 'bar';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ?| ARRAY['public','disabled'];
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ?& ARRAY['public','disabled'];
  
  CREATE INDEX jidx ON testjsonb USING gin (j);
  SET enable_seqscan = off;
  
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":null}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC"}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC", "public":true}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25.0}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"array":["foo"]}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"array":["bar"]}';
  -- excercise GIN_SEARCH_MODE_ALL
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ? 'public';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ? 'bar';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ?| ARRAY['public','disabled'];
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j ?& ARRAY['public','disabled'];
  
  -- array exists - array elements should behave as keys (for GIN index scans too)
  CREATE INDEX jidx_array ON testjsonb USING gin((j->'array'));
  SELECT count(*) from testjsonb  WHERE j->'array' ? 'bar';
  -- type sensitive array exists - should return no rows (since "exists" only
  -- matches strings that are either object keys or array elements)
  SELECT count(*) from testjsonb  WHERE j->'array' ? '5'::text;
  -- However, a raw scalar is *contained* within the array
  SELECT count(*) from testjsonb  WHERE j->'array' @> '5'::jsonb;
  
  RESET enable_seqscan;
  
  SELECT count(*) FROM (SELECT (jsonb_each(j)).key FROM testjsonb) AS wow;
  SELECT key, count(*) FROM (SELECT (jsonb_each(j)).key FROM testjsonb) AS wow GROUP BY key ORDER BY count DESC, key;
  
  -- sort/hash
  SELECT count(distinct j) FROM testjsonb;
  SET enable_hashagg = off;
  SELECT count(*) FROM (SELECT j FROM (SELECT * FROM testjsonb UNION ALL SELECT * FROM testjsonb) js GROUP BY j) js2;
  SET enable_hashagg = on;
  SET enable_sort = off;
  SELECT count(*) FROM (SELECT j FROM (SELECT * FROM testjsonb UNION ALL SELECT * FROM testjsonb) js GROUP BY j) js2;
  SELECT distinct * FROM (values (jsonb '{}' || ''),('{}')) v(j);
  SET enable_sort = on;
  
  RESET enable_hashagg;
  RESET enable_sort;
  
  DROP INDEX jidx;
  DROP INDEX jidx_array;
  -- btree
  CREATE INDEX jidx ON testjsonb USING btree (j);
  SET enable_seqscan = off;
  
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j > '{"p":1}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j = '{"pos":98, "line":371, "node":"CBA", "indexed":true}';
  
  --gin path opclass
  DROP INDEX jidx;
  CREATE INDEX jidx ON testjsonb USING gin (j jsonb_path_ops);
  SET enable_seqscan = off;
  
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":null}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC"}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"wait":"CC", "public":true}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25}';
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{"age":25.0}';
  -- excercise GIN_SEARCH_MODE_ALL
  SELECT count(*) FROM testjsonb WHERE j @> '{}';
  
  RESET enable_seqscan;
  DROP INDEX jidx;
  
  -- nested tests
  SELECT '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16}}'::jsonb;
  SELECT '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123}'::jsonb;
  SELECT '{"aa":["a","aaa"],"qq":{"a":12,"b":16,"c":["c1","c2"],"d":{"d1":"d1","d2":"d2","d1":"d3"}}}'::jsonb;
  SELECT '{"aa":["a","aaa"],"qq":{"a":"12","b":"16","c":["c1","c2"],"d":{"d1":"d1","d2":"d2"}}}'::jsonb;
  SELECT '{"aa":["a","aaa"],"qq":{"a":"12","b":"16","c":["c1","c2",["c3"],{"c4":4}],"d":{"d1":"d1","d2":"d2"}}}'::jsonb;
  SELECT '{"ff":["a","aaa"]}'::jsonb;
  
  SELECT
    '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb -> 'ff',
    '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb -> 'qq',
    ('{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb -> 'Y') IS NULL AS f,
    ('{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb ->> 'Y') IS NULL AS t,
     '{"ff":{"a":12,"b":16},"qq":123,"x":[1,2],"Y":null}'::jsonb -> 'x';
  
  -- nested containment
  SELECT '{"a":[1,2],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1,2]}';
  SELECT '{"a":[2,1],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1,2]}';
  SELECT '{"a":{"1":2},"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1,2]}';
  SELECT '{"a":{"2":1},"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1,2]}';
  SELECT '{"a":{"1":2},"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":{"1":2}}';
  SELECT '{"a":{"2":1},"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":{"1":2}}';
  SELECT '["a","b"]'::jsonb @> '["a","b","c","b"]';
  SELECT '["a","b","c","b"]'::jsonb @> '["a","b"]';
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2]]'::jsonb @> '["a",[1,2]]';
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2]]'::jsonb @> '["b",[1,2]]';
  
  SELECT '{"a":[1,2],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[1]}';
  SELECT '{"a":[1,2],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[2]}';
  SELECT '{"a":[1,2],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[3]}';
  
  SELECT '{"a":[1,2,{"c":3,"x":4}],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[{"c":3}]}';
  SELECT '{"a":[1,2,{"c":3,"x":4}],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[{"x":4}]}';
  SELECT '{"a":[1,2,{"c":3,"x":4}],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[{"x":4},3]}';
  SELECT '{"a":[1,2,{"c":3,"x":4}],"c":"b"}'::jsonb @> '{"a":[{"x":4},1]}';
  
  -- nested object field / array index lookup
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'n';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'a';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'b';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'c';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'd';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'd' -> '1';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 'e';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb -> 0; --expecting error
  
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 0;
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 1;
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 2;
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 3;
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 3 -> 1;
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 4;
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> 5;
  SELECT '["a","b","c",[1,2],null]'::jsonb -> -1;
  
  --nested path extraction
  SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{0}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{a}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,0}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,1}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,2}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,3}';
  SELECT '{"a":"b","c":[1,2,3]}'::jsonb #> '{c,-1}';
  
  SELECT '[0,1,2,[3,4],{"5":"five"}]'::jsonb #> '{0}';
  SELECT '[0,1,2,[3,4],{"5":"five"}]'::jsonb #> '{3}';
  SELECT '[0,1,2,[3,4],{"5":"five"}]'::jsonb #> '{4}';
  SELECT '[0,1,2,[3,4],{"5":"five"}]'::jsonb #> '{4,5}';
  
  --nested exists
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'n';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'a';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'b';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'c';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'd';
  SELECT '{"n":null,"a":1,"b":[1,2],"c":{"1":2},"d":{"1":[2,3]}}'::jsonb ? 'e';
  