text: /******************************************************************************
   *
   * Project:  PROJ
   * Purpose:  Test ISO19111:2019 implementation
   * Author:   Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
   *
   ******************************************************************************
   * Copyright (c) 2018, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
   *
   * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
   * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
   * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
   * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
   * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
   * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
   *
   * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
   * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
   *
   * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
   * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
   * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
   * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
   * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
   * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
   ****************************************************************************/
  
  #include "gtest_include.h"
  
  #include "test_primitives.hpp"
  
  // to be able to use internal::replaceAll
  #ifndef FROM_PROJ_CPP
  #define FROM_PROJ_CPP
  #endif
  
  #include "proj/common.hpp"
  #include "proj/coordinateoperation.hpp"
  #include "proj/coordinatesystem.hpp"
  #include "proj/crs.hpp"
  #include "proj/datum.hpp"
  #include "proj/io.hpp"
  #include "proj/metadata.hpp"
  #include "proj/util.hpp"
  
  #include "proj/internal/internal.hpp"
  
  #include "proj_constants.h"
  
  #include <string>
  #include <vector>
  
  using namespace osgeo::proj::common;
  using namespace osgeo::proj::crs;
  using namespace osgeo::proj::cs;
  using namespace osgeo::proj::datum;
  using namespace osgeo::proj::io;
  using namespace osgeo::proj::internal;
  using namespace osgeo::proj::metadata;
  using namespace osgeo::proj::operation;
  using namespace osgeo::proj::util;
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(
          op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv +proj=longlat "
          "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
          "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_default) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
          CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
  
      // Directly found in database
      {
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"), // Pulkovo 42
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
          // Romania has a larger area than Poland (given our approx formula)
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
          EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->getEPSGCode(), 1644);  // Poland - 1m
          EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
                    "Ballpark geographic offset from Pulkovo 1942(58) to ETRS89");
  
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=krass +step +proj=helmert +x=2.3287 "
              "+y=-147.0425 +z=-92.0802 +rx=0.3092483 +ry=-0.32482185 "
              "+rz=-0.49729934 +s=5.68906266 +convention=coordinate_frame +step "
              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
      }
  
      // Reverse case
      {
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"),
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
          // Romania has a larger area than Poland (given our approx formula)
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                    "Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to ETRS89 (4)"); // Romania - 3m
  
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=2.3287 "
              "+y=-147.0425 +z=-92.0802 +rx=0.3092483 +ry=-0.32482185 "
              "+rz=-0.49729934 +s=5.68906266 +convention=coordinate_frame +step "
              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=krass +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
              "+order=2,1");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_match_by_name) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
          CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
      auto NAD27 = GeographicCRS::create(
          PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->nameStr()),
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->datum(),
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->datumEnsemble(),
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->coordinateSystem());
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NAD27, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
      auto listInv = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NAD27, ctxt);
      auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
      EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
      EXPECT_EQ(listInv.size(), listRef.size());
      EXPECT_GE(listRef.size(), 2U);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_filter_accuracy) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 1.0);
          ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
              CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
  
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 1644); // Poland - 1m
      }
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.9);
          ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
              CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
  
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 0U);
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_filter_bbox) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      // INSERT INTO "area" VALUES('EPSG','1197','Romania','Romania - onshore and
      // offshore.',43.44,48.27,20.26,31.41,0);
      {
          auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
              authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26, 43.44, 31.41, 48.27),
              0.0);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
      }
      {
          auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
              authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26 + .1, 43.44 + .1,
                                                  31.41 - .1, 48.27 - .1),
              0.0);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
      }
      {
          auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
              authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26 - .1, 43.44 - .1,
                                                  31.41 + .1, 48.27 + .1),
              0.0);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=noop");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_incompatible_area) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS 89
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=noop");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_inverse_needed) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
              CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                  IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
          ctxt->setUsePROJAlternativeGridNames(false);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=-168 "
              "+y=-60 +z=320 +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop "
              "+v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
          EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(
                        PROJStringFormatter::create(
                            PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                            authFactory->databaseContext())
                            .get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                    "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
                    "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
                    "+proj=unitconvert "
                    "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
              CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                  IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
              "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
              CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                  IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
              "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert "
              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_ntv1_ntv2_ctable2) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"), // NAD83
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 10U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
                "+grids=ca_nrc_ntv1_can.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
                "+grids=ca_nrc_ntv2_0.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
                "+grids=us_noaa_conus.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_NAD27_to_WGS84) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), // WGS84
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 79U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "NAD27 to WGS 84 (33)"); // 1.0 m, Canada - NAD27
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
                "NAD27 to WGS 84 (3)"); // 20.0 m, Canada - NAD27
      EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
                "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79)"); // 5.0 m, USA - CONUS including EEZ
      EXPECT_EQ(list[3]->nameStr(),
                "NAD27 to WGS 84 (4)"); // 10.0 m, USA - CONUS - onshore
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_NAD27_to_WGS84_G1762) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
  
      auto authFactoryEPSG =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // NAD27
          authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"),
          // WGS84 (G1762)
          authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9057"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 78U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "NAD27 to WGS 84 (33) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ca_nrc_ntv2_0.tif "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
                "NAD27 to WGS 84 (3) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
                "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[3]->nameStr(),
                "NAD27 to WGS 84 (4) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_WGS84_G1674_to_WGS84_G1762) {
      // Check that particular behavior with WGS 84 (Gxxx) related to
      // 'geodetic_datum_preferred_hub' table and custom no-op transformations
      // between WGS 84 and WGS 84 (Gxxx) doesn't affect direct transformations
      // to those realizations.
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
  
      auto authFactoryEPSG =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // WGS84 (G1674)
          authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9056"),
          // WGS84 (G1762)
          authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9057"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=-0.004 +y=0.003 +z=0.004 +rx=0.00027 "
                "+ry=-0.00027 +rz=0.00038 +s=-0.0069 "
                "+convention=coordinate_frame "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_EPSG_4240_Indian1975_to_EPSG_4326) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4240"), // Indian 1975
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
  
      // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (4), 3.0 m, Thailand - onshore
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 1812);
  
      // The following is the one we want to see. It has a lesser accuracy than
      // the above one and the same bbox, but the name of its area of use is
      // slightly different
      // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (2), 5.0 m, Thailand - onshore and Gulf of Thailand
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->getEPSGCode(), 1304);
  
      // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (3), 1.0 m, Thailand - Bongkot field
      EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->getEPSGCode(), 1537);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geog3D_crs) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4939"), // GDA94 3D
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7843"), // GDA2020 3D
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
  
      // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
                "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
                "+convention=coordinate_frame "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geocentric_3D) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // GDA94 geocentric
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4348"),
          // GDA2020 geocentric
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7842"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
  
      // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
                "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
                "+convention=coordinate_frame");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
                "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
                "+convention=coordinate_frame");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geog3D_to_geocentirc) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // GDA94 3D
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4939"),
          // GDA2020 geocentric
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7842"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
  
      // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
                "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
                "+convention=coordinate_frame");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_invalid_EPSG_ID) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
      // EPSG:4656 is incorrect. Should be EPSG:8997
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
          "GEOGCS[\"ITRF2000\","
          "DATUM[\"International_Terrestrial_Reference_Frame_2000\","
          "SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
          "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6656\"]],"
          "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],"
          "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4656\"]]");
      auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(crs), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_datum_ensemble) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
  
      auto dst_wkt =
          "GEOGCRS[\"unknown\","
          "  ENSEMBLE[\"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\","
          "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)\","
          "       ID[\"EPSG\",1166]],"
          "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)\","
          "       ID[\"EPSG\",1152]],"
          "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)\","
          "       ID[\"EPSG\",1153]],"
          "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)\","
          "       ID[\"EPSG\",1154]],"
          "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)\","
          "       ID[\"EPSG\",1155]],"
          "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)\","
          "       ID[\"EPSG\",1156]],"
          "     ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"
          "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]],"
          "      ID[\"EPSG\",7030]],"
          "     ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2]],"
          "  PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
          "    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]],"
          "    ID[\"EPSG\",8901]],"
          "  CS[ellipsoidal,2,"
          "    ID[\"EPSG\",6422]],"
          "  AXIS[\"Geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,"
          "    ORDER[1]],"
          "  AXIS[\"Geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,"
          "    ORDER[2]],"
          "  ANGLEUNIT[\"degree (supplier to define representation)\","
          "0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]";
      auto dstObj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(dst_wkt);
      auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(dstObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
          NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_geogCRS_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setUsePROJAlternativeGridNames(false);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                  "3855"), // EGM2008 height
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[1]->exportToPROJString(
                  PROJStringFormatter::create(
                      PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                      authFactory->databaseContext())
                      .get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                  "3855"), // EGM2008 height
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                  "3855"), // EGM2008 height
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif "
              "+multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              // NGVD29 depth (ftUS)
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6359"),
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=affine +s33=-0.304800609601219");
      }
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              // NZVD2016 height
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7839"),
              // NZGD2000
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4959"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_nzgeoid2016.tif "
              "+multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
      {
          // Test actually the database where we derive records using the more
          // classic 'Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight' method from
          // records using EPSG:9635
          //'Geog3D to Geog2D+GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)' method
          auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
              AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string()),
              nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
              CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              // Baltic 1957 height
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8357"),
              // ETRS89
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift "
              "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif "
              "+multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geog3DCRS_to_geog2DCRS_plus_vertCRS_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
              CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              // ETRS89 (3D)
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"),
              // ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8360"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
              "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(),
                    "Inverse of 'ETRS89 to ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height (1)'");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_noop) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Null geographic offset from WGS 84 to WGS 84");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=noop");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->nameStr(), op->nameStr());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_longitude_rotation) {
  
      auto src = GeographicCRS::create(
          PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "A"),
          GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                                         optional<std::string>(),
                                         PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
          EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
      auto dest = GeographicCRS::create(
          PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "B"),
          GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                                         optional<std::string>(),
                                         PrimeMeridian::PARIS),
          EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dest);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=longlat "
                "+ellps=WGS84 +pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
                CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                    ->createOperation(dest, src)
                    ->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
      EXPECT_TRUE(
          op->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                                            ->createOperation(dest, src)
                                            .get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_longitude_rotation_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"), // NTF(Paris)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to NTF (1)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
                "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to NTF (2)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
                "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=2.33720833333333 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_concatenated_operation) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
          CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"), // NTF(Paris)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4171"), // RGF93
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 4U);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to RGF93 (1)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+step +proj=xyzgridshift +grids=fr_ign_gr3df97a.tif "
                "+grid_ref=output_crs +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to RGF93 (2)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
                "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
                "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      EXPECT_TRUE(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ConcatenatedOperation>(list[0]) !=
                  nullptr);
      auto grids = list[0]->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
      EXPECT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_ED50_to_WGS72_no_NTF_intermediate) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4230"), // ED50
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4322"), // WGS 72
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);
      // We should not use the ancient NTF as an intermediate when looking for
      // ED50 -> WGS 72 operations.
      for (const auto &op : list) {
          EXPECT_TRUE(op->nameStr().find("NTF") == std::string::npos)
              << op->nameStr();
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_same_grid_name) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4314"), // DHDN
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_TRUE(!list.empty());
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "DHDN to ETRS89 (8)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
                "+grids=de_adv_BETA2007.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_geographic_offset_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4120"), // NTF(Paris)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4121"), // NTF
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Greek to GGRS87 (1)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
                "+dlat=-5.86 +dlon=0.28 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_CH1903_to_CH1903plus_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
          CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4149"), // CH1903
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4150"), // CH1903+
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_TRUE(list.size() == 1U);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "CH1903 to CH1903+ (1)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ch_swisstopo_CHENyx06a.tif "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_init_IGNF_to_init_IGNF_context) {
  
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
  
      auto sourceCRS_obj = PROJStringParser()
                               .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                               .setUsePROJ4InitRules(true)
                               .createFromPROJString("+init=IGNF:NTFG");
      auto sourceCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(sourceCRS_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(sourceCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto targetCRS_obj = PROJStringParser()
                               .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                               .setUsePROJ4InitRules(true)
                               .createFromPROJString("+init=IGNF:RGF93G");
      auto targetCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(targetCRS_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(targetCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(sourceCRS), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(targetCRS), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "NOUVELLE TRIANGULATION DE LA FRANCE (NTF) vers RGF93 (ETRS89)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_3D) {
  
      auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
      auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);
  
      auto geogcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +vunits=ft +type=crs");
      auto geogcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_ft_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_ft != nullptr);
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft");
      }
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
      }
  
      auto geogcrs_m_with_pm_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +pm=paris +vunits=m +type=crs");
      auto geogcrs_m_with_pm =
          nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_with_pm_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m_with_pm != nullptr);
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m_with_pm), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m "
                    "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m +step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 "
                    "+pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
                    "+xy_out=deg +z_out=ft");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_3D_lat_long_non_metre_to_geogCRS_longlat) {
  
      auto wkt = "GEOGCRS[\"my CRS\",\n"
                 "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                 "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563],\n"
                 "        ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
                 "    CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
                 "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
                 "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                 "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
                 "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                 "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height\",up,\n"
                 "            LENGTHUNIT[\"my_vunit\",0.3]]]";
      auto srcCRS_obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
      auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcCRS_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto dstCRS_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
      auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(dstCRS_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(srcCRS), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dstCRS));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=0.3 +z_out=m");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_without_id_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto src =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4289"); // Amersfoort
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
      auto list =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      auto wkt2 = "GEOGCRS[\"unnamed\",\n"
                  "    DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
                  "        ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128,\n"
                  "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                  "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                  "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                  "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
                  "        AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
                  "            ORDER[1],\n"
                  "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                  "        AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
                  "            ORDER[2],\n"
                  "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                  "    USAGE[\n"
                  "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
                  "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
                  "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]]]\n";
  
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
      auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
      auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size());
      for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
          const auto &op = list[i];
          const auto &op2 = list2[i];
          EXPECT_TRUE(
              op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT))
              << op->nameStr() << " " << op2->nameStr();
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  static GeodeticCRSNNPtr createGeocentricDatumWGS84() {
      PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
      propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
          .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 4328)
          .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84");
      return GeodeticCRS::create(
          propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
          CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  static GeodeticCRSNNPtr createGeocentricKM() {
      PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
      propertiesCRS.set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Based on WGS 84");
      return GeodeticCRS::create(
          propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
          CartesianCS::createGeocentric(
              UnitOfMeasure("kilometre", 1000.0, UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR)));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(),
                "Ballpark geocentric translation from WGS 84 to NAD83 "
                "(geocentric) + Conversion from NAD83 "
                "(geocentric) to NAD83");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, createGeocentricDatumWGS84());
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Conversion from NAD83 to NAD83 (geocentric) + "
                               "Ballpark geocentric translation from NAD83 "
                               "(geocentric) to WGS 84");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=cart "
                "+ellps=GRS80");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_same_noop) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), createGeocentricDatumWGS84());
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(),
                "Null geocentric translation from WGS 84 to WGS 84");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=noop");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->nameStr(), op->nameStr());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_ballpark) {
  
      PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
      propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
          .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 4328)
          .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unknown");
      auto otherGeocentricCRS = GeodeticCRS::create(
          propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6269,
          CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createGeocentricKM(), otherGeocentricCRS);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(
          op->nameStr(),
          "Ballpark geocentric translation from Based on WGS 84 to unknown");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=km +z_in=km +xy_out=m +z_out=m");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
          // WGS84 geocentric
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Conversion from WGS 84 (geog2D) to WGS 84 (geocentric)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=cart "
                "+ellps=WGS84");
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(),
                "Conversion from WGS 84 (geocentric) to WGS 84 (geog2D)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context_all_auth) {
      // This is to check we don't use OGC:CRS84 as a pivot
      auto authFactoryEPSG =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto authFactoryAll =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt =
          CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactoryAll, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
          // WGS84 geocentric
          authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Conversion from WGS 84 (geog2D) to WGS 84 (geocentric)");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // ITRF2000 (geocentric)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4919"),
          // ITRF2005 (geocentric)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4896"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1)");
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
          ComparePROJString,
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
          "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
          "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
          "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_geocentricCRS_same_datum_to_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // WGS84 geocentric
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"),
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Conversion from WGS 84 (geocentric) to WGS 84 (geog2D)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       geog2D_to_geog3D_same_datum_but_with_potential_other_pivot_context) {
      // Check that when going from geog2D to geog3D of same datum, we don't
      // try to go through a WGS84 pivot...
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5365"), // CR 05 2D
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5364"), // CR 05 3D
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=noop");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       geogCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum_though_geocentric_transform_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // ITRF2000 (geog3D)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7909"),
          // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Conversion from ITRF2000 (geog3D) to ITRF2000 (geocentric) + "
                "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
                "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
          ComparePROJString,
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
          "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
          "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
          "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
          "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv "
          "+proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
          "+z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // ITRF2000 (geog3D)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7909"),
          // ITRF2005 (geocentric)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4896"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Conversion from ITRF2000 (geog3D) to ITRF2000 (geocentric) + "
                "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1)");
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
          ComparePROJString,
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
          "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
          "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
          "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
          "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // ITRF2000 (geocentric)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4919"),
          // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
                "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
          ComparePROJString,
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
          "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
          "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
          "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv "
          "+proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
          "+z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, esri_projectedCRS_to_geogCRS_with_ITRF_intermediate_context) {
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto authFactoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto authFactoryESRI = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI");
      auto ctxt =
          CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactoryEPSG, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // NAD_1983_CORS96_StatePlane_North_Carolina_FIPS_3200_Ft_US (projected)
          authFactoryESRI->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("103501"),
          // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
          authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of NAD_1983_CORS96_StatePlane_North_Carolina_"
                "FIPS_3200_Ft_US + "
                "Conversion from NAD83(CORS96) (geog2D) to NAD83(CORS96) "
                "(geocentric) + Inverse of ITRF2000 to NAD83(CORS96) (1) + "
                "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
                "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
          ComparePROJString,
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft "
          "+xy_out=m +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=33.75 +lon_0=-79 "
          "+lat_1=34.3333333333333 +lat_2=36.1666666666667 "
          "+x_0=609601.219202438 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=cart "
          "+ellps=GRS80 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=0.9956 +y=-1.9013 "
          "+z=-0.5215 +rx=0.025915 +ry=0.009426 +rz=0.011599 +s=0.00062 "
          "+dx=0.0007 +dy=-0.0007 +dz=0.0005 +drx=6.7e-05 +dry=-0.000757 "
          "+drz=-5.1e-05 +ds=-0.00018 +t_epoch=1997 "
          "+convention=coordinate_frame +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
          "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
          "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
          "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart "
          "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
          "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  static ProjectedCRSNNPtr createUTM31_WGS84() {
      return ProjectedCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
          Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
          CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  static ProjectedCRSNNPtr createUTM32_WGS84() {
      return ProjectedCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
          Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
          CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_projCRS) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createUTM31_WGS84());
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_TRUE(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(op) != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=utm "
                "+zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_geogCS_latlong) {
  
      auto sourceCRS = GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84;
      auto targetCRS = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(sourceCRS,
                                                                      targetCRS);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      auto conv = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(op);
      ASSERT_TRUE(conv != nullptr);
      EXPECT_TRUE(op->sourceCRS() &&
                  op->sourceCRS()->isEquivalentTo(sourceCRS.get()));
      EXPECT_TRUE(op->targetCRS() &&
                  op->targetCRS()->isEquivalentTo(targetCRS.get()));
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      auto convInverse = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(conv->inverse());
      ASSERT_TRUE(convInverse != nullptr);
      EXPECT_TRUE(convInverse->sourceCRS() &&
                  convInverse->sourceCRS()->isEquivalentTo(targetCRS.get()));
      EXPECT_TRUE(convInverse->targetCRS() &&
                  convInverse->targetCRS()->isEquivalentTo(sourceCRS.get()));
      EXPECT_EQ(conv->method()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
                convInverse->method()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
      EXPECT_TRUE(conv->method()->isEquivalentTo(convInverse->method().get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_geogCS_latlong_database) {
  
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "OGC")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("CRS84"),
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_projCRS) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84, createUTM31_WGS84());
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_different_from_baseCRS_to_projCRS) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, createUTM31_WGS84());
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(
          op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv +proj=longlat "
          "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=utm +zone=31 "
          "+ellps=WGS84");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       geogCRS_different_from_baseCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
          CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"),  // NTF(Paris)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM31 WGS84
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 4U);
      EXPECT_EQ(
          list[0]->nameStr(),
          "NTF (Paris) to NTF (1) + Inverse of WGS 84 to NTF (3) + UTM zone 31N");
      ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
      EXPECT_EQ(
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
          "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_projCRS) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), createUTM31_WGS84());
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createUTM31_WGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_no_id_to_geogCRS_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
          "28992"); // Amersfoort / RD New
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"); // ETRS89 2D
      auto list =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      auto wkt2 =
          "PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
          "       DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
          "            ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]]],\n"
          "    CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
          "        METHOD[\"Oblique Stereographic\"],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",52.1561605555556],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",5.38763888888889],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999079],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",155000],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",463000]],\n"
          "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],\n"
          "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "    ID[\"EPSG\",28992]]";
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
      auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
      auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size() - 1);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
          const auto &op = list[i];
          const auto &op2 = list2[i];
          EXPECT_TRUE(
              op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto wkt = "PROJCRS[\"NAD83(HARN) / Oregon GIC Lambert (ft)\",\n"
                 "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83(HARN)\",\n"
                 "        DATUM[\"NAD83 (High Accuracy Reference Network)\",\n"
                 "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
                 "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                 "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                 "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                 "        ID[\"EPSG\",4957]],\n"
                 "    CONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
                 "        METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
                 "            ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
                 "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",41.75,\n"
                 "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
                 "            ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
                 "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-120.5,\n"
                 "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
                 "            ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
                 "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",43,\n"
                 "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
                 "            ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
                 "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",45.5,\n"
                 "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
                 "            ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
                 "        PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",1312335.958,\n"
                 "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048],\n"
                 "            ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
                 "        PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
                 "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048],\n"
                 "            ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
                 "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
                 "        AXIS[\"easting\",east,\n"
                 "            ORDER[1],\n"
                 "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]],\n"
                 "        AXIS[\"northing\",north,\n"
                 "            ORDER[2],\n"
                 "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]],\n"
                 "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
                 "            ORDER[3],\n"
                 "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]]]";
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
      auto src = NN_CHECK_ASSERT(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj));
      auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
          "4957"); // NAD83(HARN) (3D)
      auto list =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                // Check that z ft->m conversion is done (and just once)
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=ft +z_in=ft +xy_out=m +z_out=m "
                "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=41.75 +lon_0=-120.5 +lat_1=43 "
                "+lat_2=45.5 +x_0=399999.9999984 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_projCRS_2D_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto wkt =
          "PROJCRS[\"Projected 3d CRS\",\n"
          "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"JGD2000\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"Japanese Geodetic Datum 2000\",\n"
          "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "        ID[\"EPSG\",4947]],\n" // the code is what triggered the bug
          "    CONVERSION[\"Japan Plane Rectangular CS zone VII\",\n"
          "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",36,\n"
          "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",137.166666666667,\n"
          "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999,\n"
          "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
          "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
          "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]],\n"
          "        ID[\"EPSG\",17807]],\n"
          "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"northing (X)\",north,\n"
          "            ORDER[1],\n"
          "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"easting (Y)\",east,\n"
          "            ORDER[2],\n"
          "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
          "            ORDER[3],\n"
          "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
      auto src = NN_CHECK_ASSERT(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj));
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32653"); // WGS 84 UTM 53
      // We just want to check that we don't get inconsistent chaining exception
      auto list =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_3D_to_projCRS_with_2D_geocentric_translation) {
  
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto src =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"); // WGS 84 3D
  
      // Azores Central 1948 / UTM zone 26N
      auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("2189");
  
      auto list =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 " // this is what we check. Due to the
                                         // target system being 2D only
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=104 +y=-167 +z=38 "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=intl "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 " // this is what we check
                "+step +proj=utm +zone=26 +ellps=intl");
  
      auto listReverse =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, src, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(listReverse.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(
          listReverse[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline "
          "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=26 +ellps=intl "
          "+step +proj=push +v_3 " // this is what we check
          "+step +proj=cart +ellps=intl "
          "+step +proj=helmert +x=-104 +y=167 +z=-38 "
          "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
          "+step +proj=pop +v_3 " // this is what we check
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
          "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS) {
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createUTM31_WGS84(), createUTM32_WGS84());
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=WGS84");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_different_baseCRS) {
  
      auto utm32 = ProjectedCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
          Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
          CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createUTM31_WGS84(), utm32);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32634"), // UTM 34
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
              "2171"), // Pulkovo 42 Poland I
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of UTM zone 34N + Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
                "(1) + Poland zone I");
      ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area_bis) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
              "3844"), // Pulkovo 42 Stereo 70 (Romania)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32634"), // UTM 34
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of Stereo 70 + "
                                    "Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
                                    "(19) + UTM zone 34N");
      ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "3");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_one_incompatible_area) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM 31
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
              "2171"), // Pulkovo 42 Poland I
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of UTM zone 31N + Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
                "(1) + Poland zone I");
      ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM 31
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32633"), // UTM 33
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of UTM zone 31N + UTM zone 33N");
      ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "0");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas_ballpark) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("26711"), // UTM 11 NAD27
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
              "3034"), // ETRS89 / LCC Europe
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas_crs_extent_use_intersection) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSourceAndTargetCRSExtentUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SourceTargetCRSExtentUse::INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("26711"), // UTM 11 NAD27
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
              "3034"), // ETRS89 / LCC Europe
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 0U);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_north_pole_inverted_axis) {
  
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32661"),
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5041"),
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_south_pole_inverted_axis) {
  
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32761"),
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5042"),
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_through_geog3D) {
      // Check that when going from projCRS to projCRS, using
      // geog2D-->geog3D-->geog3D-->geog2D we do not have issues with
      // inconsistent CRS chaining, due to how we 'hack' a bit some intermediate
      // steps
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5367"), // CR05 / CRTM05
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
              "8908"), // CR-SIRGAS / CRTM05
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-84 +k=0.9999 "
                "+x_0=500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=-0.16959 +y=0.35312 +z=0.51846 "
                "+rx=-0.03385 +ry=0.16325 +rz=-0.03446 +s=0.03693 "
                "+convention=position_vector "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-84 +k=0.9999 +x_0=500000 "
                "+y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transform_from_amersfoort_rd_new_to_epsg_4326) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("28992"),
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
      // The order matters: "Amersfoort to WGS 84 (4)" replaces "Amersfoort to WGS
      // 84 (3)"
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of RD New + Amersfoort to WGS 84 (4)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of RD New + Amersfoort to WGS 84 (3)");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geogCRS) {
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
                "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
                "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
                "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geodCRS) {
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          boundCRS, GeodeticCRS::EPSG_4978);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step "
                "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
                "+convention=position_vector");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geodCRS_not_related_to_hub) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          boundCRS,
          // ETRS89 geocentric
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4936"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step "
                "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
                "+convention=position_vector "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geogCRS_with_area) {
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          boundCRS, authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk66 +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
                "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
                "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_unrelated_geogCRS) {
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                    ->createOperation(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
                                      GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269)
                    ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, createOperation_boundCRS_identified_by_datum) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=32 +a=6378249.2 +b=6356515 "
          "+towgs84=-263.0,6.0,431.0 +no_defs +type=crs");
      auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDest);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=helmert +x=263 +y=-6 +z=-431 +step +inv +proj=cart "
                "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=utm +zone=32 "
                "+ellps=clrk80ign");
  
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_clrk_66_geogCRS_to_nad83_geogCRS) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=latlong +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=ntv1_can.dat,conus +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=latlong +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
      auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDest);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_clrk_66_projCRS_to_nad83_geogCRS) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=17 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
          "+type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=latlong +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
      auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDest);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=17 +ellps=clrk66 "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_projCRS_to_geogCRS) {
      auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
          Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
          CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          utm31, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart "
                "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 "
                "+rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart "
                "+ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert "
                "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_projCRS) {
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
          Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
          CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
      auto op =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS, utm31);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
                "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
                "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
                "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
                "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_unrelated_geogCRS_context) {
      auto src = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      // ETRS89
      auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      // Check with it is a concatenated operation, since it doesn't particularly
      // show up in the PROJ string
      EXPECT_TRUE(dynamic_cast<ConcatenatedOperation *>(list[0].get()) !=
                  nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Transformation from NTF (Paris) to WGS84 + "
                                    "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
                "+convention=position_vector "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_boundCRS_of_geogCRS) {
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, boundCRS);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=1 "
                "+y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=grad +step +proj=axisswap "
                "+order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context) {
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=noop");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_geogCRS_hubCRS_and_targetCRS_same_but_baseCRS_not) {
      const char *wkt =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
          "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
  
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
      auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(boundCRS), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS) {
      auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
          Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
          CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
      auto utm32 = ProjectedCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269,
          Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
          CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
      auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          utm31, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          utm32, std::vector<double>{8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
                                                                      boundCRS2);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart "
                "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 "
                "+rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=helmert "
                "+x=8 +y=9 +z=10 +rx=11 +ry=12 +rz=13 +s=14 "
                "+convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=GRS80");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS_noop_for_TOWGS84) {
      auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
                                                                      boundCRS2);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
                "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +inv +proj=cart "
                "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert "
                "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS_unralated_hub) {
      auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::create(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979,
          Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
              PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979,
              1.0, 2.0, 3.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>()));
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
                                                                      boundCRS2);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                    ->createOperation(boundCRS1->baseCRS(), boundCRS2->baseCRS())
                    ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_projCRS_towgs84_to_boundCRS_of_projCRS_nadgrids) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=15 +datum=NAD83 +units=m +no_defs +ellps=GRS80 "
          "+towgs84=0,0,0 +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=15 +datum=NAD27 +units=m +no_defs +ellps=clrk66 "
          "+nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=15 +ellps=GRS80 +step "
                "+inv +proj=hgridshift "
                "+grids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat +step +proj=utm "
                "+zone=15 +ellps=clrk66");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  static CRSNNPtr buildCRSFromProjStrThroughWKT(const std::string &projStr) {
      auto crsFromProj = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(
          PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(projStr));
      if (crsFromProj == nullptr) {
          throw "crsFromProj == nullptr";
      }
      auto crsFromWkt = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(
          WKTParser().createFromWKT(crsFromProj->exportToWKT(
              WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get())));
      if (crsFromWkt == nullptr) {
          throw "crsFromWkt == nullptr";
      }
      return NN_NO_CHECK(crsFromWkt);
  }
  
  TEST(operation,
       boundCRS_to_boundCRS_with_base_geog_crs_different_from_source_of_transf) {
  
      auto src = buildCRSFromProjStrThroughWKT(
          "+proj=lcc +lat_1=49 +lat_0=49 +lon_0=0 +k_0=0.999877499 +x_0=600000 "
          "+y_0=200000 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +towgs84=-168,-60,320,0,0,0,0 "
          "+units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
      auto dst = buildCRSFromProjStrThroughWKT(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
          "+towgs84=-168,-60,320,0,0,0,0 +no_defs +type=crs");
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_1=49 +lat_0=49 +lon_0=0 "
                "+k_0=0.999877499 +x_0=600000 +y_0=200000 +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+pm=paris "
                "+step +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_with_basecrs_with_extent_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto wkt =
          "BOUNDCRS[\n"
          "    SOURCECRS[\n"
          "        PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / California zone 3 (ftUS)\",\n"
          "            BASEGEODCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "                DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
          "                    ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "                PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
          "            CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 California zone 3 (US Survey "
          "feet)\",\n"
          "                METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
          "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",36.5,\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
          "                PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-120.5,\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
          "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\","
          "                    38.4333333333333,\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
          "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\","
          "                    37.0666666666667,\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
          "                PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",6561666.667,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
          "                    0.304800609601219],\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
          "                PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",1640416.667,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
          "                    0.304800609601219],\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
          "            CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
          "                AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
          "                    ORDER[1],\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
          "                    0.304800609601219]],\n"
          "                AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
          "                    ORDER[2],\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
          "                    0.304800609601219]],\n"
          "            SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
          "            AREA[\"USA - California - SPCS - 3\"],\n"
          "            BBOX[36.73,-123.02,38.71,-117.83],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",2227]]],\n"
          "    TARGETCRS[\n"
          "        GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
          "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "            CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
          "                AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
          "                    ORDER[1],\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "                AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
          "                    ORDER[2],\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]],\n"
          "    ABRIDGEDTRANSFORMATION[\"NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)\",\n"
          "        METHOD[\"Geocentric translations (geog2D domain)\",\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",9603]],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"X-axis translation\",0,\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",8605]],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Y-axis translation\",0,\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",8606]],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Z-axis translation\",0,\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",8607]],\n"
          "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
          "        AREA[\"North America - Canada and USA (CONUS, Alaska "
          "mainland)\"],\n"
          "        BBOX[23.81,-172.54,86.46,-47.74],\n"
          "        ID[\"EPSG\",1188]]]";
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
      auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(boundCRS), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Inverse of SPCS83 California zone 3 (US Survey "
                               "feet) + NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, ETRS89_3D_to_proj_string_with_geoidgrids_nadgrids) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      // ETRS89 3D
      auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937");
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=sterea +lat_0=52.15616055555555 +lon_0=5.38763888888889 "
          "+k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 +y_0=463000 +ellps=bessel "
          "+nadgrids=rdtrans2008.gsb +geoidgrids=naptrans2008.gtx +units=m "
          "+type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          src, NN_NO_CHECK(dst), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=naptrans2008.gtx "
                "+multiplier=1 "
                "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=rdtrans2008.gsb "
                "+step +proj=sterea +lat_0=52.1561605555556 "
                "+lon_0=5.38763888888889 +k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 "
                "+y_0=463000 +ellps=bessel");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, nadgrids_with_pm) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.66666666666666 +lon_0=1 +k=1 +x_0=200000 "
          "+y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +nadgrids=foo.gsb +pm=lisbon "
          "+units=m +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
                "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
                // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      // ETRS89
      dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258");
      list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
                "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
                // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      // From WKT BOUNDCRS
      auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019);
      auto src_wkt = src->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
      auto objFromWkt = WKTParser().createFromWKT(src_wkt);
      auto crsFromWkt = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objFromWkt);
      ASSERT_TRUE(crsFromWkt);
      list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(crsFromWkt), dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
                "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
                // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, WGS84_G1762_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_vertCRS) {
      auto authFactoryEPSG =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      // WGS 84 (G1762) 3D
      auto src = authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7665");
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          src, NN_NO_CHECK(dst), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 53U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762) + "
                "Inverse of unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height + "
                "Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + "
                "axis order change (2D)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  static VerticalCRSNNPtr createVerticalCRS() {
      PropertyMap propertiesVDatum;
      propertiesVDatum.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
          .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5101)
          .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Ordnance Datum Newlyn");
      auto vdatum = VerticalReferenceFrame::create(propertiesVDatum);
      PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
      propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
          .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5701)
          .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "ODN height");
      return VerticalCRS::create(
          propertiesCRS, vdatum,
          VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(),
          std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createVerticalCRS()});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
                    ->createOperation(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                                      GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807)
                    ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  static BoundCRSNNPtr createBoundVerticalCRS() {
      auto vertCRS = createVerticalCRS();
      auto transformation =
          Transformation::createGravityRelatedHeightToGeographic3D(
              PropertyMap(), vertCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, nullptr,
              "us_nga_egm08_25.tif", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
      return BoundCRS::create(vertCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, transformation);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_height_to_PROJ_string) {
      auto transf = createBoundVerticalCRS()->transformation();
      EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif "
                "+multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      auto grids = transf->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
      ASSERT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);
      auto gridDesc = *(grids.begin());
      EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.shortName, "us_nga_egm08_25.tif");
      EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.packageName.empty());
      EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.url, "https://cdn.proj.org/us_nga_egm08_25.tif");
      if (gridDesc.available) {
          EXPECT_TRUE(!gridDesc.fullName.empty()) << gridDesc.fullName;
          EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.fullName.find(gridDesc.shortName) !=
                      std::string::npos)
              << gridDesc.fullName;
      } else {
          EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.fullName.empty()) << gridDesc.fullName;
      }
      EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.directDownload, true);
      EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.openLicense, true);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic3D_to_GravityRelatedHeight_gtx) {
      auto wkt =
          "COORDINATEOPERATION[\"ETRS89 to NAP height (1)\",\n"
          "    VERSION[\"RDNAP-Nld 2008\"],\n"
          "    SOURCECRS[\n"
          "        GEOGCRS[\"ETRS89\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"European Terrestrial Reference System 1989\",\n"
          "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "            CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
          "                AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
          "                    ORDER[1],\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "                AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
          "                    ORDER[2],\n"
          "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "                AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
          "                    ORDER[3],\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",4937]]],\n"
          "    TARGETCRS[\n"
          "        VERTCRS[\"NAP height\",\n"
          "            VDATUM[\"Normaal Amsterdams Peil\"],\n"
          "            CS[vertical,1],\n"
          "                AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",5709]]],\n"
          "    METHOD[\"Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)\",\n"
          "        ID[\"EPSG\",9665]],\n"
          "    PARAMETERFILE[\"Geoid (height correction) model "
          "file\",\"naptrans2008.gtx\"],\n"
          "    OPERATIONACCURACY[0.01],\n"
          "    USAGE[\n"
          "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
          "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
          "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]],\n"
          "    ID[\"EPSG\",7001]]";
      ;
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
      auto transf = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(transf != nullptr);
  
      // Check that we correctly inverse files in the case of
      // "Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)"
      EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
                "+grids=naptrans2008.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_ntv2_to_PROJ_string) {
      auto transformation = Transformation::createNTv2(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
          "foo.gsb", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
      EXPECT_EQ(
          transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step "
          "+proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
          "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_VERTCON_to_PROJ_string) {
      auto verticalCRS1 = createVerticalCRS();
  
      auto verticalCRS2 = VerticalCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), VerticalReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap()),
          VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
  
      // Use of this type of transformation is a bit of non-sense here
      // since it should normally be used with NGVD29 and NAVD88 for VerticalCRS,
      // and NAD27/NAD83 as horizontal CRS...
      auto vtransformation = Transformation::createVERTCON(
          PropertyMap(), verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, "bla.gtx",
          std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
      EXPECT_EQ(vtransformation->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001");
  }
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_NZLVD_to_PROJ_string) {
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto op = factory->createCoordinateOperation("7860", false);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create(
                        PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
                        .get()),
                "+proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_auckht1946-nzvd2016.tif "
                "+multiplier=1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_BEV_AT_to_PROJ_string) {
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto op = factory->createCoordinateOperation("9275", false);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create(
                        PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
                        .get()),
                "+proj=vgridshift +grids=at_bev_GV_Hoehengrid_V1.tif "
                "+multiplier=1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_longitude_rotation_to_PROJ_string) {
  
      auto src = GeographicCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                             PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                             optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
          EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
      auto dest = GeographicCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                             PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                             optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::PARIS),
          EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
      auto transformation = Transformation::createLongitudeRotation(
          PropertyMap(), src, dest, Angle(10));
      EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
      EXPECT_EQ(
          transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +pm=10 +step +proj=unitconvert "
          "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
                "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +pm=-10 +step +proj=unitconvert "
                "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic2D_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {
  
      auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic2DOffsets(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
          Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), {});
      EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
  
      EXPECT_EQ(
          transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
          "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
          "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
                "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic3D_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {
  
      auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic3DOffsets(
          PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
          Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), Length(2), {});
      EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
  
      EXPECT_EQ(
          transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
          "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +dh=2 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
          "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
                "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +dh=-2 +step +proj=unitconvert "
                "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       transformation_Geographic2D_with_height_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {
  
      auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic2DWithHeightOffsets(
          PropertyMap(),
          CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
                              {GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createVerticalCRS()}),
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), Length(2), {});
      EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
  
      EXPECT_EQ(
          transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
          "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +dh=2 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
          "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
                "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +dh=-2 +step +proj=unitconvert "
                "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, transformation_vertical_offset_to_PROJ_string) {
  
      auto transformation = Transformation::createVerticalOffset(
          PropertyMap(), createVerticalCRS(), createVerticalCRS(), Length(1), {});
      EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
  
      EXPECT_EQ(
          transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=geogoffset +dh=1");
      EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=geogoffset +dh=-1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                                               createBoundVerticalCRS()});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(
          op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=vgridshift "
          "+grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 +step +proj=unitconvert "
          "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto geogCRS = GeographicCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                             PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                             optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
          EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
      auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          geogCRS, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(),
          std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createVerticalCRS()});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
                "+convention=position_vector "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(),
          std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createBoundVerticalCRS()});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      // Not completely sure the order of horizontal and vertical operations
      // makes sense
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
                "+convention=position_vector "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      auto grids = op->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
      EXPECT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);
  
      auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, compound);
      ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
      EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundProjCRS_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          ProjectedCRS::create(
              PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
              Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
              CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
          std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(),
          std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createBoundVerticalCRS()});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      // Not completely sure the order of horizontal and vertical operations
      // makes sense
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
                "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
                "+convention=position_vector "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, compound);
      ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
      EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_geoidgrids_with_m_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "axis order change (2D) + "
                               "unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height");
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_geoidgrids_with_ftus_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +vunits=us-ft "
          "+type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "axis order change (2D) + "
                               "Transformation from unknown to unknown + "
                               "unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height");
      EXPECT_EQ(
          op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
          "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
          "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       compoundCRS_with_boundProjCRS_with_ftus_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {
  
      auto wkt =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet + "
          "NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (US Feet)\",\n"
          "    PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet\",\n"
          "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
          "            UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333333333],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1968500],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"ESRI\",\"102630\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height (ftUS)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
          "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"foo.gtx\"],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]";
  
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
      auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_NO_CHECK(crs), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
                "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 "
                "+k=0.999933333333333 +x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_geogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {
  
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
  
      const char *wktSrc =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
          "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
          "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
      auto objSrc =
          WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
      auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
  
      const char *wktDst =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
          "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
      auto objDst =
          WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
      auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
                "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_boundGeogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {
  
      // Variant of above but with TOWGS84 in source & target CRS
  
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
  
      const char *wktSrc =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
          "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
          "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
      auto objSrc =
          WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
      auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
  
      const char *wktDst =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
          "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
      auto objDst =
          WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
      auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
                "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_boundGeogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {
  
      // Variant of above but with TOWGS84 in target CRS only
  
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
  
      const char *wktSrc =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
          "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
          "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
      auto objSrc =
          WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
      auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
  
      const char *wktDst =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
          "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
      auto objDst =
          WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
      auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
                "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_and_geoid_to_geodCRS_NAD2011_ctxt) {
  
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
  
      const char *wktSrc =
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / California zone 5 (ftUS) + "
          "NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (ftUS)\","
          "   PROJCS[\"NAD83 / California zone 5 (ftUS)\","
          "       GEOGCS[\"NAD83\","
          "           DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\","
          "               SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
          "                   AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
          "               TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"
          "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],"
          "           PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
          "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
          "           UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
          "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],"
          "           AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],"
          "       PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP\"],"
          "       PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",35.46666666666667],"
          "       PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",34.03333333333333],"
          "       PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",33.5],"
          "       PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-118],"
          "       PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",6561666.667],"
          "       PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",1640416.667],"
          "       UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,"
          "           AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],"
          "       AXIS[\"X\",EAST],"
          "       AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],"
          "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2229\"]],"
          "VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (ftUS)\","
          "   VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,"
          "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],"
          "   UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,"
          "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],"
          "   AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],"
          "   AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]";
      auto objSrc =
          WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
      auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
  
      auto authFactoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      // NAD83(2011) geocentric
      auto dstCRS = authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6317");
  
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), dstCRS, ctxt);
      bool found = false;
      for (const auto &op : list) {
          if (op->nameStr() ==
              "Inverse of unnamed + "
              "Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
              "Ballpark geographic offset from WGS 84 to NAD83(2011) + "
              "Transformation from NAVD88 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 height + "
              "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
              "Conversion from NAD83(2011) (geog3D) to NAD83(2011) "
              "(geocentric)") {
              found = true;
              EXPECT_EQ(
                  op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=pipeline "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
                  "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=33.5 +lon_0=-118 "
                  "+lat_1=35.4666666666667 +lat_2=34.0333333333333 "
                  "+x_0=2000000.0001016 +y_0=500000.0001016 +ellps=GRS80 "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif "
                  "+multiplier=1 "
                  "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80");
          }
      }
      EXPECT_TRUE(found);
      if (!found) {
          for (const auto &op : list) {
              std::cerr << op->nameStr() << std::endl;
          }
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocent_to_compoundCRS) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=geocent +datum=WGS84 +units=m +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv "
                "+proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 +step +inv "
                "+proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
                "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, geocent_to_compoundCRS_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      // WGS84 geocentric
      auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978");
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          src, NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv "
                "+proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 +step +inv "
                "+proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
                "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS) {
      auto compound1 = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(),
          std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM31_WGS84(), createVerticalCRS()});
      auto compound2 = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(),
          std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM32_WGS84(), createVerticalCRS()});
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(compound1,
                                                                      compound2);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      auto opRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          createUTM31_WGS84(), createUTM32_WGS84());
      ASSERT_TRUE(opRef != nullptr);
      EXPECT_TRUE(op->isEquivalentTo(opRef.get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_vertical_transform) {
      auto verticalCRS1 = createVerticalCRS();
  
      auto verticalCRS2 = VerticalCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(), VerticalReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap()),
          VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
  
      // Use of this type of transformation is a bit of non-sense here
      // since it should normally be used with NGVD29 and NAVD88 for VerticalCRS,
      // and NAD27/NAD83 as horizontal CRS...
      auto vtransformation = Transformation::createVERTCON(
          PropertyMap(), verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, "bla.gtx",
          std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
  
      auto compound1 = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(),
          std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{
              ProjectedCRS::create(
                  PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                  Conversion::createTransverseMercator(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
                                                       Angle(2), Scale(3),
                                                       Length(4), Length(5)),
                  CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
              BoundCRS::create(verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, vtransformation)});
      auto compound2 = CompoundCRS::create(
          PropertyMap(),
          std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM32_WGS84(), verticalCRS2});
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(compound1,
                                                                      compound2);
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k=3 "
                "+x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
                "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001 +step "
                "+proj=utm +zone=32 "
                "+ellps=WGS84");
      {
          auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
          formatter->setUseApproxTMerc(true);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              op->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=tmerc +approx +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 "
              "+k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001 +step "
              "+proj=utm +approx +zone=32 "
              "+ellps=WGS84");
      }
      {
          auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
          formatter->setUseApproxTMerc(true);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              op->inverse()->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +approx +zone=32 +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx "
              "+multiplier=0.001 +step +proj=tmerc +approx +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 "
              "+k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84");
      }
  
      auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          compound2, compound1);
      ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
      {
          auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
          auto formatter2 = PROJStringFormatter::create();
          EXPECT_EQ(opInverse->inverse()->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
                    op->exportToPROJString(formatter2.get()));
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@bar.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@bar.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_geoidgrids) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
                "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_geoidgrids_different_vunits) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+vunits=us-ft +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=us-ft "
                "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_nadgrids_same_geoidgrids) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=noop");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_towgs84_same_geoidgrids) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +towgs84=0,0,0 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS67 "
                "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_WKT1_same_geoidgrids_context) {
      auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B "
          "(Meters)\",\n"
          "    PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West\",\n"
          "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",600000],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"X\",EAST],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"26930\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
          "            "
          "EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"g2012a_alaska.gtx,g2012a_hawaii.gtx,"
          "g2012a_conus.gtx\"],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet + NAVD88 "
          "height - Geoid12B (US Feet)\",\n"
          "    PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet\",\n"
          "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
          "            UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333333333],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1968500],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"ESRI\",\"102630\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height (ftUS)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
          "            "
          "EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"g2012a_alaska.gtx,g2012a_hawaii.gtx,"
          "g2012a_conus.gtx\"],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of unnamed + "
                "Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
                "NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + "
                "Inverse of Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
                "unnamed");
      auto grids = list[0]->gridsNeeded(dbContext, false);
      EXPECT_TRUE(grids.empty());
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 +k=0.999933333 "
                "+x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=us-ft "
                "+step +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 +k=0.999933333333333 "
                "+x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +xy_out=us-ft");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_issue_2232) {
      auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B "
          "(Meters)\",\n"
          "    PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West\",\n"
          "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",600000],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"X\",EAST],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"26930\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
          "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"foo.gtx\"],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
          "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + some CRS (US Feet)\",\n"
          "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
          "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
          "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
          "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
          "    VERT_CS[\"some CRS (US Feet)\",\n"
          "        VERT_DATUM[\"some datum\",2005],\n"
          "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,\n"
          "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
      EXPECT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
  
      auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), ctxt);
      EXPECT_EQ(list2.size(), list.size());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // NAD27 + NGVD29 height (ftUS)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7406"),
          // NAD83(NSRS2007) + NAVD88 height
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5500"), ctxt);
      // 152 or 155 depending if the VERTCON grids are there
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 152U);
      EXPECT_FALSE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NGVD29 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
                                    "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + Inverse of "
                                    "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
      EXPECT_EQ(
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
          "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_vertcone.tif +multiplier=1 "
          "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif +step "
          "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
          "+order=2,1");
      {
          // Test that we can round-trip this through WKT and still get the same
          // PROJ string.
          auto wkt = list[0]->exportToWKT(
              WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
          auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
          auto co = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CoordinateOperation>(obj);
          ASSERT_TRUE(co != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              co->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
      }
  
      bool foundApprox = false;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
          auto projString =
              list[i]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
          EXPECT_TRUE(
              projString.find("+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft "
                              "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m") == 0)
              << list[i]->nameStr();
          if (list[i]->nameStr().find("Transformation from NGVD29 height (ftUS) "
                                      "to NAVD88 height (ballpark vertical "
                                      "transformation)") == 0) {
              EXPECT_TRUE(list[i]->hasBallparkTransformation());
              EXPECT_EQ(list[i]->nameStr(),
                        "Transformation from NGVD29 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 "
                        "height (ballpark vertical transformation) + NAD27 to "
                        "WGS 84 (79) + Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
              EXPECT_EQ(
                  projString,
                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                  "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
                  "+z_out=m +step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif "
                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                  "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
              foundApprox = true;
              break;
          }
      }
      EXPECT_TRUE(foundApprox);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_context_helmert_noop) {
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      // WGS84 + EGM96
      auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
      auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
      // ETRS89 + EGM96
      auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4258+5773", dbContext);
      auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
      ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=noop");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // EGM96 has a geoid model referenced to WGS84, and Belfast height has a
  // geoid model referenced to ETRS89
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_WGS84_EGM96_to_ETRS89_Belfast) {
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      // WGS84 + EGM96
      auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
      auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
      // ETRS89 + Belfast height
      auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4258+5732", dbContext);
      auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
      ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
                                    "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1) + "
                                    "ETRS89 to Belfast height (2)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=uk_os_OSGM15_Belfast.tif "
                "+multiplier=1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // Variant of above where source intermediate geog3D CRS == target intermediate
  // geog3D CRS
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_WGS84_EGM96_to_WGS84_Belfast) {
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      // WGS84 + EGM96
      auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
      auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
      // WGS84 + Belfast height
      auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5732", dbContext);
      auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
      ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
                                    "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1) + "
                                    "ETRS89 to Belfast height (2) + "
                                    "ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=uk_os_OSGM15_Belfast.tif "
                "+multiplier=1 +step "
                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_concatenated_operation_with_two_vert_transformation) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
              CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              // ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8360"),
              // ETRS89 + EVRF2007 height
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7423"), ctxt);
          ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift "
              "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
              "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_EVRF2007.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
          EXPECT_EQ(
              list[0]->nameStr(),
              "ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height to ETRS89 + EVRF2007 height (1)");
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(), "Inverse of 'ETRS89 + Baltic "
                                                   "1957 height to ETRS89 + "
                                                   "EVRF2007 height (1)'");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS) {
  
      auto vertcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=m");
      auto vertcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_m_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_m != nullptr);
  
      auto vertcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=ft");
      auto vertcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_ft_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_ft != nullptr);
  
      auto vertcrs_us_ft_obj =
          PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=us-ft");
      auto vertcrs_us_ft =
          nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_us_ft_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_us_ft != nullptr);
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft");
      }
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
                        PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
      }
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
      }
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_us_ft));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=affine +s33=0.999998");
      }
  
      auto vertCRSMetreUp =
          nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
              "VERTCRS[\"my height\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
              "AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,"
              "LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]"));
      ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreUp != nullptr);
  
      auto vertCRSMetreDown =
          nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
              "VERTCRS[\"my depth\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
              "AXIS[\"depth (D)\",down,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]"));
      ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreDown != nullptr);
  
      auto vertCRSMetreDownFtUS =
          nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
              "VERTCRS[\"my depth (ftUS)\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
              "AXIS[\"depth (D)\",down,LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey "
              "foot\",0.304800609601219]]]"));
      ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreDownFtUS != nullptr);
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreUp), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreDown));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3");
      }
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreUp),
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreDownFtUS));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=affine +s33=-3.28083333333333");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // NGVD29 height (m)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7968"),
          // NAVD88 height (1)
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5703"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NGVD29 height (m) to NAVD88 height (3)");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_vertcone.tif +multiplier=1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS_New_Zealand_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // NZVD2016 height
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7839"),
          // Auckland 1946 height
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5759"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_auckht1946-nzvd2016.tif "
                "+multiplier=1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_geogCRS_3D) {
  
      auto compoundcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=merc +vunits=ft +type=crs");
      auto proj3DCRS_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(compoundcrs_ft_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(proj3DCRS_ft != nullptr);
  
      auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
      auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(proj3DCRS_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_FALSE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=ft "
                    "+xy_out=m +z_out=m "
                    "+step +inv +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 "
                    "+ellps=WGS84 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
                    "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m");
      }
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(proj3DCRS_ft));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_FALSE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=ft "
                    "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
                    "+step +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=m "
                    "+xy_out=m +z_out=ft");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D) {
  
      auto compoundcrs_ft_obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
          "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "    PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
          "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8901]]],\n"
          "        CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
          "            METHOD[\"Mercator (variant A)\",\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",9804]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",1,\n"
          "                SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
          "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
          "                ORDER[1],\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
          "                ORDER[2],\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]],\n"
          "    VERTCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "        VDATUM[\"unknown\"],\n"
          "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048,\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9002]]]]]");
      auto compoundcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(compoundcrs_ft_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(compoundcrs_ft != nullptr);
  
      auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
      auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(compoundcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_TRUE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 "
                    "+y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                    "+z_in=ft +xy_out=deg +z_out=m");
      }
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(compoundcrs_ft));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_TRUE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m "
                    "+xy_out=rad +z_out=ft +step +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 "
                    "+y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      // CompoundCRS to Geog3DCRS, with vertical unit change, but without
      // ellipsoid height <--> vertical height correction
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
              CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                  IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                  "7406"), // NAD27 + NGVD29 height (ftUS)
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                    "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + Transformation from NGVD29 height "
                    "(ftUS) to WGS 84 (ballpark vertical transformation, without "
                    "ellipsoid height to vertical height correction)");
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                        PROJStringFormatter::create(
                            PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                            authFactory->databaseContext())
                            .get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
                    "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
                    "+proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert "
                    "+xy_in=rad +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step "
                    "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
  
      // CompoundCRS to Geog3DCRS, with same vertical unit, and with
      // direct ellipsoid height <--> vertical height correction and
      // direct horizontal transform (no-op here)
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
              CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                  IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
                  "5500"), // NAD83(NSRS2007) + NAVD88 height
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                    "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
                    "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                        PROJStringFormatter::create(
                            PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                            authFactory->databaseContext())
                            .get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline "
                    "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                    "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
                    "+multiplier=1 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                    "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->remarks(),
                    "For NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAVD88 height (1) (EPSG:9173): Uses "
                    "Geoid09 hybrid model. Replaced by 2012 model (CT code 6326)."
                    "\n"
                    "For NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1) (EPSG:15931): "
                    "Approximation at the +/- 1m level assuming that "
                    "NAD83(NSRS2007) is equivalent to WGS 84 within the accuracy "
                    "of the transformation.");
      }
  
      // NAD83 + NAVD88 height --> WGS 84
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
              CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
          ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
              CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                  IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
          // NAD83 + NAVD88 height
          auto srcObj = createFromUserInput(
              "EPSG:4269+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
          auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
          ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
          auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
  
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              nnSrc,
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);
  
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                    "NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + "
                    "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1) + "
                    "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
                    "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                        PROJStringFormatter::create(
                            PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                            authFactory->databaseContext())
                            .get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline "
                    "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                    "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
                    "+multiplier=1 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                    "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
  
      // Another variation, but post horizontal adjustment is in two steps
      {
          auto ctxt =
              CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
          ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
              CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
          ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
              CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
                  IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
          // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
          auto srcObj = createFromUserInput(
              "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
          auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
          ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
          auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
  
          auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              nnSrc,
              authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
              ctxt);
          ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);
  
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                    "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
                    "Inverse of NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (1) + "
                    "NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)");
          EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                        PROJStringFormatter::create(
                            PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                            authFactory->databaseContext())
                            .get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline "
                    "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                    "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2018u0.tif "
                    "+multiplier=1 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                    "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
          // Shows vertical step, and then horizontal step
          EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
                    "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
                    "Inverse of NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (1) + "
                    "NAD83 to WGS 84 (18)");
          EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(
                        PROJStringFormatter::create(
                            PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                            authFactory->databaseContext())
                            .get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline "
                    "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                    "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2018u0.tif "
                    "+multiplier=1 "
                    "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_FL.tif "
                    "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                    "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D_with_3D_helmert_context) {
      // Use case of https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2225
      auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
      auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      // WGS84 + EGM96 height
      auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext, false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src),
          // CH1903+
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4150")->promoteTo3D(
              std::string(), dbContext),
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
                                    "Inverse of CH1903+ to WGS 84 (1)");
      // Check that there is no push v_3 / pop v_3
      const char *expected_proj =
          "+proj=pipeline "
          "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
          "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
          "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
          "+step +proj=helmert +x=-674.374 +y=-15.056 +z=-405.346 "
          "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=bessel "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
          "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
                    PROJStringFormatter::create(
                        PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
                        .get()),
                expected_proj);
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_2D_promote_to_3D_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      // NAD83 + NAVD88 height
      auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4269+5703",
                                        authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
      auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
  
      auto listCompoundToGeog2D =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                                 ctxt);
      // The checked value is not that important, but in case this changes,
      // likely due to a EPSG upgrade, worth checking
      EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog2D.size(), 142U);
  
      auto listGeog2DToCompound =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
                                                                 ctxt);
      EXPECT_EQ(listGeog2DToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog2D.size());
  
      auto listCompoundToGeog3D =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              nnSrc,
              dst->promoteTo3D(std::string(), authFactory->databaseContext()),
              ctxt);
      EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog3D.size(), listCompoundToGeog2D.size());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_of_projCRS_to_geogCRS_2D_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      // SPCS83 California zone 1 (US Survey feet) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
      auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:2225+6360",
                                        authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
      auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          nnSrc, dst, ctxt);
      // The checked value is not that important, but in case this changes,
      // likely due to a EPSG upgrade, worth checking
      // We want to make sure that the horizontal adjustments before and after
      // the vertical transformation are the reverse of each other, and there are
      // not mixes with different alternative operations (like California grid
      // forward and Nevada grid reverse)
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 14U);
  
      // Check that unit conversion is OK
      auto op_proj =
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
      EXPECT_EQ(op_proj,
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
                "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=39.3333333333333 +lon_0=-122 "
                "+lat_1=41.6666666666667 +lat_2=40 +x_0=2000000.0001016 "
                "+y_0=500000.0001016 +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
                "+multiplier=1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_wkt_without_id_to_geogCRS) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      auto wkt =
          "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height\",\n"
          "    GEOGCRS[\"NAD83(2011)\",\n"
          "        DATUM[\"NAD83 (National Spatial Reference System 2011)\",\n"
          "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "        CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
          "                ORDER[1],\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
          "                ORDER[2],\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
          "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
          "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
          "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]]";
      auto srcObj =
          createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011)
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
      auto srcRefObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+5703",
                                           authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto srcRef = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcRefObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcRef != nullptr);
      ASSERT_TRUE(
          src->isEquivalentTo(srcRef.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
      auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcRef), dst, ctxt);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       compoundCRS_of_projCRS_from_wkt_without_id_or_extent_to_geogCRS) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      auto wkt =
          "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height\",\n"
          "    PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South\",\n"
          "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
          "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
          "        CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters)\",\n"
          "            METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",39.3333333333333,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-77.75,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard "
          "parallel\",40.9666666666667,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard "
          "parallel\",39.9333333333333,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",600000,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
          "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
          "                ORDER[1],\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
          "                ORDER[2],\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
          "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
          "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]]";
      auto srcObj =
          createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
      // NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height
      auto srcRefObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:32129+5703",
                                           authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto srcRef = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcRefObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcRef != nullptr);
      ASSERT_TRUE(
          src->isEquivalentTo(srcRef.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
      auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(srcRef), dst, ctxt);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
      auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6360",
                                        authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D
  
      auto listCompoundToGeog =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                                 ctxt);
      ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());
  
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
      auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
          "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
      auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);
  
      // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
      // regular NAVD88 height or its ftUs variant
      ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());
  
      EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
                    listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
      EXPECT_EQ(
          listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
              PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                  .get()),
          replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
                         PROJStringFormatter::create(
                             PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                             authFactory->databaseContext())
                             .get()),
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
                     "+z_out=m"));
  
      // Check reverse path
      auto listGeogToCompound =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
                                                                 ctxt);
      EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change_and_complex_horizontal_change) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
      auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6360",
                                        authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7665"); // WGS84(G1762) 3D
  
      auto listCompoundToGeog =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                                 ctxt);
  
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
      auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
          "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
      auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);
  
      // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
      // regular NAVD88 height or its ftUs variant
      ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());
  
      ASSERT_GE(listCompoundToGeog.size(), 1U);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
                    listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
      EXPECT_EQ(
          listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
              PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                  .get()),
          replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
                         PROJStringFormatter::create(
                             PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                             authFactory->databaseContext())
                             .get()),
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
                     "+z_out=m"));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_height_depth_reversal) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 depth
      auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6357",
                                        authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D
  
      auto listCompoundToGeog =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                                 ctxt);
      ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());
  
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
      auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
          "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
      auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);
  
      // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
      // regular NAVD88 height or its depth variant
      ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());
  
      EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 depth + " +
                    listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
      EXPECT_EQ(
          listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
              PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                  .get()),
          replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
                         PROJStringFormatter::create(
                             PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                             authFactory->databaseContext())
                             .get()),
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                     "+step +proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3"));
  
      // Check reverse path
      auto listGeogToCompound =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
                                                                 ctxt);
      EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change_and_height_depth_reversal) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 depth (ftUS)
      auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6358",
                                        authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D
  
      auto listCompoundToGeog =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
                                                                 ctxt);
      ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());
  
      // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
      auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
          "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
      ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
      auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
              NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);
  
      // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
      // regular NAVD88 height or its depth (ftUS) variant
      ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());
  
      EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of NAVD88 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 depth (ftUS) + "
                "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
                    listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
      EXPECT_EQ(
          listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
              PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                                          authFactory->databaseContext())
                  .get()),
          replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
                         PROJStringFormatter::create(
                             PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
                             authFactory->databaseContext())
                             .get()),
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                     "+step +proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3 "
                     "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m"));
  
      // Check reverse path
      auto listGeogToCompound =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
                                                                 ctxt);
      EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_of_vertCRS_with_geoid_model_to_geogCRS) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      auto wkt =
          "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height\",\n"
          "    PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South\",\n"
          "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
          "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
          "        CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters)\",\n"
          "            METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",39.3333333333333,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-77.75,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard "
          "parallel\",40.9666666666667,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard "
          "parallel\",39.9333333333333,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",600000,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
          "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
          "                ORDER[1],\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
          "                ORDER[2],\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
          "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
          "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
          "        GEOIDMODEL[\"GEOID12B\"]]]";
      auto srcObj =
          createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
  
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_TRUE(!list.empty());
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
                "Inverse of SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters) + "
                "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83 to NAD83(2011) + "
                "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
                "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83(2011) to NAD83");
      auto op_proj =
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
      EXPECT_EQ(
          op_proj,
          "+proj=pipeline "
          "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=39.3333333333333 +lon_0=-77.75 "
          "+lat_1=40.9666666666667 +lat_2=39.9333333333333 +x_0=600000 "
          "+y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
          "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif +multiplier=1 "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
          "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_WKT2_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
          "7415"); // Amersfoort / RD New + NAP height
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
      auto list =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
      auto wkt2 = src->exportToWKT(
          WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
      auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
      auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size());
      for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
          const auto &op = list[i];
          const auto &op2 = list2[i];
          EXPECT_TRUE(
              op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_WKT2_no_id_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
          "7415"); // Amersfoort / RD New + NAP height
      auto dst =
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
      auto list =
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
  
      {
          auto op_proj =
              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
          EXPECT_EQ(
              op_proj,
              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=sterea +lat_0=52.1561605555556 "
              "+lon_0=5.38763888888889 +k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 +y_0=463000 "
              "+ellps=bessel "
              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=nl_nsgi_rdtrans2018.tif "
              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=nl_nsgi_nlgeo2018.tif +multiplier=1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
  
      auto wkt2 =
          "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "  PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
          "                ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel "
          "1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]]],\n"
          "    CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
          "        METHOD[\"Oblique Stereographic\"],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",52.1561605555556],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",5.38763888888889],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999079],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",155000],\n"
          "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",463000]],\n"
          "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],\n"
          "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
          "  VERTCRS[\"NAP height\",\n"
          "    VDATUM[\"Normaal Amsterdams Peil\"],\n"
          "    CS[vertical,1],\n"
          "        AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
          "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
          "    USAGE[\n"
          "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
          "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
          "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]]]";
  
      auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
      auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
      auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), list2.size());
      for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
          const auto &op = list[i];
          const auto &op2 = list2[i];
          auto op_proj =
              op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
          auto op2_proj =
              op2->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
          EXPECT_EQ(op_proj, op2_proj) << "op=" << op->nameStr()
                                       << " op2=" << op2->nameStr();
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, proj3DCRS_with_non_meter_horiz_and_vertical_to_geog) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=31 +datum=WGS84 +units=us-ft +vunits=us-ft +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      // Check that vertical unit conversion is done just once
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +z_in=us-ft "
                "+xy_out=m +z_out=m "
                "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_non_meter_horiz_and_vertical_to_geog) {
      auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
          "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "    PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
          "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
          "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
          "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8901]]],\n"
          "        CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
          "            METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,\n"
          "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
          "                SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
          "            PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
          "                ID[\"EPSG\",8807]],\n"
          "            ID[\"EPSG\",16031]],\n"
          "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
          "                ORDER[1],\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
          "                ORDER[2],\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]]],\n"
          "    VERTCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
          "        VDATUM[\"unknown\"],\n"
          "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
          "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
          "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
          "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]]]]"
  
          );
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      // Check that vertical unit conversion is done just once
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
                "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=us-ft "
                "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
                "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_compoundCRS) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@bar.gtx "
          "+type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
                "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@bar.gtx +multiplier=1 "
                "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  
      auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src));
      ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
      EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, IGNF_LAMB1_TO_EPSG_4326) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
          CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
              IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
      ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
          CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "IGNF")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("LAMB1"),
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
  
      EXPECT_FALSE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_1=49.5 +lat_0=49.5 "
                "+lon_0=0 +k_0=0.99987734 +x_0=600000 +y_0=200000 "
                "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
                "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      EXPECT_FALSE(list[1]->hasBallparkTransformation());
      EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_1=49.5 +lat_0=49.5 "
                "+lon_0=0 +k_0=0.99987734 +x_0=600000 +y_0=200000 "
                "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step "
                "+proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=-168 +y=-60 "
                "+z=320 +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
                "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
  
      auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
              // NTF (Paris) / Lambert Nord France equivalent to IGNF:LAMB1
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("27561"),
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
              ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
          ctxt);
      ASSERT_GE(list2.size(), 3U);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(replaceAll(list2[0]->exportToPROJString(
                               PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                           "0.999877341", "0.99987734"),
                list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
  
      // The second entry in list2 (list2[1]) uses the
      // weird +pm=2.33720833333333 from "NTF (Paris) to NTF (2)"
      // so skip to the 3th method
      EXPECT_EQ(replaceAll(list2[2]->exportToPROJString(
                               PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                           "0.999877341", "0.99987734"),
                list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, NAD83_to_projeted_CRS_based_on_NAD83_2011) {
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          // NAD83
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"),
          // NAD83(2011) / California Albers
          authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6414"), ctxt);
      ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83 to "
                                    "NAD83(2011) + California Albers");
      EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=aea +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-120 +lat_1=34 "
                "+lat_2=40.5 +x_0=0 +y_0=-4000000 +ellps=GRS80");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, isPROJInstantiable) {
  
      {
          auto transformation = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
              PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
              1.0, 2.0, 3.0, {});
          EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
              DatabaseContext::create(), false));
      }
  
      // Missing grid
      {
          auto transformation = Transformation::createNTv2(
              PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
              "foo.gsb", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
          EXPECT_FALSE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
              DatabaseContext::create(), false));
      }
  
      // Unsupported method
      {
          auto transformation = Transformation::create(
              PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
              nullptr, OperationMethod::create(
                           PropertyMap(), std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{}),
              std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr>{},
              std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{});
          EXPECT_FALSE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
              DatabaseContext::create(), false));
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, createOperation_on_crs_with_canonical_bound_crs) {
      auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
      auto crs = boundCRS->baseCRSWithCanonicalBoundCRS();
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              crs, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_TRUE(op->isEquivalentTo(boundCRS->transformation().get()));
          {
              auto wkt1 = op->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                      .get());
              auto wkt2 = boundCRS->transformation()->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                      .get());
              EXPECT_EQ(wkt1, wkt2);
          }
      }
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, crs);
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          EXPECT_TRUE(
              op->isEquivalentTo(boundCRS->transformation()->inverse().get()));
          {
              auto wkt1 = op->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                      .get());
              auto wkt2 = boundCRS->transformation()->inverse()->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
                      .get());
              EXPECT_EQ(wkt1, wkt2);
          }
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings) {
      auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +geoc +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
      auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objDest);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=longlat +geoc +datum=WGS84 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_with_datum_to_projliteral) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 "
                "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_proj_NAD83_to_projliteral) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=GRS80 "
                "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_geog_NAD83_to_projliteral) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_with_nadgrids_to_projliteral) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus "
                "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation,
       createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_projliteral_to_projliteral) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +over +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline "
                "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +over "
                "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(
      operation,
      createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_to_projliteral_with_towgs84) {
      auto objSrc =
          createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326", DatabaseContext::create(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=1,2,3 +over +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                "+step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=1,2,3 +over");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, createOperation_on_crs_with_bound_crs_and_wktext) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=55 +south +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 "
          "+units=m +no_defs +nadgrids=@GDA94_GDA2020_conformal.gsb +ignored1 "
          "+ignored2=val +wktext +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=utm +zone=55 +south +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 "
          "+units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
          NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
      EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=55 +south "
                "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=hgridshift "
                "+grids=@GDA94_GDA2020_conformal.gsb +step +proj=utm +zone=55 "
                "+south +ellps=GRS80");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_proj_string_with_non_metre_height) {
      auto objSrc =
          createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+5703", DatabaseContext::create(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +vunits=us-ft +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), NN_NO_CHECK(dst), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GT(list.size(), 1U);
      // What is important to check here is the vertical unit conversion
      EXPECT_EQ(
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline "
          "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
          "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2018u0.tif +multiplier=1 "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_PROJJSON_with_non_metre_height) {
      auto srcPROJJSON =
          "{\n"
          "  \"$schema\": "
          "\"https://proj.org/schemas/v0.2/projjson.schema.json\",\n"
          "  \"type\": \"CompoundCRS\",\n"
          "  \"name\": \"Compound CRS NAD83(2011) / Nebraska (ftUS) + North "
          "American Vertical Datum 1988 + PROJ us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif\",\n"
          "  \"components\": [\n"
          "    {\n"
          "      \"type\": \"ProjectedCRS\",\n"
          "      \"name\": \"NAD83(2011) / Nebraska (ftUS)\",\n"
          "      \"base_crs\": {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"NAD83(2011)\",\n"
          "        \"datum\": {\n"
          "          \"type\": \"GeodeticReferenceFrame\",\n"
          "          \"name\": \"NAD83 (National Spatial Reference System "
          "2011)\",\n"
          "          \"ellipsoid\": {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"GRS 1980\",\n"
          "            \"semi_major_axis\": 6378137,\n"
          "            \"inverse_flattening\": 298.257222101\n"
          "          }\n"
          "        },\n"
          "        \"coordinate_system\": {\n"
          "          \"subtype\": \"ellipsoidal\",\n"
          "          \"axis\": [\n"
          "            {\n"
          "              \"name\": \"Geodetic latitude\",\n"
          "              \"abbreviation\": \"Lat\",\n"
          "              \"direction\": \"north\",\n"
          "              \"unit\": \"degree\"\n"
          "            },\n"
          "            {\n"
          "              \"name\": \"Geodetic longitude\",\n"
          "              \"abbreviation\": \"Lon\",\n"
          "              \"direction\": \"east\",\n"
          "              \"unit\": \"degree\"\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          ]\n"
          "        },\n"
          "        \"id\": {\n"
          "          \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "          \"code\": 6318\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      \"conversion\": {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"SPCS83 Nebraska zone (US Survey feet)\",\n"
          "        \"method\": {\n"
          "          \"name\": \"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
          "          \"id\": {\n"
          "            \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "            \"code\": 9802\n"
          "          }\n"
          "        },\n"
          "        \"parameters\": [\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Latitude of false origin\",\n"
          "            \"value\": 39.8333333333333,\n"
          "            \"unit\": \"degree\",\n"
          "            \"id\": {\n"
          "              \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "              \"code\": 8821\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          },\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Longitude of false origin\",\n"
          "            \"value\": -100,\n"
          "            \"unit\": \"degree\",\n"
          "            \"id\": {\n"
          "              \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "              \"code\": 8822\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          },\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",\n"
          "            \"value\": 43,\n"
          "            \"unit\": \"degree\",\n"
          "            \"id\": {\n"
          "              \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "              \"code\": 8823\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          },\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",\n"
          "            \"value\": 40,\n"
          "            \"unit\": \"degree\",\n"
          "            \"id\": {\n"
          "              \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "              \"code\": 8824\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          },\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Easting at false origin\",\n"
          "            \"value\": 1640416.6667,\n"
          "            \"unit\": {\n"
          "              \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "              \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "              \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "            },\n"
          "            \"id\": {\n"
          "              \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "              \"code\": 8826\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          },\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Northing at false origin\",\n"
          "            \"value\": 0,\n"
          "            \"unit\": {\n"
          "              \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "              \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "              \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "            },\n"
          "            \"id\": {\n"
          "              \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "              \"code\": 8827\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          }\n"
          "        ],\n"
          "        \"id\": {\n"
          "          \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "          \"code\": 15396\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      \"coordinate_system\": {\n"
          "        \"subtype\": \"Cartesian\",\n"
          "        \"axis\": [\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Easting\",\n"
          "            \"abbreviation\": \"X\",\n"
          "            \"direction\": \"east\",\n"
          "            \"unit\": {\n"
          "              \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "              \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "              \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          },\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Northing\",\n"
          "            \"abbreviation\": \"Y\",\n"
          "            \"direction\": \"north\",\n"
          "            \"unit\": {\n"
          "              \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "              \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "              \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          }\n"
          "        ]\n"
          "      }\n"
          "    },\n"
          "    {\n"
          "      \"type\": \"VerticalCRS\",\n"
          "      \"name\": \"North American Vertical Datum 1988 + PROJ "
          "us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif\",\n"
          "      \"datum\": {\n"
          "        \"type\": \"VerticalReferenceFrame\",\n"
          "        \"name\": \"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",\n"
          "        \"id\": {\n"
          "          \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "          \"code\": 5103\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      \"coordinate_system\": {\n"
          "        \"subtype\": \"vertical\",\n"
          "        \"axis\": [\n"
          "          {\n"
          "            \"name\": \"Gravity-related height\",\n"
          "            \"abbreviation\": \"H\",\n"
          "            \"direction\": \"up\",\n"
          "            \"unit\": {\n"
          "              \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "              \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "              \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          }\n"
          "        ]\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      \"geoid_model\": {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"PROJ us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif\",\n"
          "        \"interpolation_crs\": {\n"
          "          \"type\": \"GeographicCRS\",\n"
          "          \"name\": \"NAD83(2011)\",\n"
          "          \"datum\": {\n"
          "            \"type\": \"GeodeticReferenceFrame\",\n"
          "            \"name\": \"NAD83 (National Spatial Reference System "
          "2011)\",\n"
          "            \"ellipsoid\": {\n"
          "              \"name\": \"GRS 1980\",\n"
          "              \"semi_major_axis\": 6378137,\n"
          "              \"inverse_flattening\": 298.257222101\n"
          "            }\n"
          "          },\n"
          "          \"coordinate_system\": {\n"
          "            \"subtype\": \"ellipsoidal\",\n"
          "            \"axis\": [\n"
          "              {\n"
          "                \"name\": \"Geodetic latitude\",\n"
          "                \"abbreviation\": \"Lat\",\n"
          "                \"direction\": \"north\",\n"
          "                \"unit\": \"degree\"\n"
          "              },\n"
          "              {\n"
          "                \"name\": \"Geodetic longitude\",\n"
          "                \"abbreviation\": \"Lon\",\n"
          "                \"direction\": \"east\",\n"
          "                \"unit\": \"degree\"\n"
          "              },\n"
          "              {\n"
          "                \"name\": \"Ellipsoidal height\",\n"
          "                \"abbreviation\": \"h\",\n"
          "                \"direction\": \"up\",\n"
          "                \"unit\": \"metre\"\n"
          "              }\n"
          "            ]\n"
          "          },\n"
          "          \"id\": {\n"
          "            \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "            \"code\": 6319\n"
          "          }\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      }\n"
          "    }\n"
          "  ]\n"
          "}";
      auto objSrc =
          createFromUserInput(srcPROJJSON, DatabaseContext::create(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      // The untypical potentially a bit buggy thing (and what caused a bug)
      // is the US-ft unit for the vertical axis of the base CRS ...
      // When outputing that to WKT, and
      // re-exporting to PROJJSON, one gets metre, which conforms more to the
      // official definition of NAD83(2011) 3D.
      // The vertical unit of the base CRS shouldn't matter much anyway, so this
      // is valid.
      auto dstPROJJSON =
          "{\n"
          "  \"$schema\": "
          "\"https://proj.org/schemas/v0.2/projjson.schema.json\",\n"
          "  \"type\": \"ProjectedCRS\",\n"
          "  \"name\": \"Projected CRS NAD83(2011) / UTM zone 14N with "
          "ellipsoidal NAD83(2011) height\",\n"
          "  \"base_crs\": {\n"
          "    \"name\": \"NAD83(2011)\",\n"
          "    \"datum\": {\n"
          "      \"type\": \"GeodeticReferenceFrame\",\n"
          "      \"name\": \"NAD83 (National Spatial Reference System 2011)\",\n"
          "      \"ellipsoid\": {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"GRS 1980\",\n"
          "        \"semi_major_axis\": 6378137,\n"
          "        \"inverse_flattening\": 298.257222101\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      \"id\": {\n"
          "        \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "        \"code\": 1116\n"
          "      }\n"
          "    },\n"
          "    \"coordinate_system\": {\n"
          "      \"subtype\": \"ellipsoidal\",\n"
          "      \"axis\": [\n"
          "        {\n"
          "          \"name\": \"Geodetic latitude\",\n"
          "          \"abbreviation\": \"Lat\",\n"
          "          \"direction\": \"north\",\n"
          "          \"unit\": \"degree\"\n"
          "        },\n"
          "        {\n"
          "          \"name\": \"Geodetic longitude\",\n"
          "          \"abbreviation\": \"Lon\",\n"
          "          \"direction\": \"east\",\n"
          "          \"unit\": \"degree\"\n"
          "        },\n"
          "        {\n"
          "          \"name\": \"Ellipsoidal height\",\n"
          "          \"abbreviation\": \"h\",\n"
          "          \"direction\": \"up\",\n"
          "          \"unit\": {\n"
          "            \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "            \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "            \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "          }\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      ]\n"
          "    }\n"
          "  },\n"
          "  \"conversion\": {\n"
          "    \"name\": \"UTM zone 14N\",\n"
          "    \"method\": {\n"
          "      \"name\": \"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
          "      \"id\": {\n"
          "        \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "        \"code\": 9807\n"
          "      }\n"
          "    },\n"
          "    \"parameters\": [\n"
          "      {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"Latitude of natural origin\",\n"
          "        \"value\": 0,\n"
          "        \"unit\": \"degree\",\n"
          "        \"id\": {\n"
          "          \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "          \"code\": 8801\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"Longitude of natural origin\",\n"
          "        \"value\": -99,\n"
          "        \"unit\": \"degree\",\n"
          "        \"id\": {\n"
          "          \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "          \"code\": 8802\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"Scale factor at natural origin\",\n"
          "        \"value\": 0.9996,\n"
          "        \"unit\": \"unity\",\n"
          "        \"id\": {\n"
          "          \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "          \"code\": 8805\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"False easting\",\n"
          "        \"value\": 500000,\n"
          "        \"unit\": \"metre\",\n"
          "        \"id\": {\n"
          "          \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "          \"code\": 8806\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"False northing\",\n"
          "        \"value\": 0,\n"
          "        \"unit\": \"metre\",\n"
          "        \"id\": {\n"
          "          \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "          \"code\": 8807\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      }\n"
          "    ],\n"
          "    \"id\": {\n"
          "      \"authority\": \"EPSG\",\n"
          "      \"code\": 16014\n"
          "    }\n"
          "  },\n"
          "  \"coordinate_system\": {\n"
          "    \"subtype\": \"Cartesian\",\n"
          "    \"axis\": [\n"
          "      {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"Easting\",\n"
          "        \"abbreviation\": \"E\",\n"
          "        \"direction\": \"east\",\n"
          "        \"unit\": {\n"
          "          \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "          \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "          \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"Northing\",\n"
          "        \"abbreviation\": \"N\",\n"
          "        \"direction\": \"north\",\n"
          "        \"unit\": {\n"
          "          \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "          \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "          \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      },\n"
          "      {\n"
          "        \"name\": \"Ellipsoidal height\",\n"
          "        \"abbreviation\": \"h\",\n"
          "        \"direction\": \"up\",\n"
          "        \"unit\": {\n"
          "          \"type\": \"LinearUnit\",\n"
          "          \"name\": \"US survey foot\",\n"
          "          \"conversion_factor\": 0.304800609601219\n"
          "        }\n"
          "      }\n"
          "    ]\n"
          "  }\n"
          "}";
  
      auto objDst =
          createFromUserInput(dstPROJJSON, DatabaseContext::create(), false);
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      auto authFactory =
          AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
      auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
      ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
          CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
      auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
          NN_NO_CHECK(src), NN_NO_CHECK(dst), ctxt);
      ASSERT_GT(list.size(), 1U);
      // What is important to check here is the vertical unit conversion
      EXPECT_EQ(
          list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
          "+proj=pipeline "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
          "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=39.8333333333333 +lon_0=-100 +lat_1=43 "
          "+lat_2=40 +x_0=500000.00001016 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
          "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif +multiplier=1 "
          "+step +proj=utm +zone=14 +ellps=GRS80 "
          "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=m +xy_out=us-ft +z_out=us-ft");
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, createOperation_ossfuzz_18587) {
      auto objSrc =
          createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326", DatabaseContext::create(), false);
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
  
      // Extremely weird string ! We should likely reject it
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "type=crs proj=pipeline step proj=merc vunits=m nadgrids=@x "
          "proj=\"\nproj=pipeline step\n\"");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      // Just check that we don't go into an infinite recursion
      try {
          CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
      } catch (const std::exception &) {
      }
  }
  
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  TEST(operation, derivedGeographicCRS_with_to_wgs84_to_geographicCRS) {
      auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=latlon +lat_0=0 +lon_0=180 +o_lat_p=18.0 "
          "+o_lon_p=-200.0 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=1,2,3 +type=crs");
      auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
      ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
      auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
          "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
      auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
      ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          std::string pipeline(
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=ob_tran +o_proj=latlon +lat_0=0 +lon_0=180 "
              "+o_lat_p=18 +o_lon_p=-200 +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    pipeline);
  
          auto op2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src),
              nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op2 != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op2->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    pipeline + " +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
      }
  
      {
          auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
          std::string pipeline(
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=helmert +x=-1 +y=-2 +z=-3 "
              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
              "+step +proj=ob_tran +o_proj=latlon +lat_0=0 +lon_0=180 "
              "+o_lat_p=18 +o_lon_p=-200 +ellps=WGS84 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
          EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline " + pipeline);
  
          auto op2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
              nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326),
              NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src));
          ASSERT_TRUE(op2 != nullptr);
          EXPECT_EQ(op2->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                    "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 " + pipeline);
      }
  }
  