text: # coding: utf-8
  """Compatibility tricks for Python 3. Mainly to do with unicode."""
  import functools
  import os
  import sys
  import re
  import shutil
  import types
  
  from .encoding import DEFAULT_ENCODING
  
  def no_code(x, encoding=None):
      return x
  
  def decode(s, encoding=None):
      encoding = encoding or DEFAULT_ENCODING
      return s.decode(encoding, "replace")
  
  def encode(u, encoding=None):
      encoding = encoding or DEFAULT_ENCODING
      return u.encode(encoding, "replace")
  
  
  def cast_unicode(s, encoding=None):
      if isinstance(s, bytes):
          return decode(s, encoding)
      return s
  
  def cast_bytes(s, encoding=None):
      if not isinstance(s, bytes):
          return encode(s, encoding)
      return s
  
  def buffer_to_bytes(buf):
      """Cast a buffer or memoryview object to bytes"""
      if isinstance(buf, memoryview):
          return buf.tobytes()
      if not isinstance(buf, bytes):
          return bytes(buf)
      return buf
  
  def _modify_str_or_docstring(str_change_func):
      @functools.wraps(str_change_func)
      def wrapper(func_or_str):
          if isinstance(func_or_str, string_types):
              func = None
              doc = func_or_str
          else:
              func = func_or_str
              doc = func.__doc__
          
          doc = str_change_func(doc)
          
          if func:
              func.__doc__ = doc
              return func
          return doc
      return wrapper
  
  def safe_unicode(e):
      """unicode(e) with various fallbacks. Used for exceptions, which may not be
      safe to call unicode() on.
      """
      try:
          return unicode_type(e)
      except UnicodeError:
          pass
  
      try:
          return str_to_unicode(str(e))
      except UnicodeError:
          pass
  
      try:
          return str_to_unicode(repr(e))
      except UnicodeError:
          pass
  
      return u'Unrecoverably corrupt evalue'
  
  # shutil.which from Python 3.4
  def _shutil_which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None):
      """Given a command, mode, and a PATH string, return the path which
      conforms to the given mode on the PATH, or None if there is no such
      file.
  
      `mode` defaults to os.F_OK | os.X_OK. `path` defaults to the result
      of os.environ.get("PATH"), or can be overridden with a custom search
      path.
      
      This is a backport of shutil.which from Python 3.4
      """
      # Check that a given file can be accessed with the correct mode.
      # Additionally check that `file` is not a directory, as on Windows
      # directories pass the os.db check.
      def _access_check(fn, mode):
          return (os.path.exists(fn) and os.access(fn, mode)
                  and not os.path.isdir(fn))
  
      # If we're given a path with a directory part, look it up directly rather
      # than referring to PATH directories. This includes checking relative to the
      # current directory, e.g. ./script
      if os.path.dirname(cmd):
          if _access_check(cmd, mode):
              return cmd
          return None
  
      if path is None:
          path = os.environ.get("PATH", os.defpath)
      if not path:
          return None
      path = path.split(os.pathsep)
  
      if sys.platform == "win32":
          # The current directory takes precedence on Windows.
          if not os.curdir in path:
              path.insert(0, os.curdir)
  
          # PATHEXT is necessary to check on Windows.
          pathext = os.environ.get("PATHEXT", "").split(os.pathsep)
          # See if the given file matches any of the expected path extensions.
          # This will allow us to short circuit when given "python.exe".
          # If it does match, only test that one, otherwise we have to try
          # others.
          if any(cmd.lower().endswith(ext.lower()) for ext in pathext):
              files = [cmd]
          else:
              files = [cmd + ext for ext in pathext]
      else:
          # On other platforms you don't have things like PATHEXT to tell you
          # what file suffixes are executable, so just pass on cmd as-is.
          files = [cmd]
  
      seen = set()
      for dir in path:
          normdir = os.path.normcase(dir)
          if not normdir in seen:
              seen.add(normdir)
              for thefile in files:
                  name = os.path.join(dir, thefile)
                  if _access_check(name, mode):
                      return name
      return None
  
  import platform
  if sys.version_info[0] >= 3 or platform.python_implementation() == 'IronPython':
      str_to_unicode = no_code
      unicode_to_str = no_code
      str_to_bytes = encode
      bytes_to_str = decode
      cast_bytes_py2 = no_code
      cast_unicode_py2 = no_code
      buffer_to_bytes_py2 = no_code
      
      string_types = (str,)
      unicode_type = str
  else:
      str_to_unicode = decode
      unicode_to_str = encode
      str_to_bytes = no_code
      bytes_to_str = no_code
      cast_bytes_py2 = cast_bytes
      cast_unicode_py2 = cast_unicode
      buffer_to_bytes_py2 = buffer_to_bytes
      
      string_types = (str, unicode)
      unicode_type = unicode
  
  if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
      PY3 = True
      
      # keep reference to builtin_mod because the kernel overrides that value
      # to forward requests to a frontend.
      def input(prompt=''):
          return builtin_mod.input(prompt)
      
      builtin_mod_name = "builtins"
      import builtins as builtin_mod
          
      which = shutil.which
      
      def isidentifier(s, dotted=False):
          if dotted:
              return all(isidentifier(a) for a in s.split("."))
          return s.isidentifier()
  
      xrange = range
      def iteritems(d): return iter(d.items())
      def itervalues(d): return iter(d.values())
      getcwd = os.getcwd
      
      MethodType = types.MethodType
  
      def execfile(fname, glob, loc=None, compiler=None):
          loc = loc if (loc is not None) else glob
          with open(fname, 'rb') as f:
              compiler = compiler or compile
              exec(compiler(f.read(), fname, 'exec'), glob, loc)
      
      # Refactor print statements in doctests.
      _print_statement_re = re.compile(r"\bprint (?P<expr>.*)$", re.MULTILINE)
      def _print_statement_sub(match):
          expr = match.groups('expr')
          return "print(%s)" % expr
      
      @_modify_str_or_docstring
      def doctest_refactor_print(doc):
          """Refactor 'print x' statements in a doctest to print(x) style. 2to3
          unfortunately doesn't pick up on our doctests.
          
          Can accept a string or a function, so it can be used as a decorator."""
          return _print_statement_re.sub(_print_statement_sub, doc)
      
      # Abstract u'abc' syntax:
      @_modify_str_or_docstring
      def u_format(s):
          """"{u}'abc'" --> "'abc'" (Python 3)
          
          Accepts a string or a function, so it can be used as a decorator."""
          return s.format(u='')
      
      def get_closure(f):
          """Get a function's closure attribute"""
          return f.__closure__
  
  else:
      PY3 = False
      
      # keep reference to builtin_mod because the kernel overrides that value
      # to forward requests to a frontend.
      def input(prompt=''):
          return builtin_mod.raw_input(prompt)
      
      builtin_mod_name = "__builtin__"
      import __builtin__ as builtin_mod
      
      import re
      _name_re = re.compile(r"[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$")
      def isidentifier(s, dotted=False):
          if dotted:
              return all(isidentifier(a) for a in s.split("."))
          return bool(_name_re.match(s))
      
      xrange = xrange
      def iteritems(d): return d.iteritems()
      def itervalues(d): return d.itervalues()
      getcwd = os.getcwdu
  
      def MethodType(func, instance):
          return types.MethodType(func, instance, type(instance))
      
      def doctest_refactor_print(func_or_str):
          return func_or_str
  
      def get_closure(f):
          """Get a function's closure attribute"""
          return f.func_closure
      
      which = _shutil_which
  
      # Abstract u'abc' syntax:
      @_modify_str_or_docstring
      def u_format(s):
          """"{u}'abc'" --> "u'abc'" (Python 2)
          
          Accepts a string or a function, so it can be used as a decorator."""
          return s.format(u='u')
  
      if sys.platform == 'win32':
          def execfile(fname, glob=None, loc=None, compiler=None):
              loc = loc if (loc is not None) else glob
              scripttext = builtin_mod.open(fname).read()+ '\n'
              # compile converts unicode filename to str assuming
              # ascii. Let's do the conversion before calling compile
              if isinstance(fname, unicode):
                  filename = unicode_to_str(fname)
              else:
                  filename = fname
              compiler = compiler or compile
              exec(compiler(scripttext, filename, 'exec'), glob, loc)
  
      else:
          def execfile(fname, glob=None, loc=None, compiler=None):
              if isinstance(fname, unicode):
                  filename = fname.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
              else:
                  filename = fname
              where = [ns for ns in [glob, loc] if ns is not None]
              if compiler is None:
                  builtin_mod.execfile(filename, *where)
              else:
                  scripttext = builtin_mod.open(fname).read().rstrip() + '\n'
                  exec(compiler(scripttext, filename, 'exec'), glob, loc)
  
  
  def annotate(**kwargs):
      """Python 3 compatible function annotation for Python 2."""
      if not kwargs:
          raise ValueError('annotations must be provided as keyword arguments')
      def dec(f):
          if hasattr(f, '__annotations__'):
              for k, v in kwargs.items():
                  f.__annotations__[k] = v
          else:
              f.__annotations__ = kwargs
          return f
      return dec
  
  
  # Parts below taken from six:
  # Copyright (c) 2010-2013 Benjamin Peterson
  #
  # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  # of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  # in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
  # to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  # copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
  # furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
  #
  # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
  # copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  #
  # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
  # IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
  # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  # AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
  # LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
  # OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
  # SOFTWARE.
  
  def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
      """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
      return meta("_NewBase", bases, {})
  