text: import fnmatch
  import functools
  import io
  import ntpath
  import os
  import posixpath
  import re
  import sys
  import warnings
  from collections import Sequence
  from contextlib import contextmanager
  from errno import EINVAL, ENOENT, ENOTDIR
  from operator import attrgetter
  from stat import S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, S_ISREG, S_ISSOCK, S_ISBLK, S_ISCHR, S_ISFIFO
  from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes as urlquote_from_bytes
  
  
  supports_symlinks = True
  if os.name == 'nt':
      import nt
      if sys.getwindowsversion()[:2] >= (6, 0):
          from nt import _getfinalpathname
      else:
          supports_symlinks = False
          _getfinalpathname = None
  else:
      nt = None
  
  
  __all__ = [
      "PurePath", "PurePosixPath", "PureWindowsPath",
      "Path", "PosixPath", "WindowsPath",
      ]
  
  #
  # Internals
  #
  
  def _is_wildcard_pattern(pat):
      # Whether this pattern needs actual matching using fnmatch, or can
      # be looked up directly as a file.
      return "*" in pat or "?" in pat or "[" in pat
  
  
  class _Flavour(object):
      """A flavour implements a particular (platform-specific) set of path
      semantics."""
  
      def __init__(self):
          self.join = self.sep.join
  
      def parse_parts(self, parts):
          parsed = []
          sep = self.sep
          altsep = self.altsep
          drv = root = ''
          it = reversed(parts)
          for part in it:
              if not part:
                  continue
              if altsep:
                  part = part.replace(altsep, sep)
              drv, root, rel = self.splitroot(part)
              if sep in rel:
                  for x in reversed(rel.split(sep)):
                      if x and x != '.':
                          parsed.append(sys.intern(x))
              else:
                  if rel and rel != '.':
                      parsed.append(sys.intern(rel))
              if drv or root:
                  if not drv:
                      # If no drive is present, try to find one in the previous
                      # parts. This makes the result of parsing e.g.
                      # ("C:", "/", "a") reasonably intuitive.
                      for part in it:
                          if not part:
                              continue
                          if altsep:
                              part = part.replace(altsep, sep)
                          drv = self.splitroot(part)[0]
                          if drv:
                              break
                  break
          if drv or root:
              parsed.append(drv + root)
          parsed.reverse()
          return drv, root, parsed
  
      def join_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, parts, drv2, root2, parts2):
          """
          Join the two paths represented by the respective
          (drive, root, parts) tuples.  Return a new (drive, root, parts) tuple.
          """
          if root2:
              if not drv2 and drv:
                  return drv, root2, [drv + root2] + parts2[1:]
          elif drv2:
              if drv2 == drv or self.casefold(drv2) == self.casefold(drv):
                  # Same drive => second path is relative to the first
                  return drv, root, parts + parts2[1:]
          else:
              # Second path is non-anchored (common case)
              return drv, root, parts + parts2
          return drv2, root2, parts2
  
  
  class _WindowsFlavour(_Flavour):
      # Reference for Windows paths can be found at
      # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
  
      sep = '\\'
      altsep = '/'
      has_drv = True
      pathmod = ntpath
  
      is_supported = (os.name == 'nt')
  
      drive_letters = (
          set(chr(x) for x in range(ord('a'), ord('z') + 1)) |
          set(chr(x) for x in range(ord('A'), ord('Z') + 1))
      )
      ext_namespace_prefix = '\\\\?\\'
  
      reserved_names = (
          {'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL'} |
          {'COM%d' % i for i in range(1, 10)} |
          {'LPT%d' % i for i in range(1, 10)}
          )
  
      # Interesting findings about extended paths:
      # - '\\?\c:\a', '//?/c:\a' and '//?/c:/a' are all supported
      #   but '\\?\c:/a' is not
      # - extended paths are always absolute; "relative" extended paths will
      #   fail.
  
      def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep):
          first = part[0:1]
          second = part[1:2]
          if (second == sep and first == sep):
              # XXX extended paths should also disable the collapsing of "."
              # components (according to MSDN docs).
              prefix, part = self._split_extended_path(part)
              first = part[0:1]
              second = part[1:2]
          else:
              prefix = ''
          third = part[2:3]
          if (second == sep and first == sep and third != sep):
              # is a UNC path:
              # vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv root
              # \\machine\mountpoint\directory\etc\...
              #            directory ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
              index = part.find(sep, 2)
              if index != -1:
                  index2 = part.find(sep, index + 1)
                  # a UNC path can't have two slashes in a row
                  # (after the initial two)
                  if index2 != index + 1:
                      if index2 == -1:
                          index2 = len(part)
                      if prefix:
                          return prefix + part[1:index2], sep, part[index2+1:]
                      else:
                          return part[:index2], sep, part[index2+1:]
          drv = root = ''
          if second == ':' and first in self.drive_letters:
              drv = part[:2]
              part = part[2:]
              first = third
          if first == sep:
              root = first
              part = part.lstrip(sep)
          return prefix + drv, root, part
  
      def casefold(self, s):
          return s.lower()
  
      def casefold_parts(self, parts):
          return [p.lower() for p in parts]
  
      def resolve(self, path):
          s = str(path)
          if not s:
              return os.getcwd()
          if _getfinalpathname is not None:
              return self._ext_to_normal(_getfinalpathname(s))
          # Means fallback on absolute
          return None
  
      def _split_extended_path(self, s, ext_prefix=ext_namespace_prefix):
          prefix = ''
          if s.startswith(ext_prefix):
              prefix = s[:4]
              s = s[4:]
              if s.startswith('UNC\\'):
                  prefix += s[:3]
                  s = '\\' + s[3:]
          return prefix, s
  
      def _ext_to_normal(self, s):
          # Turn back an extended path into a normal DOS-like path
          return self._split_extended_path(s)[1]
  
      def is_reserved(self, parts):
          # NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated
          # (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL").
          # We err on the side of caution and return True for paths which are
          # not considered reserved by Windows.
          if not parts:
              return False
          if parts[0].startswith('\\\\'):
              # UNC paths are never reserved
              return False
          return parts[-1].partition('.')[0].upper() in self.reserved_names
  
      def make_uri(self, path):
          # Under Windows, file URIs use the UTF-8 encoding.
          drive = path.drive
          if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':':
              # It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b'
              rest = path.as_posix()[2:].lstrip('/')
              return 'file:///%s/%s' % (
                  drive, urlquote_from_bytes(rest.encode('utf-8')))
          else:
              # It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b'
              return 'file:' + urlquote_from_bytes(path.as_posix().encode('utf-8'))
  
      def gethomedir(self, username):
          if 'HOME' in os.environ:
              userhome = os.environ['HOME']
          elif 'USERPROFILE' in os.environ:
              userhome = os.environ['USERPROFILE']
          elif 'HOMEPATH' in os.environ:
              try:
                  drv = os.environ['HOMEDRIVE']
              except KeyError:
                  drv = ''
              userhome = drv + os.environ['HOMEPATH']
          else:
              raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory")
  
          if username:
              # Try to guess user home directory.  By default all users
              # directories are located in the same place and are named by
              # corresponding usernames.  If current user home directory points
              # to nonstandard place, this guess is likely wrong.
              if os.environ['USERNAME'] != username:
                  drv, root, parts = self.parse_parts((userhome,))
                  if parts[-1] != os.environ['USERNAME']:
                      raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory "
                                         "for %r" % username)
                  parts[-1] = username
                  if drv or root:
                      userhome = drv + root + self.join(parts[1:])
                  else:
                      userhome = self.join(parts)
          return userhome
  
  class _PosixFlavour(_Flavour):
      sep = '/'
      altsep = ''
      has_drv = False
      pathmod = posixpath
  
      is_supported = (os.name != 'nt')
  
      def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep):
          if part and part[0] == sep:
              stripped_part = part.lstrip(sep)
              # According to POSIX path resolution:
              # http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11
              # "A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be
              # interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more
              # than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash".
              if len(part) - len(stripped_part) == 2:
                  return '', sep * 2, stripped_part
              else:
                  return '', sep, stripped_part
          else:
              return '', '', part
  
      def casefold(self, s):
          return s
  
      def casefold_parts(self, parts):
          return parts
  
      def resolve(self, path):
          sep = self.sep
          accessor = path._accessor
          seen = {}
          def _resolve(path, rest):
              if rest.startswith(sep):
                  path = ''
  
              for name in rest.split(sep):
                  if not name or name == '.':
                      # current dir
                      continue
                  if name == '..':
                      # parent dir
                      path, _, _ = path.rpartition(sep)
                      continue
                  newpath = path + sep + name
                  if newpath in seen:
                      # Already seen this path
                      path = seen[newpath]
                      if path is not None:
                          # use cached value
                          continue
                      # The symlink is not resolved, so we must have a symlink loop.
                      raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % newpath)
                  # Resolve the symbolic link
                  try:
                      target = accessor.readlink(newpath)
                  except OSError as e:
                      if e.errno != EINVAL:
                          raise
                      # Not a symlink
                      path = newpath
                  else:
                      seen[newpath] = None # not resolved symlink
                      path = _resolve(path, target)
                      seen[newpath] = path # resolved symlink
  
              return path
          # NOTE: according to POSIX, getcwd() cannot contain path components
          # which are symlinks.
          base = '' if path.is_absolute() else os.getcwd()
          return _resolve(base, str(path)) or sep
  
      def is_reserved(self, parts):
          return False
  
      def make_uri(self, path):
          # We represent the path using the local filesystem encoding,
          # for portability to other applications.
          bpath = bytes(path)
          return 'file://' + urlquote_from_bytes(bpath)
  
      def gethomedir(self, username):
          if not username:
              try:
                  return os.environ['HOME']
              except KeyError:
                  import pwd
                  return pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_dir
          else:
              import pwd
              try:
                  return pwd.getpwnam(username).pw_dir
              except KeyError:
                  raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory "
                                     "for %r" % username)
  
  
  _windows_flavour = _WindowsFlavour()
  _posix_flavour = _PosixFlavour()
  
  
  class _Accessor:
      """An accessor implements a particular (system-specific or not) way of
      accessing paths on the filesystem."""
  
  
  class _NormalAccessor(_Accessor):
  
      def _wrap_strfunc(strfunc):
          @functools.wraps(strfunc)
          def wrapped(pathobj, *args):
              return strfunc(str(pathobj), *args)
          return staticmethod(wrapped)
  
      def _wrap_binary_strfunc(strfunc):
          @functools.wraps(strfunc)
          def wrapped(pathobjA, pathobjB, *args):
              return strfunc(str(pathobjA), str(pathobjB), *args)
          return staticmethod(wrapped)
  
      stat = _wrap_strfunc(os.stat)
  
      lstat = _wrap_strfunc(os.lstat)
  
      open = _wrap_strfunc(os.open)
  
      listdir = _wrap_strfunc(os.listdir)
  
      chmod = _wrap_strfunc(os.chmod)
  
      if hasattr(os, "lchmod"):
          lchmod = _wrap_strfunc(os.lchmod)
      else:
          def lchmod(self, pathobj, mode):
              raise NotImplementedError("lchmod() not available on this system")
  
      mkdir = _wrap_strfunc(os.mkdir)
  
      unlink = _wrap_strfunc(os.unlink)
  
      rmdir = _wrap_strfunc(os.rmdir)
  
      rename = _wrap_binary_strfunc(os.rename)
  
      replace = _wrap_binary_strfunc(os.replace)
  
      if nt:
          if supports_symlinks:
              symlink = _wrap_binary_strfunc(os.symlink)
          else:
              def symlink(a, b, target_is_directory):
                  raise NotImplementedError("symlink() not available on this system")
      else:
          # Under POSIX, os.symlink() takes two args
          @staticmethod
          def symlink(a, b, target_is_directory):
              return os.symlink(str(a), str(b))
  
      utime = _wrap_strfunc(os.utime)
  
      # Helper for resolve()
      def readlink(self, path):
          return os.readlink(path)
  
  
  _normal_accessor = _NormalAccessor()
  
  
  #
  # Globbing helpers
  #
  
  @contextmanager
  def _cached(func):
      try:
          func.__cached__
          yield func
      except AttributeError:
          cache = {}
          def wrapper(*args):
              try:
                  return cache[args]
              except KeyError:
                  value = cache[args] = func(*args)
                  return value
          wrapper.__cached__ = True
          try:
              yield wrapper
          finally:
              cache.clear()
  
  def _make_selector(pattern_parts):
      pat = pattern_parts[0]
      child_parts = pattern_parts[1:]
      if pat == '**':
          cls = _RecursiveWildcardSelector
      elif '**' in pat:
          raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component")
      elif _is_wildcard_pattern(pat):
          cls = _WildcardSelector
      else:
          cls = _PreciseSelector
      return cls(pat, child_parts)
  
  if hasattr(functools, "lru_cache"):
      _make_selector = functools.lru_cache()(_make_selector)
  
  
  class _Selector:
      """A selector matches a specific glob pattern part against the children
      of a given path."""
  
      def __init__(self, child_parts):
          self.child_parts = child_parts
          if child_parts:
              self.successor = _make_selector(child_parts)
          else:
              self.successor = _TerminatingSelector()
  
      def select_from(self, parent_path):
          """Iterate over all child paths of `parent_path` matched by this
          selector.  This can contain parent_path itself."""
          path_cls = type(parent_path)
          is_dir = path_cls.is_dir
          exists = path_cls.exists
          listdir = parent_path._accessor.listdir
          return self._select_from(parent_path, is_dir, exists, listdir)
  
  
  class _TerminatingSelector:
  
      def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, listdir):
          yield parent_path
  
  
  class _PreciseSelector(_Selector):
  
      def __init__(self, name, child_parts):
          self.name = name
          _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts)
  
      def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, listdir):
          try:
              if not is_dir(parent_path):
                  return
              path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(self.name)
              if exists(path):
                  for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, listdir):
                      yield p
          except PermissionError:
              return
  
  
  class _WildcardSelector(_Selector):
  
      def __init__(self, pat, child_parts):
          self.pat = re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pat))
          _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts)
  
      def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, listdir):
          try:
              if not is_dir(parent_path):
                  return
              cf = parent_path._flavour.casefold
              for name in listdir(parent_path):
                  casefolded = cf(name)
                  if self.pat.match(casefolded):
                      path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(name)
                      for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, listdir):
                          yield p
          except PermissionError:
              return
  
  
  
  class _RecursiveWildcardSelector(_Selector):
  
      def __init__(self, pat, child_parts):
          _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts)
  
      def _iterate_directories(self, parent_path, is_dir, listdir):
          yield parent_path
          try:
              for name in listdir(parent_path):
                  path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(name)
                  if is_dir(path) and not path.is_symlink():
                      for p in self._iterate_directories(path, is_dir, listdir):
                          yield p
          except PermissionError:
              return
  
      def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, listdir):
          try:
              if not is_dir(parent_path):
                  return
              with _cached(listdir) as listdir:
                  yielded = set()
                  try:
                      successor_select = self.successor._select_from
                      for starting_point in self._iterate_directories(parent_path, is_dir, listdir):
                          for p in successor_select(starting_point, is_dir, exists, listdir):
                              if p not in yielded:
                                  yield p
                                  yielded.add(p)
                  finally:
                      yielded.clear()
          except PermissionError:
              return
  
  
  #
  # Public API
  #
  
  class _PathParents(Sequence):
      """This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors
      of a path.  Don't try to construct it yourself."""
      __slots__ = ('_pathcls', '_drv', '_root', '_parts')
  
      def __init__(self, path):
          # We don't store the instance to avoid reference cycles
          self._pathcls = type(path)
          self._drv = path._drv
          self._root = path._root
          self._parts = path._parts
  
      def __len__(self):
          if self._drv or self._root:
              return len(self._parts) - 1
          else:
              return len(self._parts)
  
      def __getitem__(self, idx):
          if idx < 0 or idx >= len(self):
              raise IndexError(idx)
          return self._pathcls._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
                                                  self._parts[:-idx - 1])
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "<{}.parents>".format(self._pathcls.__name__)
  
  
  _default_enable_str_functionality = 'warn'
  
  class PurePath(str):
      """PurePath represents a filesystem path and offers operations which
      don't imply any actual filesystem I/O.  Depending on your system,
      instantiating a PurePath will return either a PurePosixPath or a
      PureWindowsPath object.  You can also instantiate either of these classes
      directly, regardless of your system.
      """
      __slots__ = (
          '_drv', '_root', '_parts',
          '_str', '_hash', '_pparts', '_cached_cparts',
          '_enable_str_functionality'
      )
  
      def __new__(cls, *args):
          """Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing
          PurePath objects.  The strings and path objects are combined so as
          to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the
          new PurePath object.
          """
          if cls is PurePath:
              cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath
          return cls._from_parts(args)
  
      def __reduce__(self):
          # Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts
          # when pickling related paths.
          return (self.__class__, tuple(self._parts))
  
      @classmethod
      def _parse_args(cls, args):
          # This is useful when you don't want to create an instance, just
          # canonicalize some constructor arguments.
          parts = []
          for a in args:
              if isinstance(a, PurePath):
                  parts += a._parts
              elif isinstance(a, str):
                  # Force-cast str subclasses to str (issue #21127)
                  parts.append(str(a))
              else:
                  raise TypeError(
                      "argument should be a path or str object, not %r"
                      % type(a))
          return cls._flavour.parse_parts(parts)
  
      @classmethod
      def _from_parts(cls, args, init=True):
          # We need to call _parse_args on the instance, so as to get the
          # right flavour.
          self = str.__new__(cls, os.path.join(*args) if args else '') #TODO do not use os.path.join
          drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)
          self._drv = drv
          self._root = root
          self._parts = parts
          if init:
              self._init()
              
          try:        
              self._enable_str_functionality = _default_enable_str_functionality
          except:
              pass #do not enable disabled str functionality
          return self
  
      @classmethod
      def _from_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts, init=True):
          self = str.__new__(cls, os.path.join(drv, root, *parts)) #TODO do not use os.path.join
          self._drv = drv
          self._root = root
          self._parts = parts
          if init:
              self._init()
          try:
              self._enable_str_functionality = _default_enable_str_functionality
          except:
              pass #do not enable disabled str functionality
          return self
  
      @classmethod
      def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts):
          if drv or root:
              return drv + root + cls._flavour.join(parts[1:])
          else:
              return cls._flavour.join(parts)
  
      def _init(self):
          # Overriden in concrete Path
          pass
  
      def _make_child(self, args):
          drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)
          drv, root, parts = self._flavour.join_parsed_parts(
              self._drv, self._root, self._parts, drv, root, parts)
          return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts)
  
      def __str__(self):
          """Return the string representation of the path, suitable for
          passing to system calls."""
          try:
              return self._str
          except AttributeError:
              self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
                                                    self._parts) or '.'
              return self._str
  
      @property
      def path(self):
          try:
              return self._str
          except AttributeError:
              return str(self)
  
      def as_posix(self):
          """Return the string representation of the path with forward (/)
          slashes."""
          f = self._flavour
          return str(self).replace(f.sep, '/')
  
      def __bytes__(self):
          """Return the bytes representation of the path.  This is only
          recommended to use under Unix."""
          return os.fsencode(str(self))
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.as_posix())
  
      def as_uri(self):
          """Return the path as a 'file' URI."""
          if not self.is_absolute():
              raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI")
          return self._flavour.make_uri(self)
  
      @property
      def _cparts(self):
          # Cached casefolded parts, for hashing and comparison
          try:
              return self._cached_cparts
          except AttributeError:
              self._cached_cparts = self._flavour.casefold_parts(self._parts)
              return self._cached_cparts
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, PurePath):
              return NotImplemented
          return self._cparts == other._cparts and self._flavour is other._flavour
  
      def __hash__(self):
          try:
              return self._hash
          except AttributeError:
              self._hash = hash(tuple(self._cparts))
              return self._hash
  
      def __lt__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
              return NotImplemented
          return self._cparts < other._cparts
  
      def __le__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
              return NotImplemented
          return self._cparts <= other._cparts
  
      def __gt__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
              return NotImplemented
          return self._cparts > other._cparts
  
      def __ge__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
              return NotImplemented
          return self._cparts >= other._cparts
  
      drive = property(attrgetter('_drv'),
                       doc="""The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.""")
  
      root = property(attrgetter('_root'),
                      doc="""The root of the path, if any.""")
  
      @property
      def anchor(self):
          """The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''."""
          anchor = self._drv + self._root
          return anchor
  
      @property
      def name(self):
          """The final path component, if any."""
          parts = self._parts
          if len(parts) == (1 if (self._drv or self._root) else 0):
              return ''
          return parts[-1]
  
      @property
      def suffix(self):
          """The final component's last suffix, if any."""
          name = self.name
          i = name.rfind('.')
          if 0 < i < len(name) - 1:
              return name[i:]
          else:
              return ''
  
      @property
      def suffixes(self):
          """A list of the final component's suffixes, if any."""
          name = self.name
          if name.endswith('.'):
              return []
          name = name.lstrip('.')
          return ['.' + suffix for suffix in name.split('.')[1:]]
  
      @property
      def stem(self):
          """The final path component, minus its last suffix."""
          name = self.name
          i = name.rfind('.')
          if 0 < i < len(name) - 1:
              return name[:i]
          else:
              return name
  
      def with_name(self, name):
          """Return a new path with the file name changed."""
          if not self.name:
              raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
          drv, root, parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((name,))
          if (not name or name[-1] in [self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep]
              or drv or root or len(parts) != 1):
              raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name))
          return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
                                         self._parts[:-1] + [name])
  
      def with_suffix(self, suffix):
          """Return a new path with the file suffix changed (or added, if none)."""
          # XXX if suffix is None, should the current suffix be removed?
          f = self._flavour
          if f.sep in suffix or f.altsep and f.altsep in suffix:
              raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix))
          if suffix and not suffix.startswith('.') or suffix == '.':
              raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix))
          name = self.name
          if not name:
              raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
          old_suffix = self.suffix
          if not old_suffix:
              name = name + suffix
          else:
              name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix
          return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
                                         self._parts[:-1] + [name])
  
      def relative_to(self, *other):
          """Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed
          arguments.  If the operation is not possible (because this is not
          a subpath of the other path), raise ValueError.
          """
          # For the purpose of this method, drive and root are considered
          # separate parts, i.e.:
          #   Path('c:/').relative_to('c:')  gives Path('/')
          #   Path('c:/').relative_to('/')   raise ValueError
          if not other:
              raise TypeError("need at least one argument")
          parts = self._parts
          drv = self._drv
          root = self._root
          if root:
              abs_parts = [drv, root] + parts[1:]
          else:
              abs_parts = parts
          to_drv, to_root, to_parts = self._parse_args(other)
          if to_root:
              to_abs_parts = [to_drv, to_root] + to_parts[1:]
          else:
              to_abs_parts = to_parts
          n = len(to_abs_parts)
          cf = self._flavour.casefold_parts
          if (root or drv) if n == 0 else cf(abs_parts[:n]) != cf(to_abs_parts):
              formatted = self._format_parsed_parts(to_drv, to_root, to_parts)
              raise ValueError("{!r} does not start with {!r}"
                               .format(str(self), str(formatted)))
          return self._from_parsed_parts('', root if n == 1 else '',
                                         abs_parts[n:])
  
      @property
      def parts(self):
          """An object providing sequence-like access to the
          components in the filesystem path."""
          # We cache the tuple to avoid building a new one each time .parts
          # is accessed.  XXX is this necessary?
          try:
              return self._pparts
          except AttributeError:
              self._pparts = tuple(self._parts)
              return self._pparts
  
      def joinpath(self, *args):
          """Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a
          new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative
          paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is
          anchored).
          """
          return self._make_child(args)
  
      def __truediv__(self, key):
          return self._make_child((key,))
  
      def __rtruediv__(self, key):
          return self._from_parts([key] + self._parts)
  
      @property
      def parent(self):
          """The logical parent of the path."""
          drv = self._drv
          root = self._root
          parts = self._parts
          if len(parts) == 1 and (drv or root):
              return self
          return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts[:-1])
  
      @property
      def parents(self):
          """A sequence of this path's logical parents."""
          return _PathParents(self)
  
      def is_absolute(self):
          """True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable,
          a drive)."""
          if not self._root:
              return False
          return not self._flavour.has_drv or bool(self._drv)
  
      def is_reserved(self):
          """Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved
          by the system, if any."""
          return self._flavour.is_reserved(self._parts)
  
      def match(self, path_pattern):
          """
          Return True if this path matches the given pattern.
          """
          cf = self._flavour.casefold
          path_pattern = cf(path_pattern)
          drv, root, pat_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((path_pattern,))
          if not pat_parts:
              raise ValueError("empty pattern")
          if drv and drv != cf(self._drv):
              return False
          if root and root != cf(self._root):
              return False
          parts = self._cparts
          if drv or root:
              if len(pat_parts) != len(parts):
                  return False
              pat_parts = pat_parts[1:]
          elif len(pat_parts) > len(parts):
              return False
          for part, pat in zip(reversed(parts), reversed(pat_parts)):
              if not fnmatch.fnmatchcase(part, pat):
                  return False
          return True
      
      def __dir__(self):
          d = super().__dir__()
          return [name for name in d if name not in _overridden_str_methods] 
          
  
  # Override str methods
  
  def _make_overrider(name):
      assert hasattr(str, name)
      def str_functionality(self, *args, **kwargs):
          """Method of str, not for use with pathlib path objects."""
          try:
              enable = self._enable_str_functionality
          except AttributeError:
              raise TypeError("str method '{}' is not available for paths."
                                  .format(name)) from None
          if enable == 'warn':
              warnings.warn("str method '{}' may be disabled on paths in future versions."
                                .format(name), FutureWarning, stacklevel = 2)
          elif enable is True:
              pass # str functionality not disabled
          else:
              raise ValueError("_enable_str_functionality can be True or 'warn'")
          return getattr(str, name)(self, *args, **kwargs)
      str_functionality.__name__ = name
      str_functionality.__qualname__ = 'PurePath.' + name
      return str_functionality
  
  _exclude_from_override = { '__getattribute__',
                             '__add__',
                             '__len__',
                             'startswith',
                             'endswith',
                             'encode' }
  
  _overridden_str_methods = []
  for name in str.__dict__:
      if name in PurePath.__dict__:
          continue
      if isinstance(getattr(str, name), property):
          continue
      if name in _exclude_from_override:
          continue
      setattr(PurePath, name, _make_overrider(name))
      _overridden_str_methods.append(name)
      #print(name + " replaced")
      
  del _make_overrider
  del _exclude_from_override
  
  class PurePosixPath(PurePath):
      _flavour = _posix_flavour
      __slots__ = ()
  
  
  class PureWindowsPath(PurePath):
      _flavour = _windows_flavour
      __slots__ = ()
  
  
  # Filesystem-accessing classes
  
  
  class Path(PurePath):
      __slots__ = (
          '_accessor',
          '_closed',
      )
  
      def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
          if cls is Path:
              cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath
          self = cls._from_parts(args, init=False)
          if not self._flavour.is_supported:
              raise NotImplementedError("cannot instantiate %r on your system"
                                        % (cls.__name__,))
          self._init()
          return self
  
      def _init(self,
                # Private non-constructor arguments
                template=None,
                ):
          self._closed = False
          if template is not None:
              self._accessor = template._accessor
          else:
              self._accessor = _normal_accessor
  
      def _make_child_relpath(self, part):
          # This is an optimization used for dir walking.  `part` must be
          # a single part relative to this path.
          parts = self._parts + [part]
          return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, parts)
  
      def __enter__(self):
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          return self
  
      def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
          self._closed = True
  
      def _raise_closed(self):
          raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed path")
  
      def _opener(self, name, flags, mode=0o666):
          # A stub for the opener argument to built-in open()
          return self._accessor.open(self, flags, mode)
  
      def _raw_open(self, flags, mode=0o777):
          """
          Open the file pointed by this path and return a file descriptor,
          as os.open() does.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          return self._accessor.open(self, flags, mode)
  
      # Public API
  
      @classmethod
      def cwd(cls):
          """Return a new path pointing to the current working directory
          (as returned by os.getcwd()).
          """
          return cls(os.getcwd())
  
      @classmethod
      def home(cls):
          """Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as
          returned by os.path.expanduser('~')).
          """
          return cls(cls()._flavour.gethomedir(None))
  
      def samefile(self, other_path):
          """Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file
          (as returned by os.path.samefile()).
          """
          st = self.stat()
          try:
              other_st = other_path.stat()
          except AttributeError:
              other_st = os.stat(other_path)
          return os.path.samestat(st, other_st)
  
      def iterdir(self):
          """Iterate over the files in this directory.  Does not yield any
          result for the special paths '.' and '..'.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          for name in self._accessor.listdir(self):
              if name in {'.', '..'}:
                  # Yielding a path object for these makes little sense
                  continue
              yield self._make_child_relpath(name)
              if self._closed:
                  self._raise_closed()
  
      def glob(self, pattern):
          """Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any
          kind, including directories) matching the given pattern.
          """
          if not pattern:
              raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern))
          pattern = self._flavour.casefold(pattern)
          drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,))
          if drv or root:
              raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
          selector = _make_selector(tuple(pattern_parts))
          for p in selector.select_from(self):
              yield p
  
      def rglob(self, pattern):
          """Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including
          directories) matching the given pattern, anywhere in this subtree.
          """
          pattern = self._flavour.casefold(pattern)
          drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,))
          if drv or root:
              raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
          selector = _make_selector(("**",) + tuple(pattern_parts))
          for p in selector.select_from(self):
              yield p
  
      def absolute(self):
          """Return an absolute version of this path.  This function works
          even if the path doesn't point to anything.
  
          No normalization is done, i.e. all '.' and '..' will be kept along.
          Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file.
          """
          # XXX untested yet!
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          if self.is_absolute():
              return self
          # FIXME this must defer to the specific flavour (and, under Windows,
          # use nt._getfullpathname())
          obj = self._from_parts([os.getcwd()] + self._parts, init=False)
          obj._init(template=self)
          return obj
  
      def resolve(self):
          """
          Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also
          normalizing it (for example turning slashes into backslashes under
          Windows).
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          s = self._flavour.resolve(self)
          if s is None:
              # No symlink resolution => for consistency, raise an error if
              # the path doesn't exist or is forbidden
              self.stat()
              s = str(self.absolute())
          # Now we have no symlinks in the path, it's safe to normalize it.
          normed = self._flavour.pathmod.normpath(s)
          obj = self._from_parts((normed,), init=False)
          obj._init(template=self)
          return obj
  
      def stat(self):
          """
          Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like
          os.stat() does.
          """
          return self._accessor.stat(self)
  
      def owner(self):
          """
          Return the login name of the file owner.
          """
          import pwd
          return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat().st_uid).pw_name
  
      def group(self):
          """
          Return the group name of the file gid.
          """
          import grp
          return grp.getgrgid(self.stat().st_gid).gr_name
  
      def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
               errors=None, newline=None):
          """
          Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as
          the built-in open() function does.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          return io.open(str(self), mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline,
                         opener=self._opener)
  
      def read_bytes(self):
          """
          Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file.
          """
          with self.open(mode='rb') as f:
              return f.read()
  
      def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
          """
          Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file.
          """
          with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f:
              return f.read()
  
      def write_bytes(self, data):
          """
          Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file.
          """
          # type-check for the buffer interface before truncating the file
          view = memoryview(data)
          with self.open(mode='wb') as f:
              return f.write(view)
  
      def write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None):
          """
          Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file.
          """
          if not isinstance(data, str):
              raise TypeError('data must be str, not %s' %
                              data.__class__.__name__)
          with self.open(mode='w', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f:
              return f.write(data)
  
      def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True):
          """
          Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          if exist_ok:
              # First try to bump modification time
              # Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of
              # the utimensat() / futimens() functions.
              try:
                  self._accessor.utime(self, None)
              except OSError:
                  # Avoid exception chaining
                  pass
              else:
                  return
          flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY
          if not exist_ok:
              flags |= os.O_EXCL
          fd = self._raw_open(flags, mode)
          os.close(fd)
  
      def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False):
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          if not parents:
              try:
                  self._accessor.mkdir(self, mode)
              except FileExistsError:
                  if not exist_ok or not self.is_dir():
                      raise
          else:
              try:
                  self._accessor.mkdir(self, mode)
              except FileExistsError:
                  if not exist_ok or not self.is_dir():
                      raise
              except OSError as e:
                  if e.errno != ENOENT:
                      raise
                  self.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
                  self._accessor.mkdir(self, mode)
  
      def chmod(self, mode):
          """
          Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod().
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          self._accessor.chmod(self, mode)
  
      def lchmod(self, mode):
          """
          Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
          permissions are changed, rather than its target's.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          self._accessor.lchmod(self, mode)
  
      def unlink(self):
          """
          Remove this file or link.
          If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          self._accessor.unlink(self)
  
      def rmdir(self):
          """
          Remove this directory.  The directory must be empty.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          self._accessor.rmdir(self)
  
      def lstat(self):
          """
          Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
          status information is returned, rather than its target's.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          return self._accessor.lstat(self)
  
      def rename(self, target):
          """
          Rename this path to the given path.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          self._accessor.rename(self, target)
  
      def replace(self, target):
          """
          Rename this path to the given path, clobbering the existing
          destination if it exists.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          self._accessor.replace(self, target)
  
      def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False):
          """
          Make this path a symlink pointing to the given path.
          Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.symlink's.
          """
          if self._closed:
              self._raise_closed()
          self._accessor.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory)
  
      # Convenience functions for querying the stat results
  
      def exists(self):
          """
          Whether this path exists.
          """
          try:
              self.stat()
          except OSError as e:
              if e.errno not in (ENOENT, ENOTDIR):
                  raise
              return False
          return True
  
      def is_dir(self):
          """
          Whether this path is a directory.
          """
          try:
              return S_ISDIR(self.stat().st_mode)
          except OSError as e:
              if e.errno not in (ENOENT, ENOTDIR):
                  raise
              # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
              # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/)
              return False
  
      def is_file(self):
          """
          Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing
          to regular files).
          """
          try:
              return S_ISREG(self.stat().st_mode)
          except OSError as e:
              if e.errno not in (ENOENT, ENOTDIR):
                  raise
              # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
              # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/)
              return False
  
      def is_symlink(self):
          """
          Whether this path is a symbolic link.
          """
          try:
              return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode)
          except OSError as e:
              if e.errno not in (ENOENT, ENOTDIR):
                  raise
              # Path doesn't exist
              return False
  
      def is_block_device(self):
          """
          Whether this path is a block device.
          """
          try:
              return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode)
          except OSError as e:
              if e.errno not in (ENOENT, ENOTDIR):
                  raise
              # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
              # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/)
              return False
  
      def is_char_device(self):
          """
          Whether this path is a character device.
          """
          try:
              return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode)
          except OSError as e:
              if e.errno not in (ENOENT, ENOTDIR):
                  raise
              # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
              # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/)
              return False
  
      def is_fifo(self):
          """
          Whether this path is a FIFO.
          """
          try:
              return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode)
          except OSError as e:
              if e.errno not in (ENOENT, ENOTDIR):
                  raise
              # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
              # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/)
              return False
  
      def is_socket(self):
          """
          Whether this path is a socket.
          """
          try:
              return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode)
          except OSError as e:
              if e.errno not in (ENOENT, ENOTDIR):
                  raise
              # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
              # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/)
              return False
  
      def expanduser(self):
          """ Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs
          (as returned by os.path.expanduser)
          """
          if (not (self._drv or self._root) and
              self._parts and self._parts[0][:1] == '~'):
              homedir = self._flavour.gethomedir(self._parts[0][1:])
              return self._from_parts([homedir] + self._parts[1:])
  
          return self
  
  
  class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath):
      __slots__ = ()
  
  class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath):
      __slots__ = ()
  
      def owner(self):
          raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system")
  
      def group(self):
          raise NotImplementedError("Path.group() is unsupported on this system")
  