text: print(print)
  
  subject = 'programming'
  grade = 10
  
  print('my grade on {0} was {1} '.format(subject, grade))
  print('everybody was graded {} on that exercise'.format(grade))
  
  # decimal (.) precision of 3 for float '0.333'
  print('{0:.3f}'.format(1.0 / 3))
  
  # fill with underscores (_) with the text centered
  # (^) to 11 width '___hello___'
  print('{0:_^11}'.format('hello'))
  
  # keyword-based 'Swaroop wrote A Byte of Python'
  name = 'Swaroop'
  print('{name} wrote {book}'.format(name=name, book='A Byte of Python'))
  
  print('a', end='')
  print('b', end='')
  print('c')
  
  # new line
  print('first line\nsecond line\ttab')
  
  # no new line
  lines = 'first line \
  second line'
  print(lines)
  
  # raw string
  print(r'new lines are indicated by \n')
  
  # two logical lines in the same physical line
  i =5; print(i)
  
  # f-strings format (python 3.6)
  print(f'{1.0/3:.3f}')
  
  name = 'bob'
  age = 30
  print(f'his name is {name} and he is {age} years old')
  print(f'''his name is {name.upper()}
  and he is {2 * age} years old''')
  
  
  '''
  output:
  
  <built-in function print>
  my grade on programming was 10 
  everybody was graded 10 on that exercise
  0.333
  ___hello___
  Swaroop wrote A Byte of Python
  abc
  first line
  second line	tab
  first line second line
  new lines are indicated by \n
  5
  0.333
  his name is bob and he is 30 years old
  his name is BOB
  and he is 60 years old
  '''