text: from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
  from django.test import TestCase
  from django.urls import reverse
  
  from rest_framework import status
  from rest_framework.test import APIClient
  
  from core.models import Recipe, Tag, Ingredient
  
  from recipe.serializers import RecipeSerializer, RecipeDetailSerializer
  
  
  RECIPE_URL = reverse('recipe:recipe-list')
  
  
  def detail_url(recipe_id):
      """Return recipe detail URL"""
      return reverse('recipe:recipe-detail', args=[recipe_id])
  
  
  def sample_tag(user, name='Main course'):
      """Create and return a sample tag"""
      return Tag.objects.create(user=user, name=name)
  
  
  def sample_ingredient(user, name='Cinnamon'):
      """Create and return a sample ingredient"""
      return Ingredient.objects.create(user=user, name=name)
  
  
  def sample_recipe(user, **params):
      """Create and return a sample recipe"""
      defaults = {
          'title': 'Sample recipe',
          'time_minutes': 10,
          'price': 5.00
      }
      defaults.update(params)
  
      return Recipe.objects.create(user=user, **defaults)
  
  
  class PublicRecipeApiTests(TestCase):
      """Test authenticated recipe API access"""
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client = APIClient()
  
      def test_auth_required(self):
          """Test that authentication is required"""
          res = self.client.get(RECIPE_URL)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED)
  
  
  class PrivateRecipeApiTests(TestCase):
      """Test authenticated recipe API access"""
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client = APIClient()
          self.user = get_user_model().objects.create_user(
              email='test@gmail.com',
              password='testpass'
          )
          self.client.force_authenticate(self.user)
  
      def test_retrieve_recipes(self):
          """Test retrieving a list of recipes"""
          sample_recipe(user=self.user)
          sample_recipe(user=self.user)
  
          res = self.client.get(RECIPE_URL)
  
          recipes = Recipe.objects.all().order_by('-id')
          serializer = RecipeSerializer(recipes, many=True)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
          self.assertEqual(res.data, serializer.data)
  
      def test_recipe_limited_to_user(self):
          """Test retrieving recipes for user"""
          user2 = get_user_model().objects.create_user(
              email='test2@gmail.com',
              password='12345'
          )
          sample_recipe(user=user2)
          sample_recipe(user=self.user)
  
          res = self.client.get(RECIPE_URL)
  
          recipes = Recipe.objects.filter(user=self.user)
          serializer = RecipeSerializer(recipes, many=True)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
          self.assertEqual(len(res.data), 1)
          self.assertEqual(res.data, serializer.data)
  
      def test_view_recipe_detail(self):
          """Test viewing a recipe detail"""
          recipe = sample_recipe(user=self.user)
          recipe.tags.add(sample_tag(user=self.user))
          recipe.ingredients.add(sample_ingredient(user=self.user))
  
          url = detail_url(recipe.id)
          res = self.client.get(url)
  
          serializer = RecipeDetailSerializer(recipe)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.data, serializer.data)
  