text: #!/usr/bin/env python
  # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
  
  """Tests for Requests."""
  
  from __future__ import division
  import json
  import os
  import pickle
  import collections
  import contextlib
  import warnings
  
  import io
  import requests
  import pytest
  from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
  from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth, _basic_auth_str
  from requests.compat import (
      Morsel, cookielib, getproxies, str, urlparse,
      builtin_str, OrderedDict)
  from requests.cookies import (
      cookiejar_from_dict, morsel_to_cookie)
  from requests.exceptions import (
      ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, InvalidSchema, InvalidURL,
      MissingSchema, ReadTimeout, Timeout, RetryError, TooManyRedirects,
      ProxyError, InvalidHeader, UnrewindableBodyError)
  from requests.models import PreparedRequest
  from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
  from requests.sessions import SessionRedirectMixin
  from requests.models import urlencode
  from requests.hooks import default_hooks
  
  from .compat import StringIO, u
  from .utils import override_environ
  from requests.packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as Urllib3Timeout
  
  # Requests to this URL should always fail with a connection timeout (nothing
  # listening on that port)
  TARPIT = 'http://10.255.255.1'
  
  try:
      from ssl import SSLContext
      del SSLContext
      HAS_MODERN_SSL = True
  except ImportError:
      HAS_MODERN_SSL = False
  
  try:
      requests.pyopenssl
      HAS_PYOPENSSL = True
  except AttributeError:
      HAS_PYOPENSSL = False
  
  
  class TestRequests:
  
      def test_entry_points(self):
  
          requests.session
          requests.session().get
          requests.session().head
          requests.get
          requests.head
          requests.put
          requests.patch
          requests.post
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'exception, url', (
              (MissingSchema, 'hiwpefhipowhefopw'),
              (InvalidSchema, 'localhost:3128'),
              (InvalidSchema, 'localhost.localdomain:3128/'),
              (InvalidSchema, '10.122.1.1:3128/'),
              (InvalidURL, 'http://'),
          ))
      def test_invalid_url(self, exception, url):
          with pytest.raises(exception):
              requests.get(url)
  
      def test_basic_building(self):
          req = requests.Request()
          req.url = 'http://kennethreitz.org/'
          req.data = {'life': '42'}
  
          pr = req.prepare()
          assert pr.url == req.url
          assert pr.body == 'life=42'
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ('GET', 'HEAD'))
      def test_no_content_length(self, httpbin, method):
          req = requests.Request(method, httpbin(method.lower())).prepare()
          assert 'Content-Length' not in req.headers
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ('POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH', 'OPTIONS'))
      def test_no_body_content_length(self, httpbin, method):
          req = requests.Request(method, httpbin(method.lower())).prepare()
          assert req.headers['Content-Length'] == '0'
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ('POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH', 'OPTIONS'))
      def test_empty_content_length(self, httpbin, method):
          req = requests.Request(method, httpbin(method.lower()), data='').prepare()
          assert req.headers['Content-Length'] == '0'
  
      def test_override_content_length(self, httpbin):
          headers = {
              'Content-Length': 'not zero'
          }
          r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), headers=headers).prepare()
          assert 'Content-Length' in r.headers
          assert r.headers['Content-Length'] == 'not zero'
  
      def test_path_is_not_double_encoded(self):
          request = requests.Request('GET', "http://0.0.0.0/get/test case").prepare()
  
          assert request.path_url == '/get/test%20case'
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'url, expected', (
              ('http://example.com/path#fragment', 'http://example.com/path?a=b#fragment'),
              ('http://example.com/path?key=value#fragment', 'http://example.com/path?key=value&a=b#fragment')
          ))
      def test_params_are_added_before_fragment(self, url, expected):
          request = requests.Request('GET', url, params={"a": "b"}).prepare()
          assert request.url == expected
  
      def test_params_original_order_is_preserved_by_default(self):
          param_ordered_dict = OrderedDict((('z', 1), ('a', 1), ('k', 1), ('d', 1)))
          session = requests.Session()
          request = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com/', params=param_ordered_dict)
          prep = session.prepare_request(request)
          assert prep.url == 'http://example.com/?z=1&a=1&k=1&d=1'
  
      def test_params_bytes_are_encoded(self):
          request = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com',
                                     params=b'test=foo').prepare()
          assert request.url == 'http://example.com/?test=foo'
  
      def test_binary_put(self):
          request = requests.Request('PUT', 'http://example.com',
                                     data=u"ööö".encode("utf-8")).prepare()
          assert isinstance(request.body, bytes)
  
      def test_whitespaces_are_removed_from_url(self):
          # Test for issue #3696
          request = requests.Request('GET', ' http://example.com').prepare()
          assert request.url == 'http://example.com/'
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize('scheme', ('http://', 'HTTP://', 'hTTp://', 'HttP://'))
      def test_mixed_case_scheme_acceptable(self, httpbin, scheme):
          s = requests.Session()
          s.proxies = getproxies()
          parts = urlparse(httpbin('get'))
          url = scheme + parts.netloc + parts.path
          r = requests.Request('GET', url)
          r = s.send(r.prepare())
          assert r.status_code == 200, 'failed for scheme {0}'.format(scheme)
  
      def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_ALTERNATIVE(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
          s = requests.Session()
          s.proxies = getproxies()
  
          r = s.send(r.prepare())
  
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_HTTP_302_ALLOW_REDIRECT_GET(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect', '1'))
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 302
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
  
      def test_HTTP_307_ALLOW_REDIRECT_POST(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.post(httpbin('redirect-to'), data='test', params={'url': 'post', 'status_code': 307})
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 307
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
          assert r.json()['data'] == 'test'
  
      def test_HTTP_307_ALLOW_REDIRECT_POST_WITH_SEEKABLE(self, httpbin):
          byte_str = b'test'
          r = requests.post(httpbin('redirect-to'), data=io.BytesIO(byte_str), params={'url': 'post', 'status_code': 307})
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 307
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
          assert r.json()['data'] == byte_str.decode('utf-8')
  
      def test_HTTP_302_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS(self, httpbin):
          try:
              requests.get(httpbin('relative-redirect', '50'))
          except TooManyRedirects as e:
              url = httpbin('relative-redirect', '20')
              assert e.request.url == url
              assert e.response.url == url
              assert len(e.response.history) == 30
          else:
              pytest.fail('Expected redirect to raise TooManyRedirects but it did not')
  
      def test_HTTP_302_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS_WITH_PARAMS(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
          s.max_redirects = 5
          try:
              s.get(httpbin('relative-redirect', '50'))
          except TooManyRedirects as e:
              url = httpbin('relative-redirect', '45')
              assert e.request.url == url
              assert e.response.url == url
              assert len(e.response.history) == 5
          else:
              pytest.fail('Expected custom max number of redirects to be respected but was not')
  
      def test_http_301_changes_post_to_get(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.post(httpbin('status', '301'))
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.request.method == 'GET'
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 301
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
  
      def test_http_301_doesnt_change_head_to_get(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.head(httpbin('status', '301'), allow_redirects=True)
          print(r.content)
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.request.method == 'HEAD'
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 301
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
  
      def test_http_302_changes_post_to_get(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.post(httpbin('status', '302'))
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.request.method == 'GET'
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 302
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
  
      def test_http_302_doesnt_change_head_to_get(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.head(httpbin('status', '302'), allow_redirects=True)
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.request.method == 'HEAD'
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 302
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
  
      def test_http_303_changes_post_to_get(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.post(httpbin('status', '303'))
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.request.method == 'GET'
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 303
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
  
      def test_http_303_doesnt_change_head_to_get(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.head(httpbin('status', '303'), allow_redirects=True)
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.request.method == 'HEAD'
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 303
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
  
      def test_header_and_body_removal_on_redirect(self, httpbin):
          purged_headers = ('Content-Length', 'Content-Type')
          ses = requests.Session()
          req = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data={'test': 'data'})
          prep = ses.prepare_request(req)
          resp = ses.send(prep)
  
          # Mimic a redirect response
          resp.status_code = 302
          resp.headers['location'] = 'get'
  
          # Run request through resolve_redirects
          next_resp = next(ses.resolve_redirects(resp, prep))
          assert next_resp.request.body is None
          for header in purged_headers:
              assert header not in next_resp.request.headers
  
      def test_transfer_enc_removal_on_redirect(self, httpbin):
          purged_headers = ('Transfer-Encoding', 'Content-Type')
          ses = requests.Session()
          req = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=(b'x' for x in range(1)))
          prep = ses.prepare_request(req)
          assert 'Transfer-Encoding' in prep.headers
  
          # Create Response to avoid https://github.com/kevin1024/pytest-httpbin/issues/33
          resp = requests.Response()
          resp.raw = io.BytesIO(b'the content')
          resp.request = prep
          setattr(resp.raw, 'release_conn', lambda *args: args)
  
          # Mimic a redirect response
          resp.status_code = 302
          resp.headers['location'] = httpbin('get')
  
          # Run request through resolve_redirect
          next_resp = next(ses.resolve_redirects(resp, prep))
          assert next_resp.request.body is None
          for header in purged_headers:
              assert header not in next_resp.request.headers
  
      def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_WITH_PARAMS(self, httpbin):
          heads = {'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
  
          r = requests.get(httpbin('user-agent'), headers=heads)
  
          assert heads['User-agent'] in r.text
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_WITH_MIXED_PARAMS(self, httpbin):
          heads = {'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
  
          r = requests.get(httpbin('get') + '?test=true', params={'q': 'test'}, headers=heads)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_set_cookie_on_301(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
          url = httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar')
          s.get(url)
          assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
  
      def test_cookie_sent_on_redirect(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
          s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar'))
          r = s.get(httpbin('redirect/1'))  # redirects to httpbin('get')
          assert 'Cookie' in r.json()['headers']
  
      def test_cookie_removed_on_expire(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
          s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar'))
          assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
          s.get(
              httpbin('response-headers'),
              params={
                  'Set-Cookie':
                      'foo=deleted; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 GMT'
              }
          )
          assert 'foo' not in s.cookies
  
      def test_cookie_quote_wrapped(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
          s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo="bar:baz"'))
          assert s.cookies['foo'] == '"bar:baz"'
  
      def test_cookie_persists_via_api(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
          r = s.get(httpbin('redirect/1'), cookies={'foo': 'bar'})
          assert 'foo' in r.request.headers['Cookie']
          assert 'foo' in r.history[0].request.headers['Cookie']
  
      def test_request_cookie_overrides_session_cookie(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
          s.cookies['foo'] = 'bar'
          r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies={'foo': 'baz'})
          assert r.json()['cookies']['foo'] == 'baz'
          # Session cookie should not be modified
          assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
  
      def test_request_cookies_not_persisted(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
          s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies={'foo': 'baz'})
          # Sending a request with cookies should not add cookies to the session
          assert not s.cookies
  
      def test_generic_cookiejar_works(self, httpbin):
          cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
          cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cj)
          s = requests.session()
          s.cookies = cj
          r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'))
          # Make sure the cookie was sent
          assert r.json()['cookies']['foo'] == 'bar'
          # Make sure the session cj is still the custom one
          assert s.cookies is cj
  
      def test_param_cookiejar_works(self, httpbin):
          cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
          cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cj)
          s = requests.session()
          r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies=cj)
          # Make sure the cookie was sent
          assert r.json()['cookies']['foo'] == 'bar'
  
      def test_cookielib_cookiejar_on_redirect(self, httpbin):
          """Tests resolve_redirect doesn't fail when merging cookies
          with non-RequestsCookieJar cookiejar.
  
          See GH #3579
          """
          cj = cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cookielib.CookieJar())
          s = requests.Session()
          s.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({'cookie': 'tasty'})
  
          # Prepare request without using Session
          req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('headers'), cookies=cj)
          prep_req = req.prepare()
  
          # Send request and simulate redirect
          resp = s.send(prep_req)
          resp.status_code = 302
          resp.headers['location'] = httpbin('get')
          redirects = s.resolve_redirects(resp, prep_req)
          resp = next(redirects)
  
          # Verify CookieJar isn't being converted to RequestsCookieJar
          assert isinstance(prep_req._cookies, cookielib.CookieJar)
          assert isinstance(resp.request._cookies, cookielib.CookieJar)
          assert not isinstance(resp.request._cookies, requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar)
  
          cookies = {}
          for c in resp.request._cookies:
              cookies[c.name] = c.value
          assert cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
          assert cookies['cookie'] == 'tasty'
  
      def test_requests_in_history_are_not_overridden(self, httpbin):
          resp = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/3'))
          urls = [r.url for r in resp.history]
          req_urls = [r.request.url for r in resp.history]
          assert urls == req_urls
  
      def test_history_is_always_a_list(self, httpbin):
          """Show that even with redirects, Response.history is always a list."""
          resp = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
          assert isinstance(resp.history, list)
          resp = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/1'))
          assert isinstance(resp.history, list)
          assert not isinstance(resp.history, tuple)
  
      def test_headers_on_session_with_None_are_not_sent(self, httpbin):
          """Do not send headers in Session.headers with None values."""
          ses = requests.Session()
          ses.headers['Accept-Encoding'] = None
          req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
          prep = ses.prepare_request(req)
          assert 'Accept-Encoding' not in prep.headers
  
      def test_headers_preserve_order(self, httpbin):
          """Preserve order when headers provided as OrderedDict."""
          ses = requests.Session()
          ses.headers = OrderedDict()
          ses.headers['Accept-Encoding'] = 'identity'
          ses.headers['First'] = '1'
          ses.headers['Second'] = '2'
          headers = OrderedDict([('Third', '3'), ('Fourth', '4')])
          headers['Fifth'] = '5'
          headers['Second'] = '222'
          req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'), headers=headers)
          prep = ses.prepare_request(req)
          items = list(prep.headers.items())
          assert items[0] == ('Accept-Encoding', 'identity')
          assert items[1] == ('First', '1')
          assert items[2] == ('Second', '222')
          assert items[3] == ('Third', '3')
          assert items[4] == ('Fourth', '4')
          assert items[5] == ('Fifth', '5')
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize('key', ('User-agent', 'user-agent'))
      def test_user_agent_transfers(self, httpbin, key):
  
          heads = {key: 'Mozilla/5.0 (github.com/kennethreitz/requests)'}
  
          r = requests.get(httpbin('user-agent'), headers=heads)
          assert heads[key] in r.text
  
      def test_HTTP_200_OK_HEAD(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.head(httpbin('get'))
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_HTTP_200_OK_PUT(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.put(httpbin('put'))
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_BASICAUTH_TUPLE_HTTP_200_OK_GET(self, httpbin):
          auth = ('user', 'pass')
          url = httpbin('basic-auth', 'user', 'pass')
  
          r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
          r = requests.get(url)
          assert r.status_code == 401
  
          s = requests.session()
          s.auth = auth
          r = s.get(url)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'username, password', (
              ('user', 'pass'),
              (u'имя'.encode('utf-8'), u'пароль'.encode('utf-8')),
              (42, 42),
              (None, None),
          ))
      def test_set_basicauth(self, httpbin, username, password):
          auth = (username, password)
          url = httpbin('get')
  
          r = requests.Request('GET', url, auth=auth)
          p = r.prepare()
  
          assert p.headers['Authorization'] == _basic_auth_str(username, password)
  
      def test_basicauth_encodes_byte_strings(self):
          """Ensure b'test' formats as the byte string "test" rather
          than the unicode string "b'test'" in Python 3.
          """
          auth = (b'\xc5\xafsername', b'test\xc6\xb6')
          r = requests.Request('GET', 'http://localhost', auth=auth)
          p = r.prepare()
  
          assert p.headers['Authorization'] == 'Basic xa9zZXJuYW1lOnRlc3TGtg=='
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'url, exception', (
              # Connecting to an unknown domain should raise a ConnectionError
              ('http://doesnotexist.google.com', ConnectionError),
              # Connecting to an invalid port should raise a ConnectionError
              ('http://localhost:1', ConnectionError),
              # Inputing a URL that cannot be parsed should raise an InvalidURL error
              ('http://fe80::5054:ff:fe5a:fc0', InvalidURL)
          ))
      def test_errors(self, url, exception):
          with pytest.raises(exception):
              requests.get(url, timeout=1)
  
      def test_proxy_error(self):
          # any proxy related error (address resolution, no route to host, etc) should result in a ProxyError
          with pytest.raises(ProxyError):
              requests.get('http://localhost:1', proxies={'http': 'non-resolvable-address'})
  
      def test_basicauth_with_netrc(self, httpbin):
          auth = ('user', 'pass')
          wrong_auth = ('wronguser', 'wrongpass')
          url = httpbin('basic-auth', 'user', 'pass')
  
          old_auth = requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth
  
          try:
              def get_netrc_auth_mock(url):
                  return auth
              requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth = get_netrc_auth_mock
  
              # Should use netrc and work.
              r = requests.get(url)
              assert r.status_code == 200
  
              # Given auth should override and fail.
              r = requests.get(url, auth=wrong_auth)
              assert r.status_code == 401
  
              s = requests.session()
  
              # Should use netrc and work.
              r = s.get(url)
              assert r.status_code == 200
  
              # Given auth should override and fail.
              s.auth = wrong_auth
              r = s.get(url)
              assert r.status_code == 401
          finally:
              requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth = old_auth
  
      def test_DIGEST_HTTP_200_OK_GET(self, httpbin):
  
          auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
          url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
  
          r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
          r = requests.get(url)
          assert r.status_code == 401
  
          s = requests.session()
          s.auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
          r = s.get(url)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_DIGEST_AUTH_RETURNS_COOKIE(self, httpbin):
          url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
          auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
          r = requests.get(url)
          assert r.cookies['fake'] == 'fake_value'
  
          r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_DIGEST_AUTH_SETS_SESSION_COOKIES(self, httpbin):
          url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
          auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
          s = requests.Session()
          s.get(url, auth=auth)
          assert s.cookies['fake'] == 'fake_value'
  
      def test_DIGEST_STREAM(self, httpbin):
  
          auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
          url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
  
          r = requests.get(url, auth=auth, stream=True)
          assert r.raw.read() != b''
  
          r = requests.get(url, auth=auth, stream=False)
          assert r.raw.read() == b''
  
      def test_DIGESTAUTH_WRONG_HTTP_401_GET(self, httpbin):
  
          auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'wrongpass')
          url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
  
          r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
          assert r.status_code == 401
  
          r = requests.get(url)
          assert r.status_code == 401
  
          s = requests.session()
          s.auth = auth
          r = s.get(url)
          assert r.status_code == 401
  
      def test_DIGESTAUTH_QUOTES_QOP_VALUE(self, httpbin):
  
          auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
          url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
  
          r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
          assert '"auth"' in r.request.headers['Authorization']
  
      def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES(self, httpbin):
  
          url = httpbin('post')
          requests.post(url).raise_for_status()
  
          post1 = requests.post(url, data={'some': 'data'})
          assert post1.status_code == 200
  
          with open('Pipfile') as f:
              post2 = requests.post(url, files={'some': f})
          assert post2.status_code == 200
  
          post4 = requests.post(url, data='[{"some": "json"}]')
          assert post4.status_code == 200
  
          with pytest.raises(ValueError):
              requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
  
      def test_POSTBIN_SEEKED_OBJECT_WITH_NO_ITER(self, httpbin):
  
          class TestStream(object):
              def __init__(self, data):
                  self.data = data.encode()
                  self.length = len(self.data)
                  self.index = 0
  
              def __len__(self):
                  return self.length
  
              def read(self, size=None):
                  if size:
                      ret = self.data[self.index:self.index + size]
                      self.index += size
                  else:
                      ret = self.data[self.index:]
                      self.index = self.length
                  return ret
  
              def tell(self):
                  return self.index
  
              def seek(self, offset, where=0):
                  if where == 0:
                      self.index = offset
                  elif where == 1:
                      self.index += offset
                  elif where == 2:
                      self.index = self.length + offset
  
          test = TestStream('test')
          post1 = requests.post(httpbin('post'), data=test)
          assert post1.status_code == 200
          assert post1.json()['data'] == 'test'
  
          test = TestStream('test')
          test.seek(2)
          post2 = requests.post(httpbin('post'), data=test)
          assert post2.status_code == 200
          assert post2.json()['data'] == 'st'
  
      def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES_WITH_DATA(self, httpbin):
  
          url = httpbin('post')
          requests.post(url).raise_for_status()
  
          post1 = requests.post(url, data={'some': 'data'})
          assert post1.status_code == 200
  
          with open('Pipfile') as f:
              post2 = requests.post(url, data={'some': 'data'}, files={'some': f})
          assert post2.status_code == 200
  
          post4 = requests.post(url, data='[{"some": "json"}]')
          assert post4.status_code == 200
  
          with pytest.raises(ValueError):
              requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
  
      def test_post_with_custom_mapping(self, httpbin):
          class CustomMapping(collections.MutableMapping):
              def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                  self.data = dict(*args, **kwargs)
  
              def __delitem__(self, key):
                  del self.data[key]
  
              def __getitem__(self, key):
                  return self.data[key]
  
              def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                  self.data[key] = value
  
              def __iter__(self):
                  return iter(self.data)
  
              def __len__(self):
                  return len(self.data)
  
          data = CustomMapping({'some': 'data'})
          url = httpbin('post')
          found_json = requests.post(url, data=data).json().get('form')
          assert found_json == {'some': 'data'}
  
      def test_conflicting_post_params(self, httpbin):
          url = httpbin('post')
          with open('Pipfile') as f:
              pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data='[{\"some\": \"data\"}]', files={'some': f})")
              pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data=u('[{\"some\": \"data\"}]'), files={'some': f})")
  
      def test_request_ok_set(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '404'))
          assert not r.ok
  
      def test_status_raising(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '404'))
          with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.HTTPError):
              r.raise_for_status()
  
          r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '500'))
          assert not r.ok
  
      def test_decompress_gzip(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('gzip'))
          r.content.decode('ascii')
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'url, params', (
              ('/get', {'foo': 'føø'}),
              ('/get', {'føø': 'føø'}),
              ('/get', {'føø': 'føø'}),
              ('/get', {'foo': 'foo'}),
              ('ø', {'foo': 'foo'}),
          ))
      def test_unicode_get(self, httpbin, url, params):
          requests.get(httpbin(url), params=params)
  
      def test_unicode_header_name(self, httpbin):
          requests.put(
              httpbin('put'),
              headers={str('Content-Type'): 'application/octet-stream'},
              data='\xff')  # compat.str is unicode.
  
      def test_pyopenssl_redirect(self, httpbin_secure, httpbin_ca_bundle):
          requests.get(httpbin_secure('status', '301'), verify=httpbin_ca_bundle)
  
      def test_invalid_ca_certificate_path(self, httpbin_secure):
          INVALID_PATH = '/garbage'
          with pytest.raises(IOError) as e:
              requests.get(httpbin_secure(), verify=INVALID_PATH)
          assert str(e.value) == 'Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, invalid path: {0}'.format(INVALID_PATH)
  
      def test_invalid_ssl_certificate_files(self, httpbin_secure):
          INVALID_PATH = '/garbage'
          with pytest.raises(IOError) as e:
              requests.get(httpbin_secure(), cert=INVALID_PATH)
          assert str(e.value) == 'Could not find the TLS certificate file, invalid path: {0}'.format(INVALID_PATH)
  
          with pytest.raises(IOError) as e:
              requests.get(httpbin_secure(), cert=('.', INVALID_PATH))
          assert str(e.value) == 'Could not find the TLS key file, invalid path: {0}'.format(INVALID_PATH)
  
      def test_https_warnings(self, httpbin_secure, httpbin_ca_bundle):
          """warnings are emitted with requests.get"""
          if HAS_MODERN_SSL or HAS_PYOPENSSL:
              warnings_expected = ('SubjectAltNameWarning', )
          else:
              warnings_expected = ('SNIMissingWarning',
                                   'InsecurePlatformWarning',
                                   'SubjectAltNameWarning', )
  
          with pytest.warns(None) as warning_records:
              warnings.simplefilter('always')
              requests.get(httpbin_secure('status', '200'),
                           verify=httpbin_ca_bundle)
  
          warning_records = [item for item in warning_records
                             if item.category.__name__ != 'ResourceWarning']
  
          warnings_category = tuple(
              item.category.__name__ for item in warning_records)
          assert warnings_category == warnings_expected
  
      def test_urlencoded_get_query_multivalued_param(self, httpbin):
  
          r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), params=dict(test=['foo', 'baz']))
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.url == httpbin('get?test=foo&test=baz')
  
      def test_different_encodings_dont_break_post(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
              data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
              params={'blah': 'asdf1234'},
              files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'data', (
              {'stuff': u('ëlïxr')},
              {'stuff': u('ëlïxr').encode('utf-8')},
              {'stuff': 'elixr'},
              {'stuff': 'elixr'.encode('utf-8')},
          ))
      def test_unicode_multipart_post(self, httpbin, data):
          r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
              data=data,
              files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_unicode_multipart_post_fieldnames(self, httpbin):
          filename = os.path.splitext(__file__)[0] + '.py'
          r = requests.Request(
              method='POST', url=httpbin('post'),
              data={'stuff'.encode('utf-8'): 'elixr'},
              files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(filename, 'rb'))})
          prep = r.prepare()
          assert b'name="stuff"' in prep.body
          assert b'name="b\'stuff\'"' not in prep.body
  
      def test_unicode_method_name(self, httpbin):
          files = {'file': open(__file__, 'rb')}
          r = requests.request(
              method=u('POST'), url=httpbin('post'), files=files)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_unicode_method_name_with_request_object(self, httpbin):
          files = {'file': open(__file__, 'rb')}
          s = requests.Session()
          req = requests.Request(u('POST'), httpbin('post'), files=files)
          prep = s.prepare_request(req)
          assert isinstance(prep.method, builtin_str)
          assert prep.method == 'POST'
  
          resp = s.send(prep)
          assert resp.status_code == 200
  
      def test_non_prepared_request_error(self):
          s = requests.Session()
          req = requests.Request(u('POST'), '/')
  
          with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
              s.send(req)
          assert str(e.value) == 'You can only send PreparedRequests.'
  
      def test_custom_content_type(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.post(
              httpbin('post'),
              data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
              files={
                  'file1': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb')),
                  'file2': ('test_requests', open(__file__, 'rb'),
                      'text/py-content-type')})
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert b"text/py-content-type" in r.request.body
  
      def test_hook_receives_request_arguments(self, httpbin):
          def hook(resp, **kwargs):
              assert resp is not None
              assert kwargs != {}
  
          s = requests.Session()
          r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': hook})
          prep = s.prepare_request(r)
          s.send(prep)
  
      def test_session_hooks_are_used_with_no_request_hooks(self, httpbin):
          hook = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
          s = requests.Session()
          s.hooks['response'].append(hook)
          r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin())
          prep = s.prepare_request(r)
          assert prep.hooks['response'] != []
          assert prep.hooks['response'] == [hook]
  
      def test_session_hooks_are_overridden_by_request_hooks(self, httpbin):
          hook1 = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
          hook2 = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
          assert hook1 is not hook2
          s = requests.Session()
          s.hooks['response'].append(hook2)
          r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': [hook1]})
          prep = s.prepare_request(r)
          assert prep.hooks['response'] == [hook1]
  
      def test_prepared_request_hook(self, httpbin):
          def hook(resp, **kwargs):
              resp.hook_working = True
              return resp
  
          req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': hook})
          prep = req.prepare()
  
          s = requests.Session()
          s.proxies = getproxies()
          resp = s.send(prep)
  
          assert hasattr(resp, 'hook_working')
  
      def test_prepared_from_session(self, httpbin):
          class DummyAuth(requests.auth.AuthBase):
              def __call__(self, r):
                  r.headers['Dummy-Auth-Test'] = 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
                  return r
  
          req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('headers'))
          assert not req.auth
  
          s = requests.Session()
          s.auth = DummyAuth()
  
          prep = s.prepare_request(req)
          resp = s.send(prep)
  
          assert resp.json()['headers'][
              'Dummy-Auth-Test'] == 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
  
      def test_prepare_request_with_bytestring_url(self):
          req = requests.Request('GET', b'https://httpbin.org/')
          s = requests.Session()
          prep = s.prepare_request(req)
          assert prep.url == "https://httpbin.org/"
  
      def test_request_with_bytestring_host(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.Session()
          resp = s.request(
              'GET',
              httpbin('cookies/set?cookie=value'),
              allow_redirects=False,
              headers={'Host': b'httpbin.org'}
          )
          assert resp.cookies.get('cookie') == 'value'
  
      def test_links(self):
          r = requests.Response()
          r.headers = {
              'cache-control': 'public, max-age=60, s-maxage=60',
              'connection': 'keep-alive',
              'content-encoding': 'gzip',
              'content-type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
              'date': 'Sat, 26 Jan 2013 16:47:56 GMT',
              'etag': '"6ff6a73c0e446c1f61614769e3ceb778"',
              'last-modified': 'Sat, 26 Jan 2013 16:22:39 GMT',
              'link': ('<https://api.github.com/users/kennethreitz/repos?'
                       'page=2&per_page=10>; rel="next", <https://api.github.'
                       'com/users/kennethreitz/repos?page=7&per_page=10>; '
                       ' rel="last"'),
              'server': 'GitHub.com',
              'status': '200 OK',
              'vary': 'Accept',
              'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff',
              'x-github-media-type': 'github.beta',
              'x-ratelimit-limit': '60',
              'x-ratelimit-remaining': '57'
          }
          assert r.links['next']['rel'] == 'next'
  
      def test_cookie_parameters(self):
          key = 'some_cookie'
          value = 'some_value'
          secure = True
          domain = 'test.com'
          rest = {'HttpOnly': True}
  
          jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
          jar.set(key, value, secure=secure, domain=domain, rest=rest)
  
          assert len(jar) == 1
          assert 'some_cookie' in jar
  
          cookie = list(jar)[0]
          assert cookie.secure == secure
          assert cookie.domain == domain
          assert cookie._rest['HttpOnly'] == rest['HttpOnly']
  
      def test_cookie_as_dict_keeps_len(self):
          key = 'some_cookie'
          value = 'some_value'
  
          key1 = 'some_cookie1'
          value1 = 'some_value1'
  
          jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
          jar.set(key, value)
          jar.set(key1, value1)
  
          d1 = dict(jar)
          d2 = dict(jar.iteritems())
          d3 = dict(jar.items())
  
          assert len(jar) == 2
          assert len(d1) == 2
          assert len(d2) == 2
          assert len(d3) == 2
  
      def test_cookie_as_dict_keeps_items(self):
          key = 'some_cookie'
          value = 'some_value'
  
          key1 = 'some_cookie1'
          value1 = 'some_value1'
  
          jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
          jar.set(key, value)
          jar.set(key1, value1)
  
          d1 = dict(jar)
          d2 = dict(jar.iteritems())
          d3 = dict(jar.items())
  
          assert d1['some_cookie'] == 'some_value'
          assert d2['some_cookie'] == 'some_value'
          assert d3['some_cookie1'] == 'some_value1'
  
      def test_cookie_as_dict_keys(self):
          key = 'some_cookie'
          value = 'some_value'
  
          key1 = 'some_cookie1'
          value1 = 'some_value1'
  
          jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
          jar.set(key, value)
          jar.set(key1, value1)
  
          keys = jar.keys()
          assert keys == list(keys)
          # make sure one can use keys multiple times
          assert list(keys) == list(keys)
  
      def test_cookie_as_dict_values(self):
          key = 'some_cookie'
          value = 'some_value'
  
          key1 = 'some_cookie1'
          value1 = 'some_value1'
  
          jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
          jar.set(key, value)
          jar.set(key1, value1)
  
          values = jar.values()
          assert values == list(values)
          # make sure one can use values multiple times
          assert list(values) == list(values)
  
      def test_cookie_as_dict_items(self):
          key = 'some_cookie'
          value = 'some_value'
  
          key1 = 'some_cookie1'
          value1 = 'some_value1'
  
          jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
          jar.set(key, value)
          jar.set(key1, value1)
  
          items = jar.items()
          assert items == list(items)
          # make sure one can use items multiple times
          assert list(items) == list(items)
  
      def test_cookie_duplicate_names_different_domains(self):
          key = 'some_cookie'
          value = 'some_value'
          domain1 = 'test1.com'
          domain2 = 'test2.com'
  
          jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
          jar.set(key, value, domain=domain1)
          jar.set(key, value, domain=domain2)
          assert key in jar
          items = jar.items()
          assert len(items) == 2
  
          # Verify that CookieConflictError is raised if domain is not specified
          with pytest.raises(requests.cookies.CookieConflictError):
              jar.get(key)
  
          # Verify that CookieConflictError is not raised if domain is specified
          cookie = jar.get(key, domain=domain1)
          assert cookie == value
  
      def test_cookie_duplicate_names_raises_cookie_conflict_error(self):
          key = 'some_cookie'
          value = 'some_value'
          path = 'some_path'
  
          jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
          jar.set(key, value, path=path)
          jar.set(key, value)
          with pytest.raises(requests.cookies.CookieConflictError):
              jar.get(key)
  
      def test_time_elapsed_blank(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
          td = r.elapsed
          total_seconds = ((td.microseconds + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600) * 10**6) / 10**6)
          assert total_seconds > 0.0
  
      def test_empty_response_has_content_none(self):
          r = requests.Response()
          assert r.content is None
  
      def test_response_is_iterable(self):
          r = requests.Response()
          io = StringIO.StringIO('abc')
          read_ = io.read
  
          def read_mock(amt, decode_content=None):
              return read_(amt)
          setattr(io, 'read', read_mock)
          r.raw = io
          assert next(iter(r))
          io.close()
  
      def test_response_decode_unicode(self):
          """When called with decode_unicode, Response.iter_content should always
          return unicode.
          """
          r = requests.Response()
          r._content_consumed = True
          r._content = b'the content'
          r.encoding = 'ascii'
  
          chunks = r.iter_content(decode_unicode=True)
          assert all(isinstance(chunk, str) for chunk in chunks)
  
          # also for streaming
          r = requests.Response()
          r.raw = io.BytesIO(b'the content')
          r.encoding = 'ascii'
          chunks = r.iter_content(decode_unicode=True)
          assert all(isinstance(chunk, str) for chunk in chunks)
  
      def test_response_reason_unicode(self):
          # check for unicode HTTP status
          r = requests.Response()
          r.url = u'unicode URL'
          r.reason = u'Komponenttia ei löydy'.encode('utf-8')
          r.status_code = 404
          r.encoding = None
          assert not r.ok  # old behaviour - crashes here
  
      def test_response_reason_unicode_fallback(self):
          # check raise_status falls back to ISO-8859-1
          r = requests.Response()
          r.url = 'some url'
          reason = u'Komponenttia ei löydy'
          r.reason = reason.encode('latin-1')
          r.status_code = 500
          r.encoding = None
          with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.HTTPError) as e:
              r.raise_for_status()
          assert reason in e.value.args[0]
  
      def test_response_chunk_size_type(self):
          """Ensure that chunk_size is passed as None or an integer, otherwise
          raise a TypeError.
          """
          r = requests.Response()
          r.raw = io.BytesIO(b'the content')
          chunks = r.iter_content(1)
          assert all(len(chunk) == 1 for chunk in chunks)
  
          r = requests.Response()
          r.raw = io.BytesIO(b'the content')
          chunks = r.iter_content(None)
          assert list(chunks) == [b'the content']
  
          r = requests.Response()
          r.raw = io.BytesIO(b'the content')
          with pytest.raises(TypeError):
              chunks = r.iter_content("1024")
  
      def test_request_and_response_are_pickleable(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
  
          # verify we can pickle the original request
          assert pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(r.request))
  
          # verify we can pickle the response and that we have access to
          # the original request.
          pr = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(r))
          assert r.request.url == pr.request.url
          assert r.request.headers == pr.request.headers
  
      def test_prepared_request_is_pickleable(self, httpbin):
          p = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get')).prepare()
  
          # Verify PreparedRequest can be pickled and unpickled
          r = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(p))
          assert r.url == p.url
          assert r.headers == p.headers
          assert r.body == p.body
  
          # Verify unpickled PreparedRequest sends properly
          s = requests.Session()
          resp = s.send(r)
          assert resp.status_code == 200
  
      def test_prepared_request_with_file_is_pickleable(self, httpbin):
          files = {'file': open(__file__, 'rb')}
          r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), files=files)
          p = r.prepare()
  
          # Verify PreparedRequest can be pickled and unpickled
          r = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(p))
          assert r.url == p.url
          assert r.headers == p.headers
          assert r.body == p.body
  
          # Verify unpickled PreparedRequest sends properly
          s = requests.Session()
          resp = s.send(r)
          assert resp.status_code == 200
  
      def test_prepared_request_with_hook_is_pickleable(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'), hooks=default_hooks())
          p = r.prepare()
  
          # Verify PreparedRequest can be pickled
          r = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(p))
          assert r.url == p.url
          assert r.headers == p.headers
          assert r.body == p.body
          assert r.hooks == p.hooks
  
          # Verify unpickled PreparedRequest sends properly
          s = requests.Session()
          resp = s.send(r)
          assert resp.status_code == 200
  
      def test_cannot_send_unprepared_requests(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.Request(url=httpbin())
          with pytest.raises(ValueError):
              requests.Session().send(r)
  
      def test_http_error(self):
          error = requests.exceptions.HTTPError()
          assert not error.response
          response = requests.Response()
          error = requests.exceptions.HTTPError(response=response)
          assert error.response == response
          error = requests.exceptions.HTTPError('message', response=response)
          assert str(error) == 'message'
          assert error.response == response
  
      def test_session_pickling(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
          s = requests.Session()
  
          s = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(s))
          s.proxies = getproxies()
  
          r = s.send(r.prepare())
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      def test_fixes_1329(self, httpbin):
          """Ensure that header updates are done case-insensitively."""
          s = requests.Session()
          s.headers.update({'ACCEPT': 'BOGUS'})
          s.headers.update({'accept': 'application/json'})
          r = s.get(httpbin('get'))
          headers = r.request.headers
          assert headers['accept'] == 'application/json'
          assert headers['Accept'] == 'application/json'
          assert headers['ACCEPT'] == 'application/json'
  
      def test_uppercase_scheme_redirect(self, httpbin):
          parts = urlparse(httpbin('html'))
          url = "HTTP://" + parts.netloc + parts.path
          r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect-to'), params={'url': url})
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.url.lower() == url.lower()
  
      def test_transport_adapter_ordering(self):
          s = requests.Session()
          order = ['https://', 'http://']
          assert order == list(s.adapters)
          s.mount('http://git', HTTPAdapter())
          s.mount('http://github', HTTPAdapter())
          s.mount('http://github.com', HTTPAdapter())
          s.mount('http://github.com/about/', HTTPAdapter())
          order = [
              'http://github.com/about/',
              'http://github.com',
              'http://github',
              'http://git',
              'https://',
              'http://',
          ]
          assert order == list(s.adapters)
          s.mount('http://gittip', HTTPAdapter())
          s.mount('http://gittip.com', HTTPAdapter())
          s.mount('http://gittip.com/about/', HTTPAdapter())
          order = [
              'http://github.com/about/',
              'http://gittip.com/about/',
              'http://github.com',
              'http://gittip.com',
              'http://github',
              'http://gittip',
              'http://git',
              'https://',
              'http://',
          ]
          assert order == list(s.adapters)
          s2 = requests.Session()
          s2.adapters = {'http://': HTTPAdapter()}
          s2.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
          assert 'http://' in s2.adapters
          assert 'https://' in s2.adapters
  
      def test_header_remove_is_case_insensitive(self, httpbin):
          # From issue #1321
          s = requests.Session()
          s.headers['foo'] = 'bar'
          r = s.get(httpbin('get'), headers={'FOO': None})
          assert 'foo' not in r.request.headers
  
      def test_params_are_merged_case_sensitive(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.Session()
          s.params['foo'] = 'bar'
          r = s.get(httpbin('get'), params={'FOO': 'bar'})
          assert r.json()['args'] == {'foo': 'bar', 'FOO': 'bar'}
  
      def test_long_authinfo_in_url(self):
          url = 'http://{0}:{1}@{2}:9000/path?query#frag'.format(
              'E8A3BE87-9E3F-4620-8858-95478E385B5B',
              'EA770032-DA4D-4D84-8CE9-29C6D910BF1E',
              'exactly-------------sixty-----------three------------characters',
          )
          r = requests.Request('GET', url).prepare()
          assert r.url == url
  
      def test_header_keys_are_native(self, httpbin):
          headers = {u('unicode'): 'blah', 'byte'.encode('ascii'): 'blah'}
          r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'), headers=headers)
          p = r.prepare()
  
          # This is testing that they are builtin strings. A bit weird, but there
          # we go.
          assert 'unicode' in p.headers.keys()
          assert 'byte' in p.headers.keys()
  
      def test_header_validation(self, httpbin):
          """Ensure prepare_headers regex isn't flagging valid header contents."""
          headers_ok = {'foo': 'bar baz qux',
                        'bar': u'fbbq'.encode('utf8'),
                        'baz': '',
                        'qux': '1'}
          r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_ok)
          assert r.request.headers['foo'] == headers_ok['foo']
  
      def test_header_value_not_str(self, httpbin):
          """Ensure the header value is of type string or bytes as
          per discussion in GH issue #3386
          """
          headers_int = {'foo': 3}
          headers_dict = {'bar': {'foo': 'bar'}}
          headers_list = {'baz': ['foo', 'bar']}
  
          # Test for int
          with pytest.raises(InvalidHeader):
              r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_int)
          # Test for dict
          with pytest.raises(InvalidHeader):
              r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_dict)
          # Test for list
          with pytest.raises(InvalidHeader):
              r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_list)
  
      def test_header_no_return_chars(self, httpbin):
          """Ensure that a header containing return character sequences raise an
          exception. Otherwise, multiple headers are created from single string.
          """
          headers_ret = {'foo': 'bar\r\nbaz: qux'}
          headers_lf = {'foo': 'bar\nbaz: qux'}
          headers_cr = {'foo': 'bar\rbaz: qux'}
  
          # Test for newline
          with pytest.raises(InvalidHeader):
              r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_ret)
          # Test for line feed
          with pytest.raises(InvalidHeader):
              r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_lf)
          # Test for carriage return
          with pytest.raises(InvalidHeader):
              r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_cr)
  
      def test_header_no_leading_space(self, httpbin):
          """Ensure headers containing leading whitespace raise
          InvalidHeader Error before sending.
          """
          headers_space = {'foo': ' bar'}
          headers_tab = {'foo': '   bar'}
  
          # Test for whitespace
          with pytest.raises(InvalidHeader):
              r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_space)
          # Test for tab
          with pytest.raises(InvalidHeader):
              r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), headers=headers_tab)
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize('files', ('foo', b'foo', bytearray(b'foo')))
      def test_can_send_objects_with_files(self, httpbin, files):
          data = {'a': 'this is a string'}
          files = {'b': files}
          r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
          p = r.prepare()
          assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
  
      def test_can_send_file_object_with_non_string_filename(self, httpbin):
          f = io.BytesIO()
          f.name = 2
          r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), files={'f': f})
          p = r.prepare()
  
          assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
  
      def test_autoset_header_values_are_native(self, httpbin):
          data = 'this is a string'
          length = '16'
          req = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data)
          p = req.prepare()
  
          assert p.headers['Content-Length'] == length
  
      def test_nonhttp_schemes_dont_check_URLs(self):
          test_urls = (
              'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAHAAACH5BAUAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==',
              'file:///etc/passwd',
              'magnet:?xt=urn:btih:be08f00302bc2d1d3cfa3af02024fa647a271431',
          )
          for test_url in test_urls:
              req = requests.Request('GET', test_url)
              preq = req.prepare()
              assert test_url == preq.url
  
      @pytest.mark.xfail(raises=ConnectionError)
      def test_auth_is_stripped_on_redirect_off_host(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(
              httpbin('redirect-to'),
              params={'url': 'http://www.google.co.uk'},
              auth=('user', 'pass'),
          )
          assert r.history[0].request.headers['Authorization']
          assert not r.request.headers.get('Authorization', '')
  
      def test_auth_is_retained_for_redirect_on_host(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/1'), auth=('user', 'pass'))
          h1 = r.history[0].request.headers['Authorization']
          h2 = r.request.headers['Authorization']
  
          assert h1 == h2
  
      def test_manual_redirect_with_partial_body_read(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.Session()
          r1 = s.get(httpbin('redirect/2'), allow_redirects=False, stream=True)
          assert r1.is_redirect
          rg = s.resolve_redirects(r1, r1.request, stream=True)
  
          # read only the first eight bytes of the response body,
          # then follow the redirect
          r1.iter_content(8)
          r2 = next(rg)
          assert r2.is_redirect
  
          # read all of the response via iter_content,
          # then follow the redirect
          for _ in r2.iter_content():
              pass
          r3 = next(rg)
          assert not r3.is_redirect
  
      def test_prepare_body_position_non_stream(self):
          data = b'the data'
          s = requests.Session()
          prep = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com', data=data).prepare()
          assert prep._body_position is None
  
      def test_rewind_body(self):
          data = io.BytesIO(b'the data')
          s = requests.Session()
          prep = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com', data=data).prepare()
          assert prep._body_position == 0
          assert prep.body.read() == b'the data'
  
          # the data has all been read
          assert prep.body.read() == b''
  
          # rewind it back
          requests.utils.rewind_body(prep)
          assert prep.body.read() == b'the data'
  
      def test_rewind_partially_read_body(self):
          data = io.BytesIO(b'the data')
          s = requests.Session()
          data.read(4)  # read some data
          prep = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com', data=data).prepare()
          assert prep._body_position == 4
          assert prep.body.read() == b'data'
  
          # the data has all been read
          assert prep.body.read() == b''
  
          # rewind it back
          requests.utils.rewind_body(prep)
          assert prep.body.read() == b'data'
  
      def test_rewind_body_no_seek(self):
          class BadFileObj:
              def __init__(self, data):
                  self.data = data
  
              def tell(self):
                  return 0
  
              def __iter__(self):
                  return
  
          data = BadFileObj('the data')
          s = requests.Session()
          prep = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com', data=data).prepare()
          assert prep._body_position == 0
  
          with pytest.raises(UnrewindableBodyError) as e:
              requests.utils.rewind_body(prep)
  
          assert 'Unable to rewind request body' in str(e)
  
      def test_rewind_body_failed_seek(self):
          class BadFileObj:
              def __init__(self, data):
                  self.data = data
  
              def tell(self):
                  return 0
  
              def seek(self, pos, whence=0):
                  raise OSError()
  
              def __iter__(self):
                  return
  
          data = BadFileObj('the data')
          s = requests.Session()
          prep = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com', data=data).prepare()
          assert prep._body_position == 0
  
          with pytest.raises(UnrewindableBodyError) as e:
              requests.utils.rewind_body(prep)
  
          assert 'error occurred when rewinding request body' in str(e)
  
      def test_rewind_body_failed_tell(self):
          class BadFileObj:
              def __init__(self, data):
                  self.data = data
  
              def tell(self):
                  raise OSError()
  
              def __iter__(self):
                  return
  
          data = BadFileObj('the data')
          s = requests.Session()
          prep = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com', data=data).prepare()
          assert prep._body_position is not None
  
          with pytest.raises(UnrewindableBodyError) as e:
              requests.utils.rewind_body(prep)
  
          assert 'Unable to rewind request body' in str(e)
  
      def _patch_adapter_gzipped_redirect(self, session, url):
          adapter = session.get_adapter(url=url)
          org_build_response = adapter.build_response
          self._patched_response = False
  
          def build_response(*args, **kwargs):
              resp = org_build_response(*args, **kwargs)
              if not self._patched_response:
                  resp.raw.headers['content-encoding'] = 'gzip'
                  self._patched_response = True
              return resp
  
          adapter.build_response = build_response
  
      def test_redirect_with_wrong_gzipped_header(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.Session()
          url = httpbin('redirect/1')
          self._patch_adapter_gzipped_redirect(s, url)
          s.get(url)
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'username, password, auth_str', (
              ('test', 'test', 'Basic dGVzdDp0ZXN0'),
              (u'имя'.encode('utf-8'), u'пароль'.encode('utf-8'), 'Basic 0LjQvNGPOtC/0LDRgNC+0LvRjA=='),
          ))
      def test_basic_auth_str_is_always_native(self, username, password, auth_str):
          s = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
          assert isinstance(s, builtin_str)
          assert s == auth_str
  
      def test_requests_history_is_saved(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/5'))
          total = r.history[-1].history
          i = 0
          for item in r.history:
              assert item.history == total[0:i]
              i += 1
  
      def test_json_param_post_content_type_works(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.post(
              httpbin('post'),
              json={'life': 42}
          )
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert 'application/json' in r.request.headers['Content-Type']
          assert {'life': 42} == r.json()['json']
  
      def test_json_param_post_should_not_override_data_param(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.Request(method='POST', url=httpbin('post'),
                               data={'stuff': 'elixr'},
                               json={'music': 'flute'})
          prep = r.prepare()
          assert 'stuff=elixr' == prep.body
  
      def test_response_iter_lines(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
          it = r.iter_lines()
          next(it)
          assert len(list(it)) == 3
  
      def test_unconsumed_session_response_closes_connection(self, httpbin):
          s = requests.session()
  
          with contextlib.closing(s.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)) as response:
              pass
  
          assert response._content_consumed is False
          assert response.raw.closed
  
      @pytest.mark.xfail
      def test_response_iter_lines_reentrant(self, httpbin):
          """Response.iter_lines() is not reentrant safe"""
          r = requests.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
          next(r.iter_lines())
          assert len(list(r.iter_lines())) == 3
  
      def test_session_close_proxy_clear(self, mocker):
          proxies = {
            'one': mocker.Mock(),
            'two': mocker.Mock(),
          }
          session = requests.Session()
          mocker.patch.dict(session.adapters['http://'].proxy_manager, proxies)
          session.close()
          proxies['one'].clear.assert_called_once_with()
          proxies['two'].clear.assert_called_once_with()
  
      def test_proxy_auth(self, httpbin):
          adapter = HTTPAdapter()
          headers = adapter.proxy_headers("http://user:pass@httpbin.org")
          assert headers == {'Proxy-Authorization': 'Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz'}
  
      def test_proxy_auth_empty_pass(self, httpbin):
          adapter = HTTPAdapter()
          headers = adapter.proxy_headers("http://user:@httpbin.org")
          assert headers == {'Proxy-Authorization': 'Basic dXNlcjo='}
  
      def test_response_json_when_content_is_None(self, httpbin):
          r = requests.get(httpbin('/status/204'))
          # Make sure r.content is None
          r.status_code = 0
          r._content = False
          r._content_consumed = False
  
          assert r.content is None
          with pytest.raises(ValueError):
              r.json()
  
      def test_response_without_release_conn(self):
          """Test `close` call for non-urllib3-like raw objects.
          Should work when `release_conn` attr doesn't exist on `response.raw`.
          """
          resp = requests.Response()
          resp.raw = StringIO.StringIO('test')
          assert not resp.raw.closed
          resp.close()
          assert resp.raw.closed
  
      def test_empty_stream_with_auth_does_not_set_content_length_header(self, httpbin):
          """Ensure that a byte stream with size 0 will not set both a Content-Length
          and Transfer-Encoding header.
          """
          auth = ('user', 'pass')
          url = httpbin('post')
          file_obj = io.BytesIO(b'')
          r = requests.Request('POST', url, auth=auth, data=file_obj)
          prepared_request = r.prepare()
          assert 'Transfer-Encoding' in prepared_request.headers
          assert 'Content-Length' not in prepared_request.headers
  
      def test_stream_with_auth_does_not_set_transfer_encoding_header(self, httpbin):
          """Ensure that a byte stream with size > 0 will not set both a Content-Length
          and Transfer-Encoding header.
          """
          auth = ('user', 'pass')
          url = httpbin('post')
          file_obj = io.BytesIO(b'test data')
          r = requests.Request('POST', url, auth=auth, data=file_obj)
          prepared_request = r.prepare()
          assert 'Transfer-Encoding' not in prepared_request.headers
          assert 'Content-Length' in prepared_request.headers
  
      def test_chunked_upload_does_not_set_content_length_header(self, httpbin):
          """Ensure that requests with a generator body stream using
          Transfer-Encoding: chunked, not a Content-Length header.
          """
          data = (i for i in [b'a', b'b', b'c'])
          url = httpbin('post')
          r = requests.Request('POST', url, data=data)
          prepared_request = r.prepare()
          assert 'Transfer-Encoding' in prepared_request.headers
          assert 'Content-Length' not in prepared_request.headers
  
      def test_custom_redirect_mixin(self, httpbin):
          """Tests a custom mixin to overwrite ``get_redirect_target``.
  
          Ensures a subclassed ``requests.Session`` can handle a certain type of
          malformed redirect responses.
  
          1. original request receives a proper response: 302 redirect
          2. following the redirect, a malformed response is given:
              status code = HTTP 200
              location = alternate url
          3. the custom session catches the edge case and follows the redirect
          """
          url_final = httpbin('html')
          querystring_malformed = urlencode({'location': url_final})
          url_redirect_malformed = httpbin('response-headers?%s' % querystring_malformed)
          querystring_redirect = urlencode({'url': url_redirect_malformed})
          url_redirect = httpbin('redirect-to?%s' % querystring_redirect)
          urls_test = [url_redirect,
                       url_redirect_malformed,
                       url_final,
                       ]
  
          class CustomRedirectSession(requests.Session):
              def get_redirect_target(self, resp):
                  # default behavior
                  if resp.is_redirect:
                      return resp.headers['location']
                  # edge case - check to see if 'location' is in headers anyways
                  location = resp.headers.get('location')
                  if location and (location != resp.url):
                      return location
                  return None
  
          session = CustomRedirectSession()
          r = session.get(urls_test[0])
          assert len(r.history) == 2
          assert r.status_code == 200
          assert r.history[0].status_code == 302
          assert r.history[0].is_redirect
          assert r.history[1].status_code == 200
          assert not r.history[1].is_redirect
          assert r.url == urls_test[2]
  
  
  class TestCaseInsensitiveDict:
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'cid', (
              CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo', 'BAr': 'bar'}),
              CaseInsensitiveDict([('Foo', 'foo'), ('BAr', 'bar')]),
              CaseInsensitiveDict(FOO='foo', BAr='bar'),
          ))
      def test_init(self, cid):
          assert len(cid) == 2
          assert 'foo' in cid
          assert 'bar' in cid
  
      def test_docstring_example(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
          cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
          assert cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json'
          assert list(cid) == ['Accept']
  
      def test_len(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'})
          cid['A'] = 'a'
          assert len(cid) == 2
  
      def test_getitem(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Spam': 'blueval'})
          assert cid['spam'] == 'blueval'
          assert cid['SPAM'] == 'blueval'
  
      def test_fixes_649(self):
          """__setitem__ should behave case-insensitively."""
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
          cid['spam'] = 'oneval'
          cid['Spam'] = 'twoval'
          cid['sPAM'] = 'redval'
          cid['SPAM'] = 'blueval'
          assert cid['spam'] == 'blueval'
          assert cid['SPAM'] == 'blueval'
          assert list(cid.keys()) == ['SPAM']
  
      def test_delitem(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
          cid['Spam'] = 'someval'
          del cid['sPam']
          assert 'spam' not in cid
          assert len(cid) == 0
  
      def test_contains(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
          cid['Spam'] = 'someval'
          assert 'Spam' in cid
          assert 'spam' in cid
          assert 'SPAM' in cid
          assert 'sPam' in cid
          assert 'notspam' not in cid
  
      def test_get(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
          cid['spam'] = 'oneval'
          cid['SPAM'] = 'blueval'
          assert cid.get('spam') == 'blueval'
          assert cid.get('SPAM') == 'blueval'
          assert cid.get('sPam') == 'blueval'
          assert cid.get('notspam', 'default') == 'default'
  
      def test_update(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
          cid['spam'] = 'blueval'
          cid.update({'sPam': 'notblueval'})
          assert cid['spam'] == 'notblueval'
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo', 'BAr': 'bar'})
          cid.update({'fOO': 'anotherfoo', 'bAR': 'anotherbar'})
          assert len(cid) == 2
          assert cid['foo'] == 'anotherfoo'
          assert cid['bar'] == 'anotherbar'
  
      def test_update_retains_unchanged(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'foo': 'foo', 'bar': 'bar'})
          cid.update({'foo': 'newfoo'})
          assert cid['bar'] == 'bar'
  
      def test_iter(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Spam': 'spam', 'Eggs': 'eggs'})
          keys = frozenset(['Spam', 'Eggs'])
          assert frozenset(iter(cid)) == keys
  
      def test_equality(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'SPAM': 'blueval', 'Eggs': 'redval'})
          othercid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'spam': 'blueval', 'eggs': 'redval'})
          assert cid == othercid
          del othercid['spam']
          assert cid != othercid
          assert cid == {'spam': 'blueval', 'eggs': 'redval'}
          assert cid != object()
  
      def test_setdefault(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Spam': 'blueval'})
          assert cid.setdefault('spam', 'notblueval') == 'blueval'
          assert cid.setdefault('notspam', 'notblueval') == 'notblueval'
  
      def test_lower_items(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
              'Accept': 'application/json',
              'user-Agent': 'requests',
          })
          keyset = frozenset(lowerkey for lowerkey, v in cid.lower_items())
          lowerkeyset = frozenset(['accept', 'user-agent'])
          assert keyset == lowerkeyset
  
      def test_preserve_key_case(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
              'Accept': 'application/json',
              'user-Agent': 'requests',
          })
          keyset = frozenset(['Accept', 'user-Agent'])
          assert frozenset(i[0] for i in cid.items()) == keyset
          assert frozenset(cid.keys()) == keyset
          assert frozenset(cid) == keyset
  
      def test_preserve_last_key_case(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
              'Accept': 'application/json',
              'user-Agent': 'requests',
          })
          cid.update({'ACCEPT': 'application/json'})
          cid['USER-AGENT'] = 'requests'
          keyset = frozenset(['ACCEPT', 'USER-AGENT'])
          assert frozenset(i[0] for i in cid.items()) == keyset
          assert frozenset(cid.keys()) == keyset
          assert frozenset(cid) == keyset
  
      def test_copy(self):
          cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
              'Accept': 'application/json',
              'user-Agent': 'requests',
          })
          cid_copy = cid.copy()
          assert cid == cid_copy
          cid['changed'] = True
          assert cid != cid_copy
  
  
  class TestMorselToCookieExpires:
      """Tests for morsel_to_cookie when morsel contains expires."""
  
      def test_expires_valid_str(self):
          """Test case where we convert expires from string time."""
  
          morsel = Morsel()
          morsel['expires'] = 'Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 GMT'
          cookie = morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
          assert cookie.expires == 1
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'value, exception', (
              (100, TypeError),
              ('woops', ValueError),
          ))
      def test_expires_invalid_int(self, value, exception):
          """Test case where an invalid type is passed for expires."""
          morsel = Morsel()
          morsel['expires'] = value
          with pytest.raises(exception):
              morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
  
      def test_expires_none(self):
          """Test case where expires is None."""
  
          morsel = Morsel()
          morsel['expires'] = None
          cookie = morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
          assert cookie.expires is None
  
  
  class TestMorselToCookieMaxAge:
  
      """Tests for morsel_to_cookie when morsel contains max-age."""
  
      def test_max_age_valid_int(self):
          """Test case where a valid max age in seconds is passed."""
  
          morsel = Morsel()
          morsel['max-age'] = 60
          cookie = morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
          assert isinstance(cookie.expires, int)
  
      def test_max_age_invalid_str(self):
          """Test case where a invalid max age is passed."""
  
          morsel = Morsel()
          morsel['max-age'] = 'woops'
          with pytest.raises(TypeError):
              morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
  
  
  class TestTimeout:
  
      def test_stream_timeout(self, httpbin):
          try:
              requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=2.0)
          except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e:
              assert 'Read timed out' in e.args[0].args[0]
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'timeout, error_text', (
              ((3, 4, 5), '(connect, read)'),
              ('foo', 'must be an int, float or None'),
          ))
      def test_invalid_timeout(self, httpbin, timeout, error_text):
          with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
              requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=timeout)
          assert error_text in str(e)
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'timeout', (
              None,
              Urllib3Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
          ))
      def test_none_timeout(self, httpbin, timeout):
          """Check that you can set None as a valid timeout value.
  
          To actually test this behavior, we'd want to check that setting the
          timeout to None actually lets the request block past the system default
          timeout. However, this would make the test suite unbearably slow.
          Instead we verify that setting the timeout to None does not prevent the
          request from succeeding.
          """
          r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=timeout)
          assert r.status_code == 200
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'timeout', (
              (None, 0.1),
              Urllib3Timeout(connect=None, read=0.1)
          ))
      def test_read_timeout(self, httpbin, timeout):
          try:
              requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=timeout)
              pytest.fail('The recv() request should time out.')
          except ReadTimeout:
              pass
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'timeout', (
              (0.1, None),
              Urllib3Timeout(connect=0.1, read=None)
          ))
      def test_connect_timeout(self, timeout):
          try:
              requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=timeout)
              pytest.fail('The connect() request should time out.')
          except ConnectTimeout as e:
              assert isinstance(e, ConnectionError)
              assert isinstance(e, Timeout)
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'timeout', (
              (0.1, 0.1),
              Urllib3Timeout(connect=0.1, read=0.1)
          ))
      def test_total_timeout_connect(self, timeout):
          try:
              requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=timeout)
              pytest.fail('The connect() request should time out.')
          except ConnectTimeout:
              pass
  
      def test_encoded_methods(self, httpbin):
          """See: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2316"""
          r = requests.request(b'GET', httpbin('get'))
          assert r.ok
  
  
  SendCall = collections.namedtuple('SendCall', ('args', 'kwargs'))
  
  
  class RedirectSession(SessionRedirectMixin):
      def __init__(self, order_of_redirects):
          self.redirects = order_of_redirects
          self.calls = []
          self.max_redirects = 30
          self.cookies = {}
          self.trust_env = False
  
      def send(self, *args, **kwargs):
          self.calls.append(SendCall(args, kwargs))
          return self.build_response()
  
      def build_response(self):
          request = self.calls[-1].args[0]
          r = requests.Response()
  
          try:
              r.status_code = int(self.redirects.pop(0))
          except IndexError:
              r.status_code = 200
  
          r.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Location': '/'})
          r.raw = self._build_raw()
          r.request = request
          return r
  
      def _build_raw(self):
          string = StringIO.StringIO('')
          setattr(string, 'release_conn', lambda *args: args)
          return string
  
  
  def test_json_encodes_as_bytes():
      # urllib3 expects bodies as bytes-like objects
      body = {"key": "value"}
      p = PreparedRequest()
      p.prepare(
          method='GET',
          url='https://www.example.com/',
          json=body
      )
      assert isinstance(p.body, bytes)
  
  
  def test_requests_are_updated_each_time(httpbin):
      session = RedirectSession([303, 307])
      prep = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post')).prepare()
      r0 = session.send(prep)
      assert r0.request.method == 'POST'
      assert session.calls[-1] == SendCall((r0.request,), {})
      redirect_generator = session.resolve_redirects(r0, prep)
      default_keyword_args = {
          'stream': False,
          'verify': True,
          'cert': None,
          'timeout': None,
          'allow_redirects': False,
          'proxies': {},
      }
      for response in redirect_generator:
          assert response.request.method == 'GET'
          send_call = SendCall((response.request,), default_keyword_args)
          assert session.calls[-1] == send_call
  
  
  @pytest.mark.parametrize("var,url,proxy", [
      ('http_proxy', 'http://example.com', 'socks5://proxy.com:9876'),
      ('https_proxy', 'https://example.com', 'socks5://proxy.com:9876'),
      ('all_proxy', 'http://example.com', 'socks5://proxy.com:9876'),
      ('all_proxy', 'https://example.com', 'socks5://proxy.com:9876'),
  ])
  def test_proxy_env_vars_override_default(var, url, proxy):
      session = requests.Session()
      prep = PreparedRequest()
      prep.prepare(method='GET', url=url)
  
      kwargs = {
          var: proxy
      }
      scheme = urlparse(url).scheme
      with override_environ(**kwargs):
          proxies = session.rebuild_proxies(prep, {})
          assert scheme in proxies
          assert proxies[scheme] == proxy
  
  
  @pytest.mark.parametrize(
      'data', (
          (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd')),
          (('c', 'd'), ('a', 'b')),
          (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd'), ('e', 'f')),
      ))
  def test_data_argument_accepts_tuples(data):
      """Ensure that the data argument will accept tuples of strings
      and properly encode them.
      """
      p = PreparedRequest()
      p.prepare(
          method='GET',
          url='http://www.example.com',
          data=data,
          hooks=default_hooks()
      )
      assert p.body == urlencode(data)
  
  
  @pytest.mark.parametrize(
      'kwargs', (
          None,
          {
              'method': 'GET',
              'url': 'http://www.example.com',
              'data': 'foo=bar',
              'hooks': default_hooks()
          },
          {
              'method': 'GET',
              'url': 'http://www.example.com',
              'data': 'foo=bar',
              'hooks': default_hooks(),
              'cookies': {'foo': 'bar'}
          },
          {
              'method': 'GET',
              'url': u('http://www.example.com/üniçø∂é')
          },
      ))
  def test_prepared_copy(kwargs):
      p = PreparedRequest()
      if kwargs:
          p.prepare(**kwargs)
      copy = p.copy()
      for attr in ('method', 'url', 'headers', '_cookies', 'body', 'hooks'):
          assert getattr(p, attr) == getattr(copy, attr)
  
  
  def test_urllib3_retries(httpbin):
      from requests.packages.urllib3.util import Retry
      s = requests.Session()
      s.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter(max_retries=Retry(
          total=2, status_forcelist=[500]
      )))
  
      with pytest.raises(RetryError):
          s.get(httpbin('status/500'))
  
  
  def test_urllib3_pool_connection_closed(httpbin):
      s = requests.Session()
      s.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=0, pool_maxsize=0))
  
      try:
          s.get(httpbin('status/200'))
      except ConnectionError as e:
          assert u"Pool is closed." in str(e)
  
  
  def test_vendor_aliases():
      from requests.packages import urllib3
      from requests.packages import chardet
      from requests.packages import idna
  
      with pytest.raises(ImportError):
          from requests.packages import webbrowser
  
  
  class TestPreparingURLs(object):
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'url,expected',
          (
              ('http://google.com', 'http://google.com/'),
              (u'http://ジェーピーニック.jp', u'http://xn--hckqz9bzb1cyrb.jp/'),
              (u'http://xn--n3h.net/', u'http://xn--n3h.net/'),
              (
                  u'http://ジェーピーニック.jp'.encode('utf-8'),
                  u'http://xn--hckqz9bzb1cyrb.jp/'
              ),
              (
                  u'http://straße.de/straße',
                  u'http://xn--strae-oqa.de/stra%C3%9Fe'
              ),
              (
                  u'http://straße.de/straße'.encode('utf-8'),
                  u'http://xn--strae-oqa.de/stra%C3%9Fe'
              ),
              (
                  u'http://Königsgäßchen.de/straße',
                  u'http://xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun.de/stra%C3%9Fe'
              ),
              (
                  u'http://Königsgäßchen.de/straße'.encode('utf-8'),
                  u'http://xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun.de/stra%C3%9Fe'
              ),
              (
                  b'http://xn--n3h.net/',
                  u'http://xn--n3h.net/'
              ),
              (
                  b'http://[1200:0000:ab00:1234:0000:2552:7777:1313]:12345/',
                  u'http://[1200:0000:ab00:1234:0000:2552:7777:1313]:12345/'
              ),
              (
                  u'http://[1200:0000:ab00:1234:0000:2552:7777:1313]:12345/',
                  u'http://[1200:0000:ab00:1234:0000:2552:7777:1313]:12345/'
              )
          )
      )
      def test_preparing_url(self, url, expected):
          r = requests.Request('GET', url=url)
          p = r.prepare()
          assert p.url == expected
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'url',
          (
              b"http://*.google.com",
              b"http://*",
              u"http://*.google.com",
              u"http://*",
              u"http://☃.net/"
          )
      )
      def test_preparing_bad_url(self, url):
          r = requests.Request('GET', url=url)
          with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.InvalidURL):
              r.prepare()
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'input, expected',
          (
              (
                  b"http+unix://%2Fvar%2Frun%2Fsocket/path",
                  u"http+unix://%2fvar%2frun%2fsocket/path",
              ),
              (
                  u"http+unix://%2Fvar%2Frun%2Fsocket/path",
                  u"http+unix://%2fvar%2frun%2fsocket/path",
              ),
              (
                  b"mailto:user@example.org",
                  u"mailto:user@example.org",
              ),
              (
                  u"mailto:user@example.org",
                  u"mailto:user@example.org",
              ),
              (
                  b"data:SSDimaUgUHl0aG9uIQ==",
                  u"data:SSDimaUgUHl0aG9uIQ==",
              )
          )
      )
      def test_url_mutation(self, input, expected):
          """
          This test validates that we correctly exclude some URLs from
          preparation, and that we handle others. Specifically, it tests that
          any URL whose scheme doesn't begin with "http" is left alone, and
          those whose scheme *does* begin with "http" are mutated.
          """
          r = requests.Request('GET', url=input)
          p = r.prepare()
          assert p.url == expected
  
      @pytest.mark.parametrize(
          'input, params, expected',
          (
              (
                  b"http+unix://%2Fvar%2Frun%2Fsocket/path",
                  {"key": "value"},
                  u"http+unix://%2fvar%2frun%2fsocket/path?key=value",
              ),
              (
                  u"http+unix://%2Fvar%2Frun%2Fsocket/path",
                  {"key": "value"},
                  u"http+unix://%2fvar%2frun%2fsocket/path?key=value",
              ),
              (
                  b"mailto:user@example.org",
                  {"key": "value"},
                  u"mailto:user@example.org",
              ),
              (
                  u"mailto:user@example.org",
                  {"key": "value"},
                  u"mailto:user@example.org",
              ),
          )
      )
      def test_parameters_for_nonstandard_schemes(self, input, params, expected):
          """
          Setting paramters for nonstandard schemes is allowed if those schemes
          begin with "http", and is forbidden otherwise.
          """
          r = requests.Request('GET', url=input, params=params)
          p = r.prepare()
          assert p.url == expected
  