text: import asyncio
  import difflib
  import json
  import posixpath
  import sys
  import threading
  import unittest
  import warnings
  from collections import Counter
  from contextlib import contextmanager
  from copy import copy, deepcopy
  from difflib import get_close_matches
  from functools import wraps
  from unittest.suite import _DebugResult
  from unittest.util import safe_repr
  from urllib.parse import (
      parse_qsl, unquote, urlencode, urljoin, urlparse, urlsplit, urlunparse,
  )
  from urllib.request import url2pathname
  
  from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
  
  from django.apps import apps
  from django.conf import settings
  from django.core import mail
  from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, ValidationError
  from django.core.files import locks
  from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIHandler, get_path_info
  from django.core.management import call_command
  from django.core.management.color import no_style
  from django.core.management.sql import emit_post_migrate_signal
  from django.core.servers.basehttp import ThreadedWSGIServer, WSGIRequestHandler
  from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connection, connections, transaction
  from django.forms.fields import CharField
  from django.http import QueryDict
  from django.http.request import split_domain_port, validate_host
  from django.test.client import AsyncClient, Client
  from django.test.html import HTMLParseError, parse_html
  from django.test.signals import setting_changed, template_rendered
  from django.test.utils import (
      CaptureQueriesContext, ContextList, compare_xml, modify_settings,
      override_settings,
  )
  from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango41Warning
  from django.utils.functional import classproperty
  from django.views.static import serve
  
  __all__ = ('TestCase', 'TransactionTestCase',
             'SimpleTestCase', 'skipIfDBFeature', 'skipUnlessDBFeature')
  
  
  def to_list(value):
      """
      Put value into a list if it's not already one. Return an empty list if
      value is None.
      """
      if value is None:
          value = []
      elif not isinstance(value, list):
          value = [value]
      return value
  
  
  def assert_and_parse_html(self, html, user_msg, msg):
      try:
          dom = parse_html(html)
      except HTMLParseError as e:
          standardMsg = '%s\n%s' % (msg, e)
          self.fail(self._formatMessage(user_msg, standardMsg))
      return dom
  
  
  class _AssertNumQueriesContext(CaptureQueriesContext):
      def __init__(self, test_case, num, connection):
          self.test_case = test_case
          self.num = num
          super().__init__(connection)
  
      def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
          super().__exit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
          if exc_type is not None:
              return
          executed = len(self)
          self.test_case.assertEqual(
              executed, self.num,
              "%d queries executed, %d expected\nCaptured queries were:\n%s" % (
                  executed, self.num,
                  '\n'.join(
                      '%d. %s' % (i, query['sql']) for i, query in enumerate(self.captured_queries, start=1)
                  )
              )
          )
  
  
  class _AssertTemplateUsedContext:
      def __init__(self, test_case, template_name):
          self.test_case = test_case
          self.template_name = template_name
          self.rendered_templates = []
          self.rendered_template_names = []
          self.context = ContextList()
  
      def on_template_render(self, sender, signal, template, context, **kwargs):
          self.rendered_templates.append(template)
          self.rendered_template_names.append(template.name)
          self.context.append(copy(context))
  
      def test(self):
          return self.template_name in self.rendered_template_names
  
      def message(self):
          return '%s was not rendered.' % self.template_name
  
      def __enter__(self):
          template_rendered.connect(self.on_template_render)
          return self
  
      def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
          template_rendered.disconnect(self.on_template_render)
          if exc_type is not None:
              return
  
          if not self.test():
              message = self.message()
              if self.rendered_templates:
                  message += ' Following templates were rendered: %s' % (
                      ', '.join(self.rendered_template_names)
                  )
              else:
                  message += ' No template was rendered.'
              self.test_case.fail(message)
  
  
  class _AssertTemplateNotUsedContext(_AssertTemplateUsedContext):
      def test(self):
          return self.template_name not in self.rendered_template_names
  
      def message(self):
          return '%s was rendered.' % self.template_name
  
  
  class _DatabaseFailure:
      def __init__(self, wrapped, message):
          self.wrapped = wrapped
          self.message = message
  
      def __call__(self):
          raise AssertionError(self.message)
  
  
  class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
  
      # The class we'll use for the test client self.client.
      # Can be overridden in derived classes.
      client_class = Client
      async_client_class = AsyncClient
      _overridden_settings = None
      _modified_settings = None
  
      databases = set()
      _disallowed_database_msg = (
          'Database %(operation)s to %(alias)r are not allowed in SimpleTestCase '
          'subclasses. Either subclass TestCase or TransactionTestCase to ensure '
          'proper test isolation or add %(alias)r to %(test)s.databases to silence '
          'this failure.'
      )
      _disallowed_connection_methods = [
          ('connect', 'connections'),
          ('temporary_connection', 'connections'),
          ('cursor', 'queries'),
          ('chunked_cursor', 'queries'),
      ]
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpClass(cls):
          super().setUpClass()
          if cls._overridden_settings:
              cls._cls_overridden_context = override_settings(**cls._overridden_settings)
              cls._cls_overridden_context.enable()
          if cls._modified_settings:
              cls._cls_modified_context = modify_settings(cls._modified_settings)
              cls._cls_modified_context.enable()
          cls._add_databases_failures()
  
      @classmethod
      def _validate_databases(cls):
          if cls.databases == '__all__':
              return frozenset(connections)
          for alias in cls.databases:
              if alias not in connections:
                  message = '%s.%s.databases refers to %r which is not defined in settings.DATABASES.' % (
                      cls.__module__,
                      cls.__qualname__,
                      alias,
                  )
                  close_matches = get_close_matches(alias, list(connections))
                  if close_matches:
                      message += ' Did you mean %r?' % close_matches[0]
                  raise ImproperlyConfigured(message)
          return frozenset(cls.databases)
  
      @classmethod
      def _add_databases_failures(cls):
          cls.databases = cls._validate_databases()
          for alias in connections:
              if alias in cls.databases:
                  continue
              connection = connections[alias]
              for name, operation in cls._disallowed_connection_methods:
                  message = cls._disallowed_database_msg % {
                      'test': '%s.%s' % (cls.__module__, cls.__qualname__),
                      'alias': alias,
                      'operation': operation,
                  }
                  method = getattr(connection, name)
                  setattr(connection, name, _DatabaseFailure(method, message))
  
      @classmethod
      def _remove_databases_failures(cls):
          for alias in connections:
              if alias in cls.databases:
                  continue
              connection = connections[alias]
              for name, _ in cls._disallowed_connection_methods:
                  method = getattr(connection, name)
                  setattr(connection, name, method.wrapped)
  
      @classmethod
      def tearDownClass(cls):
          cls._remove_databases_failures()
          if hasattr(cls, '_cls_modified_context'):
              cls._cls_modified_context.disable()
              delattr(cls, '_cls_modified_context')
          if hasattr(cls, '_cls_overridden_context'):
              cls._cls_overridden_context.disable()
              delattr(cls, '_cls_overridden_context')
          super().tearDownClass()
  
      def __call__(self, result=None):
          """
          Wrapper around default __call__ method to perform common Django test
          set up. This means that user-defined Test Cases aren't required to
          include a call to super().setUp().
          """
          self._setup_and_call(result)
  
      def debug(self):
          """Perform the same as __call__(), without catching the exception."""
          debug_result = _DebugResult()
          self._setup_and_call(debug_result, debug=True)
  
      def _setup_and_call(self, result, debug=False):
          """
          Perform the following in order: pre-setup, run test, post-teardown,
          skipping pre/post hooks if test is set to be skipped.
  
          If debug=True, reraise any errors in setup and use super().debug()
          instead of __call__() to run the test.
          """
          testMethod = getattr(self, self._testMethodName)
          skipped = (
              getattr(self.__class__, "__unittest_skip__", False) or
              getattr(testMethod, "__unittest_skip__", False)
          )
  
          # Convert async test methods.
          if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(testMethod):
              setattr(self, self._testMethodName, async_to_sync(testMethod))
  
          if not skipped:
              try:
                  self._pre_setup()
              except Exception:
                  if debug:
                      raise
                  result.addError(self, sys.exc_info())
                  return
          if debug:
              super().debug()
          else:
              super().__call__(result)
          if not skipped:
              try:
                  self._post_teardown()
              except Exception:
                  if debug:
                      raise
                  result.addError(self, sys.exc_info())
                  return
  
      def _pre_setup(self):
          """
          Perform pre-test setup:
          * Create a test client.
          * Clear the mail test outbox.
          """
          self.client = self.client_class()
          self.async_client = self.async_client_class()
          mail.outbox = []
  
      def _post_teardown(self):
          """Perform post-test things."""
          pass
  
      def settings(self, **kwargs):
          """
          A context manager that temporarily sets a setting and reverts to the
          original value when exiting the context.
          """
          return override_settings(**kwargs)
  
      def modify_settings(self, **kwargs):
          """
          A context manager that temporarily applies changes a list setting and
          reverts back to the original value when exiting the context.
          """
          return modify_settings(**kwargs)
  
      def assertRedirects(self, response, expected_url, status_code=302,
                          target_status_code=200, msg_prefix='',
                          fetch_redirect_response=True):
          """
          Assert that a response redirected to a specific URL and that the
          redirect URL can be loaded.
  
          Won't work for external links since it uses the test client to do a
          request (use fetch_redirect_response=False to check such links without
          fetching them).
          """
          if msg_prefix:
              msg_prefix += ": "
  
          if hasattr(response, 'redirect_chain'):
              # The request was a followed redirect
              self.assertTrue(
                  response.redirect_chain,
                  msg_prefix + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
                  % (response.status_code, status_code)
              )
  
              self.assertEqual(
                  response.redirect_chain[0][1], status_code,
                  msg_prefix + "Initial response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
                  % (response.redirect_chain[0][1], status_code)
              )
  
              url, status_code = response.redirect_chain[-1]
              scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urlsplit(url)
  
              self.assertEqual(
                  response.status_code, target_status_code,
                  msg_prefix + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Final Response code was %d (expected %d)"
                  % (response.status_code, target_status_code)
              )
  
          else:
              # Not a followed redirect
              self.assertEqual(
                  response.status_code, status_code,
                  msg_prefix + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
                  % (response.status_code, status_code)
              )
  
              url = response.url
              scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urlsplit(url)
  
              # Prepend the request path to handle relative path redirects.
              if not path.startswith('/'):
                  url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], url)
                  path = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], path)
  
              if fetch_redirect_response:
                  # netloc might be empty, or in cases where Django tests the
                  # HTTP scheme, the convention is for netloc to be 'testserver'.
                  # Trust both as "internal" URLs here.
                  domain, port = split_domain_port(netloc)
                  if domain and not validate_host(domain, settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS):
                      raise ValueError(
                          "The test client is unable to fetch remote URLs (got %s). "
                          "If the host is served by Django, add '%s' to ALLOWED_HOSTS. "
                          "Otherwise, use assertRedirects(..., fetch_redirect_response=False)."
                          % (url, domain)
                      )
                  # Get the redirection page, using the same client that was used
                  # to obtain the original response.
                  extra = response.client.extra or {}
                  redirect_response = response.client.get(
                      path,
                      QueryDict(query),
                      secure=(scheme == 'https'),
                      **extra,
                  )
                  self.assertEqual(
                      redirect_response.status_code, target_status_code,
                      msg_prefix + "Couldn't retrieve redirection page '%s': response code was %d (expected %d)"
                      % (path, redirect_response.status_code, target_status_code)
                  )
  
          self.assertURLEqual(
              url, expected_url,
              msg_prefix + "Response redirected to '%s', expected '%s'" % (url, expected_url)
          )
  
      def assertURLEqual(self, url1, url2, msg_prefix=''):
          """
          Assert that two URLs are the same, ignoring the order of query string
          parameters except for parameters with the same name.
  
          For example, /path/?x=1&y=2 is equal to /path/?y=2&x=1, but
          /path/?a=1&a=2 isn't equal to /path/?a=2&a=1.
          """
          def normalize(url):
              """Sort the URL's query string parameters."""
              url = str(url)  # Coerce reverse_lazy() URLs.
              scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
              query_parts = sorted(parse_qsl(query))
              return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, urlencode(query_parts), fragment))
  
          self.assertEqual(
              normalize(url1), normalize(url2),
              msg_prefix + "Expected '%s' to equal '%s'." % (url1, url2)
          )
  
      def _assert_contains(self, response, text, status_code, msg_prefix, html):
          # If the response supports deferred rendering and hasn't been rendered
          # yet, then ensure that it does get rendered before proceeding further.
          if hasattr(response, 'render') and callable(response.render) and not response.is_rendered:
              response.render()
  
          if msg_prefix:
              msg_prefix += ": "
  
          self.assertEqual(
              response.status_code, status_code,
              msg_prefix + "Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was %d"
              " (expected %d)" % (response.status_code, status_code)
          )
  
          if response.streaming:
              content = b''.join(response.streaming_content)
          else:
              content = response.content
          if not isinstance(text, bytes) or html:
              text = str(text)
              content = content.decode(response.charset)
              text_repr = "'%s'" % text
          else:
              text_repr = repr(text)
          if html:
              content = assert_and_parse_html(self, content, None, "Response's content is not valid HTML:")
              text = assert_and_parse_html(self, text, None, "Second argument is not valid HTML:")
          real_count = content.count(text)
          return (text_repr, real_count, msg_prefix)
  
      def assertContains(self, response, text, count=None, status_code=200, msg_prefix='', html=False):
          """
          Assert that a response indicates that some content was retrieved
          successfully, (i.e., the HTTP status code was as expected) and that
          ``text`` occurs ``count`` times in the content of the response.
          If ``count`` is None, the count doesn't matter - the assertion is true
          if the text occurs at least once in the response.
          """
          text_repr, real_count, msg_prefix = self._assert_contains(
              response, text, status_code, msg_prefix, html)
  
          if count is not None:
              self.assertEqual(
                  real_count, count,
                  msg_prefix + "Found %d instances of %s in response (expected %d)" % (real_count, text_repr, count)
              )
          else:
              self.assertTrue(real_count != 0, msg_prefix + "Couldn't find %s in response" % text_repr)
  
      def assertNotContains(self, response, text, status_code=200, msg_prefix='', html=False):
          """
          Assert that a response indicates that some content was retrieved
          successfully, (i.e., the HTTP status code was as expected) and that
          ``text`` doesn't occurs in the content of the response.
          """
          text_repr, real_count, msg_prefix = self._assert_contains(
              response, text, status_code, msg_prefix, html)
  
          self.assertEqual(real_count, 0, msg_prefix + "Response should not contain %s" % text_repr)
  
      def assertFormError(self, response, form, field, errors, msg_prefix=''):
          """
          Assert that a form used to render the response has a specific field
          error.
          """
          if msg_prefix:
              msg_prefix += ": "
  
          # Put context(s) into a list to simplify processing.
          contexts = to_list(response.context)
          if not contexts:
              self.fail(msg_prefix + "Response did not use any contexts to render the response")
  
          # Put error(s) into a list to simplify processing.
          errors = to_list(errors)
  
          # Search all contexts for the error.
          found_form = False
          for i, context in enumerate(contexts):
              if form not in context:
                  continue
              found_form = True
              for err in errors:
                  if field:
                      if field in context[form].errors:
                          field_errors = context[form].errors[field]
                          self.assertTrue(
                              err in field_errors,
                              msg_prefix + "The field '%s' on form '%s' in"
                              " context %d does not contain the error '%s'"
                              " (actual errors: %s)" %
                              (field, form, i, err, repr(field_errors))
                          )
                      elif field in context[form].fields:
                          self.fail(
                              msg_prefix + "The field '%s' on form '%s' in context %d contains no errors" %
                              (field, form, i)
                          )
                      else:
                          self.fail(
                              msg_prefix + "The form '%s' in context %d does not contain the field '%s'" %
                              (form, i, field)
                          )
                  else:
                      non_field_errors = context[form].non_field_errors()
                      self.assertTrue(
                          err in non_field_errors,
                          msg_prefix + "The form '%s' in context %d does not"
                          " contain the non-field error '%s'"
                          " (actual errors: %s)" %
                          (form, i, err, non_field_errors or 'none')
                      )
          if not found_form:
              self.fail(msg_prefix + "The form '%s' was not used to render the response" % form)
  
      def assertFormsetError(self, response, formset, form_index, field, errors,
                             msg_prefix=''):
          """
          Assert that a formset used to render the response has a specific error.
  
          For field errors, specify the ``form_index`` and the ``field``.
          For non-field errors, specify the ``form_index`` and the ``field`` as
          None.
          For non-form errors, specify ``form_index`` as None and the ``field``
          as None.
          """
          # Add punctuation to msg_prefix
          if msg_prefix:
              msg_prefix += ": "
  
          # Put context(s) into a list to simplify processing.
          contexts = to_list(response.context)
          if not contexts:
              self.fail(msg_prefix + 'Response did not use any contexts to '
                        'render the response')
  
          # Put error(s) into a list to simplify processing.
          errors = to_list(errors)
  
          # Search all contexts for the error.
          found_formset = False
          for i, context in enumerate(contexts):
              if formset not in context:
                  continue
              found_formset = True
              for err in errors:
                  if field is not None:
                      if field in context[formset].forms[form_index].errors:
                          field_errors = context[formset].forms[form_index].errors[field]
                          self.assertTrue(
                              err in field_errors,
                              msg_prefix + "The field '%s' on formset '%s', "
                              "form %d in context %d does not contain the "
                              "error '%s' (actual errors: %s)" %
                              (field, formset, form_index, i, err, repr(field_errors))
                          )
                      elif field in context[formset].forms[form_index].fields:
                          self.fail(
                              msg_prefix + "The field '%s' on formset '%s', form %d in context %d contains no errors"
                              % (field, formset, form_index, i)
                          )
                      else:
                          self.fail(
                              msg_prefix + "The formset '%s', form %d in context %d does not contain the field '%s'"
                              % (formset, form_index, i, field)
                          )
                  elif form_index is not None:
                      non_field_errors = context[formset].forms[form_index].non_field_errors()
                      self.assertFalse(
                          not non_field_errors,
                          msg_prefix + "The formset '%s', form %d in context %d "
                          "does not contain any non-field errors." % (formset, form_index, i)
                      )
                      self.assertTrue(
                          err in non_field_errors,
                          msg_prefix + "The formset '%s', form %d in context %d "
                          "does not contain the non-field error '%s' (actual errors: %s)"
                          % (formset, form_index, i, err, repr(non_field_errors))
                      )
                  else:
                      non_form_errors = context[formset].non_form_errors()
                      self.assertFalse(
                          not non_form_errors,
                          msg_prefix + "The formset '%s' in context %d does not "
                          "contain any non-form errors." % (formset, i)
                      )
                      self.assertTrue(
                          err in non_form_errors,
                          msg_prefix + "The formset '%s' in context %d does not "
                          "contain the non-form error '%s' (actual errors: %s)"
                          % (formset, i, err, repr(non_form_errors))
                      )
          if not found_formset:
              self.fail(msg_prefix + "The formset '%s' was not used to render the response" % formset)
  
      def _assert_template_used(self, response, template_name, msg_prefix):
  
          if response is None and template_name is None:
              raise TypeError('response and/or template_name argument must be provided')
  
          if msg_prefix:
              msg_prefix += ": "
  
          if template_name is not None and response is not None and not hasattr(response, 'templates'):
              raise ValueError(
                  "assertTemplateUsed() and assertTemplateNotUsed() are only "
                  "usable on responses fetched using the Django test Client."
              )
  
          if not hasattr(response, 'templates') or (response is None and template_name):
              if response:
                  template_name = response
                  response = None
              # use this template with context manager
              return template_name, None, msg_prefix
  
          template_names = [t.name for t in response.templates if t.name is not None]
          return None, template_names, msg_prefix
  
      def assertTemplateUsed(self, response=None, template_name=None, msg_prefix='', count=None):
          """
          Assert that the template with the provided name was used in rendering
          the response. Also usable as context manager.
          """
          context_mgr_template, template_names, msg_prefix = self._assert_template_used(
              response, template_name, msg_prefix)
  
          if context_mgr_template:
              # Use assertTemplateUsed as context manager.
              return _AssertTemplateUsedContext(self, context_mgr_template)
  
          if not template_names:
              self.fail(msg_prefix + "No templates used to render the response")
          self.assertTrue(
              template_name in template_names,
              msg_prefix + "Template '%s' was not a template used to render"
              " the response. Actual template(s) used: %s"
              % (template_name, ', '.join(template_names))
          )
  
          if count is not None:
              self.assertEqual(
                  template_names.count(template_name), count,
                  msg_prefix + "Template '%s' was expected to be rendered %d "
                  "time(s) but was actually rendered %d time(s)."
                  % (template_name, count, template_names.count(template_name))
              )
  
      def assertTemplateNotUsed(self, response=None, template_name=None, msg_prefix=''):
          """
          Assert that the template with the provided name was NOT used in
          rendering the response. Also usable as context manager.
          """
          context_mgr_template, template_names, msg_prefix = self._assert_template_used(
              response, template_name, msg_prefix
          )
          if context_mgr_template:
              # Use assertTemplateNotUsed as context manager.
              return _AssertTemplateNotUsedContext(self, context_mgr_template)
  
          self.assertFalse(
              template_name in template_names,
              msg_prefix + "Template '%s' was used unexpectedly in rendering the response" % template_name
          )
  
      @contextmanager
      def _assert_raises_or_warns_cm(self, func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message):
          with func(expected_exception) as cm:
              yield cm
          self.assertIn(expected_message, str(getattr(cm, cm_attr)))
  
      def _assertFooMessage(self, func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message, *args, **kwargs):
          callable_obj = None
          if args:
              callable_obj, *args = args
          cm = self._assert_raises_or_warns_cm(func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message)
          # Assertion used in context manager fashion.
          if callable_obj is None:
              return cm
          # Assertion was passed a callable.
          with cm:
              callable_obj(*args, **kwargs)
  
      def assertRaisesMessage(self, expected_exception, expected_message, *args, **kwargs):
          """
          Assert that expected_message is found in the message of a raised
          exception.
  
          Args:
              expected_exception: Exception class expected to be raised.
              expected_message: expected error message string value.
              args: Function to be called and extra positional args.
              kwargs: Extra kwargs.
          """
          return self._assertFooMessage(
              self.assertRaises, 'exception', expected_exception, expected_message,
              *args, **kwargs
          )
  
      def assertWarnsMessage(self, expected_warning, expected_message, *args, **kwargs):
          """
          Same as assertRaisesMessage but for assertWarns() instead of
          assertRaises().
          """
          return self._assertFooMessage(
              self.assertWarns, 'warning', expected_warning, expected_message,
              *args, **kwargs
          )
  
      def assertFieldOutput(self, fieldclass, valid, invalid, field_args=None,
                            field_kwargs=None, empty_value=''):
          """
          Assert that a form field behaves correctly with various inputs.
  
          Args:
              fieldclass: the class of the field to be tested.
              valid: a dictionary mapping valid inputs to their expected
                      cleaned values.
              invalid: a dictionary mapping invalid inputs to one or more
                      raised error messages.
              field_args: the args passed to instantiate the field
              field_kwargs: the kwargs passed to instantiate the field
              empty_value: the expected clean output for inputs in empty_values
          """
          if field_args is None:
              field_args = []
          if field_kwargs is None:
              field_kwargs = {}
          required = fieldclass(*field_args, **field_kwargs)
          optional = fieldclass(*field_args, **{**field_kwargs, 'required': False})
          # test valid inputs
          for input, output in valid.items():
              self.assertEqual(required.clean(input), output)
              self.assertEqual(optional.clean(input), output)
          # test invalid inputs
          for input, errors in invalid.items():
              with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as context_manager:
                  required.clean(input)
              self.assertEqual(context_manager.exception.messages, errors)
  
              with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as context_manager:
                  optional.clean(input)
              self.assertEqual(context_manager.exception.messages, errors)
          # test required inputs
          error_required = [required.error_messages['required']]
          for e in required.empty_values:
              with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as context_manager:
                  required.clean(e)
              self.assertEqual(context_manager.exception.messages, error_required)
              self.assertEqual(optional.clean(e), empty_value)
          # test that max_length and min_length are always accepted
          if issubclass(fieldclass, CharField):
              field_kwargs.update({'min_length': 2, 'max_length': 20})
              self.assertIsInstance(fieldclass(*field_args, **field_kwargs), fieldclass)
  
      def assertHTMLEqual(self, html1, html2, msg=None):
          """
          Assert that two HTML snippets are semantically the same.
          Whitespace in most cases is ignored, and attribute ordering is not
          significant. The arguments must be valid HTML.
          """
          dom1 = assert_and_parse_html(self, html1, msg, 'First argument is not valid HTML:')
          dom2 = assert_and_parse_html(self, html2, msg, 'Second argument is not valid HTML:')
  
          if dom1 != dom2:
              standardMsg = '%s != %s' % (
                  safe_repr(dom1, True), safe_repr(dom2, True))
              diff = ('\n' + '\n'.join(difflib.ndiff(
                  str(dom1).splitlines(), str(dom2).splitlines(),
              )))
              standardMsg = self._truncateMessage(standardMsg, diff)
              self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
  
      def assertHTMLNotEqual(self, html1, html2, msg=None):
          """Assert that two HTML snippets are not semantically equivalent."""
          dom1 = assert_and_parse_html(self, html1, msg, 'First argument is not valid HTML:')
          dom2 = assert_and_parse_html(self, html2, msg, 'Second argument is not valid HTML:')
  
          if dom1 == dom2:
              standardMsg = '%s == %s' % (
                  safe_repr(dom1, True), safe_repr(dom2, True))
              self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
  
      def assertInHTML(self, needle, haystack, count=None, msg_prefix=''):
          needle = assert_and_parse_html(self, needle, None, 'First argument is not valid HTML:')
          haystack = assert_and_parse_html(self, haystack, None, 'Second argument is not valid HTML:')
          real_count = haystack.count(needle)
          if count is not None:
              self.assertEqual(
                  real_count, count,
                  msg_prefix + "Found %d instances of '%s' in response (expected %d)" % (real_count, needle, count)
              )
          else:
              self.assertTrue(real_count != 0, msg_prefix + "Couldn't find '%s' in response" % needle)
  
      def assertJSONEqual(self, raw, expected_data, msg=None):
          """
          Assert that the JSON fragments raw and expected_data are equal.
          Usual JSON non-significant whitespace rules apply as the heavyweight
          is delegated to the json library.
          """
          try:
              data = json.loads(raw)
          except json.JSONDecodeError:
              self.fail("First argument is not valid JSON: %r" % raw)
          if isinstance(expected_data, str):
              try:
                  expected_data = json.loads(expected_data)
              except ValueError:
                  self.fail("Second argument is not valid JSON: %r" % expected_data)
          self.assertEqual(data, expected_data, msg=msg)
  
      def assertJSONNotEqual(self, raw, expected_data, msg=None):
          """
          Assert that the JSON fragments raw and expected_data are not equal.
          Usual JSON non-significant whitespace rules apply as the heavyweight
          is delegated to the json library.
          """
          try:
              data = json.loads(raw)
          except json.JSONDecodeError:
              self.fail("First argument is not valid JSON: %r" % raw)
          if isinstance(expected_data, str):
              try:
                  expected_data = json.loads(expected_data)
              except json.JSONDecodeError:
                  self.fail("Second argument is not valid JSON: %r" % expected_data)
          self.assertNotEqual(data, expected_data, msg=msg)
  
      def assertXMLEqual(self, xml1, xml2, msg=None):
          """
          Assert that two XML snippets are semantically the same.
          Whitespace in most cases is ignored and attribute ordering is not
          significant. The arguments must be valid XML.
          """
          try:
              result = compare_xml(xml1, xml2)
          except Exception as e:
              standardMsg = 'First or second argument is not valid XML\n%s' % e
              self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
          else:
              if not result:
                  standardMsg = '%s != %s' % (safe_repr(xml1, True), safe_repr(xml2, True))
                  diff = ('\n' + '\n'.join(
                      difflib.ndiff(xml1.splitlines(), xml2.splitlines())
                  ))
                  standardMsg = self._truncateMessage(standardMsg, diff)
                  self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
  
      def assertXMLNotEqual(self, xml1, xml2, msg=None):
          """
          Assert that two XML snippets are not semantically equivalent.
          Whitespace in most cases is ignored and attribute ordering is not
          significant. The arguments must be valid XML.
          """
          try:
              result = compare_xml(xml1, xml2)
          except Exception as e:
              standardMsg = 'First or second argument is not valid XML\n%s' % e
              self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
          else:
              if result:
                  standardMsg = '%s == %s' % (safe_repr(xml1, True), safe_repr(xml2, True))
                  self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
  
  
  class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
  
      # Subclasses can ask for resetting of auto increment sequence before each
      # test case
      reset_sequences = False
  
      # Subclasses can enable only a subset of apps for faster tests
      available_apps = None
  
      # Subclasses can define fixtures which will be automatically installed.
      fixtures = None
  
      databases = {DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS}
      _disallowed_database_msg = (
          'Database %(operation)s to %(alias)r are not allowed in this test. '
          'Add %(alias)r to %(test)s.databases to ensure proper test isolation '
          'and silence this failure.'
      )
  
      # If transactions aren't available, Django will serialize the database
      # contents into a fixture during setup and flush and reload them
      # during teardown (as flush does not restore data from migrations).
      # This can be slow; this flag allows enabling on a per-case basis.
      serialized_rollback = False
  
      def _pre_setup(self):
          """
          Perform pre-test setup:
          * If the class has an 'available_apps' attribute, restrict the app
            registry to these applications, then fire the post_migrate signal --
            it must run with the correct set of applications for the test case.
          * If the class has a 'fixtures' attribute, install those fixtures.
          """
          super()._pre_setup()
          if self.available_apps is not None:
              apps.set_available_apps(self.available_apps)
              setting_changed.send(
                  sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
                  setting='INSTALLED_APPS',
                  value=self.available_apps,
                  enter=True,
              )
              for db_name in self._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
                  emit_post_migrate_signal(verbosity=0, interactive=False, db=db_name)
          try:
              self._fixture_setup()
          except Exception:
              if self.available_apps is not None:
                  apps.unset_available_apps()
                  setting_changed.send(
                      sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
                      setting='INSTALLED_APPS',
                      value=settings.INSTALLED_APPS,
                      enter=False,
                  )
              raise
          # Clear the queries_log so that it's less likely to overflow (a single
          # test probably won't execute 9K queries). If queries_log overflows,
          # then assertNumQueries() doesn't work.
          for db_name in self._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
              connections[db_name].queries_log.clear()
  
      @classmethod
      def _databases_names(cls, include_mirrors=True):
          # Only consider allowed database aliases, including mirrors or not.
          return [
              alias for alias in connections
              if alias in cls.databases and (
                  include_mirrors or not connections[alias].settings_dict['TEST']['MIRROR']
              )
          ]
  
      def _reset_sequences(self, db_name):
          conn = connections[db_name]
          if conn.features.supports_sequence_reset:
              sql_list = conn.ops.sequence_reset_by_name_sql(
                  no_style(), conn.introspection.sequence_list())
              if sql_list:
                  with transaction.atomic(using=db_name):
                      with conn.cursor() as cursor:
                          for sql in sql_list:
                              cursor.execute(sql)
  
      def _fixture_setup(self):
          for db_name in self._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
              # Reset sequences
              if self.reset_sequences:
                  self._reset_sequences(db_name)
  
              # Provide replica initial data from migrated apps, if needed.
              if self.serialized_rollback and hasattr(connections[db_name], "_test_serialized_contents"):
                  if self.available_apps is not None:
                      apps.unset_available_apps()
                  connections[db_name].creation.deserialize_db_from_string(
                      connections[db_name]._test_serialized_contents
                  )
                  if self.available_apps is not None:
                      apps.set_available_apps(self.available_apps)
  
              if self.fixtures:
                  # We have to use this slightly awkward syntax due to the fact
                  # that we're using *args and **kwargs together.
                  call_command('loaddata', *self.fixtures,
                               **{'verbosity': 0, 'database': db_name})
  
      def _should_reload_connections(self):
          return True
  
      def _post_teardown(self):
          """
          Perform post-test things:
          * Flush the contents of the database to leave a clean slate. If the
            class has an 'available_apps' attribute, don't fire post_migrate.
          * Force-close the connection so the next test gets a clean cursor.
          """
          try:
              self._fixture_teardown()
              super()._post_teardown()
              if self._should_reload_connections():
                  # Some DB cursors include SQL statements as part of cursor
                  # creation. If you have a test that does a rollback, the effect
                  # of these statements is lost, which can affect the operation of
                  # tests (e.g., losing a timezone setting causing objects to be
                  # created with the wrong time). To make sure this doesn't
                  # happen, get a clean connection at the start of every test.
                  for conn in connections.all():
                      conn.close()
          finally:
              if self.available_apps is not None:
                  apps.unset_available_apps()
                  setting_changed.send(sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
                                       setting='INSTALLED_APPS',
                                       value=settings.INSTALLED_APPS,
                                       enter=False)
  
      def _fixture_teardown(self):
          # Allow TRUNCATE ... CASCADE and don't emit the post_migrate signal
          # when flushing only a subset of the apps
          for db_name in self._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
              # Flush the database
              inhibit_post_migrate = (
                  self.available_apps is not None or
                  (   # Inhibit the post_migrate signal when using serialized
                      # rollback to avoid trying to recreate the serialized data.
                      self.serialized_rollback and
                      hasattr(connections[db_name], '_test_serialized_contents')
                  )
              )
              call_command('flush', verbosity=0, interactive=False,
                           database=db_name, reset_sequences=False,
                           allow_cascade=self.available_apps is not None,
                           inhibit_post_migrate=inhibit_post_migrate)
  
      def assertQuerysetEqual(self, qs, values, transform=repr, ordered=True, msg=None):
          items = map(transform, qs)
          if not ordered:
              return self.assertEqual(Counter(items), Counter(values), msg=msg)
          values = list(values)
          # For example qs.iterator() could be passed as qs, but it does not
          # have 'ordered' attribute.
          if len(values) > 1 and hasattr(qs, 'ordered') and not qs.ordered:
              raise ValueError("Trying to compare non-ordered queryset "
                               "against more than one ordered values")
          return self.assertEqual(list(items), values, msg=msg)
  
      def assertNumQueries(self, num, func=None, *args, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, **kwargs):
          conn = connections[using]
  
          context = _AssertNumQueriesContext(self, num, conn)
          if func is None:
              return context
  
          with context:
              func(*args, **kwargs)
  
  
  def connections_support_transactions(aliases=None):
      """
      Return whether or not all (or specified) connections support
      transactions.
      """
      conns = connections.all() if aliases is None else (connections[alias] for alias in aliases)
      return all(conn.features.supports_transactions for conn in conns)
  
  
  class TestData:
      """
      Descriptor to provide TestCase instance isolation for attributes assigned
      during the setUpTestData() phase.
  
      Allow safe alteration of objects assigned in setUpTestData() by test
      methods by exposing deep copies instead of the original objects.
  
      Objects are deep copied using a memo kept on the test case instance in
      order to maintain their original relationships.
      """
      memo_attr = '_testdata_memo'
  
      def __init__(self, name, data):
          self.name = name
          self.data = data
  
      def get_memo(self, testcase):
          try:
              memo = getattr(testcase, self.memo_attr)
          except AttributeError:
              memo = {}
              setattr(testcase, self.memo_attr, memo)
          return memo
  
      def __get__(self, instance, owner):
          if instance is None:
              return self.data
          memo = self.get_memo(instance)
          try:
              data = deepcopy(self.data, memo)
          except TypeError:
              # RemovedInDjango41Warning.
              msg = (
                  "Assigning objects which don't support copy.deepcopy() during "
                  "setUpTestData() is deprecated. Either assign the %s "
                  "attribute during setUpClass() or setUp(), or add support for "
                  "deepcopy() to %s.%s.%s."
              ) % (
                  self.name,
                  owner.__module__,
                  owner.__qualname__,
                  self.name,
              )
              warnings.warn(msg, category=RemovedInDjango41Warning, stacklevel=2)
              data = self.data
          setattr(instance, self.name, data)
          return data
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return '<TestData: name=%r, data=%r>' % (self.name, self.data)
  
  
  class TestCase(TransactionTestCase):
      """
      Similar to TransactionTestCase, but use `transaction.atomic()` to achieve
      test isolation.
  
      In most situations, TestCase should be preferred to TransactionTestCase as
      it allows faster execution. However, there are some situations where using
      TransactionTestCase might be necessary (e.g. testing some transactional
      behavior).
  
      On database backends with no transaction support, TestCase behaves as
      TransactionTestCase.
      """
      @classmethod
      def _enter_atomics(cls):
          """Open atomic blocks for multiple databases."""
          atomics = {}
          for db_name in cls._databases_names():
              atomics[db_name] = transaction.atomic(using=db_name)
              atomics[db_name].__enter__()
          return atomics
  
      @classmethod
      def _rollback_atomics(cls, atomics):
          """Rollback atomic blocks opened by the previous method."""
          for db_name in reversed(cls._databases_names()):
              transaction.set_rollback(True, using=db_name)
              atomics[db_name].__exit__(None, None, None)
  
      @classmethod
      def _databases_support_transactions(cls):
          return connections_support_transactions(cls.databases)
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpClass(cls):
          super().setUpClass()
          if not cls._databases_support_transactions():
              return
          cls.cls_atomics = cls._enter_atomics()
  
          if cls.fixtures:
              for db_name in cls._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
                  try:
                      call_command('loaddata', *cls.fixtures, **{'verbosity': 0, 'database': db_name})
                  except Exception:
                      cls._rollback_atomics(cls.cls_atomics)
                      cls._remove_databases_failures()
                      raise
          pre_attrs = cls.__dict__.copy()
          try:
              cls.setUpTestData()
          except Exception:
              cls._rollback_atomics(cls.cls_atomics)
              cls._remove_databases_failures()
              raise
          for name, value in cls.__dict__.items():
              if value is not pre_attrs.get(name):
                  setattr(cls, name, TestData(name, value))
  
      @classmethod
      def tearDownClass(cls):
          if cls._databases_support_transactions():
              cls._rollback_atomics(cls.cls_atomics)
              for conn in connections.all():
                  conn.close()
          super().tearDownClass()
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          """Load initial data for the TestCase."""
          pass
  
      def _should_reload_connections(self):
          if self._databases_support_transactions():
              return False
          return super()._should_reload_connections()
  
      def _fixture_setup(self):
          if not self._databases_support_transactions():
              # If the backend does not support transactions, we should reload
              # class data before each test
              self.setUpTestData()
              return super()._fixture_setup()
  
          assert not self.reset_sequences, 'reset_sequences cannot be used on TestCase instances'
          self.atomics = self._enter_atomics()
  
      def _fixture_teardown(self):
          if not self._databases_support_transactions():
              return super()._fixture_teardown()
          try:
              for db_name in reversed(self._databases_names()):
                  if self._should_check_constraints(connections[db_name]):
                      connections[db_name].check_constraints()
          finally:
              self._rollback_atomics(self.atomics)
  
      def _should_check_constraints(self, connection):
          return (
              connection.features.can_defer_constraint_checks and
              not connection.needs_rollback and connection.is_usable()
          )
  
  
  class CheckCondition:
      """Descriptor class for deferred condition checking."""
      def __init__(self, *conditions):
          self.conditions = conditions
  
      def add_condition(self, condition, reason):
          return self.__class__(*self.conditions, (condition, reason))
  
      def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
          # Trigger access for all bases.
          if any(getattr(base, '__unittest_skip__', False) for base in cls.__bases__):
              return True
          for condition, reason in self.conditions:
              if condition():
                  # Override this descriptor's value and set the skip reason.
                  cls.__unittest_skip__ = True
                  cls.__unittest_skip_why__ = reason
                  return True
          return False
  
  
  def _deferredSkip(condition, reason, name):
      def decorator(test_func):
          nonlocal condition
          if not (isinstance(test_func, type) and
                  issubclass(test_func, unittest.TestCase)):
              @wraps(test_func)
              def skip_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                  if (args and isinstance(args[0], unittest.TestCase) and
                          connection.alias not in getattr(args[0], 'databases', {})):
                      raise ValueError(
                          "%s cannot be used on %s as %s doesn't allow queries "
                          "against the %r database." % (
                              name,
                              args[0],
                              args[0].__class__.__qualname__,
                              connection.alias,
                          )
                      )
                  if condition():
                      raise unittest.SkipTest(reason)
                  return test_func(*args, **kwargs)
              test_item = skip_wrapper
          else:
              # Assume a class is decorated
              test_item = test_func
              databases = getattr(test_item, 'databases', None)
              if not databases or connection.alias not in databases:
                  # Defer raising to allow importing test class's module.
                  def condition():
                      raise ValueError(
                          "%s cannot be used on %s as it doesn't allow queries "
                          "against the '%s' database." % (
                              name, test_item, connection.alias,
                          )
                      )
              # Retrieve the possibly existing value from the class's dict to
              # avoid triggering the descriptor.
              skip = test_func.__dict__.get('__unittest_skip__')
              if isinstance(skip, CheckCondition):
                  test_item.__unittest_skip__ = skip.add_condition(condition, reason)
              elif skip is not True:
                  test_item.__unittest_skip__ = CheckCondition((condition, reason))
          return test_item
      return decorator
  
  
  def skipIfDBFeature(*features):
      """Skip a test if a database has at least one of the named features."""
      return _deferredSkip(
          lambda: any(getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features),
          "Database has feature(s) %s" % ", ".join(features),
          'skipIfDBFeature',
      )
  
  
  def skipUnlessDBFeature(*features):
      """Skip a test unless a database has all the named features."""
      return _deferredSkip(
          lambda: not all(getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features),
          "Database doesn't support feature(s): %s" % ", ".join(features),
          'skipUnlessDBFeature',
      )
  
  
  def skipUnlessAnyDBFeature(*features):
      """Skip a test unless a database has any of the named features."""
      return _deferredSkip(
          lambda: not any(getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features),
          "Database doesn't support any of the feature(s): %s" % ", ".join(features),
          'skipUnlessAnyDBFeature',
      )
  
  
  class QuietWSGIRequestHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
      """
      A WSGIRequestHandler that doesn't log to standard output any of the
      requests received, so as to not clutter the test result output.
      """
      def log_message(*args):
          pass
  
  
  class FSFilesHandler(WSGIHandler):
      """
      WSGI middleware that intercepts calls to a directory, as defined by one of
      the *_ROOT settings, and serves those files, publishing them under *_URL.
      """
      def __init__(self, application):
          self.application = application
          self.base_url = urlparse(self.get_base_url())
          super().__init__()
  
      def _should_handle(self, path):
          """
          Check if the path should be handled. Ignore the path if:
          * the host is provided as part of the base_url
          * the request's path isn't under the media path (or equal)
          """
          return path.startswith(self.base_url[2]) and not self.base_url[1]
  
      def file_path(self, url):
          """Return the relative path to the file on disk for the given URL."""
          relative_url = url[len(self.base_url[2]):]
          return url2pathname(relative_url)
  
      def get_response(self, request):
          from django.http import Http404
  
          if self._should_handle(request.path):
              try:
                  return self.serve(request)
              except Http404:
                  pass
          return super().get_response(request)
  
      def serve(self, request):
          os_rel_path = self.file_path(request.path)
          os_rel_path = posixpath.normpath(unquote(os_rel_path))
          # Emulate behavior of django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve() when it
          # invokes staticfiles' finders functionality.
          # TODO: Modify if/when that internal API is refactored
          final_rel_path = os_rel_path.replace('\\', '/').lstrip('/')
          return serve(request, final_rel_path, document_root=self.get_base_dir())
  
      def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
          if not self._should_handle(get_path_info(environ)):
              return self.application(environ, start_response)
          return super().__call__(environ, start_response)
  
  
  class _StaticFilesHandler(FSFilesHandler):
      """
      Handler for serving static files. A private class that is meant to be used
      solely as a convenience by LiveServerThread.
      """
      def get_base_dir(self):
          return settings.STATIC_ROOT
  
      def get_base_url(self):
          return settings.STATIC_URL
  
  
  class _MediaFilesHandler(FSFilesHandler):
      """
      Handler for serving the media files. A private class that is meant to be
      used solely as a convenience by LiveServerThread.
      """
      def get_base_dir(self):
          return settings.MEDIA_ROOT
  
      def get_base_url(self):
          return settings.MEDIA_URL
  
  
  class LiveServerThread(threading.Thread):
      """Thread for running a live http server while the tests are running."""
  
      def __init__(self, host, static_handler, connections_override=None, port=0):
          self.host = host
          self.port = port
          self.is_ready = threading.Event()
          self.error = None
          self.static_handler = static_handler
          self.connections_override = connections_override
          super().__init__()
  
      def run(self):
          """
          Set up the live server and databases, and then loop over handling
          HTTP requests.
          """
          if self.connections_override:
              # Override this thread's database connections with the ones
              # provided by the main thread.
              for alias, conn in self.connections_override.items():
                  connections[alias] = conn
          try:
              # Create the handler for serving static and media files
              handler = self.static_handler(_MediaFilesHandler(WSGIHandler()))
              self.httpd = self._create_server()
              # If binding to port zero, assign the port allocated by the OS.
              if self.port == 0:
                  self.port = self.httpd.server_address[1]
              self.httpd.set_app(handler)
              self.is_ready.set()
              self.httpd.serve_forever()
          except Exception as e:
              self.error = e
              self.is_ready.set()
          finally:
              connections.close_all()
  
      def _create_server(self):
          return ThreadedWSGIServer((self.host, self.port), QuietWSGIRequestHandler, allow_reuse_address=False)
  
      def terminate(self):
          if hasattr(self, 'httpd'):
              # Stop the WSGI server
              self.httpd.shutdown()
              self.httpd.server_close()
          self.join()
  
  
  class LiveServerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
      """
      Do basically the same as TransactionTestCase but also launch a live HTTP
      server in a separate thread so that the tests may use another testing
      framework, such as Selenium for example, instead of the built-in dummy
      client.
      It inherits from TransactionTestCase instead of TestCase because the
      threads don't share the same transactions (unless if using in-memory sqlite)
      and each thread needs to commit all their transactions so that the other
      thread can see the changes.
      """
      host = 'localhost'
      port = 0
      server_thread_class = LiveServerThread
      static_handler = _StaticFilesHandler
  
      @classproperty
      def live_server_url(cls):
          return 'http://%s:%s' % (cls.host, cls.server_thread.port)
  
      @classproperty
      def allowed_host(cls):
          return cls.host
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpClass(cls):
          super().setUpClass()
          connections_override = {}
          for conn in connections.all():
              # If using in-memory sqlite databases, pass the connections to
              # the server thread.
              if conn.vendor == 'sqlite' and conn.is_in_memory_db():
                  # Explicitly enable thread-shareability for this connection
                  conn.inc_thread_sharing()
                  connections_override[conn.alias] = conn
  
          cls._live_server_modified_settings = modify_settings(
              ALLOWED_HOSTS={'append': cls.allowed_host},
          )
          cls._live_server_modified_settings.enable()
          cls.server_thread = cls._create_server_thread(connections_override)
          cls.server_thread.daemon = True
          cls.server_thread.start()
  
          # Wait for the live server to be ready
          cls.server_thread.is_ready.wait()
          if cls.server_thread.error:
              # Clean up behind ourselves, since tearDownClass won't get called in
              # case of errors.
              cls._tearDownClassInternal()
              raise cls.server_thread.error
  
      @classmethod
      def _create_server_thread(cls, connections_override):
          return cls.server_thread_class(
              cls.host,
              cls.static_handler,
              connections_override=connections_override,
              port=cls.port,
          )
  
      @classmethod
      def _tearDownClassInternal(cls):
          # There may not be a 'server_thread' attribute if setUpClass() for some
          # reasons has raised an exception.
          if hasattr(cls, 'server_thread'):
              # Terminate the live server's thread
              cls.server_thread.terminate()
  
              # Restore sqlite in-memory database connections' non-shareability.
              for conn in cls.server_thread.connections_override.values():
                  conn.dec_thread_sharing()
  
      @classmethod
      def tearDownClass(cls):
          cls._tearDownClassInternal()
          cls._live_server_modified_settings.disable()
          super().tearDownClass()
  
  
  class SerializeMixin:
      """
      Enforce serialization of TestCases that share a common resource.
  
      Define a common 'lockfile' for each set of TestCases to serialize. This
      file must exist on the filesystem.
  
      Place it early in the MRO in order to isolate setUpClass()/tearDownClass().
      """
      lockfile = None
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpClass(cls):
          if cls.lockfile is None:
              raise ValueError(
                  "{}.lockfile isn't set. Set it to a unique value "
                  "in the base class.".format(cls.__name__))
          cls._lockfile = open(cls.lockfile)
          locks.lock(cls._lockfile, locks.LOCK_EX)
          super().setUpClass()
  
      @classmethod
      def tearDownClass(cls):
          super().tearDownClass()
          cls._lockfile.close()
  