text: // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
  //
  // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
  // copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
  // "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
  // without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
  // distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
  // persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
  // following conditions:
  //
  // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
  // in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  //
  // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
  // OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
  // MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
  // NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
  // DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
  // OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
  // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  
  var SlowBuffer = process.binding('buffer').SlowBuffer;
  var assert = require('assert');
  
  exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES = 50;
  
  // Make SlowBuffer inherit from Buffer.
  // This is an exception to the rule that __proto__ is not allowed in core.
  SlowBuffer.prototype.__proto__ = Buffer.prototype;
  
  
  function clamp(index, len, defaultValue) {
    if (typeof index !== 'number') return defaultValue;
    index = ~~index;  // Coerce to integer.
    if (index >= len) return len;
    if (index >= 0) return index;
    index += len;
    if (index >= 0) return index;
    return 0;
  }
  
  
  function toHex(n) {
    if (n < 16) return '0' + n.toString(16);
    return n.toString(16);
  }
  
  
  SlowBuffer.prototype.toString = function(encoding, start, end) {
    encoding = String(encoding || 'utf8').toLowerCase();
    start = +start || 0;
    if (typeof end !== 'number') end = this.length;
  
    // Fastpath empty strings
    if (+end == start) {
      return '';
    }
  
    switch (encoding) {
      case 'hex':
        return this.hexSlice(start, end);
  
      case 'utf8':
      case 'utf-8':
        return this.utf8Slice(start, end);
  
      case 'ascii':
        return this.asciiSlice(start, end);
  
      case 'binary':
        return this.binarySlice(start, end);
  
      case 'base64':
        return this.base64Slice(start, end);
  
      case 'ucs2':
      case 'ucs-2':
      case 'utf16le':
      case 'utf-16le':
        return this.ucs2Slice(start, end);
  
      default:
        throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding);
    }
  };
  
  
  SlowBuffer.prototype.write = function(string, offset, length, encoding) {
    // Support both (string, offset, length, encoding)
    // and the legacy (string, encoding, offset, length)
    if (isFinite(offset)) {
      if (!isFinite(length)) {
        encoding = length;
        length = undefined;
      }
    } else {  // legacy
      var swap = encoding;
      encoding = offset;
      offset = length;
      length = swap;
    }
  
    offset = +offset || 0;
    var remaining = this.length - offset;
    if (!length) {
      length = remaining;
    } else {
      length = +length;
      if (length > remaining) {
        length = remaining;
      }
    }
    encoding = String(encoding || 'utf8').toLowerCase();
  
    switch (encoding) {
      case 'hex':
        return this.hexWrite(string, offset, length);
  
      case 'utf8':
      case 'utf-8':
        return this.utf8Write(string, offset, length);
  
      case 'ascii':
        return this.asciiWrite(string, offset, length);
  
      case 'binary':
        return this.binaryWrite(string, offset, length);
  
      case 'base64':
        return this.base64Write(string, offset, length);
  
      case 'ucs2':
      case 'ucs-2':
      case 'utf16le':
      case 'utf-16le':
        return this.ucs2Write(string, offset, length);
  
      default:
        throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding);
    }
  };
  
  
  // slice(start, end)
  SlowBuffer.prototype.slice = function(start, end) {
    var len = this.length;
    start = clamp(start, len, 0);
    end = clamp(end, len, len);
    return new Buffer(this, end - start, start);
  };
  
  
  var zeroBuffer = new SlowBuffer(0);
  
  // Buffer
  function Buffer(subject, encoding, offset) {
    if (!(this instanceof Buffer)) {
      return new Buffer(subject, encoding, offset);
    }
  
    var type;
  
    // Are we slicing?
    if (typeof offset === 'number') {
      if (!Buffer.isBuffer(subject)) {
        throw new TypeError('First argument must be a Buffer when slicing');
      }
  
      this.length = +encoding > 0 ? Math.ceil(encoding) : 0;
      this.parent = subject.parent ? subject.parent : subject;
      this.offset = offset;
    } else {
      // Find the length
      switch (type = typeof subject) {
        case 'number':
          this.length = +subject > 0 ? Math.ceil(subject) : 0;
          break;
  
        case 'string':
          this.length = Buffer.byteLength(subject, encoding);
          break;
  
        case 'object': // Assume object is array-ish
          this.length = +subject.length > 0 ? Math.ceil(subject.length) : 0;
          break;
  
        default:
          throw new TypeError('First argument needs to be a number, ' +
                              'array or string.');
      }
  
      if (this.length > Buffer.poolSize) {
        // Big buffer, just alloc one.
        this.parent = new SlowBuffer(this.length);
        this.offset = 0;
  
      } else if (this.length > 0) {
        // Small buffer.
        if (!pool || pool.length - pool.used < this.length) allocPool();
        this.parent = pool;
        this.offset = pool.used;
        pool.used += this.length;
        if (pool.used & 7) pool.used = (pool.used + 8) & ~7;
  
      } else {
        // Zero-length buffer
        this.parent = zeroBuffer;
        this.offset = 0;
      }
  
      // optimize by branching logic for new allocations
      if (typeof subject !== 'number') {
        if (type === 'string') {
          // We are a string
          this.length = this.write(subject, 0, encoding);
        // if subject is buffer then use built-in copy method
        } else if (Buffer.isBuffer(subject)) {
          if (subject.parent)
            subject.parent.copy(this.parent,
                                this.offset,
                                subject.offset,
                                this.length + subject.offset);
          else
            subject.copy(this.parent, this.offset, 0, this.length);
        } else if (isArrayIsh(subject)) {
          for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i++)
            this.parent[i + this.offset] = subject[i];
        }
      }
    }
  
    SlowBuffer.makeFastBuffer(this.parent, this, this.offset, this.length);
  }
  
  function isArrayIsh(subject) {
    return Array.isArray(subject) ||
           subject && typeof subject === 'object' &&
           typeof subject.length === 'number';
  }
  
  exports.SlowBuffer = SlowBuffer;
  exports.Buffer = Buffer;
  
  
  Buffer.isEncoding = function(encoding) {
    switch (encoding && encoding.toLowerCase()) {
      case 'hex':
      case 'utf8':
      case 'utf-8':
      case 'ascii':
      case 'binary':
      case 'base64':
      case 'ucs2':
      case 'ucs-2':
      case 'utf16le':
      case 'utf-16le':
      case 'raw':
        return true;
  
      default:
        return false;
    }
  };
  
  
  
  Buffer.poolSize = 8 * 1024;
  var pool;
  
  function allocPool() {
    pool = new SlowBuffer(Buffer.poolSize);
    pool.used = 0;
  }
  
  
  // Static methods
  Buffer.isBuffer = function isBuffer(b) {
    return b instanceof Buffer;
  };
  
  
  // Inspect
  Buffer.prototype.inspect = function inspect() {
    var out = [],
        len = this.length,
        name = this.constructor.name;
  
    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      out[i] = toHex(this[i]);
      if (i == exports.INSPECT_MAX_BYTES) {
        out[i + 1] = '...';
        break;
      }
    }
  
    return '<' + name + ' ' + out.join(' ') + '>';
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.get = function get(offset) {
    if (offset < 0 || offset >= this.length)
      throw new RangeError('offset is out of bounds');
    return this.parent[this.offset + offset];
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.set = function set(offset, v) {
    if (offset < 0 || offset >= this.length)
      throw new RangeError('offset is out of bounds');
    return this.parent[this.offset + offset] = v;
  };
  
  
  // write(string, offset = 0, length = buffer.length-offset, encoding = 'utf8')
  Buffer.prototype.write = function(string, offset, length, encoding) {
    // Support both (string, offset, length, encoding)
    // and the legacy (string, encoding, offset, length)
    if (isFinite(offset)) {
      if (!isFinite(length)) {
        encoding = length;
        length = undefined;
      }
    } else {  // legacy
      var swap = encoding;
      encoding = offset;
      offset = length;
      length = swap;
    }
  
    offset = +offset || 0;
    var remaining = this.length - offset;
    if (!length) {
      length = remaining;
    } else {
      length = +length;
      if (length > remaining) {
        length = remaining;
      }
    }
    encoding = String(encoding || 'utf8').toLowerCase();
  
    var ret;
    switch (encoding) {
      case 'hex':
        ret = this.parent.hexWrite(string, this.offset + offset, length);
        break;
  
      case 'utf8':
      case 'utf-8':
        ret = this.parent.utf8Write(string, this.offset + offset, length);
        break;
  
      case 'ascii':
        ret = this.parent.asciiWrite(string, this.offset + offset, length);
        break;
  
      case 'binary':
        ret = this.parent.binaryWrite(string, this.offset + offset, length);
        break;
  
      case 'base64':
        // Warning: maxLength not taken into account in base64Write
        ret = this.parent.base64Write(string, this.offset + offset, length);
        break;
  
      case 'ucs2':
      case 'ucs-2':
      case 'utf16le':
      case 'utf-16le':
        ret = this.parent.ucs2Write(string, this.offset + offset, length);
        break;
  
      default:
        throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding);
    }
  
    Buffer._charsWritten = SlowBuffer._charsWritten;
  
    return ret;
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.toJSON = function() {
    return Array.prototype.slice.call(this, 0);
  };
  
  
  // toString(encoding, start=0, end=buffer.length)
  Buffer.prototype.toString = function(encoding, start, end) {
    encoding = String(encoding || 'utf8').toLowerCase();
  
    if (typeof start !== 'number' || start < 0) {
      start = 0;
    } else if (start > this.length) {
      start = this.length;
    }
  
    if (typeof end !== 'number' || end > this.length) {
      end = this.length;
    } else if (end < 0) {
      end = 0;
    }
  
    start = start + this.offset;
    end = end + this.offset;
  
    switch (encoding) {
      case 'hex':
        return this.parent.hexSlice(start, end);
  
      case 'utf8':
      case 'utf-8':
        return this.parent.utf8Slice(start, end);
  
      case 'ascii':
        return this.parent.asciiSlice(start, end);
  
      case 'binary':
        return this.parent.binarySlice(start, end);
  
      case 'base64':
        return this.parent.base64Slice(start, end);
  
      case 'ucs2':
      case 'ucs-2':
      case 'utf16le':
      case 'utf-16le':
        return this.parent.ucs2Slice(start, end);
  
      default:
        throw new TypeError('Unknown encoding: ' + encoding);
    }
  };
  
  
  // byteLength
  Buffer.byteLength = SlowBuffer.byteLength;
  
  
  // fill(value, start=0, end=buffer.length)
  Buffer.prototype.fill = function fill(value, start, end) {
    value || (value = 0);
    start || (start = 0);
    end || (end = this.length);
  
    if (typeof value === 'string') {
      value = value.charCodeAt(0);
    }
    if (typeof value !== 'number' || isNaN(value)) {
      throw new TypeError('value is not a number');
    }
  
    if (end < start) throw new RangeError('end < start');
  
    // Fill 0 bytes; we're done
    if (end === start) return 0;
    if (this.length == 0) return 0;
  
    if (start < 0 || start >= this.length) {
      throw new RangeError('start out of bounds');
    }
  
    if (end < 0 || end > this.length) {
      throw new RangeError('end out of bounds');
    }
  
    return this.parent.fill(value,
                            start + this.offset,
                            end + this.offset);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.concat = function(list, length) {
    if (!Array.isArray(list)) {
      throw new TypeError('Usage: Buffer.concat(list, [length])');
    }
  
    if (list.length === 0) {
      return new Buffer(0);
    } else if (list.length === 1) {
      return list[0];
    }
  
    if (typeof length !== 'number') {
      length = 0;
      for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
        var buf = list[i];
        length += buf.length;
      }
    }
  
    var buffer = new Buffer(length);
    var pos = 0;
    for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
      var buf = list[i];
      buf.copy(buffer, pos);
      pos += buf.length;
    }
    return buffer;
  };
  
  
  
  
  // copy(targetBuffer, targetStart=0, sourceStart=0, sourceEnd=buffer.length)
  Buffer.prototype.copy = function(target, target_start, start, end) {
    // set undefined/NaN or out of bounds values equal to their default
    if (!(target_start >= 0)) target_start = 0;
    if (!(start >= 0)) start = 0;
    if (!(end < this.length)) end = this.length;
  
    // Copy 0 bytes; we're done
    if (end === start ||
        target.length === 0 ||
        this.length === 0 ||
        start > this.length)
      return 0;
  
    if (end < start)
      throw new RangeError('sourceEnd < sourceStart');
  
    if (target_start >= target.length)
      throw new RangeError('targetStart out of bounds');
  
    if (target.length - target_start < end - start)
      end = target.length - target_start + start;
  
    return this.parent.copy(target.parent || target,
                            target_start + (target.offset || 0),
                            start + this.offset,
                            end + this.offset);
  };
  
  
  // slice(start, end)
  Buffer.prototype.slice = function(start, end) {
    var len = this.length;
    start = clamp(start, len, 0);
    end = clamp(end, len, len);
    return new Buffer(this.parent, end - start, start + this.offset);
  };
  
  
  // Legacy methods for backwards compatibility.
  
  Buffer.prototype.utf8Slice = function(start, end) {
    return this.toString('utf8', start, end);
  };
  
  Buffer.prototype.binarySlice = function(start, end) {
    return this.toString('binary', start, end);
  };
  
  Buffer.prototype.asciiSlice = function(start, end) {
    return this.toString('ascii', start, end);
  };
  
  Buffer.prototype.utf8Write = function(string, offset) {
    return this.write(string, offset, 'utf8');
  };
  
  Buffer.prototype.binaryWrite = function(string, offset) {
    return this.write(string, offset, 'binary');
  };
  
  Buffer.prototype.asciiWrite = function(string, offset) {
    return this.write(string, offset, 'ascii');
  };
  
  
  /*
   * Need to make sure that buffer isn't trying to write out of bounds.
   * This check is far too slow internally for fast buffers.
   */
  function checkOffset(offset, ext, length) {
    if ((offset % 1) !== 0 || offset < 0)
      throw new RangeError('offset is not uint');
    if (offset + ext > length)
      throw new RangeError('Trying to access beyond buffer length');
  }
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readUInt8 = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length);
    return this[offset];
  };
  
  
  function readUInt16(buffer, offset, isBigEndian) {
    var val = 0;
    if (isBigEndian) {
      val = buffer[offset] << 8;
      val |= buffer[offset + 1];
    } else {
      val = buffer[offset];
      val |= buffer[offset + 1] << 8;
    }
  
    return val;
  }
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readUInt16LE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length);
    return readUInt16(this, offset, false, noAssert);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readUInt16BE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length);
    return readUInt16(this, offset, true, noAssert);
  };
  
  
  function readUInt32(buffer, offset, isBigEndian, noAssert) {
    var val = 0;
  
    if (isBigEndian) {
      val = buffer[offset + 1] << 16;
      val |= buffer[offset + 2] << 8;
      val |= buffer[offset + 3];
      val = val + (buffer[offset] << 24 >>> 0);
    } else {
      val = buffer[offset + 2] << 16;
      val |= buffer[offset + 1] << 8;
      val |= buffer[offset];
      val = val + (buffer[offset + 3] << 24 >>> 0);
    }
  
    return val;
  }
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readUInt32LE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length);
    return readUInt32(this, offset, false, noAssert);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readUInt32BE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length);
    return readUInt32(this, offset, true, noAssert);
  };
  
  
  /*
   * Signed integer types, yay team! A reminder on how two's complement actually
   * works. The first bit is the signed bit, i.e. tells us whether or not the
   * number should be positive or negative. If the two's complement value is
   * positive, then we're done, as it's equivalent to the unsigned representation.
   *
   * Now if the number is positive, you're pretty much done, you can just leverage
   * the unsigned translations and return those. Unfortunately, negative numbers
   * aren't quite that straightforward.
   *
   * At first glance, one might be inclined to use the traditional formula to
   * translate binary numbers between the positive and negative values in two's
   * complement. (Though it doesn't quite work for the most negative value)
   * Mainly:
   *  - invert all the bits
   *  - add one to the result
   *
   * Of course, this doesn't quite work in Javascript. Take for example the value
   * of -128. This could be represented in 16 bits (big-endian) as 0xff80. But of
   * course, Javascript will do the following:
   *
   * > ~0xff80
   * -65409
   *
   * Whoh there, Javascript, that's not quite right. But wait, according to
   * Javascript that's perfectly correct. When Javascript ends up seeing the
   * constant 0xff80, it has no notion that it is actually a signed number. It
   * assumes that we've input the unsigned value 0xff80. Thus, when it does the
   * binary negation, it casts it into a signed value, (positive 0xff80). Then
   * when you perform binary negation on that, it turns it into a negative number.
   *
   * Instead, we're going to have to use the following general formula, that works
   * in a rather Javascript friendly way. I'm glad we don't support this kind of
   * weird numbering scheme in the kernel.
   *
   * (BIT-MAX - (unsigned)val + 1) * -1
   *
   * The astute observer, may think that this doesn't make sense for 8-bit numbers
   * (really it isn't necessary for them). However, when you get 16-bit numbers,
   * you do. Let's go back to our prior example and see how this will look:
   *
   * (0xffff - 0xff80 + 1) * -1
   * (0x007f + 1) * -1
   * (0x0080) * -1
   */
  
  Buffer.prototype.readInt8 = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 1, this.length);
    if (!(this[offset] & 0x80))
      return (this[offset]);
    return ((0xff - this[offset] + 1) * -1);
  };
  
  
  function readInt16(buffer, offset, isBigEndian) {
    var val = readUInt16(buffer, offset, isBigEndian);
  
    if (!(val & 0x8000))
      return val;
    return (0xffff - val + 1) * -1;
  }
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readInt16LE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length);
    return readInt16(this, offset, false);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readInt16BE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length);
    return readInt16(this, offset, true);
  };
  
  
  function readInt32(buffer, offset, isBigEndian) {
    var val = readUInt32(buffer, offset, isBigEndian);
  
    if (!(val & 0x80000000))
      return (val);
    return (0xffffffff - val + 1) * -1;
  }
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readInt32LE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length);
    return readInt32(this, offset, false);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readInt32BE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 2, this.length);
    return readInt32(this, offset, true);
  };
  
  Buffer.prototype.readFloatLE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length);
    return this.parent.readFloatLE(this.offset + offset, !!noAssert);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readFloatBE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length);
    return this.parent.readFloatBE(this.offset + offset, !!noAssert);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readDoubleLE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length);
    return this.parent.readDoubleLE(this.offset + offset, !!noAssert);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.readDoubleBE = function(offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length);
    return this.parent.readDoubleBE(this.offset + offset, !!noAssert);
  };
  
  
  function checkInt(buffer, value, offset, ext, max, min) {
    if ((value % 1) !== 0 || value > max || value < min)
      throw TypeError('value is out of bounds');
    if ((offset % 1) !== 0 || offset < 0)
      throw TypeError('offset is not uint');
    if (offset + ext > buffer.length || buffer.length + offset < 0)
      throw RangeError('Trying to write outside buffer length');
  }
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeUInt8 = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0xff, 0);
    this[offset] = value;
  };
  
  
  function writeUInt16(buffer, value, offset, isBigEndian) {
    if (isBigEndian) {
      buffer[offset] = (value & 0xff00) >>> 8;
      buffer[offset + 1] = value & 0x00ff;
    } else {
      buffer[offset + 1] = (value & 0xff00) >>> 8;
      buffer[offset] = value & 0x00ff;
    }
  }
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16LE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0);
    writeUInt16(this, value, offset, false);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeUInt16BE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0xffff, 0);
    writeUInt16(this, value, offset, true);
  };
  
  
  function writeUInt32(buffer, value, offset, isBigEndian) {
    if (isBigEndian) {
      buffer[offset] = (value >>> 24) & 0xff;
      buffer[offset + 1] = (value >>> 16) & 0xff;
      buffer[offset + 2] = (value >>> 8) & 0xff;
      buffer[offset + 3] = value & 0xff;
    } else {
      buffer[offset + 3] = (value >>> 24) & 0xff;
      buffer[offset + 2] = (value >>> 16) & 0xff;
      buffer[offset + 1] = (value >>> 8) & 0xff;
      buffer[offset] = value & 0xff;
    }
  }
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32LE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0);
    writeUInt32(this, value, offset, false);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeUInt32BE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0xffffffff, 0);
    writeUInt32(this, value, offset, true);
  };
  
  
  /*
   * We now move onto our friends in the signed number category. Unlike unsigned
   * numbers, we're going to have to worry a bit more about how we put values into
   * arrays. Since we are only worrying about signed 32-bit values, we're in
   * slightly better shape. Unfortunately, we really can't do our favorite binary
   * & in this system. It really seems to do the wrong thing. For example:
   *
   * > -32 & 0xff
   * 224
   *
   * What's happening above is really: 0xe0 & 0xff = 0xe0. However, the results of
   * this aren't treated as a signed number. Ultimately a bad thing.
   *
   * What we're going to want to do is basically create the unsigned equivalent of
   * our representation and pass that off to the wuint* functions. To do that
   * we're going to do the following:
   *
   *  - if the value is positive
   *      we can pass it directly off to the equivalent wuint
   *  - if the value is negative
   *      we do the following computation:
   *         mb + val + 1, where
   *         mb   is the maximum unsigned value in that byte size
   *         val  is the Javascript negative integer
   *
   *
   * As a concrete value, take -128. In signed 16 bits this would be 0xff80. If
   * you do out the computations:
   *
   * 0xffff - 128 + 1
   * 0xffff - 127
   * 0xff80
   *
   * You can then encode this value as the signed version. This is really rather
   * hacky, but it should work and get the job done which is our goal here.
   */
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeInt8 = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 1, 0x7f, -0x80);
    if (value < 0) value = 0xff + value + 1;
    this[offset] = value;
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeInt16LE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000);
    if (value < 0) value = 0xffff + value + 1;
    writeUInt16(this, value, offset, false);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeInt16BE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 2, 0x7fff, -0x8000);
    if (value < 0) value = 0xffff + value + 1;
    writeUInt16(this, value, offset, true);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeInt32LE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000);
    if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1;
    writeUInt32(this, value, offset, false);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeInt32BE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkInt(this, value, offset, 4, 0x7fffffff, -0x80000000);
    if (value < 0) value = 0xffffffff + value + 1;
    writeUInt32(this, value, offset, true);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeFloatLE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length);
    this.parent.writeFloatLE(value, this.offset + offset, !!noAssert);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeFloatBE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 4, this.length);
    this.parent.writeFloatBE(value, this.offset + offset, !!noAssert);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleLE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length);
    this.parent.writeDoubleLE(value, this.offset + offset, !!noAssert);
  };
  
  
  Buffer.prototype.writeDoubleBE = function(value, offset, noAssert) {
    if (!noAssert)
      checkOffset(offset, 8, this.length);
    this.parent.writeDoubleBE(value, this.offset + offset, !!noAssert);
  };
  