text: """
  This is an object-oriented plotting library.
  
  A procedural interface is provided by the companion pyplot module,
  which may be imported directly, e.g.::
  
      import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  
  or using ipython::
  
      ipython
  
  at your terminal, followed by::
  
      In [1]: %matplotlib
      In [2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  
  at the ipython shell prompt.
  
  For the most part, direct use of the object-oriented library is
  encouraged when programming; pyplot is primarily for working
  interactively.  The
  exceptions are the pyplot commands :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.figure`,
  :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplot`,
  :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplots`, and
  :func:`~pyplot.savefig`, which can greatly simplify scripting.
  
  Modules include:
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.axes`
          defines the :class:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes` class.  Most pylab
          commands are wrappers for :class:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes`
          methods.  The axes module is the highest level of OO access to
          the library.
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.figure`
          defines the :class:`~matplotlib.figure.Figure` class.
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.artist`
          defines the :class:`~matplotlib.artist.Artist` base class for
          all classes that draw things.
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.lines`
          defines the :class:`~matplotlib.lines.Line2D` class for
          drawing lines and markers
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.patches`
          defines classes for drawing polygons
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.text`
          defines the :class:`~matplotlib.text.Text`,
          :class:`~matplotlib.text.TextWithDash`, and
          :class:`~matplotlib.text.Annotate` classes
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.image`
          defines the :class:`~matplotlib.image.AxesImage` and
          :class:`~matplotlib.image.FigureImage` classes
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.collections`
          classes for efficient drawing of groups of lines or polygons
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.colors`
          classes for interpreting color specifications and for making
          colormaps
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.cm`
          colormaps and the :class:`~matplotlib.image.ScalarMappable`
          mixin class for providing color mapping functionality to other
          classes
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.ticker`
          classes for calculating tick mark locations and for formatting
          tick labels
  
      :mod:`matplotlib.backends`
          a subpackage with modules for various gui libraries and output
          formats
  
  The base matplotlib namespace includes:
  
      :data:`~matplotlib.rcParams`
          a global dictionary of default configuration settings.  It is
          initialized by code which may be overridded by a matplotlibrc
          file.
  
      :func:`~matplotlib.rc`
          a function for setting groups of rcParams values
  
      :func:`~matplotlib.use`
          a function for setting the matplotlib backend.  If used, this
          function must be called immediately after importing matplotlib
          for the first time.  In particular, it must be called
          **before** importing pylab (if pylab is imported).
  
  matplotlib was initially written by John D. Hunter (1968-2012) and is now
  developed and maintained by a host of others.
  
  Occasionally the internal documentation (python docstrings) will refer
  to MATLAB&reg;, a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.
  
  """
  from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function,
                          unicode_literals)
  
  import six
  import sys
  import distutils.version
  from itertools import chain
  
  import io
  import locale
  import os
  import re
  import tempfile
  import warnings
  import contextlib
  import distutils.sysconfig
  
  # cbook must import matplotlib only within function
  # definitions, so it is safe to import from it here.
  from matplotlib.cbook import is_string_like, mplDeprecation
  from matplotlib.compat import subprocess
  from matplotlib.rcsetup import (defaultParams,
                                  validate_backend)
  
  import numpy
  from six.moves.urllib.request import urlopen
  from six.moves import reload_module as reload
  
  __version__ = str('1.5.dev1')
  __version__numpy__ = str('1.6')  # minimum required numpy version
  
  try:
      import dateutil
  except ImportError:
      raise ImportError("matplotlib requires dateutil")
  
  
  def compare_versions(a, b):
      "return True if a is greater than or equal to b"
      if a:
          if six.PY3:
              if isinstance(a, bytes):
                  a = a.decode('ascii')
              if isinstance(b, bytes):
                  b = b.decode('ascii')
          a = distutils.version.LooseVersion(a)
          b = distutils.version.LooseVersion(b)
          return a >= b
      else:
          return False
  
  if not compare_versions(six.__version__, '1.3'):
      raise ImportError(
          'six 1.3 or later is required; you have %s' % (
              six.__version__))
  
  try:
      import pyparsing
  except ImportError:
      raise ImportError("matplotlib requires pyparsing")
  else:
      if not compare_versions(pyparsing.__version__, '1.5.6'):
          raise ImportError(
              "matplotlib requires pyparsing >= 1.5.6")
  
      # pyparsing 2.0.0 bug, but it may be patched in distributions
      try:
          f = pyparsing.Forward()
          f <<= pyparsing.Literal('a')
          bad_pyparsing = f is None
      except TypeError:
          bad_pyparsing = True
  
      # pyparsing 1.5.6 does not have <<= on the Forward class, but
      # pyparsing 2.0.0 and later will spew deprecation warnings if
      # using << instead.  Additionally, the <<= in pyparsing 1.5.7 is
      # broken, since it doesn't return self.  In order to support
      # pyparsing 1.5.6 and above with a common code base, this small
      # monkey patch is applied.
      if bad_pyparsing:
          def _forward_ilshift(self, other):
              self.__lshift__(other)
              return self
          pyparsing.Forward.__ilshift__ = _forward_ilshift
  
  
  if not hasattr(sys, 'argv'):  # for modpython
      sys.argv = [str('modpython')]
  
  
  major, minor1, minor2, s, tmp = sys.version_info
  _python26 = (major == 2 and minor1 >= 6) or major >= 3
  
  if not _python26:
      raise ImportError('matplotlib requires Python 2.6 or later')
  
  
  if not compare_versions(numpy.__version__, __version__numpy__):
      raise ImportError(
          'numpy %s or later is required; you have %s' % (
              __version__numpy__, numpy.__version__))
  
  
  def _is_writable_dir(p):
      """
      p is a string pointing to a putative writable dir -- return True p
      is such a string, else False
      """
      try:
          p + ''  # test is string like
      except TypeError:
          return False
  
      # Test whether the operating system thinks it's a writable directory.
      # Note that this check is necessary on Google App Engine, because the
      # subsequent check will succeed even though p may not be writable.
      if not os.access(p, os.W_OK) or not os.path.isdir(p):
          return False
  
      # Also test that it is actually possible to write to a file here.
      try:
          t = tempfile.TemporaryFile(dir=p)
          try:
              t.write(b'1')
          finally:
              t.close()
      except OSError:
          return False
  
      return True
  
  
  class Verbose(object):
      """
      A class to handle reporting.  Set the fileo attribute to any file
      instance to handle the output.  Default is sys.stdout
      """
      levels = ('silent', 'helpful', 'debug', 'debug-annoying')
      vald = dict([(level, i) for i, level in enumerate(levels)])
  
      # parse the verbosity from the command line; flags look like
      # --verbose-silent or --verbose-helpful
      _commandLineVerbose = None
  
      for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
          # cast to str because we are using unicode_literals,
          # and argv is always str
          if not arg.startswith(str('--verbose-')):
              continue
          level_str = arg[10:]
          # If it doesn't match one of ours, then don't even
          # bother noting it, we are just a 3rd-party library
          # to somebody else's script.
          if level_str in levels:
              _commandLineVerbose = level_str
  
      def __init__(self):
          self.set_level('silent')
          self.fileo = sys.stdout
  
      def set_level(self, level):
          'set the verbosity to one of the Verbose.levels strings'
  
          if self._commandLineVerbose is not None:
              level = self._commandLineVerbose
          if level not in self.levels:
              warnings.warn('matplotlib: unrecognized --verbose-* string "%s".'
                            ' Legal values are %s' % (level, self.levels))
          else:
              self.level = level
  
      def set_fileo(self, fname):
          std = {
              'sys.stdout': sys.stdout,
              'sys.stderr': sys.stderr,
          }
          if fname in std:
              self.fileo = std[fname]
          else:
              try:
                  fileo = open(fname, 'w')
              except IOError:
                  raise ValueError('Verbose object could not open log file "{}"'
                                   ' for writing.\nCheck your matplotlibrc '
                                   'verbose.fileo setting'.format(fname))
              else:
                  self.fileo = fileo
  
      def report(self, s, level='helpful'):
          """
          print message s to self.fileo if self.level>=level.  Return
          value indicates whether a message was issued
  
          """
          if self.ge(level):
              print(s, file=self.fileo)
              return True
          return False
  
      def wrap(self, fmt, func, level='helpful', always=True):
          """
          return a callable function that wraps func and reports it
          output through the verbose handler if current verbosity level
          is higher than level
  
          if always is True, the report will occur on every function
          call; otherwise only on the first time the function is called
          """
          assert six.callable(func)
  
          def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
              ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
  
              if (always or not wrapper._spoke):
                  spoke = self.report(fmt % ret, level)
                  if not wrapper._spoke:
                      wrapper._spoke = spoke
              return ret
          wrapper._spoke = False
          wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
          return wrapper
  
      def ge(self, level):
          'return true if self.level is >= level'
          return self.vald[self.level] >= self.vald[level]
  
  
  verbose = Verbose()
  
  
  def checkdep_dvipng():
      try:
          s = subprocess.Popen(['dvipng', '-version'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                               stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
          stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
          line = stdout.decode('ascii').split('\n')[1]
          v = line.split()[-1]
          return v
      except (IndexError, ValueError, OSError):
          return None
  
  
  def checkdep_ghostscript():
      if sys.platform == 'win32':
          gs_execs = ['gswin32c', 'gswin64c', 'gs']
      else:
          gs_execs = ['gs']
      for gs_exec in gs_execs:
          try:
              s = subprocess.Popen(
                  [gs_exec, '--version'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                  stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
              stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
              if s.returncode == 0:
                  v = stdout[:-1].decode('ascii')
                  return gs_exec, v
          except (IndexError, ValueError, OSError):
              pass
      return None, None
  
  
  def checkdep_tex():
      try:
          s = subprocess.Popen(['tex', '-version'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                               stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
          stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
          line = stdout.decode('ascii').split('\n')[0]
          pattern = '3\.1\d+'
          match = re.search(pattern, line)
          v = match.group(0)
          return v
      except (IndexError, ValueError, AttributeError, OSError):
          return None
  
  
  def checkdep_pdftops():
      try:
          s = subprocess.Popen(['pdftops', '-v'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                               stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
          stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
          lines = stderr.decode('ascii').split('\n')
          for line in lines:
              if 'version' in line:
                  v = line.split()[-1]
          return v
      except (IndexError, ValueError, UnboundLocalError, OSError):
          return None
  
  
  def checkdep_inkscape():
      try:
          s = subprocess.Popen(['inkscape', '-V'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                               stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
          stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
          lines = stdout.decode('ascii').split('\n')
          for line in lines:
              if 'Inkscape' in line:
                  v = line.split()[1]
                  break
          return v
      except (IndexError, ValueError, UnboundLocalError, OSError):
          return None
  
  
  def checkdep_xmllint():
      try:
          s = subprocess.Popen(['xmllint', '--version'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                               stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
          stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
          lines = stderr.decode('ascii').split('\n')
          for line in lines:
              if 'version' in line:
                  v = line.split()[-1]
                  break
          return v
      except (IndexError, ValueError, UnboundLocalError, OSError):
          return None
  
  
  def checkdep_ps_distiller(s):
      if not s:
          return False
  
      flag = True
      gs_req = '7.07'
      gs_sugg = '7.07'
      gs_exec, gs_v = checkdep_ghostscript()
      if compare_versions(gs_v, gs_sugg):
          pass
      elif compare_versions(gs_v, gs_req):
          verbose.report(('ghostscript-%s found. ghostscript-%s or later '
                          'is recommended to use the ps.usedistiller option.')
                         % (gs_v, gs_sugg))
      else:
          flag = False
          warnings.warn(('matplotlibrc ps.usedistiller option can not be used '
                         'unless ghostscript-%s or later is installed on your '
                         'system') % gs_req)
  
      if s == 'xpdf':
          pdftops_req = '3.0'
          pdftops_req_alt = '0.9'  # poppler version numbers, ugh
          pdftops_v = checkdep_pdftops()
          if compare_versions(pdftops_v, pdftops_req):
              pass
          elif (compare_versions(pdftops_v, pdftops_req_alt) and not
                compare_versions(pdftops_v, '1.0')):
              pass
          else:
              flag = False
              warnings.warn(('matplotlibrc ps.usedistiller can not be set to '
                             'xpdf unless xpdf-%s or later is installed on '
                             'your system') % pdftops_req)
  
      if flag:
          return s
      else:
          return False
  
  
  def checkdep_usetex(s):
      if not s:
          return False
  
      tex_req = '3.1415'
      gs_req = '7.07'
      gs_sugg = '7.07'
      dvipng_req = '1.5'
      flag = True
  
      tex_v = checkdep_tex()
      if compare_versions(tex_v, tex_req):
          pass
      else:
          flag = False
          warnings.warn(('matplotlibrc text.usetex option can not be used '
                         'unless TeX-%s or later is '
                         'installed on your system') % tex_req)
  
      dvipng_v = checkdep_dvipng()
      if compare_versions(dvipng_v, dvipng_req):
          pass
      else:
          flag = False
          warnings.warn('matplotlibrc text.usetex can not be used with *Agg '
                        'backend unless dvipng-1.5 or later is '
                        'installed on your system')
  
      gs_exec, gs_v = checkdep_ghostscript()
      if compare_versions(gs_v, gs_sugg):
          pass
      elif compare_versions(gs_v, gs_req):
          verbose.report(('ghostscript-%s found. ghostscript-%s or later is '
                          'recommended for use with the text.usetex '
                          'option.') % (gs_v, gs_sugg))
      else:
          flag = False
          warnings.warn(('matplotlibrc text.usetex can not be used '
                         'unless ghostscript-%s or later is '
                         'installed on your system') % gs_req)
  
      return flag
  
  
  def _get_home():
      """Find user's home directory if possible.
      Otherwise, returns None.
  
      :see:
          http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2005-February/325395.html
      """
      try:
          if six.PY2 and sys.platform == 'win32':
              path = os.path.expanduser(b"~").decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
          else:
              path = os.path.expanduser("~")
      except ImportError:
          # This happens on Google App Engine (pwd module is not present).
          pass
      else:
          if os.path.isdir(path):
              return path
      for evar in ('HOME', 'USERPROFILE', 'TMP'):
          path = os.environ.get(evar)
          if path is not None and os.path.isdir(path):
              return path
      return None
  
  
  def _create_tmp_config_dir():
      """
      If the config directory can not be created, create a temporary
      directory.
  
      Returns None if a writable temporary directory could not be created.
      """
      import getpass
      import tempfile
  
      try:
          tempdir = tempfile.gettempdir()
      except NotImplementedError:
          # Some restricted platforms (such as Google App Engine) do not provide
          # gettempdir.
          return None
      tempdir = os.path.join(tempdir, 'matplotlib-%s' % getpass.getuser())
      os.environ['MPLCONFIGDIR'] = tempdir
  
      return tempdir
  
  
  get_home = verbose.wrap('$HOME=%s', _get_home, always=False)
  
  
  def _get_xdg_config_dir():
      """
      Returns the XDG configuration directory, according to the `XDG
      base directory spec
      <http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html>`_.
      """
      path = os.environ.get('XDG_CONFIG_HOME')
      if path is None:
          path = get_home()
          if path is not None:
              path = os.path.join(path, '.config')
      return path
  
  
  def _get_xdg_cache_dir():
      """
      Returns the XDG cache directory, according to the `XDG
      base directory spec
      <http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html>`_.
      """
      path = os.environ.get('XDG_CACHE_HOME')
      if path is None:
          path = get_home()
          if path is not None:
              path = os.path.join(path, '.cache')
      return path
  
  
  def _get_config_or_cache_dir(xdg_base):
      from matplotlib.cbook import mkdirs
  
      configdir = os.environ.get('MPLCONFIGDIR')
      if configdir is not None:
          configdir = os.path.abspath(configdir)
          if not os.path.exists(configdir):
              mkdirs(configdir)
  
          if not _is_writable_dir(configdir):
              return _create_tmp_config_dir()
          return configdir
  
      p = None
      h = get_home()
      if h is not None:
          p = os.path.join(h, '.matplotlib')
      if (sys.platform.startswith('linux') and xdg_base):
          p = os.path.join(xdg_base, 'matplotlib')
  
      if p is not None:
          if os.path.exists(p):
              if _is_writable_dir(p):
                  return p
          else:
              try:
                  mkdirs(p)
              except OSError:
                  pass
              else:
                  return p
  
      return _create_tmp_config_dir()
  
  
  def _get_configdir():
      """
      Return the string representing the configuration directory.
  
      The directory is chosen as follows:
  
      1. If the MPLCONFIGDIR environment variable is supplied, choose that.
  
      2a. On Linux, if `$HOME/.matplotlib` exists, choose that, but warn that
          that is the old location.  Barring that, follow the XDG specification
          and look first in `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME`, if defined, or `$HOME/.config`.
  
      2b. On other platforms, choose `$HOME/.matplotlib`.
  
      3. If the chosen directory exists and is writable, use that as the
         configuration directory.
      4. If possible, create a temporary directory, and use it as the
         configuration directory.
      5. A writable directory could not be found or created; return None.
      """
      return _get_config_or_cache_dir(_get_xdg_config_dir())
  
  get_configdir = verbose.wrap('CONFIGDIR=%s', _get_configdir, always=False)
  
  
  def _get_cachedir():
      """
      Return the location of the cache directory.
  
      The procedure used to find the directory is the same as for
      _get_config_dir, except using `$XDG_CACHE_HOME`/`~/.cache` instead.
      """
      return _get_config_or_cache_dir(_get_xdg_cache_dir())
  
  get_cachedir = verbose.wrap('CACHEDIR=%s', _get_cachedir, always=False)
  
  
  def _get_data_path():
      'get the path to matplotlib data'
  
      if 'MATPLOTLIBDATA' in os.environ:
          path = os.environ['MATPLOTLIBDATA']
          if not os.path.isdir(path):
              raise RuntimeError('Path in environment MATPLOTLIBDATA not a '
                                 'directory')
          return path
  
      path = os.sep.join([os.path.dirname(__file__), 'mpl-data'])
      if os.path.isdir(path):
          return path
  
      # setuptools' namespace_packages may highjack this init file
      # so need to try something known to be in matplotlib, not basemap
      import matplotlib.afm
      path = os.sep.join([os.path.dirname(matplotlib.afm.__file__), 'mpl-data'])
      if os.path.isdir(path):
          return path
  
      # py2exe zips pure python, so still need special check
      if getattr(sys, 'frozen', None):
          exe_path = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
          path = os.path.join(exe_path, 'mpl-data')
          if os.path.isdir(path):
              return path
  
          # Try again assuming we need to step up one more directory
          path = os.path.join(os.path.split(exe_path)[0], 'mpl-data')
          if os.path.isdir(path):
              return path
  
          # Try again assuming sys.path[0] is a dir not a exe
          path = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'mpl-data')
          if os.path.isdir(path):
              return path
  
      raise RuntimeError('Could not find the matplotlib data files')
  
  
  def _get_data_path_cached():
      if defaultParams['datapath'][0] is None:
          defaultParams['datapath'][0] = _get_data_path()
      return defaultParams['datapath'][0]
  
  get_data_path = verbose.wrap('matplotlib data path %s', _get_data_path_cached,
                               always=False)
  
  
  def get_example_data(fname):
      """
      get_example_data is deprecated -- use matplotlib.cbook.get_sample_data
                                        instead
      """
      raise NotImplementedError('get_example_data is deprecated -- use '
                                'matplotlib.cbook.get_sample_data instead')
  
  
  def get_py2exe_datafiles():
      datapath = get_data_path()
      _, tail = os.path.split(datapath)
      d = {}
      for root, _, files in os.walk(datapath):
          # Need to explicitly remove cocoa_agg files or py2exe complains
          # NOTE I dont know why, but do as previous version
          if 'Matplotlib.nib' in files:
              files.remove('Matplotlib.nib')
          files = [os.path.join(root, filename) for filename in files]
          root = root.replace(tail, 'mpl-data')
          root = root[root.index('mpl-data'):]
          d[root] = files
      return list(d.items())
  
  
  def matplotlib_fname():
      """
      Get the location of the config file.
  
      The file location is determined in the following order
  
      - `$PWD/matplotlibrc`
  
      - environment variable `MATPLOTLIBRC`
  
      - `$MPLCONFIGDIR/matplotlib`
  
      - On Linux,
  
            - `$HOME/.matplotlib/matplotlibrc`, if it exists
  
            - or `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/matplotlib/matplotlibrc` (if
              $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is defined)
  
            - or `$HOME/.config/matplotlib/matplotlibrc` (if
              $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is not defined)
  
      - On other platforms,
  
           - `$HOME/.matplotlib/matplotlibrc` if `$HOME` is defined.
  
      - Lastly, it looks in `$MATPLOTLIBDATA/matplotlibrc` for a
        system-defined copy.
      """
      if six.PY2:
          cwd = os.getcwdu()
      else:
          cwd = os.getcwd()
      fname = os.path.join(cwd, 'matplotlibrc')
      if os.path.exists(fname):
          return fname
  
      if 'MATPLOTLIBRC' in os.environ:
          path = os.environ['MATPLOTLIBRC']
          if os.path.exists(path):
              fname = os.path.join(path, 'matplotlibrc')
              if os.path.exists(fname):
                  return fname
  
      configdir = _get_configdir()
      if configdir is not None:
          fname = os.path.join(configdir, 'matplotlibrc')
          if os.path.exists(fname):
              home = get_home()
              if (sys.platform.startswith('linux') and
                  home is not None and
                  os.path.exists(os.path.join(
                      home, '.matplotlib', 'matplotlibrc'))):
                  warnings.warn(
                      "Found matplotlib configuration in ~/.matplotlib/. "
                      "To conform with the XDG base directory standard, "
                      "this configuration location has been deprecated "
                      "on Linux, and the new location is now %s/matplotlib/. "
                      "Please move your configuration there to ensure that "
                      "matplotlib will continue to find it in the future." %
                      _get_xdg_config_dir())
                  return os.path.join(
                      home, '.matplotlib', 'matplotlibrc')
              return fname
  
      path = get_data_path()  # guaranteed to exist or raise
      fname = os.path.join(path, 'matplotlibrc')
      if not os.path.exists(fname):
          warnings.warn('Could not find matplotlibrc; using defaults')
  
      return fname
  
  
  _deprecated_map = {
      'text.fontstyle':   ('font.style', lambda x: x),
      'text.fontangle':   ('font.style', lambda x: x),
      'text.fontvariant': ('font.variant', lambda x: x),
      'text.fontweight':  ('font.weight', lambda x: x),
      'text.fontsize':    ('font.size', lambda x: x),
      'tick.size':        ('tick.major.size', lambda x: x),
      'svg.embed_char_paths': ('svg.fonttype',
                               lambda x: "path" if x else "none"),
      'savefig.extension': ('savefig.format', lambda x: x),
      }
  
  _deprecated_ignore_map = {
      }
  
  _obsolete_set = set(['tk.pythoninspect', ])
  _all_deprecated = set(chain(_deprecated_ignore_map,
                              _deprecated_map, _obsolete_set))
  
  
  class RcParams(dict):
  
      """
      A dictionary object including validation
  
      validating functions are defined and associated with rc parameters in
      :mod:`matplotlib.rcsetup`
      """
  
      validate = dict((key, converter) for key, (default, converter) in
                      six.iteritems(defaultParams)
                      if key not in _all_deprecated)
      msg_depr = "%s is deprecated and replaced with %s; please use the latter."
      msg_depr_ignore = "%s is deprecated and ignored. Use %s"
  
      # validate values on the way in
      def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
          for k, v in six.iteritems(dict(*args, **kwargs)):
              self[k] = v
  
      def __setitem__(self, key, val):
          try:
              if key in _deprecated_map:
                  alt_key, alt_val = _deprecated_map[key]
                  warnings.warn(self.msg_depr % (key, alt_key))
                  key = alt_key
                  val = alt_val(val)
              elif key in _deprecated_ignore_map:
                  alt = _deprecated_ignore_map[key]
                  warnings.warn(self.msg_depr_ignore % (key, alt))
                  return
              try:
                  cval = self.validate[key](val)
              except ValueError as ve:
                  raise ValueError("Key %s: %s" % (key, str(ve)))
              dict.__setitem__(self, key, cval)
          except KeyError:
              raise KeyError('%s is not a valid rc parameter.\
  See rcParams.keys() for a list of valid parameters.' % (key,))
  
      def __getitem__(self, key):
          if key in _deprecated_map:
              alt_key, alt_val = _deprecated_map[key]
              warnings.warn(self.msg_depr % (key, alt_key))
              key = alt_key
          elif key in _deprecated_ignore_map:
              alt = _deprecated_ignore_map[key]
              warnings.warn(self.msg_depr_ignore % (key, alt))
              key = alt
          return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
  
      # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2390827
      # (how-to-properly-subclass-dict-and-override-get-set)
      # the default dict `update` does not use __setitem__
      # so rcParams.update(...) (such as in seaborn) side-steps
      # all of the validation over-ride update to force
      # through __setitem__
      def update(self, *args, **kwargs):
          for k, v in six.iteritems(dict(*args, **kwargs)):
              self[k] = v
  
      def __repr__(self):
          import pprint
          class_name = self.__class__.__name__
          indent = len(class_name) + 1
          repr_split = pprint.pformat(dict(self), indent=1,
                                      width=80 - indent).split('\n')
          repr_indented = ('\n' + ' ' * indent).join(repr_split)
          return '{0}({1})'.format(class_name, repr_indented)
  
      def __str__(self):
          return '\n'.join('{0}: {1}'.format(k, v)
                           for k, v in sorted(self.items()))
  
      def keys(self):
          """
          Return sorted list of keys.
          """
          k = list(dict.keys(self))
          k.sort()
          return k
  
      def values(self):
          """
          Return values in order of sorted keys.
          """
          return [self[k] for k in self.keys()]
  
      def find_all(self, pattern):
          """
          Return the subset of this RcParams dictionary whose keys match,
          using :func:`re.search`, the given ``pattern``.
  
          .. note::
  
              Changes to the returned dictionary are *not* propagated to
              the parent RcParams dictionary.
  
          """
          import re
          pattern_re = re.compile(pattern)
          return RcParams((key, value)
                          for key, value in self.items()
                          if pattern_re.search(key))
  
  
  def rc_params(fail_on_error=False):
      """Return a :class:`matplotlib.RcParams` instance from the
      default matplotlib rc file.
      """
      fname = matplotlib_fname()
      if not os.path.exists(fname):
          # this should never happen, default in mpl-data should always be found
          message = 'could not find rc file; returning defaults'
          ret = RcParams([(key, default) for key, (default, _) in
                          six.iteritems(defaultParams)
                          if key not in _all_deprecated])
          warnings.warn(message)
          return ret
  
      return rc_params_from_file(fname, fail_on_error)
  
  
  URL_REGEX = re.compile(r'http://|https://|ftp://|file://|file:\\')
  
  
  def is_url(filename):
      """Return True if string is an http, ftp, or file URL path."""
      return URL_REGEX.match(filename) is not None
  
  
  def _url_lines(f):
      # Compatibility for urlopen in python 3, which yields bytes.
      for line in f:
          yield line.decode('utf8')
  
  
  @contextlib.contextmanager
  def _open_file_or_url(fname):
      if is_url(fname):
          f = urlopen(fname)
          yield _url_lines(f)
          f.close()
      else:
          with io.open(fname, encoding=locale.getdefaultlocale()[1]) as f:
              yield f
  
  
  _error_details_fmt = 'line #%d\n\t"%s"\n\tin file "%s"'
  
  
  def _rc_params_in_file(fname, fail_on_error=False):
      """Return :class:`matplotlib.RcParams` from the contents of the given file.
  
      Unlike `rc_params_from_file`, the configuration class only contains the
      parameters specified in the file (i.e. default values are not filled in).
      """
      cnt = 0
      rc_temp = {}
      with _open_file_or_url(fname) as fd:
          for line in fd:
              cnt += 1
              strippedline = line.split('#', 1)[0].strip()
              if not strippedline:
                  continue
              tup = strippedline.split(':', 1)
              if len(tup) != 2:
                  error_details = _error_details_fmt % (cnt, line, fname)
                  warnings.warn('Illegal %s' % error_details)
                  continue
              key, val = tup
              key = key.strip()
              val = val.strip()
              if key in rc_temp:
                  warnings.warn('Duplicate key in file "%s", line #%d' %
                                (fname, cnt))
              rc_temp[key] = (val, line, cnt)
  
      config = RcParams()
  
      for key in ('verbose.level', 'verbose.fileo'):
          if key in rc_temp:
              val, line, cnt = rc_temp.pop(key)
              if fail_on_error:
                  config[key] = val  # try to convert to proper type or raise
              else:
                  try:
                      config[key] = val  # try to convert to proper type or skip
                  except Exception as msg:
                      error_details = _error_details_fmt % (cnt, line, fname)
                      warnings.warn('Bad val "%s" on %s\n\t%s' %
                                    (val, error_details, msg))
  
      for key, (val, line, cnt) in six.iteritems(rc_temp):
          if key in defaultParams:
              if fail_on_error:
                  config[key] = val  # try to convert to proper type or raise
              else:
                  try:
                      config[key] = val  # try to convert to proper type or skip
                  except Exception as msg:
                      error_details = _error_details_fmt % (cnt, line, fname)
                      warnings.warn('Bad val "%s" on %s\n\t%s' %
                                    (val, error_details, msg))
          elif key in _deprecated_ignore_map:
              warnings.warn('%s is deprecated. Update your matplotlibrc to use '
                            '%s instead.' % (key, _deprecated_ignore_map[key]))
  
          else:
              print("""
  Bad key "%s" on line %d in
  %s.
  You probably need to get an updated matplotlibrc file from
  http://matplotlib.sf.net/_static/matplotlibrc or from the matplotlib source
  distribution""" % (key, cnt, fname), file=sys.stderr)
  
      return config
  
  
  def rc_params_from_file(fname, fail_on_error=False, use_default_template=True):
      """Return :class:`matplotlib.RcParams` from the contents of the given file.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      fname : str
          Name of file parsed for matplotlib settings.
      fail_on_error : bool
          If True, raise an error when the parser fails to convert a parameter.
      use_default_template : bool
          If True, initialize with default parameters before updating with those
          in the given file. If False, the configuration class only contains the
          parameters specified in the file. (Useful for updating dicts.)
      """
      config_from_file = _rc_params_in_file(fname, fail_on_error)
  
      if not use_default_template:
          return config_from_file
  
      iter_params = six.iteritems(defaultParams)
      config = RcParams([(key, default) for key, (default, _) in iter_params
                                        if key not in _all_deprecated])
      config.update(config_from_file)
  
      verbose.set_level(config['verbose.level'])
      verbose.set_fileo(config['verbose.fileo'])
  
      if config['datapath'] is None:
          config['datapath'] = get_data_path()
  
      if not config['text.latex.preamble'] == ['']:
          verbose.report("""
  *****************************************************************
  You have the following UNSUPPORTED LaTeX preamble customizations:
  %s
  Please do not ask for support with these customizations active.
  *****************************************************************
  """ % '\n'.join(config['text.latex.preamble']), 'helpful')
  
      verbose.report('loaded rc file %s' % fname)
  
      return config
  
  
  # this is the instance used by the matplotlib classes
  rcParams = rc_params()
  
  if rcParams['examples.directory']:
      # paths that are intended to be relative to matplotlib_fname()
      # are allowed for the examples.directory parameter.
      # However, we will need to fully qualify the path because
      # Sphinx requires absolute paths.
      if not os.path.isabs(rcParams['examples.directory']):
          _basedir, _fname = os.path.split(matplotlib_fname())
          # Sometimes matplotlib_fname() can return relative paths,
          # Also, using realpath() guarentees that Sphinx will use
          # the same path that matplotlib sees (in case of weird symlinks).
          _basedir = os.path.realpath(_basedir)
          _fullpath = os.path.join(_basedir, rcParams['examples.directory'])
          rcParams['examples.directory'] = _fullpath
  
  rcParamsOrig = rcParams.copy()
  
  rcParamsDefault = RcParams([(key, default) for key, (default, converter) in
                              six.iteritems(defaultParams)
                              if key not in _all_deprecated])
  
  rcParams['ps.usedistiller'] = checkdep_ps_distiller(
                        rcParams['ps.usedistiller'])
  
  rcParams['text.usetex'] = checkdep_usetex(rcParams['text.usetex'])
  
  if rcParams['axes.formatter.use_locale']:
      locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
  
  
  def rc(group, **kwargs):
      """
      Set the current rc params.  Group is the grouping for the rc, e.g.,
      for ``lines.linewidth`` the group is ``lines``, for
      ``axes.facecolor``, the group is ``axes``, and so on.  Group may
      also be a list or tuple of group names, e.g., (*xtick*, *ytick*).
      *kwargs* is a dictionary attribute name/value pairs, e.g.,::
  
        rc('lines', linewidth=2, color='r')
  
      sets the current rc params and is equivalent to::
  
        rcParams['lines.linewidth'] = 2
        rcParams['lines.color'] = 'r'
  
      The following aliases are available to save typing for interactive
      users:
  
      =====   =================
      Alias   Property
      =====   =================
      'lw'    'linewidth'
      'ls'    'linestyle'
      'c'     'color'
      'fc'    'facecolor'
      'ec'    'edgecolor'
      'mew'   'markeredgewidth'
      'aa'    'antialiased'
      =====   =================
  
      Thus you could abbreviate the above rc command as::
  
            rc('lines', lw=2, c='r')
  
  
      Note you can use python's kwargs dictionary facility to store
      dictionaries of default parameters.  e.g., you can customize the
      font rc as follows::
  
        font = {'family' : 'monospace',
                'weight' : 'bold',
                'size'   : 'larger'}
  
        rc('font', **font)  # pass in the font dict as kwargs
  
      This enables you to easily switch between several configurations.
      Use :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.rcdefaults` to restore the default
      rc params after changes.
      """
  
      aliases = {
          'lw':  'linewidth',
          'ls':  'linestyle',
          'c':   'color',
          'fc':  'facecolor',
          'ec':  'edgecolor',
          'mew': 'markeredgewidth',
          'aa':  'antialiased',
          }
  
      if is_string_like(group):
          group = (group,)
      for g in group:
          for k, v in six.iteritems(kwargs):
              name = aliases.get(k) or k
              key = '%s.%s' % (g, name)
              try:
                  rcParams[key] = v
              except KeyError:
                  raise KeyError(('Unrecognized key "%s" for group "%s" and '
                                  'name "%s"') % (key, g, name))
  
  
  def rcdefaults():
      """
      Restore the default rc params.  These are not the params loaded by
      the rc file, but mpl's internal params.  See rc_file_defaults for
      reloading the default params from the rc file
      """
      rcParams.clear()
      rcParams.update(rcParamsDefault)
  
  
  def rc_file(fname):
      """
      Update rc params from file.
      """
      rcParams.update(rc_params_from_file(fname))
  
  
  class rc_context(object):
      """
      Return a context manager for managing rc settings.
  
      This allows one to do::
  
          with mpl.rc_context(fname='screen.rc'):
              plt.plot(x, a)
              with mpl.rc_context(fname='print.rc'):
                  plt.plot(x, b)
              plt.plot(x, c)
  
      The 'a' vs 'x' and 'c' vs 'x' plots would have settings from
      'screen.rc', while the 'b' vs 'x' plot would have settings from
      'print.rc'.
  
      A dictionary can also be passed to the context manager::
  
          with mpl.rc_context(rc={'text.usetex': True}, fname='screen.rc'):
              plt.plot(x, a)
  
      The 'rc' dictionary takes precedence over the settings loaded from
      'fname'.  Passing a dictionary only is also valid.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, rc=None, fname=None):
          self.rcdict = rc
          self.fname = fname
          self._rcparams = rcParams.copy()
          try:
              if self.fname:
                  rc_file(self.fname)
              if self.rcdict:
                  rcParams.update(self.rcdict)
          except:
              # if anything goes wrong, revert rc parameters and re-raise
              rcParams.clear()
              rcParams.update(self._rcparams)
              raise
  
      def __enter__(self):
          return self
  
      def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
          rcParams.update(self._rcparams)
  
  
  def rc_file_defaults():
      """
      Restore the default rc params from the original matplotlib rc that
      was loaded
      """
      rcParams.update(rcParamsOrig)
  
  _use_error_msg = """ This call to matplotlib.use() has no effect
  because the backend has already been chosen;
  matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
  or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time.
  """
  
  
  def use(arg, warn=True, force=False):
      """
      Set the matplotlib backend to one of the known backends.
  
      The argument is case-insensitive. *warn* specifies whether a
      warning should be issued if a backend has already been set up.
      *force* is an **experimental** flag that tells matplotlib to
      attempt to initialize a new backend by reloading the backend
      module.
  
      .. note::
  
          This function must be called *before* importing pyplot for
          the first time; or, if you are not using pyplot, it must be called
          before importing matplotlib.backends.  If warn is True, a warning
          is issued if you try and call this after pylab or pyplot have been
          loaded.  In certain black magic use cases, e.g.
          :func:`pyplot.switch_backend`, we are doing the reloading necessary to
          make the backend switch work (in some cases, e.g., pure image
          backends) so one can set warn=False to suppress the warnings.
  
      To find out which backend is currently set, see
      :func:`matplotlib.get_backend`.
  
      """
      # Lets determine the proper backend name first
      if arg.startswith('module://'):
          name = arg
      else:
          # Lowercase only non-module backend names (modules are case-sensitive)
          arg = arg.lower()
          name = validate_backend(arg)
  
      # Check if we've already set up a backend
      if 'matplotlib.backends' in sys.modules:
          # Warn only if called with a different name
          if (rcParams['backend'] != name) and warn:
              warnings.warn(_use_error_msg)
  
          # Unless we've been told to force it, just return
          if not force:
              return
          need_reload = True
      else:
          need_reload = False
  
      # Store the backend name
      rcParams['backend'] = name
  
      # If needed we reload here because a lot of setup code is triggered on
      # module import. See backends/__init__.py for more detail.
      if need_reload:
          reload(sys.modules['matplotlib.backends'])
  
  
  def get_backend():
      """Return the name of the current backend."""
      return rcParams['backend']
  
  
  def interactive(b):
      """
      Set interactive mode to boolean b.
  
      If b is True, then draw after every plotting command, e.g., after xlabel
      """
      rcParams['interactive'] = b
  
  
  def is_interactive():
      'Return true if plot mode is interactive'
      return rcParams['interactive']
  
  
  def tk_window_focus():
      """Return true if focus maintenance under TkAgg on win32 is on.
       This currently works only for python.exe and IPython.exe.
       Both IDLE and Pythonwin.exe fail badly when tk_window_focus is on."""
      if rcParams['backend'] != 'TkAgg':
          return False
      return rcParams['tk.window_focus']
  
  # Now allow command line to override
  
  # Allow command line access to the backend with -d (MATLAB compatible
  # flag)
  
  for s in sys.argv[1:]:
      # cast to str because we are using unicode_literals,
      # and argv is always str
      if s.startswith(str('-d')) and len(s) > 2:  # look for a -d flag
          try:
              use(s[2:])
              warnings.warn("Using the -d command line argument to select a "
                            "matplotlib backend is deprecated. Please use the "
                            "MPLBACKEND environment variable instead.",
                            mplDeprecation)
              break
          except (KeyError, ValueError):
              pass
          # we don't want to assume all -d flags are backends, e.g., -debug
  else:
      # no backend selected from the command line, so we check the environment
      # variable MPLBACKEND
      try:
          use(os.environ['MPLBACKEND'])
      except (KeyError, ValueError):
          pass
  
  default_test_modules = [
      'matplotlib.tests.test_agg',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_animation',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_arrow_patches',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_artist',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_axes',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_backend_bases',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_backend_pdf',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_backend_pgf',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_backend_ps',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_backend_qt4',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_backend_svg',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_basic',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_bbox_tight',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_cbook',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_coding_standards',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_collections',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_colorbar',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_colors',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_compare_images',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_contour',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_dates',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_delaunay',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_figure',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_font_manager',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_gridspec',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_image',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_legend',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_lines',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_mathtext',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_mlab',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_patches',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_path',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_patheffects',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_pickle',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_png',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_quiver',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_rcparams',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_scale',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_simplification',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_spines',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_streamplot',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_style',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_subplots',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_table',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_text',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_ticker',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_tightlayout',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_transforms',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_triangulation',
      'matplotlib.tests.test_widgets',
      'matplotlib.sphinxext.tests.test_tinypages',
      'mpl_toolkits.tests.test_mplot3d',
      'mpl_toolkits.tests.test_axes_grid1',
      'mpl_toolkits.tests.test_axes_grid',
      ]
  
  
  def test(verbosity=1):
      """run the matplotlib test suite"""
      try:
          import faulthandler
      except ImportError:
          pass
      else:
          faulthandler.enable()
  
      old_backend = rcParams['backend']
      try:
          use('agg')
          import nose
          import nose.plugins.builtin
          from .testing.noseclasses import KnownFailure
          from nose.plugins.manager import PluginManager
          from nose.plugins import multiprocess
  
          # store the old values before overriding
          plugins = []
          plugins.append(KnownFailure())
          plugins.extend([plugin() for plugin in nose.plugins.builtin.plugins])
  
          manager = PluginManager(plugins=plugins)
          config = nose.config.Config(verbosity=verbosity, plugins=manager)
  
          # Nose doesn't automatically instantiate all of the plugins in the
          # child processes, so we have to provide the multiprocess plugin with
          # a list.
          multiprocess._instantiate_plugins = [KnownFailure]
  
          success = nose.run(
              defaultTest=default_test_modules,
              config=config,
          )
      finally:
          if old_backend.lower() != 'agg':
              use(old_backend)
  
      return success
  
  test.__test__ = False  # nose: this function is not a test
  
  verbose.report('matplotlib version %s' % __version__)
  verbose.report('verbose.level %s' % verbose.level)
  verbose.report('interactive is %s' % is_interactive())
  verbose.report('platform is %s' % sys.platform)
  verbose.report('loaded modules: %s' % six.iterkeys(sys.modules), 'debug')
  