text: // Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
  // All rights reserved.
  //
  // Copyright 2019 Google LLC
  //
  // This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
  // LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
  
  #pragma once
  
  #include <gtest/gtest.h>
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <cassert>
  #include <cmath>
  #include <cstddef>
  #include <cstdlib>
  #include <functional>
  #include <limits>
  #include <random>
  #include <vector>
  
  #include <fp16.h>
  
  #include <xnnpack.h>
  
  namespace {
  
  template<class T>
  inline T doz(T a, T b) {
    return a > b ? a - b : T(0);
  }
  
  }  // namespace
  
  class DeconvolutionOperatorTester {
   public:
    enum class WeightsType {
      Default,
      FP32,
    };
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& padding(uint32_t padding) {
      this->padding_top_ = padding;
      this->padding_right_ = padding;
      this->padding_bottom_ = padding;
      this->padding_left_ = padding;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& padding_height(uint32_t padding_height) {
      this->padding_top_ = padding_height;
      this->padding_bottom_ = padding_height;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t padding_height() const {
      return this->padding_top_ + this->padding_bottom_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& padding_width(uint32_t padding_width) {
      this->padding_right_ = padding_width;
      this->padding_left_ = padding_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t padding_width() const {
      return this->padding_left_ + this->padding_right_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& padding_top(uint32_t padding_top) {
      this->padding_top_ = padding_top;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t padding_top() const { return this->padding_top_; }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& padding_right(uint32_t padding_right) {
      this->padding_right_ = padding_right;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t padding_right() const { return this->padding_right_; }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& padding_bottom(uint32_t padding_bottom) {
      this->padding_bottom_ = padding_bottom;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t padding_bottom() const { return this->padding_bottom_; }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& padding_left(uint32_t padding_left) {
      this->padding_left_ = padding_left;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t padding_left() const { return this->padding_left_; }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& adjustment_height(uint32_t adjustment_height) {
      this->adjustment_height_ = adjustment_height;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t adjustment_height() const {
      return this->adjustment_height_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& adjustment_width(uint32_t adjustment_width) {
      this->adjustment_width_ = adjustment_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t adjustment_width() const {
      return this->adjustment_width_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& input_size(uint32_t input_height, uint32_t input_width) {
      assert(input_height >= 1);
      assert(input_width >= 1);
      this->input_height_ = input_height;
      this->input_width_ = input_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& input_height(uint32_t input_height) {
      assert(input_height >= 1);
      this->input_height_ = input_height;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t input_height() const {
      return this->input_height_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& input_width(uint32_t input_width) {
      assert(input_width >= 1);
      this->input_width_ = input_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t input_width() const {
      return this->input_width_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& groups(uint32_t groups) {
      assert(groups >= 1);
      this->groups_ = groups;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t groups() const {
      return this->groups_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& group_input_channels(size_t group_input_channels) {
      assert(group_input_channels >= 1);
      this->group_input_channels_ = group_input_channels;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline size_t group_input_channels() const {
      return this->group_input_channels_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& group_output_channels(size_t group_output_channels) {
      assert(group_output_channels >= 1);
      this->group_output_channels_ = group_output_channels;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline size_t group_output_channels() const {
      return this->group_output_channels_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& batch_size(size_t batch_size) {
      assert(batch_size >= 1);
      this->batch_size_ = batch_size;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline size_t batch_size() const {
      return this->batch_size_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& kernel_size(uint32_t kernel_size) {
      assert(kernel_size >= 1);
      this->kernel_height_ = kernel_size;
      this->kernel_width_ = kernel_size;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& kernel_size(uint32_t kernel_height, uint32_t kernel_width) {
      assert(kernel_height >= 1);
      assert(kernel_width >= 1);
      this->kernel_height_ = kernel_height;
      this->kernel_width_ = kernel_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& kernel_height(uint32_t kernel_height) {
      assert(kernel_height >= 1);
      this->kernel_height_ = kernel_height;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t kernel_height() const {
      return this->kernel_height_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& kernel_width(uint32_t kernel_width) {
      assert(kernel_width >= 1);
      this->kernel_width_ = kernel_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t kernel_width() const {
      return this->kernel_width_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& dilation(uint32_t dilation) {
      assert(dilation >= 1);
      this->dilation_height_ = dilation;
      this->dilation_width_ = dilation;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& dilation(uint32_t dilation_height, uint32_t dilation_width) {
      assert(dilation_height >= 1);
      assert(dilation_width >= 1);
      this->dilation_height_ = dilation_height;
      this->dilation_width_ = dilation_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& dilation_height(uint32_t dilation_height) {
      assert(dilation_height >= 1);
      this->dilation_height_ = dilation_height;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t dilation_height() const {
      return this->dilation_height_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& dilation_width(uint32_t dilation_width) {
      assert(dilation_width >= 1);
      this->dilation_width_ = dilation_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t dilation_width() const {
      return this->dilation_width_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& stride(uint32_t stride) {
      assert(stride >= 1);
      this->stride_height_ = stride;
      this->stride_width_ = stride;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& stride(uint32_t stride_height, uint32_t stride_width) {
      assert(stride_height >= 1);
      assert(stride_width >= 1);
      this->stride_height_ = stride_height;
      this->stride_width_ = stride_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& stride_height(uint32_t stride_height) {
      assert(stride_height >= 1);
      this->stride_height_ = stride_height;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t stride_height() const {
      return this->stride_height_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& stride_width(uint32_t stride_width) {
      assert(stride_width >= 1);
      this->stride_width_ = stride_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t stride_width() const {
      return this->stride_width_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& input_pixel_stride(size_t input_pixel_stride) {
      assert(input_pixel_stride >= 1);
      this->input_pixel_stride_ = input_pixel_stride;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline size_t input_pixel_stride() const {
      if (this->input_pixel_stride_ == 0) {
        return group_input_channels() * groups();
      } else {
        assert(this->input_pixel_stride_ >= group_input_channels() * groups());
        return this->input_pixel_stride_;
      }
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& output_pixel_stride(size_t output_pixel_stride) {
      assert(output_pixel_stride >= 1);
      this->output_pixel_stride_ = output_pixel_stride;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline size_t output_pixel_stride() const {
      if (this->output_pixel_stride_ == 0) {
        return group_output_channels() * groups();
      } else {
        assert(this->output_pixel_stride_ >= group_output_channels() * groups());
        return this->output_pixel_stride_;
      }
    }
  
    inline uint32_t dilated_kernel_height() const {
      return (kernel_height() - 1) * dilation_height() + 1;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t dilated_kernel_width() const {
      return (kernel_width() - 1) * dilation_width() + 1;
    }
  
    inline size_t output_height() const {
      return stride_height() * (input_height() - 1) + adjustment_height() + dilated_kernel_height() - padding_height();
    }
  
    inline size_t output_width() const {
      return stride_width() * (input_width() - 1) + adjustment_width() + dilated_kernel_width() - padding_width();
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& next_input_size(uint32_t next_input_height, uint32_t next_input_width) {
      assert(next_input_height >= 1);
      assert(next_input_width >= 1);
      this->next_input_height_ = next_input_height;
      this->next_input_width_ = next_input_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& next_input_height(uint32_t next_input_height) {
      assert(next_input_height >= 1);
      this->next_input_height_ = next_input_height;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t next_input_height() const {
      if (this->next_input_height_ == 0) {
        return input_height();
      } else {
        return this->next_input_height_;
      }
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& next_input_width(uint32_t next_input_width) {
      assert(next_input_width >= 1);
      this->next_input_width_ = next_input_width;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint32_t next_input_width() const {
      if (this->next_input_width_ == 0) {
        return input_width();
      } else {
        return this->next_input_width_;
      }
    }
  
    inline size_t next_output_height() const {
      return stride_height() * (next_input_height() - 1) + adjustment_height() + dilated_kernel_height() - padding_height();
    }
  
    inline size_t next_output_width() const {
      return stride_width() * (next_input_width() - 1) + adjustment_width() + dilated_kernel_width() - padding_width();
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& next_batch_size(size_t next_batch_size) {
      assert(next_batch_size >= 1);
      this->next_batch_size_ = next_batch_size;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline size_t next_batch_size() const {
      if (this->next_batch_size_ == 0) {
        return batch_size();
      } else {
        return this->next_batch_size_;
      }
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& qmin(uint8_t qmin) {
      this->qmin_ = qmin;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint8_t qmin() const {
      return this->qmin_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& qmax(uint8_t qmax) {
      this->qmax_ = qmax;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline uint8_t qmax() const {
      return this->qmax_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& has_bias(bool has_bias) {
      this->has_bias_ = has_bias;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline bool has_bias() const {
      return this->has_bias_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& weights_type(WeightsType weights_type) {
      this->weights_type_ = weights_type;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline WeightsType weights_type() const {
      return this->weights_type_;
    }
  
    inline DeconvolutionOperatorTester& iterations(size_t iterations) {
      this->iterations_ = iterations;
      return *this;
    }
  
    inline size_t iterations() const {
      return this->iterations_;
    }
  
    void TestQS8() const {
      ASSERT_EQ(weights_type(), WeightsType::Default);
  
      std::random_device random_device;
      auto rng = std::mt19937(random_device());
      auto i32rng = std::bind(std::uniform_int_distribution<int32_t>(-10000, 10000), std::ref(rng));
      auto i8rng = std::bind(
        std::uniform_int_distribution<int32_t>(std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min(), std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()),
        std::ref(rng));
      auto w8rng = std::bind(
        std::uniform_int_distribution<int32_t>(-std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max(), std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()),
        std::ref(rng));
  
      std::vector<int8_t> input(XNN_EXTRA_BYTES / sizeof(int8_t) +
        (batch_size() * input_height() * input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<int8_t> kernel(groups() * group_output_channels() * kernel_height() * kernel_width() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<int32_t> bias(groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<int8_t> output((batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<int32_t> accumulators(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<double> output_ref(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
  
      const int8_t input_zero_point = 1;
  
      for (size_t iteration = 0; iteration < iterations(); iteration++) {
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(i8rng));
        std::generate(kernel.begin(), kernel.end(), std::ref(w8rng));
        std::generate(bias.begin(), bias.end(), std::ref(i32rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), 0xA5);
  
        // Compute reference results, without renormalization.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    accumulators[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(accumulators.begin(), accumulators.end(), 0);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            accumulators[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              (int32_t(input[((i * input_height() + iy) * input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(input_zero_point)) *
                              int32_t(kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic]);
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Compute renormalization parameters.
        const int32_t accumulated_min = *std::min_element(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend());
        const int32_t accumulated_max = *std::max_element(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend());
  
        const double output_scale = double(uint32_t(accumulated_max - accumulated_min)) / 255.0;
        const int8_t output_zero_point = int8_t(std::max(std::min(
          lrint(-0.5 - 0.5 * double(accumulated_min + accumulated_max) / output_scale),
          long(std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max())), long(std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min())));
  
        // Renormalize reference results.
        std::transform(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend(), output_ref.begin(),
          [this, output_scale, output_zero_point](int32_t x) -> double {
            return std::max<double>(std::min<double>(double(x) / output_scale, double(qmax() - 0x80) - output_zero_point), double(qmin() - 0x80) - output_zero_point);
          });
  
        // Create, setup, run, and destroy Deconvolution operator.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, xnn_initialize(nullptr /* allocator */));
        xnn_operator_t deconvolution_op = nullptr;
  
        ASSERT_EQ(
            xnn_status_success,
            xnn_create_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qs8(
                padding_top(), padding_right(), padding_bottom(), padding_left(),
                kernel_height(), kernel_width(), stride_height(), stride_width(),
                dilation_height(), dilation_width(), groups(),
                group_input_channels(), group_output_channels(),
                input_pixel_stride(), output_pixel_stride(), input_zero_point,
                1.0f /* input scale */, 1.0f /* kernel scale */, kernel.data(),
                has_bias() ? bias.data() : nullptr, output_zero_point,
                output_scale, int8_t(qmin() - 0x80), int8_t(qmax() - 0x80),
                /*flags=*/0, NULL, &deconvolution_op));
  
        // Smart pointer to automatically delete deconvolution_op.
        std::unique_ptr<xnn_operator, decltype(&xnn_delete_operator)> auto_deconvolution_op(deconvolution_op, xnn_delete_operator);
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qs8(
            deconvolution_op,
            batch_size(), input_height(), input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_LE(int32_t(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmax() - 0x80))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_GE(int32_t(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmin() - 0x80))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      double(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]) - double(output_zero_point),
                      0.9)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    void TestQU8() const {
      ASSERT_EQ(weights_type(), WeightsType::Default);
  
      std::random_device random_device;
      auto rng = std::mt19937(random_device());
      auto i32rng = std::bind(std::uniform_int_distribution<int32_t>(-10000, 10000), std::ref(rng));
      auto u8rng = std::bind(
        std::uniform_int_distribution<uint32_t>(0, std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()), std::ref(rng));
  
      std::vector<uint8_t> input(XNN_EXTRA_BYTES / sizeof(uint8_t) +
        (batch_size() * input_height() * input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<uint8_t> kernel(groups() * group_output_channels() * kernel_height() * kernel_width() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<int32_t> bias(groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<uint8_t> output((batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<int32_t> accumulators(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<double> output_ref(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
  
      const uint8_t input_zero_point = 127;
      const uint8_t kernel_zero_point = 127;
  
      for (size_t iteration = 0; iteration < iterations(); iteration++) {
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(u8rng));
        std::generate(kernel.begin(), kernel.end(), std::ref(u8rng));
        std::generate(bias.begin(), bias.end(), std::ref(i32rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), 0xA5);
  
        // Compute reference results, without renormalization.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    accumulators[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(accumulators.begin(), accumulators.end(), 0);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            accumulators[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              (int32_t(input[((i * input_height() + iy) * input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(input_zero_point)) *
                              (int32_t(kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(kernel_zero_point));
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Compute renormalization parameters.
        const int32_t accumulated_min = *std::min_element(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend());
        const int32_t accumulated_max = *std::max_element(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend());
  
        const double output_scale = double(uint32_t(accumulated_max - accumulated_min)) / 255.0;
        const uint8_t output_zero_point = uint8_t(std::max(std::min(
          lrint(127.5 - 0.5 * double(accumulated_min + accumulated_max) / output_scale),
          long(std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max())), long(std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::min())));
  
        // Renormalize reference results.
        std::transform(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend(), output_ref.begin(),
          [this, output_scale, output_zero_point](int32_t x) -> double {
            return std::max<double>(std::min<double>(double(x) / output_scale, double(qmax()) - output_zero_point), double(qmin()) - output_zero_point);
          });
  
        // Create, setup, run, and destroy Deconvolution operator.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, xnn_initialize(nullptr /* allocator */));
        xnn_operator_t deconvolution_op = nullptr;
  
        ASSERT_EQ(
            xnn_status_success,
            xnn_create_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qu8(
                padding_top(), padding_right(), padding_bottom(), padding_left(),
                kernel_height(), kernel_width(), stride_height(), stride_width(),
                dilation_height(), dilation_width(), groups(),
                group_input_channels(), group_output_channels(),
                input_pixel_stride(), output_pixel_stride(), input_zero_point,
                1.0f /* input scale */, kernel_zero_point,
                1.0f /* kernel scale */, kernel.data(),
                has_bias() ? bias.data() : nullptr, output_zero_point,
                output_scale, qmin(), qmax(),
                /*flags=*/0, NULL, &deconvolution_op));
  
        // Smart pointer to automatically delete deconvolution_op.
        std::unique_ptr<xnn_operator, decltype(&xnn_delete_operator)> auto_deconvolution_op(deconvolution_op, xnn_delete_operator);
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qu8(
            deconvolution_op,
            batch_size(), input_height(), input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_LE(int32_t(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmax()))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_GE(int32_t(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmin()))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      double(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]) - double(output_zero_point),
                      0.9)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    void TestF16() const {
      switch (weights_type()) {
        case WeightsType::Default:
          break;
        case WeightsType::FP32:
          break;
        default:
          GTEST_FAIL() << "unexpected weights type";
      }
  
      std::random_device random_device;
      auto rng = std::mt19937(random_device());
      auto f32rng = std::bind(std::uniform_real_distribution<float>(0.1f, 1.0f), std::ref(rng));
      auto f16rng = std::bind(fp16_ieee_from_fp32_value, f32rng);
  
      std::vector<uint16_t> input(XNN_EXTRA_BYTES / sizeof(uint16_t) +
        (batch_size() * input_height() * input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<uint16_t> kernel(groups() * group_output_channels() * kernel_height() * kernel_width() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<float> kernel_as_float(kernel.size());
      std::vector<uint16_t> bias(groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<float> bias_as_float(bias.size());
      std::vector<uint16_t> output((batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<float> output_ref(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
  
      for (size_t iteration = 0; iteration < iterations(); iteration++) {
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(f16rng));
        std::generate(kernel.begin(), kernel.end(), std::ref(f16rng));
        std::transform(kernel.cbegin(), kernel.cend(), kernel_as_float.begin(), fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value);
        std::generate(bias.begin(), bias.end(), std::ref(f16rng));
        std::transform(bias.cbegin(), bias.cend(), bias_as_float.begin(), fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value);
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), UINT16_C(0x7E00) /* NaN */);
  
        // Compute reference results, without clamping.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    output_ref[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias_as_float[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(output_ref.begin(), output_ref.end(), 0.0f);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            output_ref[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(input[((i * input_height() + iy) * input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) *
                              kernel_as_float[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic];
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Compute clamping parameters.
        const float accumulated_min = *std::min_element(output_ref.cbegin(), output_ref.cend());
        const float accumulated_max = *std::max_element(output_ref.cbegin(), output_ref.cend());
        const float accumulated_range = accumulated_max - accumulated_min;
        float output_min = accumulated_min + accumulated_range / 255.0f * float(qmin());
        float output_max = accumulated_max - accumulated_range / 255.0f * float(255 - qmax());
        output_min = fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(fp16_ieee_from_fp32_value(output_min));
        output_max = fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(fp16_ieee_from_fp32_value(output_max));
        if (accumulated_range == 0.0f) {
          output_min = -std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
          output_max = +std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        }
        if (qmin() == std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::min()) {
          output_min = -std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        }
        if (qmax() == std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()) {
          output_max = +std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        }
  
        // Clamp reference results.
        for (float& value : output_ref) {
          value = std::max(std::min(value, output_max), output_min);
        }
  
        // Create, setup, run, and destroy Deconvolution operator.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, xnn_initialize(nullptr /* allocator */));
        xnn_operator_t deconvolution_op = nullptr;
  
        const void* kernel_data = kernel.data();
        const void* bias_data = bias.data();
        if (weights_type() == WeightsType::FP32) {
          kernel_data = kernel_as_float.data();
          bias_data = bias_as_float.data();
        }
        uint32_t flags = 0;
        if (weights_type() == WeightsType::FP32) {
          flags |= XNN_FLAG_FP32_STATIC_WEIGHTS;
        }
        const xnn_status status = xnn_create_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f16(
          padding_top(), padding_right(), padding_bottom(), padding_left(),
          kernel_height(), kernel_width(), stride_height(), stride_width(),
          dilation_height(), dilation_width(), groups(),
          group_input_channels(), group_output_channels(),
          input_pixel_stride(), output_pixel_stride(),
          kernel_data, has_bias() ? bias_data : nullptr,
          output_min, output_max,
          flags, NULL, &deconvolution_op);
        if (status == xnn_status_unsupported_hardware) {
          GTEST_SKIP();
        }
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, status);
        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, deconvolution_op);
  
        // Smart pointer to automatically delete deconvolution_op.
        std::unique_ptr<xnn_operator, decltype(&xnn_delete_operator)> auto_deconvolution_op(deconvolution_op, xnn_delete_operator);
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f16(
            deconvolution_op,
            batch_size(), input_height(), input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_GE(fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), output_min)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_LE(fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), output_max)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]),
                      output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      1.0e-2f * std::abs(output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c]))
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    void TestF32() const {
      ASSERT_EQ(weights_type(), WeightsType::Default);
  
      std::random_device random_device;
      auto rng = std::mt19937(random_device());
      auto f32rng = std::bind(std::uniform_real_distribution<float>(0.1f, 1.0f), std::ref(rng));
  
      std::vector<float> input(XNN_EXTRA_BYTES / sizeof(float) +
        (batch_size() * input_height() * input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<float> kernel(groups() * group_output_channels() * kernel_height() * kernel_width() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<float> bias(groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<float> output((batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<float> output_ref(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
  
      for (size_t iteration = 0; iteration < iterations(); iteration++) {
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(f32rng));
        std::generate(kernel.begin(), kernel.end(), std::ref(f32rng));
        std::generate(bias.begin(), bias.end(), std::ref(f32rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), nanf(""));
        std::fill(output_ref.begin(), output_ref.end(), 0.0f);
  
        // Compute reference results, without clamping.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    output_ref[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(output_ref.begin(), output_ref.end(), 0.0f);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            output_ref[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              input[((i * input_height() + iy) * input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic] *
                              kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic];
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Compute clamping parameters.
        const float accumulated_min = *std::min_element(output_ref.cbegin(), output_ref.cend());
        const float accumulated_max = *std::max_element(output_ref.cbegin(), output_ref.cend());
  
        const float output_min = qmin() == 0 ? -std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity() :
          accumulated_min + (accumulated_max - accumulated_min) / 255.0f * float(qmin());
        const float output_max = qmax() == 255 ? std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity() :
          accumulated_max - (accumulated_max - accumulated_min) / 255.0f * float(255 - qmax());
  
        // Clamp reference results.
        for (float& value : output_ref) {
          value = std::max(std::min(value, output_max), output_min);
        }
  
        // Create, setup, run, and destroy Deconvolution operator.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, xnn_initialize(nullptr /* allocator */));
        xnn_operator_t deconvolution_op = nullptr;
  
        ASSERT_EQ(
            xnn_status_success,
            xnn_create_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f32(
                padding_top(), padding_right(), padding_bottom(), padding_left(),
                kernel_height(), kernel_width(), stride_height(), stride_width(),
                dilation_height(), dilation_width(), groups(),
                group_input_channels(), group_output_channels(),
                input_pixel_stride(), output_pixel_stride(), kernel.data(),
                has_bias() ? bias.data() : nullptr, output_min, output_max,
                /*flags=*/0, NULL, &deconvolution_op));
  
        // Smart pointer to automatically delete deconvolution_op.
        std::unique_ptr<xnn_operator, decltype(&xnn_delete_operator)> auto_deconvolution_op(deconvolution_op, xnn_delete_operator);
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f32(
            deconvolution_op,
            batch_size(), input_height(), input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_GE(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c], output_min)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_LE(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c], output_max)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c],
                      1.0e-4 * std::abs(output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c]))
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    void TestSetupQS8() const {
      ASSERT_EQ(weights_type(), WeightsType::Default);
  
      std::random_device random_device;
      auto rng = std::mt19937(random_device());
      auto i32rng = std::bind(std::uniform_int_distribution<int32_t>(-10000, 10000), std::ref(rng));
      auto i8rng = std::bind(
        std::uniform_int_distribution<int32_t>(std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min(), std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()),
        std::ref(rng));
      auto w8rng = std::bind(
        std::uniform_int_distribution<int32_t>(-std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max(), std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()),
        std::ref(rng));
  
      std::vector<int8_t> input(XNN_EXTRA_BYTES / sizeof(int8_t) + std::max(
        (batch_size() * input_height() * input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels(),
        (next_batch_size() * next_input_height() * next_input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels()));
      std::vector<int8_t> kernel(groups() * group_output_channels() * kernel_height() * kernel_width() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<int32_t> bias(groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<int8_t> output(std::max(
        (batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels(),
        (next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels()));
      std::vector<int32_t> accumulators(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<double> output_ref(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<int32_t> next_accumulators(next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<double> next_output_ref(next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
  
      const int8_t input_zero_point = 127;
  
      for (size_t iteration = 0; iteration < iterations(); iteration++) {
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(i8rng));
        std::generate(kernel.begin(), kernel.end(), std::ref(w8rng));
        std::generate(bias.begin(), bias.end(), std::ref(i32rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), 0xA5);
  
        // Compute reference results, without renormalization.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    accumulators[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(accumulators.begin(), accumulators.end(), 0);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            accumulators[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              (int32_t(input[((i * input_height() + iy) * input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(input_zero_point)) *
                              int32_t(kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic]);
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Compute renormalization parameters.
        const int32_t accumulated_min = *std::min_element(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend());
        const int32_t accumulated_max = *std::max_element(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend());
  
        const double output_scale = double(uint32_t(accumulated_max - accumulated_min)) / 255.0;
        const int8_t output_zero_point = int8_t(std::max(std::min(
          lrint(-0.5 - 0.5 * double(accumulated_min + accumulated_max) / output_scale),
          long(std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max())), long(std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min())));
  
        // Renormalize reference results.
        std::transform(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend(), output_ref.begin(),
          [this, output_scale, output_zero_point](int32_t x) -> double {
            return std::max<double>(std::min<double>(double(x) / output_scale, double(qmax() - 0x80) - output_zero_point), double(qmin() - 0x80) - output_zero_point);
          });
  
        // Create, setup, and run Deconvolution operator once.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, xnn_initialize(nullptr /* allocator */));
        xnn_operator_t deconvolution_op = nullptr;
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_create_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qs8(
            padding_top(), padding_right(), padding_bottom(), padding_left(),
            kernel_height(), kernel_width(),
            stride_height(), stride_width(),
            dilation_height(), dilation_width(),
            groups(), group_input_channels(), group_output_channels(),
            input_pixel_stride(), output_pixel_stride(),
            input_zero_point, 1.0f /* input scale */,
            1.0f /* kernel scale */,
            kernel.data(), has_bias() ? bias.data() : nullptr,
            output_zero_point, output_scale, int8_t(qmin() - 0x80), int8_t(qmax() - 0x80),
            0, NULL, &deconvolution_op));
  
        // Smart pointer to automatically delete deconvolution_op.
        std::unique_ptr<xnn_operator, decltype(&xnn_delete_operator)> auto_deconvolution_op(deconvolution_op, xnn_delete_operator);
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qs8(
            deconvolution_op,
            batch_size(), input_height(), input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results of the first run.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_LE(int32_t(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmax() - 0x80))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_GE(int32_t(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmin() - 0x80))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      double(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]) - double(output_zero_point),
                      0.9)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Re-generate data for the second run.
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(i8rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), 0xA5);
  
        // Compute reference results for the second run, including renormalization.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < next_output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < next_output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    next_accumulators[(((i * next_output_height() + oy) * next_output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(next_accumulators.begin(), next_accumulators.end(), 0);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < next_output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < next_output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < next_input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < next_input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            next_accumulators[(((i * next_output_height() + oy) * next_output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              (int32_t(input[((i * next_input_height() + iy) * next_input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(input_zero_point)) *
                              int32_t(kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic]);
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
        std::transform(next_accumulators.cbegin(), next_accumulators.cend(), next_output_ref.begin(),
          [this, output_scale, output_zero_point](int32_t x) -> double {
            return std::max<double>(std::min<double>(double(x) / output_scale, double(qmax() - 0x80) - output_zero_point), double(qmin() - 0x80) - output_zero_point);
          });
  
        // Setup and run Deconvolution operator the second time, and destroy the operator.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qs8(
            deconvolution_op,
            next_batch_size(), next_input_height(), next_input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results of the second run.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < next_output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < next_output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_LE(int32_t(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmax() - 0x80))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_GE(int32_t(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmin() - 0x80))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      double(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]) - double(output_zero_point),
                      0.9)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    void TestSetupQU8() const {
      ASSERT_EQ(weights_type(), WeightsType::Default);
  
      std::random_device random_device;
      auto rng = std::mt19937(random_device());
      auto i32rng = std::bind(std::uniform_int_distribution<int32_t>(-10000, 10000), std::ref(rng));
      auto u8rng = std::bind(
        std::uniform_int_distribution<uint32_t>(0, std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()), std::ref(rng));
  
      std::vector<uint8_t> input(XNN_EXTRA_BYTES / sizeof(uint8_t) + std::max(
        (batch_size() * input_height() * input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels(),
        (next_batch_size() * next_input_height() * next_input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels()));
      std::vector<uint8_t> kernel(groups() * group_output_channels() * kernel_height() * kernel_width() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<int32_t> bias(groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<uint8_t> output(std::max(
        (batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels(),
        (next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels()));
      std::vector<int32_t> accumulators(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<double> output_ref(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<int32_t> next_accumulators(next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<double> next_output_ref(next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
  
      const uint8_t input_zero_point = 127;
      const uint8_t kernel_zero_point = 127;
  
      for (size_t iteration = 0; iteration < iterations(); iteration++) {
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(u8rng));
        std::generate(kernel.begin(), kernel.end(), std::ref(u8rng));
        std::generate(bias.begin(), bias.end(), std::ref(i32rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), 0xA5);
  
        // Compute reference results, without renormalization.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    accumulators[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(accumulators.begin(), accumulators.end(), 0);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            accumulators[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              (int32_t(input[((i * input_height() + iy) * input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(input_zero_point)) *
                              (int32_t(kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(kernel_zero_point));
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Compute renormalization parameters.
        const int32_t accumulated_min = *std::min_element(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend());
        const int32_t accumulated_max = *std::max_element(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend());
  
        const double output_scale = double(uint32_t(accumulated_max - accumulated_min)) / 255.0;
        const uint8_t output_zero_point = uint8_t(std::max(std::min(
          lrint(127.5 - 0.5 * double(accumulated_min + accumulated_max) / output_scale),
          long(std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max())), long(std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::min())));
  
        // Renormalize reference results.
        std::transform(accumulators.cbegin(), accumulators.cend(), output_ref.begin(),
          [this, output_scale, output_zero_point](int32_t x) -> double {
            return std::max<double>(std::min<double>(double(x) / output_scale, double(qmax()) - output_zero_point), double(qmin()) - output_zero_point);
          });
  
        // Create, setup, and run Deconvolution operator once.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, xnn_initialize(nullptr /* allocator */));
        xnn_operator_t deconvolution_op = nullptr;
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_create_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qu8(
            padding_top(), padding_right(), padding_bottom(), padding_left(),
            kernel_height(), kernel_width(),
            stride_height(), stride_width(),
            dilation_height(), dilation_width(),
            groups(), group_input_channels(), group_output_channels(),
            input_pixel_stride(), output_pixel_stride(),
            input_zero_point, 1.0f /* input scale */,
            kernel_zero_point, 1.0f /* kernel scale */,
            kernel.data(), has_bias() ? bias.data() : nullptr,
            output_zero_point, output_scale, qmin(), qmax(),
            0, NULL, &deconvolution_op));
  
        // Smart pointer to automatically delete deconvolution_op.
        std::unique_ptr<xnn_operator, decltype(&xnn_delete_operator)> auto_deconvolution_op(deconvolution_op, xnn_delete_operator);
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qu8(
            deconvolution_op,
            batch_size(), input_height(), input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results of the first run.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_LE(int32_t(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmax()))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_GE(int32_t(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmin()))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      double(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]) - double(output_zero_point),
                      0.9)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Re-generate data for the second run.
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(u8rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), 0xA5);
  
        // Compute reference results for the second run, including renormalization.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < next_output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < next_output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    next_accumulators[(((i * next_output_height() + oy) * next_output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(next_accumulators.begin(), next_accumulators.end(), 0);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < next_output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < next_output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < next_input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < next_input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            next_accumulators[(((i * next_output_height() + oy) * next_output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              (int32_t(input[((i * next_input_height() + iy) * next_input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(input_zero_point)) *
                              (int32_t(kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic]) - int32_t(kernel_zero_point));
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
        std::transform(next_accumulators.cbegin(), next_accumulators.cend(), next_output_ref.begin(),
          [this, output_scale, output_zero_point](int32_t x) -> double {
            return std::max<double>(std::min<double>(double(x) / output_scale, double(qmax()) - output_zero_point), double(qmin()) - output_zero_point);
          });
  
        // Setup and run Deconvolution operator the second time, and destroy the operator.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_qu8(
            deconvolution_op,
            next_batch_size(), next_input_height(), next_input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results of the second run.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < next_output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < next_output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_LE(int32_t(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmax()))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_GE(int32_t(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), int32_t(qmin()))
                       << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      double(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]) - double(output_zero_point),
                      0.9)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    void TestSetupF16() const {
      ASSERT_EQ(weights_type(), WeightsType::Default);
  
      std::random_device random_device;
      auto rng = std::mt19937(random_device());
      auto f32rng = std::bind(std::uniform_real_distribution<float>(0.1f, 1.0f), std::ref(rng));
      auto f16rng = std::bind(fp16_ieee_from_fp32_value, f32rng);
  
      std::vector<uint16_t> input(XNN_EXTRA_BYTES / sizeof(uint16_t) + std::max(
        (batch_size() * input_height() * input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels(),
        (next_batch_size() * next_input_height() * next_input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels()));
      std::vector<uint16_t> kernel(groups() * group_output_channels() * kernel_height() * kernel_width() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<uint16_t> bias(groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<uint16_t> output(std::max(
        (batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels(),
        (next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels()));
      std::vector<float> output_ref(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<float> next_output_ref(next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
  
      for (size_t iteration = 0; iteration < iterations(); iteration++) {
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(f16rng));
        std::generate(kernel.begin(), kernel.end(), std::ref(f16rng));
        std::generate(bias.begin(), bias.end(), std::ref(f16rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), UINT16_C(0x7E00) /* NaN */);
  
        // Compute reference results, without clamping.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    output_ref[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc]);
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(output_ref.begin(), output_ref.end(), 0);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            output_ref[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(input[((i * input_height() + iy) * input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) *
                              fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic]);
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Compute clamping parameters.
        const float accumulated_min = *std::min_element(output_ref.cbegin(), output_ref.cend());
        const float accumulated_max = *std::max_element(output_ref.cbegin(), output_ref.cend());
        const float accumulated_range = accumulated_max - accumulated_min;
        float output_min = accumulated_min + accumulated_range / 255.0f * float(qmin());
        float output_max = accumulated_max - accumulated_range / 255.0f * float(255 - qmax());
        output_min = fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(fp16_ieee_from_fp32_value(output_min));
        output_max = fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(fp16_ieee_from_fp32_value(output_max));
        if (accumulated_range == 0.0f) {
          output_min = -std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
          output_max = +std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        }
        if (qmin() == std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::min()) {
          output_min = -std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        }
        if (qmax() == std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()) {
          output_max = +std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        }
  
        // Clamp reference results.
        for (float& value : output_ref) {
          value = std::max(std::min(value, output_max), output_min);
        }
  
        // Create, setup, and run Deconvolution operator once.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, xnn_initialize(nullptr /* allocator */));
        xnn_operator_t deconvolution_op = nullptr;
  
        const xnn_status status = xnn_create_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f16(
          padding_top(), padding_right(), padding_bottom(), padding_left(),
          kernel_height(), kernel_width(),
          stride_height(), stride_width(),
          dilation_height(), dilation_width(),
          groups(), group_input_channels(), group_output_channels(),
          input_pixel_stride(), output_pixel_stride(),
          kernel.data(), has_bias() ? bias.data() : nullptr,
          output_min, output_max,
          0, NULL, &deconvolution_op);
        if (status == xnn_status_unsupported_hardware) {
          GTEST_SKIP();
        }
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, status);
        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, deconvolution_op);
  
        // Smart pointer to automatically delete deconvolution_op.
        std::unique_ptr<xnn_operator, decltype(&xnn_delete_operator)> auto_deconvolution_op(deconvolution_op, xnn_delete_operator);
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f16(
            deconvolution_op,
            batch_size(), input_height(), input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results of the first run.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_GE(fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), output_min)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_LE(fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), output_max)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]),
                      output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      1.0e-2f * std::abs(output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c]))
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Re-generate data for the second run.
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(f16rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), UINT16_C(0x7E00) /* NaN */);
  
        // Compute reference results for the second run, including clamping.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < next_output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < next_output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + oy) * next_output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc]);
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(next_output_ref.begin(), next_output_ref.end(), 0);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < next_output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < next_output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < next_input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < next_input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + oy) * next_output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(input[((i * next_input_height() + iy) * next_input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic]) *
                              fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic]);
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
        for (float& value : next_output_ref) {
          value = std::max(std::min(value, output_max), output_min);
        }
  
        // Setup and run Deconvolution operator the second time, and destroy the operator.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f16(
            deconvolution_op,
            next_batch_size(), next_input_height(), next_input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results of the second run.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < next_output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < next_output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_GE(fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), output_min)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_LE(fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]), output_max)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      fp16_ieee_to_fp32_value(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c]),
                      next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      1.0e-2f * std::abs(next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c]))
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    void TestSetupF32() const {
      ASSERT_EQ(weights_type(), WeightsType::Default);
  
      std::random_device random_device;
      auto rng = std::mt19937(random_device());
      auto f32rng = std::bind(std::uniform_real_distribution<float>(0.1f, 1.0f), std::ref(rng));
  
      std::vector<float> input(XNN_EXTRA_BYTES / sizeof(float) + std::max(
        (batch_size() * input_height() * input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels(),
        (next_batch_size() * next_input_height() * next_input_width() - 1) * input_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_input_channels()));
      std::vector<float> kernel(groups() * group_output_channels() * kernel_height() * kernel_width() * group_input_channels());
      std::vector<float> bias(groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<float> output(std::max(
        (batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels(),
        (next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() - 1) * output_pixel_stride() + groups() * group_output_channels()));
      std::vector<float> output_ref(batch_size() * output_height() * output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
      std::vector<float> next_output_ref(next_batch_size() * next_output_height() * next_output_width() * groups() * group_output_channels());
  
      for (size_t iteration = 0; iteration < iterations(); iteration++) {
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(f32rng));
        std::generate(kernel.begin(), kernel.end(), std::ref(f32rng));
        std::generate(bias.begin(), bias.end(), std::ref(f32rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), nanf(""));
  
        // Compute reference results, without clamping.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    output_ref[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(output_ref.begin(), output_ref.end(), 0.0f);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            output_ref[(((i * output_height() + oy) * output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              input[((i * input_height() + iy) * input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic] *
                              kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic];
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Compute clamping parameters.
        const float accumulated_min = *std::min_element(output_ref.cbegin(), output_ref.cend());
        const float accumulated_max = *std::max_element(output_ref.cbegin(), output_ref.cend());
  
        const float output_min = accumulated_min + (accumulated_max - accumulated_min) / 255.0f * float(qmin());
        const float output_max = accumulated_max - (accumulated_max - accumulated_min) / 255.0f * float(255 - qmax());
  
        // Clamp reference results.
        for (float& value : output_ref) {
          value = std::max(std::min(value, output_max), output_min);
        }
  
        // Create, setup, and run Deconvolution operator once.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success, xnn_initialize(nullptr /* allocator */));
        xnn_operator_t deconvolution_op = nullptr;
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_create_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f32(
            padding_top(), padding_right(), padding_bottom(), padding_left(),
            kernel_height(), kernel_width(),
            stride_height(), stride_width(),
            dilation_height(), dilation_width(),
            groups(), group_input_channels(), group_output_channels(),
            input_pixel_stride(), output_pixel_stride(),
            kernel.data(), has_bias() ? bias.data() : nullptr,
            output_min, output_max,
            0, NULL, &deconvolution_op));
  
        // Smart pointer to automatically delete deconvolution_op.
        std::unique_ptr<xnn_operator, decltype(&xnn_delete_operator)> auto_deconvolution_op(deconvolution_op, xnn_delete_operator);
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f32(
            deconvolution_op,
            batch_size(), input_height(), input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results of the first run.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_GE(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c], output_min)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_LE(output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c], output_max)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      output[((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c],
                      1.0e-4 * std::abs(output_ref[(((i * output_height() + y) * output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c]))
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
  
        // Re-generate data for the second run.
        std::generate(input.begin(), input.end(), std::ref(f32rng));
        std::fill(output.begin(), output.end(), nanf(""));
  
        // Compute reference results for the second run, including clamping.
        if (has_bias()) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
            for (size_t oy = 0; oy < next_output_height(); oy++) {
              for (size_t ox = 0; ox < next_output_width(); ox++) {
                for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                  for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                    next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + oy) * next_output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] =
                      bias[g * group_output_channels() + oc];
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          std::fill(next_output_ref.begin(), next_output_ref.end(), 0.0f);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t oy = 0; oy < next_output_height(); oy++) {
            for (size_t ox = 0; ox < next_output_width(); ox++) {
              for (size_t ky = 0; ky < kernel_height(); ky++) {
                const size_t y = oy + padding_top() - ky * dilation_height();
                const size_t iy = y / stride_height();
                if (iy * stride_height() == y && iy < next_input_height()) {
                  for (size_t kx = 0; kx < kernel_width(); kx++) {
                    const size_t x = ox + padding_left() - kx * dilation_width();
                    const size_t ix = x / stride_width();
                    if (ix * stride_width() == x && ix < next_input_width()) {
                      for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                        for (size_t oc = 0; oc < group_output_channels(); oc++) {
                          for (size_t ic = 0; ic < group_input_channels(); ic++) {
                            next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + oy) * next_output_width() + ox) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + oc] +=
                              input[((i * next_input_height() + iy) * next_input_width() + ix) * input_pixel_stride() + g * group_input_channels() + ic] *
                              kernel[(((g * group_output_channels() + oc) * kernel_height() + ky) * kernel_width() + kx) * group_input_channels() + ic];
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
        for (float& value : next_output_ref) {
          value = std::max(std::min(value, output_max), output_min);
        }
  
        // Setup and run Deconvolution operator the second time, and destroy the operator.
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_setup_deconvolution2d_nhwc_f32(
            deconvolution_op,
            next_batch_size(), next_input_height(), next_input_width(),
            adjustment_height(), adjustment_width(),
            input.data(), output.data(),
            nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        ASSERT_EQ(xnn_status_success,
          xnn_run_operator(deconvolution_op, nullptr /* thread pool */));
  
        // Verify results of the second run.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < next_batch_size(); i++) {
          for (size_t y = 0; y < next_output_height(); y++) {
            for (size_t x = 0; x < next_output_width(); x++) {
              for (size_t g = 0; g < groups(); g++) {
                for (size_t c = 0; c < group_output_channels(); c++) {
                  ASSERT_GE(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c], output_min)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_LE(output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c], output_max)
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                  ASSERT_NEAR(
                      next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c],
                      output[((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * output_pixel_stride() + g * group_output_channels() + c],
                      1.0e-4 * std::abs(next_output_ref[(((i * next_output_height() + y) * next_output_width() + x) * groups() + g) * group_output_channels() + c]))
                    << "(x, y) = (" << x << ", " << y << "), group = " << g << ", channel = " << c;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
   private:
    uint32_t padding_top_{0};
    uint32_t padding_right_{0};
    uint32_t padding_bottom_{0};
    uint32_t padding_left_{0};
    size_t input_height_{1};
    size_t input_width_{1};
    uint32_t groups_{1};
    size_t group_input_channels_{1};
    size_t input_pixel_stride_{0};
    size_t group_output_channels_{1};
    size_t output_pixel_stride_{0};
    size_t batch_size_{1};
    uint32_t kernel_height_{1};
    uint32_t kernel_width_{1};
    uint32_t adjustment_height_{0};
    uint32_t adjustment_width_{0};
    uint32_t dilation_height_{1};
    uint32_t dilation_width_{1};
    uint32_t stride_height_{1};
    uint32_t stride_width_{1};
    size_t next_input_height_{0};
    size_t next_input_width_{0};
    size_t next_batch_size_{0};
    uint8_t qmin_{0};
    uint8_t qmax_{255};
    bool has_bias_{true};
    WeightsType weights_type_{WeightsType::Default};
    size_t iterations_{1};
  };
  