text: //  endian_test.cpp  ---------------------------------------------------------//
  
  //  Copyright Beman Dawes 1999-2008
  
  //  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
  //  See http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
  
  //  See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/endian
  
  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
  
  //  This test probes for correct endianess, size, and value.
  
  //  See endian_operations_test for tests of operator correctness and interaction
  //  between operand types.
  
  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
  
  #include <boost/endian/detail/disable_warnings.hpp>
  
  #include <boost/endian/arithmetic.hpp>
  #include <boost/cstdint.hpp>
  #include <boost/detail/lightweight_main.hpp>
  
  #include <iostream>
  #include <limits>
  #include <climits>
  #include <cstdlib>    // for atoi(), exit()
  #include <cstring>    // for memcmp()
  
  using namespace std;             // Not the best programming practice, but I
  using namespace boost;           //   want to verify this combination of using
  using namespace boost::endian;   //   namespaces works. See endian_operations_test
  //                               //   for tests that don't do "using namespace".
  
  #define VERIFY(predicate) verify( predicate, __LINE__ )
  #define VERIFY_SIZE(actual, expected) verify_size( actual, expected, __LINE__ )
  #define VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS(endian_t,expected_t,expected) verify_value_and_ops<endian_t, expected_t>( expected, __LINE__ )
  #define VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION(t) verify_representation<t>( true, __LINE__ )
  #define VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION(t) verify_representation<t>( false, __LINE__ )
  #define VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION(t) verify_native_representation<t>( __LINE__ )
  
  namespace
  {
    int err_count;
  
    void verify( bool x, int line )
    {
      if ( x ) return;
      ++err_count;
      cout << "Error: verify failed on line " << line << endl;
    }
  
    void verify_size( size_t actual, size_t expected, int line )
    {
      if ( actual == expected ) return;
      ++err_count;
      cout << "Error: verify size failed on line " << line << endl;
      cout << " A structure with an expected sizeof() " << expected
           << " had an actual sizeof() " << actual
           << "\n This will cause uses of endian types to fail\n";
    } 
  
    template <class Endian, class Base>
    void verify_value_and_ops( const Base & expected, int line )
    {
      Endian v( expected );
      verify( v == expected, line );
  
      Endian v2;
      v2.operator=( expected );
      verify( v2 == expected, line );
  
      ++v; // verify integer_cover_operators being applied to this type -
           // will fail to compile if no endian<> specialization is present
  
      Endian x(static_cast<typename Endian::value_type>(v+v));
      if ( x == x ) // silence warning
        return;
    }
  
    const char * big_rep    = "\x12\x34\x56\x78\x9A\xBC\xDE\xF0";
    const char * little_rep = "\xF0\xDE\xBC\x9A\x78\x56\x34\x12";
  
    template <class Endian>
    void verify_representation( bool is_big, int line )
    {
      int silence = 0;
      Endian x ( static_cast<typename Endian::value_type>
        (0x123456789abcdef0LL + silence) ); // will truncate
  
      if ( is_big )
        verify( memcmp( &x,
          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(big_rep)+8-sizeof(Endian),
            sizeof(Endian) ) == 0, line );
      else
        verify( memcmp( &x, little_rep, sizeof(Endian) ) == 0, line );
    }
  
    template <class Endian>
    inline void verify_native_representation( int line )
    {
  #   ifdef BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN
        verify_representation<Endian>( true, line );
  #   else
        verify_representation<Endian>( false, line );
  #   endif
    }
  
    //  detect_order  -----------------------------------------------------//
  
    void detect_order()
    {
      union View
      { 
        long long i;
        unsigned char c[8];
      };
  
      View v = { 0x0102030405060708LL };  // initialize v.i
      
      if ( memcmp( v.c, "\x8\7\6\5\4\3\2\1", 8) == 0 )
      {
        cout << "This machine is little-endian.\n";
    #   ifndef BOOST_LITTLE_ENDIAN
          cout << "yet boost/detail/endian.hpp does not define BOOST_LITTLE_ENDIAN.\n"
            "The Boost Endian library must be revised to work correctly on this system.\n"
            "Please report this problem to the Boost mailing list.\n";
          exit(1);
    #   endif
      } 
      else if ( memcmp( v.c, "\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\x8", 8) == 0 )
      {
        cout << "This machine is big-endian.\n";
    #   ifndef BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN
          cout << "yet boost/detail/endian.hpp does not define BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN.\n"
            "The Boost Endian library must be revised to work correctly on this system.\n"
            "Please report this problem to the Boost mailing list.\n";
          exit(1);
    #   endif
      }
      else
      { 
        cout << "This machine is neither strict big-endian nor strict little-endian\n"
          "The Boost Endian library must be revised to work correctly on this system.\n"
            "Please report this problem to the Boost mailing list.\n";
        exit(1);
      }
      cout << "That should not matter and is presented for your information only.\n";
    } // detect_order
  
    //  check_data  ------------------------------------------------------------//
  
    void check_data()
    {
      big_int8_t big_8;
      big_int16_t big_16;
      big_int24_t big_24;
      big_int32_t big_32;
      big_int40_t big_40;
      big_int48_t big_48;
      big_int56_t big_56;
      big_int64_t big_64;
  
      big_uint8_t big_u8;
      big_uint16_t big_u16;
      big_uint24_t big_u24;
      big_uint32_t big_u32;
      big_uint40_t big_u40;
      big_uint48_t big_u48;
      big_uint56_t big_u56;
      big_uint64_t big_u64;
  
      little_int8_t little_8;
      little_int16_t little_16;
      little_int24_t little_24;
      little_int32_t little_32;
      little_int40_t little_40;
      little_int48_t little_48;
      little_int56_t little_56;
      little_int64_t little_64;
  
      little_uint8_t little_u8;
      little_uint16_t little_u16;
      little_uint24_t little_u24;
      little_uint32_t little_u32;
      little_uint40_t little_u40;
      little_uint48_t little_u48;
      little_uint56_t little_u56;
      little_uint64_t little_u64;
  
      native_int8_t native_8;
      native_int16_t native_16;
      native_int24_t native_24;
      native_int32_t native_32;
      native_int40_t native_40;
      native_int48_t native_48;
      native_int56_t native_56;
      native_int64_t native_64;
  
      native_uint8_t native_u8;
      native_uint16_t native_u16;
      native_uint24_t native_u24;
      native_uint32_t native_u32;
      native_uint40_t native_u40;
      native_uint48_t native_u48;
      native_uint56_t native_u56;
      native_uint64_t native_u64;
  
      big_int16_at  big_align_int16;
      big_int32_at  big_align_int32;
      big_int64_at  big_align_int64;
  
      big_uint16_at big_align_uint16;
      big_uint32_at big_align_uint32;
      big_uint64_at big_align_uint64;
  
      little_int16_at  little_align_int16;
      little_int32_at  little_align_int32;
      little_int64_at  little_align_int64;
  
      little_uint16_at little_align_uint16;
      little_uint32_at little_align_uint32;
      little_uint64_at little_align_uint64;
  
      VERIFY(big_8.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_8));
      VERIFY(big_16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_16));
      VERIFY(big_24.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_24));
      VERIFY(big_32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_32));
      VERIFY(big_40.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_40));
      VERIFY(big_48.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_48));
      VERIFY(big_56.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_56));
      VERIFY(big_64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_64));
  
      VERIFY(big_u8.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_u8));
      VERIFY(big_u16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_u16));
      VERIFY(big_u24.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_u24));
      VERIFY(big_u32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_u32));
      VERIFY(big_u40.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_u40));
      VERIFY(big_u48.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_u48));
      VERIFY(big_u56.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_u56));
      VERIFY(big_u64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_u64));
  
      VERIFY(little_8.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_8));
      VERIFY(little_16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_16));
      VERIFY(little_24.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_24));
      VERIFY(little_32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_32));
      VERIFY(little_40.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_40));
      VERIFY(little_48.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_48));
      VERIFY(little_56.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_56));
      VERIFY(little_64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_64));
  
      VERIFY(little_u8.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_u8));
      VERIFY(little_u16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_u16));
      VERIFY(little_u24.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_u24));
      VERIFY(little_u32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_u32));
      VERIFY(little_u40.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_u40));
      VERIFY(little_u48.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_u48));
      VERIFY(little_u56.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_u56));
      VERIFY(little_u64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_u64));
  
      VERIFY(native_8.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_8));
      VERIFY(native_16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_16));
      VERIFY(native_24.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_24));
      VERIFY(native_32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_32));
      VERIFY(native_40.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_40));
      VERIFY(native_48.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_48));
      VERIFY(native_56.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_56));
      VERIFY(native_64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_64));
  
      VERIFY(native_u8.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_u8));
      VERIFY(native_u16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_u16));
      VERIFY(native_u24.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_u24));
      VERIFY(native_u32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_u32));
      VERIFY(native_u40.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_u40));
      VERIFY(native_u48.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_u48));
      VERIFY(native_u56.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_u56));
      VERIFY(native_u64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&native_u64));
  
      VERIFY(big_align_int16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_align_int16));
      VERIFY(big_align_int32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_align_int32));
      VERIFY(big_align_int64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_align_int64));
  
      VERIFY(big_align_uint16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_align_uint16));
      VERIFY(big_align_uint32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_align_uint32));
      VERIFY(big_align_uint64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&big_align_uint64));
  
      VERIFY(little_align_int16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_align_int16));
      VERIFY(little_align_int32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_align_int32));
      VERIFY(little_align_int64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_align_int64));
  
      VERIFY(little_align_uint16.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_align_uint16));
      VERIFY(little_align_uint32.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_align_uint32));
      VERIFY(little_align_uint64.data() == reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&little_align_uint64));
   
    }
  
    //  check_size  ------------------------------------------------------------//
  
    void check_size()
    {
      VERIFY( numeric_limits<signed char>::digits == 7 );
      VERIFY( numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits == 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int8_t ), 1 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int16_t ), 2 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int24_t ), 3 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int32_t ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int40_t ), 5 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int48_t ), 6 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int56_t ), 7 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int64_t ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint8_t ), 1 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint16_t ), 2 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint24_t ), 3 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint32_t ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint40_t ), 5 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint48_t ), 6 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint56_t ), 7 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint64_t ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int8_t ), 1 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int16_t ), 2 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int24_t ), 3 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int32_t ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int40_t ), 5 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int48_t ), 6 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int56_t ), 7 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int64_t ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint8_t ), 1 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint16_t ), 2 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint24_t ), 3 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint32_t ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint40_t ), 5 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint48_t ), 6 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint56_t ), 7 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint64_t ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_int8_t ), 1 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_int16_t ), 2 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_int24_t ), 3 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_int32_t ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_int40_t ), 5 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_int48_t ), 6 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_int56_t ), 7 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_int64_t ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_uint8_t ), 1 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_uint16_t ), 2 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_uint24_t ), 3 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_uint32_t ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_uint40_t ), 5 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_uint48_t ), 6 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_uint56_t ), 7 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( native_uint64_t ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE(sizeof(big_int8_at), 1);
      VERIFY_SIZE(sizeof(big_int16_at), 2);
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int32_at ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_int64_at ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE(sizeof(big_uint8_at), 1);
      VERIFY_SIZE(sizeof(big_uint16_at), 2);
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint32_at ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( big_uint64_at ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE(sizeof(little_int8_at), 1);
      VERIFY_SIZE(sizeof(little_int16_at), 2);
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int32_at ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_int64_at ), 8 );
  
      VERIFY_SIZE(sizeof(little_uint8_at), 1);
      VERIFY_SIZE(sizeof(little_uint16_at), 2);
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint32_at ), 4 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof( little_uint64_at ), 8 );
    } // check_size
  
    //  check_alignment  -------------------------------------------------------//
  
    void check_alignment()
    {
      // structs with offsets % 2 == 1 for type of size > 1 to ensure no alignment
      // bytes added for any size > 1
  
      struct big_struct
      {
        big_int8_t    v0;
        big_int16_t    v1;
        big_int24_t    v3;
        char      v6;
        big_int32_t    v7;
        big_int40_t    v11;
        char      v16;
        big_int48_t    v17;
        big_int56_t    v23;
        char      v30;
        big_int64_t    v31;
      };
  
      struct big_u_struct
      {
        big_uint8_t    v0;
        big_uint16_t    v1;
        big_uint24_t    v3;
        char       v6;
        big_uint32_t    v7;
        big_uint40_t    v11;
        char       v16;
        big_uint48_t    v17;
        big_uint56_t    v23;
        char       v30;
        big_uint64_t    v31;
      };
  
      struct little_struct
      {
        little_int8_t    v0;
        little_int16_t    v1;
        little_int24_t    v3;
        char         v6;
        little_int32_t    v7;
        little_int40_t    v11;
        char         v16;
        little_int48_t    v17;
        little_int56_t    v23;
        char         v30;
        little_int64_t    v31;
      };
  
      struct little_u_struct
      {
        little_uint8_t    v0;
        little_uint16_t    v1;
        little_uint24_t    v3;
        char          v6;
        little_uint32_t    v7;
        little_uint40_t    v11;
        char          v16;
        little_uint48_t    v17;
        little_uint56_t    v23;
        char          v30;
        little_uint64_t    v31;
      };
  
      struct native_struct
      {
        native_int8_t    v0;
        native_int16_t    v1;
        native_int24_t    v3;
        char         v6;
        native_int32_t    v7;
        native_int40_t    v11;
        char         v16;
        native_int48_t    v17;
        native_int56_t    v23;
        char         v30;
        native_int64_t    v31;
      };
  
      struct native_u_struct
      {
        native_uint8_t    v0;
        native_uint16_t    v1;
        native_uint24_t    v3;
        char          v6;
        native_uint32_t    v7;
        native_uint40_t    v11;
        char          v16;
        native_uint48_t    v17;
        native_uint56_t    v23;
        char          v30;
        native_uint64_t    v31;
      };
  
      //  aligned test cases
    
      struct big_aligned_struct
      {
        big_int16_at    v0;
        big_int32_at    v1;
        char          v3;
        // on a 32-bit system, the padding here may be 3 rather than 7 bytes
        big_int64_at    v4;
      };
    
      struct little_aligned_struct
      {
        little_int16_at    v0;
        little_int32_at    v1;
        char          v3;
        // on a 32-bit system, the padding here may be 3 rather than 7 bytes
        little_int64_at    v4;
      };
  
      int saved_err_count = err_count;
  
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof(big_struct), 39 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof(big_u_struct), 39 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof(little_struct), 39 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof(little_u_struct), 39 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof(native_struct), 39 );
      VERIFY_SIZE( sizeof(native_u_struct), 39 );
      VERIFY( sizeof(big_aligned_struct) <= 24 );
      VERIFY( sizeof(little_aligned_struct) <= 24 );
  
      if ( saved_err_count == err_count )
      { 
        cout <<
          "Size and alignment for structures of endian types are as expected.\n";
      }
    } // check_alignment
  
    //  check_representation_and_range_and_ops  --------------------------------//
  
    void check_representation_and_range_and_ops()
    {
      // unaligned integer types
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int8_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int8_t, int_least8_t,  0x7f );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int8_t, int_least8_t, -0x80 );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int16_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int16_t, int_least16_t,  0x7fff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int16_t, int_least16_t, -0x8000 );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int24_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int24_t, int_least32_t,  0x7fffff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int24_t, int_least32_t, -0x800000 );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int32_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int32_t, int_least32_t,  0x7fffffff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int32_t, int_least32_t, -0x7fffffff-1 );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int40_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int40_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int40_t, int_least64_t, -0x8000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int48_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int48_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int48_t, int_least64_t, -0x800000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int56_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int56_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int56_t, int_least64_t, -0x80000000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int64_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int64_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int64_t, int_least64_t, -0x7fffffffffffffffLL-1 );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint8_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint8_t, uint_least8_t,  0xff );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint16_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint16_t, uint_least16_t, 0xffff );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint24_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint24_t, uint_least32_t, 0xffffff );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint32_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint32_t, uint_least32_t, 0xffffffff );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint40_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint40_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint48_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint48_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint56_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint56_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint64_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint64_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffffffULL );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int8_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int8_t, int_least8_t,   0x7f );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int8_t, int_least8_t,  -0x80 );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int16_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int16_t, int_least16_t,  0x7fff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int16_t, int_least16_t, -0x8000 );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int24_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int24_t, int_least32_t,  0x7fffff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int24_t, int_least32_t, -0x800000 );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int32_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int32_t, int_least32_t,  0x7fffffff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int32_t, int_least32_t, -0x7fffffff-1 );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int40_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int40_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int40_t, int_least64_t, -0x8000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int48_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int48_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int48_t, int_least64_t, -0x800000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int56_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int56_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int56_t, int_least64_t, -0x80000000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int64_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int64_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int64_t, int_least64_t, -0x7fffffffffffffffLL-1 );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint8_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint8_t, uint_least8_t, 0xff );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint16_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint16_t, uint_least16_t, 0xffff );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint24_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint24_t, uint_least32_t, 0xffffff );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint32_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint32_t, uint_least32_t, 0xffffffff );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint40_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint40_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint48_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint48_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint56_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint56_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint64_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint64_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffffffULL );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_int8_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int8_t, int_least8_t,   0x7f );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int8_t, int_least8_t,  -0x80 );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_int16_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int16_t, int_least16_t,  0x7fff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int16_t, int_least16_t, -0x8000 );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_int24_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int24_t, int_least32_t,  0x7fffff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int24_t, int_least32_t, -0x800000 );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_int32_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int32_t, int_least32_t,  0x7fffffff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int32_t, int_least32_t, -0x7fffffff-1 );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_int40_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int40_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int40_t, int_least64_t, -0x8000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_int48_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int48_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int48_t, int_least64_t, -0x800000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_int56_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int56_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int56_t, int_least64_t, -0x80000000000000LL );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_int64_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int64_t, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_int64_t, int_least64_t, -0x7fffffffffffffffLL-1 );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_uint8_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_uint8_t, uint_least8_t, 0xff );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_uint16_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_uint16_t, uint_least16_t, 0xffff );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_uint24_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_uint24_t, uint_least32_t, 0xffffff );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_uint32_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_uint32_t, uint_least32_t, 0xffffffff );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_uint40_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_uint40_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_uint48_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_uint48_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_uint56_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_uint56_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffffLL );
  
      VERIFY_NATIVE_REPRESENTATION( native_uint64_t );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( native_uint64_t, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffffffULL );
  
      // aligned integer types
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int16_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int16_at, int_least16_t,  0x7fff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int16_at, int_least16_t, -0x8000 );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int32_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int32_at, int_least32_t,  0x7fffffff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int32_at, int_least32_t, -0x7fffffff-1 );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_int64_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int64_at, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_int64_at, int_least64_t, -0x7fffffffffffffffLL-1 );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint16_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint16_at, uint_least16_t, 0xffff );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint32_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint32_at, uint_least32_t, 0xffffffff );
  
      VERIFY_BIG_REPRESENTATION( big_uint64_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( big_uint64_at, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffffffULL );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int16_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int16_at, int_least16_t,  0x7fff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int16_at, int_least16_t, -0x8000 );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int32_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int32_at, int_least32_t,  0x7fffffff );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int32_at, int_least32_t, -0x7fffffff-1 );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_int64_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int64_at, int_least64_t,  0x7fffffffffffffffLL );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_int64_at, int_least64_t, -0x7fffffffffffffffLL-1 );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint16_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint16_at, uint_least16_t, 0xffff );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint32_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint32_at, uint_least32_t, 0xffffffff );
  
      VERIFY_LITTLE_REPRESENTATION( little_uint64_at );
      VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( little_uint64_at, uint_least64_t, 0xffffffffffffffffULL );
  
    } // check_representation_and_range
  
    class MyInt
    {
      int32_t mx;
    public:
      MyInt(int32_t x) : mx(x) {}
      operator int32_t() const {return mx;}
  
      //friend int32_t operator+(const MyInt& x) {return x;}
    };
  
    void check_udt()
    {
      typedef boost::endian::endian_arithmetic< order::big, MyInt, 32 >  mybig_int32_ut;
  
      mybig_int32_ut v(10);
      cout << "+v is " << +v << endl;
      v += 1;
      cout << "v is " << +v << endl;
      v -= 2;
      cout << "v is " << +v << endl;
      v *= 2;
      cout << "v is " << +v << endl;
      ++v;
      cout << "v is " << +v << endl;
      --v;
      cout << "v is " << +v << endl;
  //    cout << "v+v is " << +(v+v) << endl;
    }
  
    long iterations = 10000;
    
    template< class Endian >
    Endian timing_test( const char * s)
    {
      cout << s << " timing test, " << iterations << " iterations: ";
  //    progress_timer t;
  
      Endian v = 1;
      for ( long i = 0; i < iterations; ++i )
      {
        v += 1;
        v *= 3;
        ++v;
        v *= i;
        if ( i == 0 ) VERIFY_VALUE_AND_OPS( Endian, typename Endian::value_type, 21 );
      }
      return v;
    }
  
  } // unnamed namespace
  
  //  main  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
  
  int cpp_main( int argc, char * argv[] )
  {
    cout << "Usage: "
         << argv[0] << " [#],\n where # specifies iteration count\n"
            " default iteration count is " << iterations << endl;
  
    if ( argc > 1 )
      iterations = atol( argv[1] );
    if ( iterations < 1 ) iterations = 1;
  
    detect_order();
    check_size();
    check_alignment();
    check_representation_and_range_and_ops();
    check_data();
    check_udt();
  
    //timing_test<big_int32_t> ( "big_int32_t" );
    //timing_test<big_int32_at>( "big_int32_at" );
    //timing_test<little_int32_t> ( "little_int32_t" );
    //timing_test<little_int32_at>( "little_int32_at" );
  
    cout << "\n" << err_count << " errors detected\nTest "
         << (err_count==0 ? "passed\n\n" : "failed\n\n");
  
    return err_count ? 1 : 0;
  } // main
  