text: // Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
  //
  // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
  // copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
  // "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
  // without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
  // distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
  // persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
  // following conditions:
  //
  // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
  // in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  //
  // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
  // OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
  // MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
  // NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
  // DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
  // OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
  // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  
  // Query String Utilities
  
  var QueryString = exports;
  var util = require('util');
  var Buffer = require('buffer').Buffer;
  
  // If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling
  // obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break.
  // See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707
  function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
    return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
  }
  
  
  function charCode(c) {
    return c.charCodeAt(0);
  }
  
  
  // a safe fast alternative to decodeURIComponent
  QueryString.unescapeBuffer = function(s, decodeSpaces) {
    var out = new Buffer(s.length);
    var state = 'CHAR'; // states: CHAR, HEX0, HEX1
    var n, m, hexchar;
  
    for (var inIndex = 0, outIndex = 0; inIndex <= s.length; inIndex++) {
      var c = s.charCodeAt(inIndex);
      switch (state) {
        case 'CHAR':
          switch (c) {
            case charCode('%'):
              n = 0;
              m = 0;
              state = 'HEX0';
              break;
            case charCode('+'):
              if (decodeSpaces) c = charCode(' ');
              // pass thru
            default:
              out[outIndex++] = c;
              break;
          }
          break;
  
        case 'HEX0':
          state = 'HEX1';
          hexchar = c;
          if (charCode('0') <= c && c <= charCode('9')) {
            n = c - charCode('0');
          } else if (charCode('a') <= c && c <= charCode('f')) {
            n = c - charCode('a') + 10;
          } else if (charCode('A') <= c && c <= charCode('F')) {
            n = c - charCode('A') + 10;
          } else {
            out[outIndex++] = charCode('%');
            out[outIndex++] = c;
            state = 'CHAR';
            break;
          }
          break;
  
        case 'HEX1':
          state = 'CHAR';
          if (charCode('0') <= c && c <= charCode('9')) {
            m = c - charCode('0');
          } else if (charCode('a') <= c && c <= charCode('f')) {
            m = c - charCode('a') + 10;
          } else if (charCode('A') <= c && c <= charCode('F')) {
            m = c - charCode('A') + 10;
          } else {
            out[outIndex++] = charCode('%');
            out[outIndex++] = hexchar;
            out[outIndex++] = c;
            break;
          }
          out[outIndex++] = 16 * n + m;
          break;
      }
    }
  
    // TODO support returning arbitrary buffers.
  
    return out.slice(0, outIndex - 1);
  };
  
  
  QueryString.unescape = function(s, decodeSpaces) {
    return QueryString.unescapeBuffer(s, decodeSpaces).toString();
  };
  
  
  QueryString.escape = function(str) {
    return encodeURIComponent(str);
  };
  
  var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) {
    if (util.isString(v))
      return v;
    if (util.isBoolean(v))
      return v ? 'true' : 'false';
    if (util.isNumber(v))
      return isFinite(v) ? v : '';
    return '';
  };
  
  
  QueryString.stringify = QueryString.encode = function(obj, sep, eq, name) {
    sep = sep || '&';
    eq = eq || '=';
    if (util.isNull(obj)) {
      obj = undefined;
    }
  
    if (util.isObject(obj)) {
      return Object.keys(obj).map(function(k) {
        var ks = QueryString.escape(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq;
        if (util.isArray(obj[k])) {
          return obj[k].map(function(v) {
            return ks + QueryString.escape(stringifyPrimitive(v));
          }).join(sep);
        } else {
          return ks + QueryString.escape(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k]));
        }
      }).join(sep);
  
    }
  
    if (!name) return '';
    return QueryString.escape(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq +
           QueryString.escape(stringifyPrimitive(obj));
  };
  
  // Parse a key=val string.
  QueryString.parse = QueryString.decode = function(qs, sep, eq, options) {
    sep = sep || '&';
    eq = eq || '=';
    var obj = {};
  
    if (!util.isString(qs) || qs.length === 0) {
      return obj;
    }
  
    var regexp = /\+/g;
    qs = qs.split(sep);
  
    var maxKeys = 1000;
    if (options && util.isNumber(options.maxKeys)) {
      maxKeys = options.maxKeys;
    }
  
    var len = qs.length;
    // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count
    if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) {
      len = maxKeys;
    }
  
    for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
      var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'),
          idx = x.indexOf(eq),
          kstr, vstr, k, v;
  
      if (idx >= 0) {
        kstr = x.substr(0, idx);
        vstr = x.substr(idx + 1);
      } else {
        kstr = x;
        vstr = '';
      }
  
      try {
        k = decodeURIComponent(kstr);
        v = decodeURIComponent(vstr);
      } catch (e) {
        k = QueryString.unescape(kstr, true);
        v = QueryString.unescape(vstr, true);
      }
  
      if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) {
        obj[k] = v;
      } else if (util.isArray(obj[k])) {
        obj[k].push(v);
      } else {
        obj[k] = [obj[k], v];
      }
    }
  
    return obj;
  };