text: #!/usr/bin/env python
  # coding=utf-8
  # Copyright 2021 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  """
  Fine-tuning the library models for masked language modeling (BERT, ALBERT, RoBERTa...)
  on a text file or a dataset without using HuggingFace Trainer.
  
  Here is the full list of checkpoints on the hub that can be fine-tuned by this script:
  https://huggingface.co/models?filter=masked-lm
  """
  # You can also adapt this script on your own mlm task. Pointers for this are left as comments.
  
  import argparse
  import logging
  import math
  import os
  import random
  
  import datasets
  import torch
  from datasets import load_dataset
  from torch.utils.data.dataloader import DataLoader
  from tqdm.auto import tqdm
  
  import transformers
  from accelerate import Accelerator
  from transformers import (
      CONFIG_MAPPING,
      MODEL_MAPPING,
      AdamW,
      AutoConfig,
      AutoModelForMaskedLM,
      AutoTokenizer,
      DataCollatorForLanguageModeling,
      SchedulerType,
      get_scheduler,
      set_seed,
  )
  from transformers.utils.versions import require_version
  
  
  logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
  require_version("datasets>=1.8.0", "To fix: pip install -r examples/pytorch/language-modeling/requirements.txt")
  MODEL_CONFIG_CLASSES = list(MODEL_MAPPING.keys())
  MODEL_TYPES = tuple(conf.model_type for conf in MODEL_CONFIG_CLASSES)
  
  
  def parse_args():
      parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Finetune a transformers model on a Masked Language Modeling task")
      parser.add_argument(
          "--dataset_name",
          type=str,
          default=None,
          help="The name of the dataset to use (via the datasets library).",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--dataset_config_name",
          type=str,
          default=None,
          help="The configuration name of the dataset to use (via the datasets library).",
      )
      
      parser.add_argument(
          "--data_streaming",
          type=bool,
          default=False,
          help="Whether dataset will be streamed or cached in local. For more info refer: https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/pull/2375/files",    
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--train_file", type=str, default=None, help="A csv or a json file containing the training data."
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--validation_file", type=str, default=None, help="A csv or a json file containing the validation data."
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--validation_split_percentage",
          default=5,
          help="The percentage of the train set used as validation set in case there's no validation split",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--pad_to_max_length",
          action="store_true",
          help="If passed, pad all samples to `max_length`. Otherwise, dynamic padding is used.",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--model_name_or_path",
          type=str,
          help="Path to pretrained model or model identifier from huggingface.co/models.",
          # required=True,
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--config_name",
          type=str,
          default=None,
          help="Pretrained config name or path if not the same as model_name",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--tokenizer_name",
          type=str,
          default=None,
          help="Pretrained tokenizer name or path if not the same as model_name",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--use_slow_tokenizer",
          action="store_true",
          help="If passed, will use a slow tokenizer (not backed by the 🤗 Tokenizers library).",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--per_device_train_batch_size",
          type=int,
          default=8,
          help="Batch size (per device) for the training dataloader.",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--per_device_eval_batch_size",
          type=int,
          default=8,
          help="Batch size (per device) for the evaluation dataloader.",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--learning_rate",
          type=float,
          default=5e-5,
          help="Initial learning rate (after the potential warmup period) to use.",
      )
      parser.add_argument("--weight_decay", type=float, default=0.0, help="Weight decay to use.")
      parser.add_argument("--num_train_epochs", type=int, default=3, help="Total number of training epochs to perform.")
      parser.add_argument(
          "--max_train_steps",
          type=int,
          default=None,
          help="Total number of training steps to perform. If provided, overrides num_train_epochs.",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--gradient_accumulation_steps",
          type=int,
          default=1,
          help="Number of updates steps to accumulate before performing a backward/update pass.",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--lr_scheduler_type",
          type=SchedulerType,
          default="linear",
          help="The scheduler type to use.",
          choices=["linear", "cosine", "cosine_with_restarts", "polynomial", "constant", "constant_with_warmup"],
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--num_warmup_steps", type=int, default=0, help="Number of steps for the warmup in the lr scheduler."
      )
      parser.add_argument("--output_dir", type=str, default=None, help="Where to store the final model.")
      parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=None, help="A seed for reproducible training.")
      parser.add_argument(
          "--model_type",
          type=str,
          default=None,
          help="Model type to use if training from scratch.",
          choices=MODEL_TYPES,
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--max_seq_length",
          type=int,
          default=None,
          help="The maximum total input sequence length after tokenization. Sequences longer than this will be truncated.",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--line_by_line",
          type=bool,
          default=False,
          help="Whether distinct lines of text in the dataset are to be handled as distinct sequences.",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--preprocessing_num_workers",
          type=int,
          default=None,
          help="The number of processes to use for the preprocessing.",
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--overwrite_cache", type=bool, default=False, help="Overwrite the cached training and evaluation sets"
      )
      parser.add_argument(
          "--mlm_probability", type=float, default=0.15, help="Ratio of tokens to mask for masked language modeling loss"
      )
  
      args = parser.parse_args()
  
      # Sanity checks
      if args.dataset_name is None and args.train_file is None and args.validation_file is None:
          raise ValueError("Need either a dataset name or a training/validation file.")
      else:
          if args.train_file is not None:
              extension = args.train_file.split(".")[-1]
              assert extension in ["csv", "json", "txt"], "`train_file` should be a csv, json or txt file."
          if args.validation_file is not None:
              extension = args.validation_file.split(".")[-1]
              assert extension in ["csv", "json", "txt"], "`validation_file` should be a csv, json or txt file."
  
      if args.output_dir is not None:
          os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)
  
      return args
  
  
  def main():
      args = parse_args()
  
      # Initialize the accelerator. We will let the accelerator handle device placement for us in this example.
      accelerator = Accelerator()
      # Make one log on every process with the configuration for debugging.
      logging.basicConfig(
          format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s - %(message)s",
          datefmt="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",
          level=logging.INFO,
      )
      logger.info(accelerator.state)
  
      # Setup logging, we only want one process per machine to log things on the screen.
      # accelerator.is_local_main_process is only True for one process per machine.
      logger.setLevel(logging.INFO if accelerator.is_local_main_process else logging.ERROR)
      if accelerator.is_local_main_process:
          datasets.utils.logging.set_verbosity_warning()
          transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_info()
      else:
          datasets.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()
          transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()
  
      # If passed along, set the training seed now.
      if args.seed is not None:
          set_seed(args.seed)
  
      # Get the datasets: you can either provide your own CSV/JSON/TXT training and evaluation files (see below)
      # or just provide the name of one of the public datasets available on the hub at https://huggingface.co/datasets/
      # (the dataset will be downloaded automatically from the datasets Hub).
      #
      # For CSV/JSON files, this script will use the column called 'text' or the first column if no column called
      # 'text' is found. You can easily tweak this behavior (see below).
      #
      # In distributed training, the load_dataset function guarantee that only one local process can concurrently
      # download the dataset.
      if args.dataset_name is not None:
          # Downloading and loading a dataset from the hub.
          raw_datasets = load_dataset(args.dataset_name, args.dataset_config_name, streaming=args.data_streaming)
          if "validation" not in raw_datasets.keys():
              raw_datasets["validation"] = load_dataset(
                  args.dataset_name,
                  args.dataset_config_name,
                  split=f"train[:{args.validation_split_percentage}%]",
              )
              raw_datasets["train"] = load_dataset(
                  args.dataset_name,
                  args.dataset_config_name,
                  split=f"train[{args.validation_split_percentage}%:]",
              )
      else:
          data_files = {}
          if args.train_file is not None:
              data_files["train"] = args.train_file
          if args.validation_file is not None:
              data_files["validation"] = args.validation_file
          extension = args.train_file.split(".")[-1]
          if extension == "txt":
              extension = "text"
          raw_datasets = load_dataset(extension, data_files=data_files)
          # If no validation data is there, validation_split_percentage will be used to divide the dataset.
          if "validation" not in raw_datasets.keys():
              raw_datasets["validation"] = load_dataset(
                  extension,
                  data_files=data_files,
                  split=f"train[:{args.validation_split_percentage}%]",
              )
              raw_datasets["train"] = load_dataset(
                  extension,
                  data_files=data_files,
                  split=f"train[{args.validation_split_percentage}%:]",
              )
  
      # See more about loading any type of standard or custom dataset (from files, python dict, pandas DataFrame, etc) at
      # https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/loading_datasets.html.
  
      # Load pretrained model and tokenizer
      #
      # In distributed training, the .from_pretrained methods guarantee that only one local process can concurrently
      # download model & vocab.
      if args.config_name:
          config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained(args.config_name)
      elif args.model_name_or_path:
          config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained(args.model_name_or_path)
      else:
          config = CONFIG_MAPPING[args.model_type]()
          logger.warning("You are instantiating a new config instance from scratch.")
  
      if args.tokenizer_name:
          tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(args.tokenizer_name, use_fast=not args.use_slow_tokenizer)
      elif args.model_name_or_path:
          tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(args.model_name_or_path, use_fast=not args.use_slow_tokenizer)
      else:
          raise ValueError(
              "You are instantiating a new tokenizer from scratch. This is not supported by this script."
              "You can do it from another script, save it, and load it from here, using --tokenizer_name."
          )
  
      if args.model_name_or_path:
          model = AutoModelForMaskedLM.from_pretrained(
              args.model_name_or_path,
              from_tf=bool(".ckpt" in args.model_name_or_path),
              config=config,
          )
      else:
          logger.info("Training new model from scratch")
          model = AutoModelForMaskedLM.from_config(config)
  
      model.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer))
  
      # Preprocessing the datasets.
      # First we tokenize all the texts.
      column_names = raw_datasets["train"].column_names
      text_column_name = "text" if "text" in column_names else column_names[0]
      
      if args.max_seq_length is None:
          max_seq_length = tokenizer.model_max_length
          if max_seq_length > 1024:
              logger.warning(
                  f"The tokenizer picked seems to have a very large `model_max_length` ({tokenizer.model_max_length}). "
                  "Picking 1024 instead. You can change that default value by passing --max_seq_length xxx."
              )
              max_seq_length = 1024
      else:
          if args.max_seq_length > tokenizer.model_max_length:
              logger.warning(
                  f"The max_seq_length passed ({args.max_seq_length}) is larger than the maximum length for the"
                  f"model ({tokenizer.model_max_length}). Using max_seq_length={tokenizer.model_max_length}."
              )
          max_seq_length = min(args.max_seq_length, tokenizer.model_max_length)
  
      if args.line_by_line:
          # When using line_by_line, we just tokenize each nonempty line.
          padding = "max_length" if args.pad_to_max_length else False
  
          def tokenize_function(examples):
              # Remove empty lines
              examples[text_column_name] = [
                  line for line in examples[text_column_name] if len(line) > 0 and not line.isspace()
              ]
              return tokenizer(
                  examples[text_column_name],
                  padding=padding,
                  truncation=True,
                  max_length=max_seq_length,
                  # We use this option because DataCollatorForLanguageModeling (see below) is more efficient when it
                  # receives the `special_tokens_mask`.
                  return_special_tokens_mask=True,
              )
          
          tokenized_datasets = dict()
          for key,split in raw_datasets.items():
              tokenized_datasets[key] = split.map(
                  tokenize_function,
                  batched=True,
                  num_proc=args.preprocessing_num_workers,
                  remove_columns=[text_column_name, "id"],
                  load_from_cache_file=not args.overwrite_cache,
                  desc="Running tokenizer on dataset line_by_line",
              )
              
      else:
          # Otherwise, we tokenize every text, then concatenate them together before splitting them in smaller parts.
          # We use `return_special_tokens_mask=True` because DataCollatorForLanguageModeling (see below) is more
          # efficient when it receives the `special_tokens_mask`.
          def tokenize_function(examples):
              return tokenizer(examples[text_column_name], return_special_tokens_mask=True)
  
          tokenized_datasets = raw_datasets.map(
              tokenize_function,
              batched=True,
              num_proc=args.preprocessing_num_workers,
              remove_columns=column_names,
              load_from_cache_file=not args.overwrite_cache,
              desc="Running tokenizer on every text in dataset",
          )
  
          # Main data processing function that will concatenate all texts from our dataset and generate chunks of
          # max_seq_length.
          def group_texts(examples):
              # Concatenate all texts.
              concatenated_examples = {k: sum(examples[k], []) for k in examples.keys()}
              total_length = len(concatenated_examples[list(examples.keys())[0]])
              # We drop the small remainder, we could add padding if the model supported it instead of this drop, you can
              # customize this part to your needs.
              if total_length >= max_seq_length:
                  total_length = (total_length // max_seq_length) * max_seq_length
              # Split by chunks of max_len.
              result = {
                  k: [t[i : i + max_seq_length] for i in range(0, total_length, max_seq_length)]
                  for k, t in concatenated_examples.items()
              }
              return result
  
          # Note that with `batched=True`, this map processes 1,000 texts together, so group_texts throws away a
          # remainder for each of those groups of 1,000 texts. You can adjust that batch_size here but a higher value
          # might be slower to preprocess.
          #
          # To speed up this part, we use multiprocessing. See the documentation of the map method for more information:
          # https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Dataset.map
  
          tokenized_datasets = tokenized_datasets.map(
              group_texts,
              batched=True,
              num_proc=args.preprocessing_num_workers,
              load_from_cache_file=not args.overwrite_cache,
              desc=f"Grouping texts in chunks of {max_seq_length}",
          )
  
      train_dataset = tokenized_datasets["train"]
      eval_dataset = tokenized_datasets["validation"]
  
      # Log a few random samples from the training set:
      for index in random.sample(range(len(train_dataset)), 3):
          logger.info(f"Sample {index} of the training set: {train_dataset[index]}.")
  
      # Data collator
      # This one will take care of randomly masking the tokens.
      data_collator = DataCollatorForLanguageModeling(tokenizer=tokenizer, mlm_probability=args.mlm_probability)
  
      # DataLoaders creation:
      train_dataloader = DataLoader(
          train_dataset, shuffle=True, collate_fn=data_collator, batch_size=args.per_device_train_batch_size
      )
      eval_dataloader = DataLoader(eval_dataset, collate_fn=data_collator, batch_size=args.per_device_eval_batch_size)
  
      # Optimizer
      # Split weights in two groups, one with weight decay and the other not.
      no_decay = ["bias", "LayerNorm.weight"]
      optimizer_grouped_parameters = [
          {
              "params": [p for n, p in model.named_parameters() if not any(nd in n for nd in no_decay)],
              "weight_decay": args.weight_decay,
          },
          {
              "params": [p for n, p in model.named_parameters() if any(nd in n for nd in no_decay)],
              "weight_decay": 0.0,
          },
      ]
      optimizer = AdamW(optimizer_grouped_parameters, lr=args.learning_rate)
  
      # Prepare everything with our `accelerator`.
      model, optimizer, train_dataloader, eval_dataloader = accelerator.prepare(
          model, optimizer, train_dataloader, eval_dataloader
      )
  
      # Note -> the training dataloader needs to be prepared before we grab his length below (cause its length will be
      # shorter in multiprocess)
  
      # Scheduler and math around the number of training steps.
      num_update_steps_per_epoch = math.ceil(len(train_dataloader) / args.gradient_accumulation_steps)
      if args.max_train_steps is None:
          args.max_train_steps = args.num_train_epochs * num_update_steps_per_epoch
      else:
          args.num_train_epochs = math.ceil(args.max_train_steps / num_update_steps_per_epoch)
  
      lr_scheduler = get_scheduler(
          name=args.lr_scheduler_type,
          optimizer=optimizer,
          num_warmup_steps=args.num_warmup_steps,
          num_training_steps=args.max_train_steps,
      )
  
      # Train!
      total_batch_size = args.per_device_train_batch_size * accelerator.num_processes * args.gradient_accumulation_steps
  
      logger.info("***** Running training *****")
      logger.info(f"  Num examples = {len(train_dataset)}")
      logger.info(f"  Num Epochs = {args.num_train_epochs}")
      logger.info(f"  Instantaneous batch size per device = {args.per_device_train_batch_size}")
      logger.info(f"  Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = {total_batch_size}")
      logger.info(f"  Gradient Accumulation steps = {args.gradient_accumulation_steps}")
      logger.info(f"  Total optimization steps = {args.max_train_steps}")
      # Only show the progress bar once on each machine.
      progress_bar = tqdm(range(args.max_train_steps), disable=not accelerator.is_local_main_process)
      completed_steps = 0
  
      for epoch in range(args.num_train_epochs):
          model.train()
          for step, batch in enumerate(train_dataloader):
              outputs = model(**batch)
              loss = outputs.loss
              loss = loss / args.gradient_accumulation_steps
              accelerator.backward(loss)
              if step % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0 or step == len(train_dataloader) - 1:
                  optimizer.step()
                  lr_scheduler.step()
                  optimizer.zero_grad()
                  progress_bar.update(1)
                  completed_steps += 1
  
              if completed_steps >= args.max_train_steps:
                  break
  
          model.eval()
          losses = []
          for step, batch in enumerate(eval_dataloader):
              with torch.no_grad():
                  outputs = model(**batch)
  
              loss = outputs.loss
              losses.append(accelerator.gather(loss.repeat(args.per_device_eval_batch_size)))
  
          losses = torch.cat(losses)
          losses = losses[: len(eval_dataset)]
          try:
              perplexity = math.exp(torch.mean(losses))
          except OverflowError:
              perplexity = float("inf")
  
          logger.info(f"epoch {epoch}: perplexity: {perplexity}")
  
      if args.output_dir is not None:
          accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
          unwrapped_model = accelerator.unwrap_model(model)
          unwrapped_model.save_pretrained(args.output_dir, save_function=accelerator.save)
  
  def _mp_fn(index):
      # For xla_spawn (TPUs)
      main()
  
  if __name__ == "__main__":
      main()
  