text: import numpy as np
  from typing import Callable, Dict, Optional, Union
  from alibi_detect.utils.frameworks import has_pytorch, has_tensorflow, has_sklearn
  
  if has_sklearn:
      from sklearn.base import ClassifierMixin
      from alibi_detect.cd.sklearn.classifier import ClassifierDriftSklearn
  
  if has_pytorch:
      from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
      from alibi_detect.cd.pytorch.classifier import ClassifierDriftTorch
      from alibi_detect.utils.pytorch.data import TorchDataset
  
  if has_tensorflow:
      from alibi_detect.cd.tensorflow.classifier import ClassifierDriftTF
      from alibi_detect.utils.tensorflow.data import TFDataset
  
  
  class ClassifierDrift:
      def __init__(
              self,
              x_ref: Union[np.ndarray, list],
              model: Union[ClassifierMixin, Callable],
              backend: str = 'tensorflow',
              p_val: float = .05,
              preprocess_x_ref: bool = True,
              update_x_ref: Optional[Dict[str, int]] = None,
              preprocess_fn: Optional[Callable] = None,
              preds_type: str = 'probs',
              binarize_preds: bool = False,
              reg_loss_fn: Callable = (lambda model: 0),
              train_size: Optional[float] = .75,
              n_folds: Optional[int] = None,
              retrain_from_scratch: bool = True,
              seed: int = 0,
              optimizer: Optional[Callable] = None,
              learning_rate: float = 1e-3,
              batch_size: int = 32,
              preprocess_batch_fn: Optional[Callable] = None,
              epochs: int = 3,
              verbose: int = 0,
              train_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
              device: Optional[str] = None,
              dataset: Optional[Callable] = None,
              dataloader: Optional[Callable] = None,
              use_calibration: bool = False,
              calibration_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
              use_oob: bool = False,
              data_type: Optional[str] = None
      ) -> None:
          """
          Classifier-based drift detector. The classifier is trained on a fraction of the combined
          reference and test data and drift is detected on the remaining data. To use all the data
          to detect drift, a stratified cross-validation scheme can be chosen.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          x_ref
              Data used as reference distribution.
          model
              PyTorch, TensorFlow or Sklearn classification model used for drift detection.
          backend
              Backend used for the training loop implementation. Supported: 'tensorflow' | 'pytorch' | 'sklearn'.
          p_val
              p-value used for the significance of the test.
          preprocess_x_ref
              Whether to already preprocess and store the reference data.
          update_x_ref
              Reference data can optionally be updated to the last `n` instances seen by the detector
              or via reservoir sampling with size `n`. For the former, the parameter equals `{'last': n}` while
              for reservoir sampling `{'reservoir_sampling': n}` is passed.
          preprocess_fn
              Function to preprocess the data before computing the data drift metrics.
          preds_type
              Whether the model outputs 'probs' (probabilities - for 'tensorflow', 'pytorch', 'sklearn' models),
              'logits' (for 'pytorch', 'tensorflow' models), 'scores' (for 'sklearn' models if `decision_function`
              is supported).
          binarize_preds
              Whether to test for discrepancy on soft  (e.g. probs/logits/scores) model predictions directly
              with a K-S test or binarise to 0-1 prediction errors and apply a binomial test.
          reg_loss_fn
              The regularisation term `reg_loss_fn(model)` is added to the loss function being optimized.
              Only relevant for 'tensorflow` and 'pytorch' backends.
          train_size
              Optional fraction (float between 0 and 1) of the dataset used to train the classifier.
              The drift is detected on `1 - train_size`. Cannot be used in combination with `n_folds`.
          n_folds
              Optional number of stratified folds used for training. The model preds are then calculated
              on all the out-of-fold instances. This allows to leverage all the reference and test data
              for drift detection at the expense of longer computation. If both `train_size` and `n_folds`
              are specified, `n_folds` is prioritized.
          retrain_from_scratch
              Whether the classifier should be retrained from scratch for each set of test data or whether
              it should instead continue training from where it left off on the previous set.
          seed
              Optional random seed for fold selection.
          optimizer
              Optimizer used during training of the classifier. Only relevant for 'tensorflow' and 'pytorch' backends.
          learning_rate
              Learning rate used by optimizer. Only relevant for 'tensorflow' and 'pytorch' backends.
          batch_size
              Batch size used during training of the classifier. Only relevant for 'tensorflow' and 'pytorch' backends.
          preprocess_batch_fn
              Optional batch preprocessing function. For example to convert a list of objects to a batch which can be
              processed by the model. Only relevant for 'tensorflow' and 'pytorch' backends.
          epochs
              Number of training epochs for the classifier for each (optional) fold. Only relevant for 'tensorflow'
              and 'pytorch' backends.
          verbose
              Verbosity level during the training of the classifier. 0 is silent, 1 a progress bar. Only relevant for
              'tensorflow' and 'pytorch' backends.
          train_kwargs
              Optional additional kwargs when fitting the classifier. Only relevant for 'tensorflow' and
              'pytorch' backends.
          device
              Device type used. The default None tries to use the GPU and falls back on CPU if needed.
              Can be specified by passing either 'cuda', 'gpu' or 'cpu'. Only relevant for 'pytorch' backend.
          dataset
              Dataset object used during training. Only relevant for 'tensorflow' and 'pytorch' backends.
          dataloader
              Dataloader object used during training. Only relevant for 'pytorch' backend.
          use_calibration
              Whether to use calibration. Calibration can be used on top of any model.
              Only relevant for 'sklearn' backend.
          calibration_kwargs
              Optional additional kwargs for calibration. Only relevant for 'sklearn' backend.
              See https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.calibration.CalibratedClassifierCV.html
              for more details.
          use_oob
              Whether to use out-of-bag(OOB) predictions. Supported only for `RandomForestClassifier`.
          data_type
              Optionally specify the data type (tabular, image or time-series). Added to metadata.
          """
          super().__init__()
  
          backend = backend.lower()
          if (backend == 'tensorflow' and not has_tensorflow) or (backend == 'pytorch' and not has_pytorch) or \
                  (backend == 'sklearn' and not has_sklearn):
              raise ImportError(f'{backend} not installed. Cannot initialize and run the '
                                f'ClassifierDrift detector with {backend} backend.')
          elif backend not in ['tensorflow', 'pytorch', 'sklearn']:
              raise NotImplementedError(f"{backend} not implemented. Use 'tensorflow', 'pytorch' or 'sklearn' instead.")
  
          kwargs = locals()
          args = [kwargs['x_ref'], kwargs['model']]
          pop_kwargs = ['self', 'x_ref', 'model', 'backend', '__class__']
          if kwargs['optimizer'] is None:
              pop_kwargs += ['optimizer']
          [kwargs.pop(k, None) for k in pop_kwargs]
  
          if backend == 'tensorflow':
              pop_kwargs = ['device', 'dataloader', 'use_calibration', 'calibration_kwargs', 'use_oob']
              [kwargs.pop(k, None) for k in pop_kwargs]
              if dataset is None:
                  kwargs.update({'dataset': TFDataset})
              self._detector = ClassifierDriftTF(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
          elif backend == 'pytorch':
              pop_kwargs = ['use_calibration', 'calibration_kwargs', 'use_oob']
              [kwargs.pop(k, None) for k in pop_kwargs]
              if dataset is None:
                  kwargs.update({'dataset': TorchDataset})
              if dataloader is None:
                  kwargs.update({'dataloader': DataLoader})
              self._detector = ClassifierDriftTorch(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
          else:
              pop_kwargs = ['reg_loss_fn', 'optimizer', 'learning_rate', 'batch_size', 'preprocess_batch_fn',
                            'epochs', 'train_kwargs', 'device',  'dataset', 'dataloader', 'verbose']
              [kwargs.pop(k, None) for k in pop_kwargs]
              self._detector = ClassifierDriftSklearn(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
          self.meta = self._detector.meta
  
      def predict(self, x: Union[np.ndarray, list],  return_p_val: bool = True,
                  return_distance: bool = True, return_probs: bool = True, return_model: bool = True) \
              -> Dict[str, Dict[str, Union[str, int, float, Callable]]]:
          """
          Predict whether a batch of data has drifted from the reference data.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          x
              Batch of instances.
          return_p_val
              Whether to return the p-value of the test.
          return_distance
              Whether to return a notion of strength of the drift.
              K-S test stat if binarize_preds=False, otherwise relative error reduction.
          return_probs
              Whether to return the instance level classifier probabilities for the reference and test data
              (0=reference data, 1=test data).
          return_model
              Whether to return the updated model trained to discriminate reference and test instances.
  
          Returns
          -------
          Dictionary containing 'meta' and 'data' dictionaries
  
           - 'meta' - has the model's metadata.
  
           - 'data' - contains the drift prediction and optionally the p-value, performance of the classifier \
          relative to its expectation under the no-change null, the out-of-fold classifier model \
          prediction probabilities on the reference and test data, and the trained model. \
          """
          return self._detector.predict(x, return_p_val, return_distance, return_probs, return_model)
  