text: /*  Copyright (C) 1988-2013 by the Institute of Global Environment and Society (IGES).  
      See file COPYRIGHT for more information.   */
  
  /* Authored by B. Doty and Jennifer Adams */
  
  #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
  #include "config.h"
  
  /* If autoconfed, only include malloc.h when it's presen */
  #ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_H
  #include <malloc.h>
  #endif
  
  #else /* undef HAVE_CONFIG_H */
  
  #ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_H
  #include <malloc.h>
  #endif
  
  #endif /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
  
  #include "grads.h"
  #include <math.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #if USENETCDF == 1
  #include "netcdf.h"
  #endif
  #if USEHDF ==1
  #include "mfhdf.h"
  #endif
  #if USEHDF5 ==1
  #include "hdf5.h"
  #endif
  
  /* global struct for warning level setting */
  extern struct gamfcmn mfcmn;
  
  gaint garead (off_t, gaint, gadouble *, char *);
  off_t gafcorlf (gaint, gaint, gaint, gaint, gaint);
  
  /* Global pointers for this file */
  static struct gafile *pfi;
  static struct gagrid *pgr;
  static struct gavar *pvr;
  static struct gaindx *pindx;
  static struct gaindxb *pindxb;
  static gaint timerr;
  static gaint msgflg=1;
  static char pout[256]; 
  
  /* For STNDALN, routines included are gaopfn, gaopnc, and gaophdf */
  /* #ifndef STNDALN */
  
  /* GRIB I/O caching.  GRIB data is chached, as well as the bit
     maps, if present.  Sometimes the expanded bit map is cached. */
  static char *cache;             /* I/O cache for GRIB */
  static unsigned char *bcache;   /* Bit map cache */
  static gaint cflag=0;           /* cache flag */
  static gaint bcflag=0;          /* Bit cache flag */
  static off_t bpsav = (off_t)-999;      /* Bit cache pointer */
  static gaint bssav = -999;      /* Bit cache size */
  static gaint *bpcach;           /* expanded bit map cache */
  
  /* Station data I/O caching.  We will cache fairly small I/O
     requests that fit within the specified size buffer.  If the buffer
     gets overfilled, we just forget the caching.  */
  static gaint scflg = 0;         /* Anything cached? */
  static gaint scuca = 0;         /* Can use cache for this request */
  static gaint scerr = 0;         /* Buffer full? */
  static gaint scok;              /* Ok to fill buffer */
  static gaint scpnt;             /* Current cache offset */
  static gaint scseq;             /* File sequence of last request */
  static struct gastn scstn;      /* Previous request */
  static char *scbuf=NULL;        /* Cache */
  
  
  #if GRIB2
  /* GRIB2 I/O cache */
  static struct gag2indx *g2indx;
  static struct g2anchor *anchor;
  static gaint debug=0;
  #define MAXG2CACHE 500100100
  #endif
  
  /* Size of cache */
  #define SCNUM 50000
  
  
  /* Routine resets flag to allow warning in regards to interpolation */
  void gaiomg () {
    msgflg = 1;
  }
  
  /* Routine to obtain a grid.  The addresses of the gagrid
     structure is passed to this routine.  The storage for the
     grid is obtained and the grid is filled with data.                 */
  
  gaint gaggrd (struct gagrid *pgrid) {
    gadouble *gr;
    char *gru;
    gaint x,i,id,jd,d[5],dx[5];
    gaint incr,rc,dflag,size;
    size_t sz;
  #if USEHDF5==1
    hid_t dsid,vid;
    char *vname;
  #endif
  
    if (cflag) gree(cache,"f105");
    cache = NULL;
    cflag = 0;
    if (bcflag) {
      gree(bcache,"f106");
      gree(bpcach,"f107");
    }
    bcache = NULL;
    bpcach = NULL;
    bcflag = 0;
    bssav = -999;
    bpsav = (off_t)-999;
  
    pgr = pgrid;
    pvr = pgr->pvar;
    pfi = pgr->pfile;
    timerr = 0;
    if (pfi->idxflg==1) { 
      pindx  = pfi->pindx;
      pindxb = pfi->pindxb;
    }
  #if GRIB2
    if (pfi->idxflg==2) g2indx = pfi->g2indx;
  #endif
    if (pfi->ppflag && msgflg) {
      gaprnt (2,"Notice:  Automatic Grid Interpolation Taking Place\n");
      msgflg = 0;
    }
  
    if (pfi->type==4) {
      rc = gagdef();
      return (rc);
    }
  
    /* Check dimensions we were given */
    if (pgr->idim < -1 || pgr->idim > 4 ||
        pgr->jdim < -1 || pgr->jdim > 4 ||
        (pgr->idim == -1 && pgr->jdim!=-1)) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"Internal logic check 16:  %i %i  \n", pgr->idim, pgr->jdim);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      return (16);
    }
  
    /* Calc sizes and get storage for the grid */
    id = pgr->idim;
    jd = pgr->jdim;
    if (id > -1)  pgr->isiz = pgr->dimmax[id] - pgr->dimmin[id] + 1;
    else pgr->isiz = 1;
    if (jd > -1)  pgr->jsiz = pgr->dimmax[jd] - pgr->dimmin[jd] + 1;
    else pgr->jsiz = 1;
    size = pgr->isiz*pgr->jsiz;
    if (size>1) {
      /* this is for the grid */
      sz  = (size_t)size * sizeof(gadouble);
      gr = (gadouble *)galloc(sz,"gr");
      if (gr==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Memory Allocation Error:  grid storage \n");
        return (1);
      }
      pgr->grid = gr;
      /* this is for the undef mask */
      sz = size * sizeof(char);
      gru = (char *)galloc(sz,"gru");
      if (gru==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Memory Allocation Error:  undef grid storage \n");
        return (1);
      }
      pgr->umask = gru;
    } 
    else {
      pgr->grid = &(pgr->rmin);
      gr = pgr->grid;
      pgr->umask = &(pgr->umin);  
      gru = pgr->umask;
    }
  
    /* Handle predefined variable */
    if (pvr->levels<-900) {
      rc = gagpre();
      return (rc);
    }
  
    /* set minimum and maximum grid indices */
    for (i=0; i<5; i++) {
      d[i]  = pgr->dimmin[i]; 
      dx[i] = pfi->dnum[i];
    }
    /* adjust max Z index so it doesn't exceed the number of levels for this variable */
    dx[2] = pvr->levels;
    if (dx[2]==0) {        
      if (id==2 || jd==2) goto nozdat;
      dx[2] = 1;
      d[2] = 1;
    }
  
    incr = pgr->isiz;
  
    /* If X does not vary, make sure the X coordinate is normalized.    */
    if (id!=0 && pfi->wrap) {
      x=pgr->dimmin[0];
      while (x<1) x=x+dx[0];
      while (x>dx[0]) x=x-dx[0];
      pgr->dimmin[0]=x;
      pgr->dimmax[0]=x;
      d[0] = x;
    }
  
    /* If any of the non-varying dimensions are out of bounds of the
       file dimension limits, then we have a grid of missing data.
       Check for this.                                                  */
    for (i=0; i<5; i++) {
      if (id!=i && jd!=i &&          /* dim i is non-varying */
  	(d[i]<1 || d[i]>dx[i])) {  /* dim index is <1 or >max dim size */
        /* returned grid will be missing, except for one special case ... */
        /* ... allow a time index offset (offt) equal to 0 */
        if (i!=3 || pgr->toff!=1 || d[i]!=0)   /* same as !(i==3 && pgr->toff==1 && d[i]==0) */
  	goto nodat;
      }
    }
  
    /* Break out point for reading 2D netcdf grids (for special cases) */
    /* JMA still need to optimize handling of OPeNDAP pre-projected grids */
    if ((pgr->toff != 1) &&          /* if t value is not an offset */
        (pfi->ncflg==1) &&           /* format is netcdf */
        (pfi->ppflag==0) &&          /* no pdef */
        (pfi->tmplat==0)) {          /* not templated */
      /* check the variable id, get variable attributes */
      rc = gancsetup();          
      if (rc) return(rc);
      /* get the 2D grid */
      rc = gancgrid(gr,gru,id,jd);
      if (rc<0) goto nodat;
      return (rc);
    }
  
  #if USEHDF5==1
    /* For non-templated HDF5 data sets, file is already open, 
       but we still need to open the variable and set it up */ 
    if (pfi->tmplat==0 && pfi->ncflg==3) {
      /* check of variable is already opened */
      if (pvr->h5varflg < 0) {   
        /* get the variable name */
        if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0')
  	vname = pvr->longnm;
        else
  	vname = pvr->abbrv;
        /* open the variable */
        rc = h5openvar(pfi->h5id,vname,&dsid,&vid);
        if (rc) {
  	pvr->h5vid = -888;
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Error: Variable %s not in HDF5 file\n",vname);
  	gaprnt(0,pout);
  	return (rc); 
        }
        /* No errors, so continue with variable set up */
        pvr->dataspace = dsid;
        pvr->h5varflg = vid;
        /* if we haven't looked at this variable before ... */
        if (pvr->h5vid == -999) {  
  	/* get undef & packing attributes, check cache size */
  	rc = h5setup();   
  	if (rc) return (rc);
        }
        /* set h5-relevant variables in the gavar structure */
        pvr->h5vid = (gaint)vid; 
      }
    }
  #endif
  
    /* Handle case where X varies. */
    dflag = 0;
    if ( id == 0 ) {
      if (jd<0) jd = 1;      
  
      for (d[jd]=pgr->dimmin[jd]; d[jd]<=pgr->dimmax[jd]; d[jd]++) {
  
        if (d[jd]<1 || d[jd]>dx[jd]) {
          for (i=0; i<incr; i++) {
  	  *(gr+i) = pgr->undef;
  	  *(gru+i) = 0;
  	}
        } 
        else {
          rc = gagrow(gr, gru, d);
          if (rc > 0 ) return (1);
          if (rc==0) dflag=1;
        }
        gr += incr;
        gru += incr;
      }
      if (!dflag) goto nodatmsg;
      return (0);
    }
  
    /* Handle cases where X does not vary. Read each point in the grid seperately. */
    if (jd<0) {
      if (id<0) { id=0; jd=1; }
      else jd=0;
    }
    for (d[jd]=pgr->dimmin[jd]; d[jd]<=pgr->dimmax[jd]; d[jd]++) {
      if (d[jd]<1 || d[jd]>dx[jd]) {
        for (i=0; i<incr; i++,gr++,gru++) {
  	*gr = pgr->undef;
  	*gru = 0;
        }
      } else {
        for (d[id]=pgr->dimmin[id]; d[id]<=pgr->dimmax[id]; d[id]++) {
          if (d[id]<1 || d[id]>dx[id]) {
  	  *gr = pgr->undef;
  	  *gru = 0;
  	}
          else {
            rc = garrow (d[0], d[1], d[2], d[3], d[4], 1, gr, gru, pgr->toff);  
            if (rc != 0 ) return (1);
            dflag=1;
          }
          gr++; gru++;
        }
      }
    }
    if (!dflag) goto nodatmsg;
  
    return (0);
  
  nozdat:
    if(mfcmn.warnflg>0) {
      gaprnt (1,"Data Request Warning:  Varying Z dimension environment...\n");
      gaprnt (1,"  but the requested variable has no Z dimension\n");
      gaprnt (2,"  Entire grid contents are set to missing data \n");
    }
    for (i=0; i<size; i++,gr++,gru++) {
      *gr = pgr->undef;  
      *gru = 0;
    }
    return (-1);
  
  nodat:
    for (i=0; i<size; i++,gr++,gru++) {
      *gr = pgr->undef;  
      *gru = 0;
    }
  
  nodatmsg:
    if(mfcmn.warnflg>0) {
      gaprnt (1,"Data Request Warning:  Request is completely outside file limits\n");
      gaprnt (2,"  Entire grid contents are set to missing data \n");
      snprintf(pout,255,"  Grid limits of file:     X = 1 %i  Y = 1 %i  Z = 1 %i  T = 1 %i  E = 1 %i \n",
  	     pfi->dnum[0],pfi->dnum[1],pfi->dnum[2],pfi->dnum[3],pfi->dnum[4]);
      gaprnt (2,pout);
      snprintf(pout,255,"  Grid limits of request:  X = %i %i  Y = %i %i  Z = %i %i  T = %i %i  E = %i %i \n",
  	     pgr->dimmin[0],pgr->dimmax[0],
  	     pgr->dimmin[1],pgr->dimmax[1],
  	     pgr->dimmin[2],pgr->dimmax[2],
  	     pgr->dimmin[3],pgr->dimmax[3],
  	     pgr->dimmin[4],pgr->dimmax[4]);
      gaprnt (2,pout);
    }
    return (-1);
  
  }
  
  
  /* gagrow gets a row of data from the file.  The row of data can
     be 'wrapped' if the x direction of the grid spans the globe. 
     return codes:  
      0 if no errors
     -1 if out of bounds
      1 if errors
                
        */
  
  gaint gagrow (gadouble *gr, char *gru, gaint *d) {
  gaint rc,i,x,j;
  gaint y,z,t,e;
  
    y = *(d+1);
    z = *(d+2);
    t = *(d+3);
    e = *(d+4);
  
    /* If the needed data is within the bounds of the file dimensions
       then read the data directly.                                     */
    if (pgr->dimmin[0] >= 1 && pgr->dimmax[0] <= pfi->dnum[0]) {
      rc = garrow (pgr->dimmin[0], y, z, t, e, (pgr->dimmax[0]-pgr->dimmin[0]+1), gr, gru, pgr->toff);
      if (rc != 0 ) return (1);
      return (0);
    }
  
    /* If the file does not wrap, then read the data directly, if possible.  
       If the requested data lies outside the file's bounds,
       fill in with missing data where appropriate.                   */
    if (!pfi->wrap) {
      if ( pgr->dimmin[0]>=1 && pgr->dimmax[0]<=pfi->dnum[0] ) {
        rc = garrow (pgr->dimmin[0], y, z, t, e, (pgr->dimmax[0]-pgr->dimmin[0]+1), gr, gru, pgr->toff);
        if (rc != 0 ) return (1);
        return (0);
      }
      for (i=0; i<pgr->isiz; i++) {
        *(gr+i) = pgr->undef;
        *(gru+i) = 0;
      }
      if (pgr->dimmin[0]<1 && pgr->dimmax[0]<1 ) return (-1);
      if (pgr->dimmin[0]>pfi->dnum[0] &&
          pgr->dimmax[0]>pfi->dnum[0] ) return (-1);
      i = 1 - pgr->dimmin[0];
      if (i>0) { gr+=i; gru+=i; }
      i = 1;
      if (pgr->dimmin[0]>1) i = pgr->dimmin[0];
      j = pgr->dimmax[0];
      if (j > pfi->dnum[0]) j = pfi->dnum[0];
      j = 1 + (j - i);
      rc = garrow (i, y, z, t, e, j, gr, gru, pgr->toff);
      if (rc != 0 ) return (1);
      return (0);
    }
  
    /* When the file wraps, we read the entire row into the row buffer, and
       copy the values as needed into locations in the requested row.    */
    rc = garrow (1, y, z, t, e, pfi->dnum[0], pfi->rbuf, pfi->ubuf, pgr->toff);
    if (rc != 0 ) return (1);
    for (x=pgr->dimmin[0];x<=pgr->dimmax[0];x++) {
      i=x;
      while (i<1) i = i + pfi->dnum[0];
      while (i>pfi->dnum[0]) i = i-(pfi->dnum[0]);    /* Best way??? */
      *gr = *((pfi->rbuf)+i-1);
      *gru = *((pfi->ubuf)+i-1);
      gr++; gru++;
    }
    return (0);
  }
  
  
  /*  Basic read of a row of data elements -- a row is always
      in the X direction, which for grads binary is the fastest
      varying dimension */
  
    gaint garrow (gaint x, gaint y, gaint z, gaint t, gaint e, 
  		gaint len, gadouble *gr, char *gru, gaint toff) {
    struct gaens *ens;
    gaint rc,i=0,tt,ee,oflg;
    off_t fposlf;
  #if USEHDF5==1
    char *vname;
    hid_t dsid,vid;
  #endif
  
    /* change t value if offset flag is set */
    if (toff) {
      /* advance through chain of ensemble structure to get to ensemble 'e' */
      ens=pfi->ens1;    
      i=1;
      while (i<e) { i++; ens++; }
      /* add the forecast offset to the start time for this ensemble */
      t = ens->gt + t;
      /* if new t value is outside file's bounds, populate with undefs */  
      if (t<1 || t>pfi->dnum[3]) {
        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
  	*(gr+i) = pfi->undef;
  	*(gru+i) = 0;
        }
        return (0);
      }
    }
  
    tt = t;
    if (pfi->tmplat) {
      tt = gaopfn(t,e,&ee,&oflg,pfi);
      if (tt==-99999) return(1);
      if (tt==-88888) {
        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
  	*(gr+i) = pfi->undef;
  	*(gru+i) = 0;
        }
        return (0);
      }
      if (oflg) {
        /* Force new bit map cache if new file opened */
        bpsav = (off_t)-999;    
      }
  #if USEHDF5==1
      /* For HDF5, call h5setup and h5openvar if new file opened or if a new variable */
      if (pfi->ncflg==3) {
        if (oflg || pvr->h5varflg<0) { 
  	/* get the variable name */
  	if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0')
  	  vname = pvr->longnm;
  	else
  	  vname = pvr->abbrv;
  	/* open the variable */
  	rc = h5openvar(pfi->h5id,vname,&dsid,&vid);
  	if (rc) {
  	  pvr->h5vid = -888;
  	  snprintf(pout,255,"Error: Variable %s not in HDF5 file\n",vname);
  	  gaprnt(0,pout);
  	  return (rc); 
  	}
  	/* No errors, so continue with variable set up */
  	pvr->dataspace = dsid;
  	pvr->h5varflg = vid;
  	/* if we haven't looked at this variable before ... */
  	if (pvr->h5vid == -999) {  
  	  /* get undef & packing attributes, check cache size */
  	  rc = h5setup();   
  	  if (rc) return (rc);
  	}
  	/* set h5-relevant variables in the gavar structure */
  	pvr->h5vid = (gaint)vid; 
        }
      }
  #endif
    }
    else {
      ee = e;  /* set relative ensemble number to e for non-templated data sets */
    }
    
    /* Preprojected (pdef) */
    if (pfi->ppflag) {                             
      if (pfi->idxflg)  
        rc = gaprow (x, y, z, t,  e, tt, len, gr, gru);  /* Grib uses e to read index file */
      else 
        rc = gaprow (x, y, z, t, ee, tt, len, gr, gru);  /* All other data types use ee */
      return (rc);
    }
    /* netcdf */
    if (pfi->ncflg==1) {              
      rc = gancsetup();
      if (rc) return(rc);
       rc = gancrow (x, y, z, tt, ee, len, gr, gru);
      return(rc);
    }
    /* HDF-SDS */
    if (pfi->ncflg==2) {              
      rc = gahrow(x, y, z, tt, ee, len, gr, gru);
      return(rc);
    }
    /* HDF5 grids */
    if (pfi->ncflg==3) {              
      rc = gah5row(x, y, z, tt, ee, len, gr, gru);
      return(rc);
    }
    /* Indexed (grib) */
    if (pfi->idxflg) {               
      rc = gairow (x, y, z, t, e, i, len, gr, gru);  
      return (rc);
    }
    /* if none of the above... binary */
    fposlf = gafcorlf (x, y, z, tt, ee);         
    rc = garead (fposlf, len, gr, gru);
    return (rc);
  }
   
   
  off_t gafcorlf (gaint x, gaint y, gaint z, gaint t, gaint e) {
  off_t pos;
  off_t ltmpz,ltmpy,ltmpt,ltmpe;
  off_t yy,zz;
  off_t levs;
  off_t xl, yl, zl, tl, el;
  
    xl = x;
    yl = y;
    zl = z;
    tl = t;
    el = e;
  
    levs=(off_t)pvr->levels;
    if(levs == 0) levs=1;
    if (pfi->tlpflg) {
      tl = tl + (off_t)pfi->tlpst;
      if (tl > (off_t)pfi->dnum[3]) tl = tl - (off_t)pfi->dnum[3];
    }
  
    if (pfi->yrflg) {
      yy = (off_t)pfi->dnum[1] - yl;
    }
    else {
      yy = yl - 1;
    }
  
    if (pfi->zrflg) {
      if (levs==0) {
        zz = 0;
      }
      else {
        zz = levs - zl;
      }
    } 
    else {
      zz = zl - 1;
    }
    if (pvr->var_t) {
      ltmpe = (el-1)*(off_t)((pfi->dnum[3])*(pfi->vnum)*levs*(pfi->gsiz)); 
      ltmpt = (tl-1)*(off_t)(pfi->gsiz)*levs;
      ltmpz = zz*(off_t)(pfi->gsiz);
      ltmpy = yy*(off_t)(pfi->dnum[0]);
    } else {
      ltmpe=(el-1)*(pfi->dnum[3]*(off_t)pfi->tsiz);
      ltmpt=(tl-1)*((off_t)pfi->tsiz);
      ltmpz=zz*(off_t)(pfi->gsiz); 
      ltmpy=yy*((off_t)pfi->dnum[0]);
    }
    pos = 
      ltmpe + 
        ltmpt +
          (off_t)pvr->offset +
            ltmpz +
              ltmpy +
                (xl-1); 
  
    if (pfi->xyhdr) pos = pos + (off_t)pfi->xyhdr;
    return (pos);
  }
  
  gaint garead (off_t fpos, gaint len, gadouble *gr, char *gru) {
  gafloat *fgr;
  off_t ffpos;
  gaint rc,i;
  gaint cnt,*ig;
  unsigned char *igr,*chcast;
  char *cgr;
  unsigned short usval;
  signed short sval;
  size_t sz;
  
    if (pvr->dfrm == 1) {
      ffpos = fpos*(off_t)sizeof(char) + (off_t)pfi->fhdr;
    } 
    else if (pvr->dfrm == 2 || pvr->dfrm == -2 ) {
      ffpos = fpos*2ll + (off_t)pfi->fhdr;
    } 
    else if (pvr->dfrm == 4) {
      ffpos = fpos*4ll + (off_t)pfi->fhdr;
    } 
    else {
      /* use 4 instead of sizeof(gafloat) to read float data */
      ffpos = fpos*4ll + (off_t)pfi->fhdr;
    }
    rc = fseeko(pfi->infile, ffpos, 0);
    if (rc!=0) {
      gaprnt (0,"Low Level I/O Error:  Seek error on data file \n");
      snprintf(pout,255,"  Data file name = %s \n",pfi->name);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      snprintf(pout,255,"%d rc=%d fpos=%ld pfi->fhdr=%ld\n",__LINE__,rc,(long)fpos,pfi->fhdr);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      snprintf(pout,255,"  Error occurred when seeking to byte %ld \n",(long)ffpos);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      return (1);
    }
  
    if (pvr->dfrm == 1) {                        
      /* read 1-byte data */
      sz = len;
      igr = (unsigned char *)galloc(sz,"igr");
      if (igr==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Memory Allocation Error:  1-byte data storage \n");
        return (1);
      }
      rc = fread (igr, 1, len, pfi->infile);               
      if (rc<len) {
        gree(igr,"f108a");
        goto readerr;
      }
      for(i=0;i<len;i++) *(gr+i) = (gadouble)(*(igr+i));
      gree(igr,"f108");
    } 
    else if (pvr->dfrm == 2 || pvr->dfrm == -2 ) {   
      /* read 2-byte data */
      sz = len*2;
      cgr = (char *)galloc(sz,"cgr");
      if (cgr==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Memory Allocation Error:  2-byte data storage \n");
        return (1);
      }
      rc = fread (cgr, 2, len, pfi->infile);
      if (rc<len) {
        gree(cgr,"f109a");
        goto readerr;
      }
      if (pfi->bswap) gabswp2(cgr,len);
      cnt=0;
      if (pvr->dfrm == -2) {
        chcast = (unsigned char *)(&sval);
        for(i=0;i<len;i++) {
  	*chcast = *(cgr+cnt);
  	*(chcast+1) = *(cgr+cnt+1);
  	*(gr+i) = (gadouble)sval;    
  	cnt+=2;
        }
      } else {
        chcast = (unsigned char *)(&usval);
        for(i=0;i<len;i++) {
  	*chcast = *(cgr+cnt);
  	*(chcast+1) = *(cgr+cnt+1);
  	*(gr+i) = (gadouble)usval;   
  	cnt+=2;
        }
      }
      gree(cgr,"f109");
    } 
    else if (pvr->dfrm == 4) {                     
      /* read 4-byte integers */
      sz = len*4;
      ig = (gaint *)galloc(sz,"ig");
      if (ig==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Memory Allocation Error:  4-byte integer storage \n");
        return (1);
      }
      rc = fread (ig, 4, len, pfi->infile); 
      if (rc<len) {
        gree(ig,"f110a");
        goto readerr;
      }
      if (pfi->bswap) gabswp(ig,len); 
      for(i=0;i<len;i++) *(gr+i) = (gadouble)(*(ig+i));
      gree(ig,"f110");
  
    } 
    else {
      /* standard direct access read, 4-byte floats */
      sz = len*4;
      fgr = (gafloat *)galloc(sz,"fgr");
      rc = fread (fgr, 4, len, pfi->infile); 
      if (rc<len) {
        gree(fgr,"f113a");
        goto readerr;
      }
      if (pfi->bswap) gabswp(fgr,len); 
      for(i=0;i<len;i++) *(gr+i) = (gadouble)(*(fgr+i));
      gree(fgr,"f113");
    }
  
    /* Test if NaN, Inf, or if grid value is within EPSILON of the missing data value.
       If yes, set undef mask to 0. The undef mask is 1 for valid grid values */
    for (i=0;i<len;i++) {
      if ((*gr >= pfi->ulow && *gr <= pfi->uhi) || (isnan(*gr)) || (isinf(*gr))) {
        *gru = 0;
      }
      else {
        *gru = 1;
      }
      gr++; gru++;
    }
    
    return (0);
  
  readerr:
    gaprnt (0,"Low Level I/O Error:  Read error on data file \n");
    snprintf(pout,255,"  Data file name = %s \n",pfi->name);
    gaprnt (0,pout);
    snprintf(pout,255,"  Error reading %ld bytes at location %ld \n",sz,(long)ffpos);
    gaprnt (0,pout);
    return (1);
  
  }
  
  /* Handle a station data request */
  
  gaint gagstn (struct gastn *stn) {
  struct rpthdr ghdr, *hdr;
  gaint i,j,rc,tim,fnum,rtot,rdw,nsiz;
  gaint selflg,oflg,dummy;
  off_t fpos=0;
  gaint sizhdrf,sizhdrd,sizf,sizd,idum;
  gadouble lnmin,lnmax,ltmin,ltmax,hlon;
  char ch1[16],ch2[16],*ch;
  size_t sz;
  
    stn->rpt = NULL;
    for (i=0; i<BLKNUM; i++) {
      stn->blks[i] = NULL;
    }
  
    if (stn->pfi->bufrflg) {         /* bufrstn */
      rc = getbufr(stn);             /* bufrstn */
      return (rc);                   /* bufrstn */
    }
  
  #if USEGADAP
    if (stn->pfi->dhandle > -999) {  /* dodstn */
      rc = dapget(stn);              /* dodstn */
      return (rc);                   /* dodstn */
    }
  #endif
  
    /* Determine cache situation */
    if (scbuf==NULL && !scerr) {
      sz = SCNUM;
      scbuf = (char *)galloc(sz,"scbuf");
      if (scbuf==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Memory allocation error:  Stn data cache buffer\n");
        gaprnt (0,"  Station data cache disabled\n");
        scerr = 1;
      }
      scflg = 0;
    }
  
    scuca = 0;
    scpnt = 0;
    if (!scerr) scok = 1;
    if (scflg && stn->pfi->fseq != -999 && scseq == stn->pfi->fseq &&
        scstn.pfi==stn->pfi && scstn.idim==stn->idim &&
        scstn.jdim==stn->jdim && scstn.tmin==stn->tmin &&
        scstn.tmax==stn->tmax && scstn.rflag==stn->rflag &&
        scstn.sflag==stn->sflag) {
      rc = 1;
      if (stn->rflag && scstn.radius!=stn->radius) rc = 0;
      if (stn->sflag) {
        for (i=0; i<8; i++) if (scstn.stid[i]!=stn->stid[i]) rc=0;
      } else {
        if (scstn.dmin[0]!=stn->dmin[0]) rc = 0;
        if (scstn.dmin[1]!=stn->dmin[1]) rc = 0;
        if (scstn.dmax[0]!=stn->dmax[0]) rc = 0;
        if (scstn.dmax[1]!=stn->dmax[1]) rc = 0;
      }
      if (rc) {
        scuca = 1;
        scok = 0;
      }
    }
  
    pvr = stn->pvar;
    pfi = stn->pfi;
    hdr = &ghdr;
  
    lnmin = stn->dmin[0]; lnmax = stn->dmax[0];
    ltmin = stn->dmin[1]; ltmax = stn->dmax[1];
    if (stn->rflag) {
      lnmin = lnmin - stn->radius;
      lnmax = lnmax + stn->radius;
      ltmin = ltmin - stn->radius;
      ltmax = ltmax + stn->radius;
    }
    stn->rnum = 0;
  
    /* set size of the file and data hdr */
    sizhdrf = sizeof(struct rpthdr);
    sizhdrd = sizeof(struct rpthdr);
  
    /* Loop through times looking for appropriate stations */
    for (tim=stn->tmin; tim<=stn->tmax; tim++) {
      if (tim<1) continue;
      if (tim > pfi->dnum[3]) break;
  
      if (!scuca && pfi->tmplat) {
        rc = gaopfn(tim,1,&dummy,&oflg,pfi);
        if (rc==-99999) goto err;
        if (rc==-88888) {
          if (scok) {
            hdr->nlev = 0;
            gacstn((char *)hdr, NULL, 0, sizhdrd);
          }
          continue;
        }
      }
  
      /* Loop through stations for this time looking for valid reports */
      if (!scuca) {
        fpos = *(pfi->tstrt+tim-1);
        rc = gasstn(fpos);
        if (rc) goto err;
      }
  
      while (1) {
        /* get the header */
        if (scuca) {                             /* from the cache */
  	gagcst (sizhdrd, (char *)hdr);
        } else {                                 /* from the file */
          if (pfi->seqflg) {
            rc = garstn(4,(char *)(&rdw),fpos);  
            if (rc) goto err;
            if (pfi->bswap) gabswp((gafloat *)(&rdw),1);
          }
          rc = garstn (sizhdrf, (char *)hdr, fpos);
          if (rc) goto err;
          if (pfi->bswap) gahswp(hdr);
        }
  
        if (hdr->nlev==0) break;   /* END OF DATA CHECK */
  
        /* Left justify the station id if there are leading blanks */
  
        j = 0;
        while (j<7 && hdr->id[0]==' ') {
          for (i=0; i<7; i++) hdr->id[i] = hdr->id[i+1];
          hdr->id[7] = ' ';
          j++;
        }
  
        /* Determine if we want to read the data portion of this report */
        selflg = 1;
        if (stn->sflag) {
          getwrd (ch1,hdr->id,8);
          lowcas(ch1);
          getwrd(ch2,stn->stid,8);
          if (!cmpwrd(ch1,ch2)) selflg = 0;
        } else {
          hlon = (gadouble)hdr->lon;
          if (hlon<lnmin) hlon+=360.0;
          if (hlon>lnmax) hlon-=360.0;
          if (hlon<lnmin || hlon>lnmax ||
              hdr->lat<ltmin || hdr->lat>ltmax ) selflg=0;
          if (selflg && stn->rflag &&
              hypot(hlon-stn->dmin[0], hdr->lat-stn->dmin[1])>stn->radius) {
            selflg = 0;
          }
        }
  
        /* Determine size of the data portion of this report */
        if (hdr->flag) {
  	fnum = (hdr->nlev-1) * (pfi->lvnum+1) + pfi->ivnum;
        } else {
  	fnum =  hdr->nlev * (pfi->lvnum+1);
        }
  
        /* calc size of floating point data section in the FILE not the machine */
        sizd=fnum*sizeof(gafloat);
        sizf=fnum*sizeof(gafloat);
  
        /* Read the data portion of this report, byteswap it if needed,
  	 and set exact missing data values if specified.*/
        if (selflg) {
          if (scuca) {                                  /* from the cache */
  	  gagcst (sizd, (char *)pfi->sbuf);
          } else {                                       /* from the file */
            if (pfi->seqflg) {
              ch = (char *)(pfi->sbuf);
              nsiz = rdw - sizhdrf;
              if (nsiz>0) {
                rc = garstn(nsiz,ch,fpos);
                if (rc) goto err;
                ch += nsiz;
              }
              rtot = rdw;
              nsiz = sizf + sizhdrf;
              while (rtot<=nsiz) {
                fpos = fpos + rdw + 8;
                rc = gasstn(fpos);
                if (rc) goto err;
                if (rtot==nsiz) break;
                rc = garstn(4,(char *)(&rdw),fpos); 
                if (rc) goto err;
                if (pfi->bswap) gabswp((gafloat *)(&rdw),1);
                rtot +=rdw;
                if (rtot>nsiz) break;
                rc = garstn(rdw,ch,fpos);
  
                if (rc) goto err;
  	      idum=rdw*2;
                ch += idum;
              }
              if (rtot>nsiz) {
                gaprnt (0,"Low Level I/O Error:  Sequential read error\n");
                gaprnt (0,"  Record size exceeds report size\n");
                snprintf(pout,255,"  Data file name = %s \n",pfi->name);
                gaprnt (0,pout);
                goto err;
              }
  
  	  /* normal read -- NON sequential */
            } else {
              rc = garstn (sizf, (char *)pfi->sbuf, fpos+sizhdrf);
              fpos = fpos + sizf + sizhdrf;
              if (rc) goto err;
            }
            if (pfi->bswap) gabswp(pfi->sbuf,fnum);
          }
  
  	/* Test if data read from file or the cache is NaN, Inf, or 
  	   if value is within EPSILON of the missing data value.
  	   If yes, set undef mask to 0. The undef mask is 1 for valid data */
  	for (i=0; i<fnum; i++) {
  	  if (((*(pfi->sbuf+i) >= pfi->ulow) && (*(pfi->sbuf+i) <= pfi->uhi)) || 
  	      (isnan(*(pfi->sbuf+i))) || 
  	      (isinf(*(pfi->sbuf+i)))) {
  	    *(pfi->ubuf+i) = 0;
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    *(pfi->ubuf+i) = 1;
  	  }
  	}
  
          /* Check the data portion for any matches.  */
          rc = gaglvs (tim,hdr,stn);
          if (rc) goto err;
  
          /* Cache this report if appropriate */
          if (scok) gacstn((char *)hdr,(char *)pfi->sbuf,sizd,sizhdrd);
  
        /* Skip the data portion of this report.*/
        } else {
          if (scuca) {
            gaprnt (0,"Logic Error 8 in gaio\n");
            goto err;
          }
          if (pfi->seqflg) {
            rtot = rdw;
            sizf += sizhdrf;
            while (rtot<=sizf) {
              fpos = fpos + rdw + 8;
              rc = gasstn(fpos);
              if (rc) goto err;
              if (rtot==sizf) break;
              rc = garstn(4,(char *)(&rdw),fpos);  
              if (rc) goto err;
              if (pfi->bswap) gabswp((float *)(&rdw),1);
              rtot +=rdw;
            }
            if (rtot>sizf) {
              gaprnt (0,"Low Level I/O Error:  Sequential read error\n");
              gaprnt (0,"  Record size exceeds report size\n");
              snprintf(pout,255,"  Data file name = %s \n",pfi->name);
              gaprnt (0,pout);
              goto err;
            }
          } else {
            fpos = fpos + sizf + sizhdrf;
            rc = gasstn(fpos);
            if (rc) goto err;
          }
        }  /* END OF if (scuca) -- use the cache or not */
      }    /* END OF  while (1) */
  
      if (scok) {
        hdr->nlev = 0;
        gacstn((char *)hdr, NULL, 0,sizhdrd);
      }
    }
    if (scok) {
      scflg = 1;
      scstn = *stn;
      scseq = stn->pfi->fseq;
    } else scflg = 0;
    if (scuca) scflg = 1;
    return (0);
  
  err:
    for (i=0; i<BLKNUM; i++) {
      if (stn->blks[i] != NULL) free (stn->blks[i]);
    }
    return (1);
  }
  
  /* Select appropriate variable and levels from report, and chain
     them off the stn block.  */
  
  gaint gaglvs (gaint tim, struct rpthdr *hdr, struct gastn *stn) {
  struct garpt *rpt;
  gafloat *vals,*pval;
  gaint i,k,voff,mlev;
  char *uvals,*upval;
  
    vals  = pfi->sbuf;
    uvals = pfi->ubuf;
    voff = pvr->offset;
    if (pvr->levels==0) {
      if (hdr->flag) {
        pval  =  vals+voff;
        upval = uvals+voff;
        rpt = gaarpt (stn);
        if (rpt==NULL) return(1);
        rpt->lat = (gadouble)hdr->lat;
        rpt->lon = (gadouble)hdr->lon;
        rpt->lev = -9.99e8;
        rpt->tim = (gadouble)(tim + hdr->t);
        rpt->val = (gadouble)(*pval);
        rpt->umask = *upval;
        for (k=0; k<8; k++) *(rpt->stid+k) = *(hdr->id+k);
        stn->rnum++;
      }
    } else {
      if (hdr->flag) {
        vals  =  vals + pfi->ivnum;
        uvals = uvals + pfi->ivnum;
      }
      mlev = hdr->nlev;
      if (hdr->flag) mlev--;
      for (i=0; i<mlev; i++) {
        pval  =  vals+(i*(pfi->lvnum+1));
        upval = uvals+(i*(pfi->lvnum+1));
        if (dequal(stn->dmax[2],stn->dmin[2],1e-08)==0) {
  	if (fabs(*pval-stn->dmin[2])>0.01) continue; 
        } else {
          if (*pval<stn->dmax[2] || *pval>stn->dmin[2]) continue;
        }
        rpt = gaarpt (stn);
        if (rpt==NULL) return(1);
        rpt->lat = (gadouble)hdr->lat;
        rpt->lon = (gadouble)hdr->lon;
        rpt->lev = (gadouble)(*pval);
        rpt->tim = (gadouble)(tim + hdr->t);
        rpt->val = (gadouble)(*(pval+voff+1)); 
        rpt->umask = *(upval+voff+1);
        for (k=0; k<8; k++) *(rpt->stid+k) = *(hdr->id+k);
        stn->rnum++;
      }
    }
    return (0);
  }
  
  /* Allocate a rpt structure, return pointer to allocated buffer.
     On the first request, stn->rpt should be set to NULL. */
  
  struct garpt *gaarpt (struct gastn *stn) {
  struct garpt *rpt;
  gaint i;
  size_t sz;
  
    /* First time through, define the static variables. */
  
    if (stn->rpt == NULL) {
      stn->prev = &(stn->rpt);
      for (i=0; i<BLKNUM; i++) {
        stn->blks[i] = NULL;
      }
      stn->rptcnt = RPTNUM;    /* Force new block allocation */
      stn->blkcnt = -1;
    }
  
    stn->rptcnt++;
    rpt = stn->crpt;
  
    if (stn->rptcnt>=RPTNUM) {
      stn->blkcnt++;
      if (stn->blkcnt==BLKNUM) {
        gaprnt (0,"Out of memory blocks to allocate \n");
        return(NULL);
      }
      sz = sizeof(struct garpt)*(RPTNUM+2);
      rpt = (struct garpt *)galloc(sz,"rpt");
      if (rpt==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Couldn't allocate memory for stn block \n");
        return(NULL);
      }
      stn->blks[stn->blkcnt] = rpt;
      stn->rptcnt = 0;
    } else rpt++;
  
    *(stn->prev) = rpt;
    stn->prev = &(rpt->rpt);
    rpt->rpt = NULL;
    stn->crpt = rpt;
    return(rpt);
  }
  
  void gacstn (char *hdr, char *rdat, gaint siz, gaint sizhdr) {
  gaint i;
    if (scpnt+sizhdr*2+siz+10 > SCNUM) {
      scok = 0;
    } else {
      for (i=0; i<sizhdr; i++) *(scbuf+scpnt+i) = *(hdr+i);
      scpnt += sizhdr;
      if (siz>0) {
        for (i=0; i<siz; i++) *(scbuf+scpnt+i) = *(rdat+i);
        scpnt += siz;
      }
    }
  }
  
  /* Return info from the station data cache */
  
  void gagcst (gaint siz, char *ch) {
  gaint i;
    for (i=0; i<siz; i++) *(ch+i) = *(scbuf+scpnt+i);
    scpnt += siz;
  }
  
  /* Seek to specified location in a station data file */
  
  gaint gasstn (off_t fpos) {
  gaint rc;
  
    rc = fseeko(pfi->infile, fpos, 0);
    if (rc!=0) {
      gaprnt (0,"Low Level I/O Error:  Seek error on data file \n");
      snprintf(pout,255,"  Data file name = %s \n",pfi->name);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      snprintf(pout,255,"%d  rc=%d pos=%ld pfi->fhdr =%ld \n",__LINE__,rc,(long)fpos,pfi->fhdr);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      snprintf(pout,255,"  Error occurred when seeking to byte %ld \n",(long)fpos);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      return (1);
    }
    return (0);
  }
  
  /* Read specified amount of data from a station data file */
  
  gaint garstn (gaint siz, char *val, off_t fpos) {
  
  gaint rc;
  
    rc = fread (val, siz, 1, pfi->infile);
    if (rc<1) {
      gaprnt (0,"Low Level I/O Error:  Read error on data file \n");
      snprintf(pout,255,"  Data file name = %s \n",pfi->name);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      snprintf(pout,255,"  Error reading %i bytes at location %ld \n", siz, (long)fpos);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      return (1);
    }
    return (0);
  }
  
  /*  Obtain user requested grid from defined variable */
  
  gaint gagdef (void) {
  gaint id, jd, i, flag;
  gaint ys,zs,ts,es,siz;
  off_t pos;
  gaint d[5],d1min=0,d1max=0,d2min=0,d2max=0,xt,yt;
  gadouble *v;
  char *vmask;
  size_t sz;
  
    /* If a dimension is a fixed dimension in the defined
       variable, it must be a fixed dimension in the output
       grid.  */
  
    id = pgr->idim;
    jd = pgr->jdim;
    if (jd>-1) {
      if (pfi->dnum[jd]==1) {
        jd = -1;
        pgr->jdim = -1;
        pgr->jsiz = -1;
      }
    }
    if (id>-1) {
      if (pfi->dnum[id]==1) {
        id = jd;
        pgr->idim = pgr->jdim;
        pgr->isiz = pgr->jsiz;
        pgr->igrab = pgr->jgrab;
        pgr->iabgr = pgr->jabgr;
        pgr->ivals = pgr->jvals;
        pgr->iavals = pgr->javals;
        pgr->ilinr = pgr->jlinr;
        jd = -1;
        pgr->jdim = -1;
        pgr->jsiz = 1;
      }
    }
  
    /* Set up constants for array subscripting */
  
    ys = pfi->dnum[0];
    zs = ys * pfi->dnum[1];
    ts = zs * pfi->dnum[2];
    es = ts * pfi->dnum[3];
  
    /* Set up dimension ranges */
  
    for (i=0; i<5; i++) d[i] = pgr->dimmin[i] - pfi->dimoff[i] - 1;
    for (i=0; i<5; i++) if (pfi->dnum[i]==1) d[i] = 0;
    if (id>-1) {
      d1min = d[id];
      d1max = pgr->dimmax[id] - pfi->dimoff[id] - 1;
    }
    if (jd>-1) {
      d2min = d[jd];
      d2max = pgr->dimmax[jd] - pfi->dimoff[jd] - 1;
    }
  
    /* Get storage for output grid */
  
    pgr->isiz = 1;
    pgr->jsiz = 1;
    if (id>-1) pgr->isiz = 1 + d1max - d1min;
    if (jd>-1) pgr->jsiz = 1 + d2max - d2min;
    siz = pgr->isiz * pgr->jsiz;
    if (siz>1) {
      sz = sizeof(gadouble)*siz;
      pgr->grid = (gadouble *)galloc(sz,"pgrg");
      sz = sizeof(char)*siz;
      pgr->umask = (char *)galloc(sz,"pgrgu");
      if (pgr->grid==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Memory Allocation Error: Grid Request\n");
        return (2);
      }
      if (pgr->umask==NULL) {
        gaprnt (0,"Memory Allocation Error: Grid Request\n");
        return (2);
      }
    } else {
      pgr->grid = &(pgr->rmin);
      pgr->umask = &(pgr->umin); 
    }
  
    /* Normalize time coordinate if not varying */
    /* JMA: This does not handle leap years properly!!!!  Gotta fix this someday */
  
    if (pfi->climo && id!=3 && jd!=3) clicyc(d+3);
  
    /* Check for entirely undefined grid */
  
    flag = 0;
    for (i=0; i<5; i++) {
      if (i!=id && i!=jd && (d[i]<0 || d[i]>=pfi->dnum[i])) flag = 1;
    }
    if (flag) {
      for (i=0; i<siz; i++) {
        *(pgr->grid+i) = pfi->undef;
        *(pgr->umask+i) = 0;
      }
      return (0);
    }
  
    /* Move appropriate grid values */
  
    if (id==-1 && jd==-1) {
      pos = (off_t)d[0] + (off_t)d[1]*(off_t)ys + (off_t)d[2]*(off_t)zs + (off_t)d[3]*(off_t)ts + (off_t)d[4]*(off_t)es;
      pgr->rmin = *(pfi->rbuf+pos);
      pgr->umin = *(pfi->ubuf+pos);
      return (0);
    }
  
    v = pgr->grid;
    vmask = pgr->umask;
  
    if (jd==-1) {
      for (xt=d1min; xt<=d1max; xt++) {
        d[id] = xt;
        if (id==3 && pfi->climo) clicyc(d+3);
        if (d[id]<0 || d[id]>=pfi->dnum[id]) {
  	*v = pfi->undef;
  	*vmask = 0;
        }
        else {
          pos = (off_t)d[0] + (off_t)d[1]*(off_t)ys + (off_t)d[2]*(off_t)zs + (off_t)d[3]*(off_t)ts + (off_t)d[4]*(off_t)es;
          *v     = *(pfi->rbuf+pos);
  	*vmask = *(pfi->ubuf+pos);
        }
        v++;vmask++;
      }
      return (0);
    }
  
    for (yt=d2min; yt<=d2max; yt++) {
      d[jd] = yt;
      if (jd==3 && pfi->climo) clicyc(d+3);
      for (d[id]=d1min; d[id]<=d1max; d[id]++) {
        if (d[jd]<0 || d[jd]>=pfi->dnum[jd] ||
            d[id]<0 || d[id]>=pfi->dnum[id]) {
  	*v = pfi->undef;
  	*vmask = 0;
        }
        else {
          pos = (off_t)d[0] + (off_t)d[1]*(off_t)ys + (off_t)d[2]*(off_t)zs + (off_t)d[3]*(off_t)ts + (off_t)d[4]*(off_t)es;
          *v     = *(pfi->rbuf+pos);
  	*vmask = *(pfi->ubuf+pos);
        }
        v++;vmask++;
      }
    }
    return(0);
  }
  
  void clicyc (gaint *ti) {
    if (pfi->climo>0) {
      while (*ti>pfi->cysiz-1) *ti = *ti - pfi->cysiz;
      while (*ti<0) *ti = *ti + pfi->cysiz;
    }
  }
  
  /* Fill in grid for predefined variable */
  
  gaint gagpre (void) {
  gadouble (*conv)(gadouble *, gadouble);
  gaint d[5],id,jd,i,dim;
  gadouble *gr,*vals,t;
  char *gru;
  
    id = pgr->idim;
    jd = pgr->jdim;
    for (i=0; i<5; i++) d[i] = pgr->dimmin[i];
  
    dim = pvr->offset;
    conv = pfi->gr2ab[dim];
    vals = pfi->grvals[dim];
  
    gr = pgr->grid;
    gru = pgr->umask;
  
    if (id>-1 && jd>-1) {
      for (d[jd]=pgr->dimmin[jd]; d[jd]<=pgr->dimmax[jd]; d[jd]++) {
        for (d[id]=pgr->dimmin[id]; d[id]<=pgr->dimmax[id]; d[id]++) {
          t = (gadouble)(d[dim]);
          *gr = conv(vals, t);
  	*gru = 1;
          gr++;gru++;
        }
      }
    } else if (id>-1) {
      for (d[id]=pgr->dimmin[id]; d[id]<=pgr->dimmax[id]; d[id]++) {
        t = (gadouble)(d[dim]);
        *gr = conv(vals, t);
        *gru = 1;
        gr++;gru++;
      }
    } else {
      t = (gadouble)(d[dim]);
      *gr = conv(vals, t);
      *gru = 1;
    }
    return (0);
  }
  
  
  /* Read index data, in this case GRIB type data.
     Currently assumes no pole point, and only one record
     per grid.  */
  
  gaint gairow (gaint x, gaint y, gaint z, gaint t, gaint e, gaint offset, gaint len, 
  	      gadouble *gr, char *gru) {
  gaint irec,ioff,bstrt,bend,blen,cstrt,cend,clen,rc;
  gaint brec,bigflg;
  gaint ival,i,yy,boff,siz,gtyp,xsiz,ysiz;
  off_t fpos,bpos,seek;
  float dsf,bsf,ref;
  size_t sz;
  #if GRIB2
  struct g2buff *buff=NULL;
  g2int ifld;
  gaint g2off,ng2elems=2;
  #endif
  
   if (pfi->idxflg==0) return (1); 
  
   /* code that grib1 and grib2 data sets can share */
   if (pfi->ppflag) {
     xsiz = pfi->ppisiz; 
     ysiz = pfi->ppjsiz;
   }
   else {
     xsiz = pfi->dnum[0]; 
     ysiz = pfi->dnum[1];
   }
   
  
   /* GRIB1 */
   if (pfi->idxflg==1) {
     /* Figure out position and length of the I/O */
     gtyp = *(pindx->hipnt+3);     /* this is written into index header as pfi->grbgrd */
     bigflg=0;
     if ((pindx->type==4) ||                       /* version=4 --> off_t in use */
         (pindx->type==5 && *(pindx->hipnt+4)>0))  /* version=5 & bignum>0 --> off_t in use */
       bigflg=1;
     irec = (e-1)*pfi->dnum[3]*pfi->trecs + (t-1)*pfi->trecs + pvr->recoff + z - 1;
     brec = irec;
     if (gtyp==29) {
       xsiz = 145;
       irec = irec*6;
       if (y<37) y--;
       else { irec+=3; y-=37; }
       yy = y;
     } else {
       irec = irec*3;
       if (pfi->yrflg) yy = ysiz - y;
       else yy = y-1;
     }
     if (pfi->ppflag) 
       ioff = offset;               
     else 
       ioff = yy*xsiz + x - 1;      
     boff = ioff;
     if (bigflg) blen = *(pindx->intpnt + brec);
     else        blen = *(pindx->intpnt + irec + 2);
     if (blen<0) {
       for (i=0; i<len; i++) *(gr+i) = pfi->undef;
       for (i=0; i<len; i++) *(gru+i) = 0;
       return (0);
     }
     if (bigflg) bpos = *(pindxb->bigpnt + brec*2 + 1);
     else        bpos = (off_t)(*(pindx->intpnt + irec + 1));
     dsf = *(pindx->fltpnt+irec);
     bsf = *(pindx->fltpnt+irec+1);
     ref = *(pindx->fltpnt+irec+2);
     if (bpos>(off_t)-900 && bpos!=bpsav) {
       bpsav = bpos;
       siz = 2+(xsiz*ysiz)/8;
       if (siz>bssav) {
         if (bcflag) {
  	 gree(bcache,"f114");
  	 gree(bpcach,"f115");
         }
         sz = siz;
         bcache = (unsigned char *)galloc(sz,"bcache");
         sz = sizeof(gaint)*(xsiz*ysiz+1);
         bpcach = (gaint *)galloc(sz,"bpcach");
         if (bcache==NULL||bpcach==NULL) {
  	 gaprnt(0,"Memory Allocation Error During GRIB I/O\n");
  	 return (1);
         }
         bssav = siz;
         bcflag = 1;
       }
       rc = fseeko(pfi->infile, bpos, 0);
       rc = fread(bcache,1,siz,pfi->infile);
       if (rc!=siz) {
         gaprnt(0,"GRIB I/O Error: Bit Map I/O\n");
         return(1);
       }
       boff=1;
       for (i=0; i<xsiz*ysiz; i++) {
         if (gagbb(bcache,i,1)) {
  	 *(bpcach+i) = boff;
  	 boff++;
         } else {
  	 *(bpcach+i) = -1*boff;
         }
       }
       *(bpcach+xsiz*ysiz) = boff;  /* Provide an ending offset */
     }
     if (bpos>(off_t)-900) {
       boff = *(bpcach+ioff);
       if (boff<0) boff = -1*boff;
       boff--;
       bstrt = blen * boff;
       boff = *(bpcach+ioff+len);
       if (boff<0) boff = -1*boff;
       boff--;
       bend = blen * boff - 1;
     } else {
       bstrt = blen * boff;
       bend = bstrt + blen*len;
     }
     cstrt = bstrt/8;
     cend = bend/8;
     clen = cend-cstrt+2;
     if (bigflg) fpos = *(pindxb->bigpnt+brec*2);
     else        fpos = (off_t)(*(pindx->intpnt+irec));
     rc = gaird(fpos,cstrt,clen,xsiz,ysiz,blen);
     if (rc) return(rc);
     bstrt = bstrt - cstrt*8;
     for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
       if (bpos>(off_t)-900 && *(bpcach+ioff+i)<0) {
         *(gr+i) = pfi->undef;
         *(gru+i) = 0;
       }
       else {
         ival = gagbb(pfi->pbuf,bstrt,blen);
         *(gr+i) = ( ref + (gadouble)ival * bsf )/dsf;
         *(gru+i) = 1;
         bstrt += blen;
       }
     }
     return (0);
   }
  
  #if GRIB2
   /* GRIB 2 */
   if (pfi->idxflg==2) {
     
    /* figure out which record to retrieve from index file */
    irec = (e-1)*pfi->dnum[3]*pfi->trecs + (t-1)*pfi->trecs + pvr->recoff + z - 1;
    if (pfi->g2indx->bigflg==0) irec = irec * ng2elems;
    if (irec > pfi->g2indx->g2intnum) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB2 I/O error: irec=%d is greater than g2intnum=%d\n",irec,pfi->g2indx->g2intnum);
      gaprnt(0,pout);
      return(1);
    }
  
    /* get file position offset and field number from grib2map file */
    if (pfi->g2indx->bigflg) {
      seek = *(pfi->g2indx->g2bigpnt+irec);
      ifld = *(pfi->g2indx->g2intpnt+irec);
    } else {
      seek = (off_t)(*(pfi->g2indx->g2intpnt+irec+0));
      ifld = *(pfi->g2indx->g2intpnt+irec+1);
    }
    if (debug==2) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"gairow debug: seek,ifld = %ld %ld\n",(long)seek,(long)ifld);
      gaprnt(0,pout);
    }
  
    if (seek<(off_t)-900 && ifld<-900) {             /* grid is missing */
      for (i=0; i<len; i++) *(gru+i) = 0;
      return(0);
    }
    buff = g2check(z,t,e);                           /* check if grid is already in the cache */
    if (buff==NULL) buff = g2read(seek,ifld,z,t,e);  /* if not in cache, read the grid */
    if (buff==NULL) return(1);                       /* give up */
  
    /* copy required data from grid */
    if (pfi->ppflag) {
      g2off = offset;                    
    }
    else {
      g2off = (y-1)*xsiz + x - 1;        
    }
    for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
      if (buff->mask[g2off+i]==1) {  
        *(gr+i)  = (gadouble) buff->fld[g2off+i];
        *(gru+i) = 1;
      }
      else {
        *(gru+i) = 0;
      }
    }
    return(0);    
   }
  #endif
   return(0);
  }
  
  
  #if GRIB2
  /* Routine to read a grib2 message.
     New blocks are added to the end of the chain.
     If the cache is too large, the first block in the chain is released. */
  struct g2buff * g2read (off_t seek, g2int ifld, gaint z, gaint t, gaint e) {
  struct g2buff *newbuff,*buff1,*buff2,*lastbuff;
  gaint i,x,y,rc,unpack,expand,ierr,newbuffsize,buff1size,roff,field;
  gaint sbit1,sbit2,sbit3,sbit4,gdt,soct,nx,ny,missflg,cpbm=0,numdp;
  gaint flag,A,pos,yfac1,yfac2,yadd1,yadd2,xfac1,xfac2,xadd1,xadd2;
  g2int lgrib=-999;
  unsigned char  *cgrib,*mycgrib;
  unsigned char s0[16];
  size_t  lengrib,sz;
  gafloat *fld,miss1,miss2;
  char *mask;
  unsigned char *sect,*s1,*s2,*s3,*s4,*s5,*s6,*s7;
  gribfield *gfld;
  gaint diag=0; 
  
    /* move file pointer to the start of the grib record */
    rc = fseeko(pfi->infile,seek,SEEK_SET);
    if (rc) {
      gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O error: fseeko failed \n");
      return(NULL);     
    }
    
    /* read section 0, get the record length */
    rc = fread(s0,sizeof(unsigned char),16,pfi->infile);
    if (rc!=16) {
      gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O error: failed to read Section 0 \n");
      return(NULL);     
    }
  
    /* check for the GRIB message indicator */
    if (s0[0]!='G' || s0[1]!='R' || s0[2]!='I' || s0[3]!='B') {
      gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O error: GRIB message indicator not found\n");
      return(NULL);
    }
  
    lgrib = gagby (s0,12,4);   /* Here we are getting just the last 4 bytes of
                                  the length.  GRIB2 allows for the length to be
                                  encoded as 8 bytes, and we are ignoring the 4 
                                  high order bytes.  This will eventually be a 
                                  problem. In gagmap, there is a test to make 
  			        sure the high order bytes aren't in use. */
    if (lgrib<=0) {
      gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O error: unable to retrieve message length \n");
      return(NULL);     
    }
  
    /* allocate memory for the record */
    sz = lgrib;
    cgrib=(unsigned char *)galloc(sz,"cgrib");
    if (cgrib == NULL) {
      gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O error: unable to allocate memory for cgrib \n");
      return(NULL);
    }
    mycgrib = cgrib;
  
    /* move file pointer past stuff to skip at beginning of record */
    rc=fseeko(pfi->infile,seek,SEEK_SET);
    if (rc) {
      gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O error: fseek failed \n");
      goto g2err;
    }
  
    /* read the grib record */
    lengrib=fread(cgrib,sizeof(unsigned char),lgrib,pfi->infile);
    if (lengrib < lgrib) {
      gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O Error: unable to read record \n");
      goto g2err;
    }
  
    /* we need to extract certain octets from the grib record, so set pointers to each section */
    s1 = s2 = s3 = s4 = s5 = s6 = s7 = NULL;
    /* Section 0, always 16 octets long */
    roff = 16;                         
    /* Section 1, the Identification Section */
    sect = mycgrib+roff;  
    i = gagby(sect,4,1);
    if (i==1) {
      s1 = mycgrib+roff;  
      if (diag) printf("Sec1   %d\n",gagby(s1,0,4));
      roff += gagby(s1,0,4);     
    } else {
      snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB2 I/O Error: reading header, section 1 expected, found %i\n",i);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      goto g2err;
    }
    field=1;
    while (field<=ifld) {
      /* Section 2, the Local Use Section */
      sect = mycgrib + roff;
      i = gagby(sect,4,1);
      if (i==2) {
        s2 = mycgrib + roff;
        if (diag) printf("Sec2.%d %d\n",field,gagby(s2,0,4));
        roff += gagby(s2,0,4);
      } else {
        if (diag) printf("Sec2.%d not present\n",field);
      }
  
      /* Section 3, the Grid Definition Section */
      sect = mycgrib + roff;
      i = gagby(sect,4,1);
      if (i==3) {
        s3 = mycgrib + roff;
        if (diag) printf("Sec3.%d %d\n",field,gagby(s3,0,4));
        roff += gagby(s3,0,4);  
      } 
      else if (field==1) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB2 I/O Error: reading header, section 3 expected, found %i\n",i);
        gaprnt (0,pout);
        goto g2err;
      } 
      else if (field>1) {
        if (diag) printf("Sec3.%d not present\n",field);
      }
      /* Section 4, the Product Definition Section */
      sect = mycgrib + roff;
      i = gagby(sect,4,1);
      if (i==4) {
        s4 = mycgrib + roff;
        if (diag) printf("Sec4.%d %d\n",field,gagby(s4,0,4));
        roff += gagby(s4,0,4);
      }
      else if (field==1) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB2 I/O Error: reading header, section 4 expected, found %i\n",i);
        gaprnt (0,pout);
        goto g2err;
      }
      else if (field>1) {
        if (diag) printf("Sec4.%d not present\n",field);
      }
      /* Section 5, the Data Representation Section */
      sect = mycgrib + roff;
      i = gagby(sect,4,1);
      if (i==5) {
        s5 = mycgrib + roff;
        if (diag) printf("Sec5.%d %d\n",field,gagby(s5,0,4));
        roff += gagby(s5,0,4);
      }
      else if (field==1) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB2 I/O Error: reading header, section 5 expected, found %i\n",i);
        gaprnt (0,pout);
        goto g2err;
      }
      else if (field>1) {
        if (diag) printf("Sec5.%d not present\n",field);
      }
      /* Section 6, the Bit Map Section*/
      sect = mycgrib + roff;
      i = gagby(sect,4,1);
      if (i==6) {
        s6 = mycgrib + roff;
        if (diag) printf("Sec6.%d %d\n",field,gagby(s6,0,4));
        roff += gagby(s6,0,4);
      }
      else {
        if (diag) printf("Sec6.%d not present\n",field);
      }
      
      /* Section 7, the Data Section */
      sect = mycgrib+roff;
      i = gagby(sect,4,1);
      if (i==7) {
        s7 = mycgrib + roff;
        if (diag) printf("Sec7.%d %d\n",field,gagby(s7,0,4));
        roff += gagby(s7,0,4);
      }
      else if (field==1) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB2 I/O Error: reading header, section 7 expected, found %i\n",i);
        gaprnt(0,pout);
        goto g2err;
      }
      else if (field>1) {
        if (diag) printf("Sec7.%d not present\n",field);
      }
      field++;
    }
  
    /* get the scanning mode */
    gdt = gagby(s3,12,2);
    switch (gdt) {
      case  0:
      case  1:
      case  2:
      case  3: soct = 71; break;
      case 10: soct = 59; break;
      case 20:
      case 30:
      case 31: soct = 64; break;
      case 40:
      case 41:
      case 42: soct = 71; break;
      case 90: soct = 63; break;
      case 204: soct = 71; break; 
      default: 
        snprintf(pout,255,"g2read error: Grid Definition Template %d not handled\n",gdt);
        gaprnt (0,pout);
        goto g2err;
    };
    sbit1 = gagbb(s3+soct,0,1);
    sbit2 = gagbb(s3+soct,1,1);
    sbit3 = gagbb(s3+soct,2,1);
    sbit4 = gagbb(s3+soct,3,1);
    numdp = gagby(s3,6,4); /* number of data points */
    nx = gagby(s3,30,4);   /* these seem to be in the same location */
    ny = gagby(s3,34,4);   /* for for all grid definition templates */
  
    /* Use the g2clib routine g2_getfld to unpack the desired field in the record */
    unpack=1;
    expand=1;
    ierr=g2_getfld(cgrib,ifld,unpack,expand,&gfld);
    if (ierr) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB2 I/O Error: g2_getfld failed, ierr=%d\n",ierr);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      goto g2err;
    }
    /* set up a new block to add to the grib2 cache */
    newbuff = NULL;
    sz = sizeof(struct g2buff);
    if ((newbuff = (struct g2buff *)galloc(sz,"g2buff1"))==NULL) {
      gaprnt (0,"GRIB2 I/O error: unable to allocate memory for cache buffer\n");
      goto g2err;
    }
    fld=NULL;
    sz = gfld->ngrdpts*sizeof(gafloat);
    if ((fld = (gafloat *)galloc(sz,"g2fld1"))==NULL) {
      gaprnt (0,"GRIB2 I/O error: unable to allocate memory for cache grid \n");
      gree(newbuff,"f253");
      goto g2err;
    }
    mask=NULL;
    sz = gfld->ngrdpts*sizeof(char);
    if ((mask = (char *)galloc(sz,"g2mask1"))==NULL) {
      gaprnt (0,"GRIB2 I/O error: unable to allocate memory for cache undef mask \n");
      gree(fld,"f255");
      gree(newbuff,"f256");
      goto g2err;
    }
    /* populate the new cache block  */
    newbuff->fld  = fld;
    newbuff->mask = mask;
    newbuff->prev = NULL;
    newbuff->next = NULL;
    newbuff->fseq = pfi->fseq;
    newbuff->z    = z;
    newbuff->t    = t;
    newbuff->e    = e;
    newbuff->size = gfld->ngrdpts;
    for (i=0;i<16;i++) *(newbuff->abbrv+i)=*(pvr->abbrv+i);
    /* size = structure + data + undef mask */
    newbuffsize = sizeof(struct g2buff) + newbuff->size*(sizeof(gafloat) + sizeof(char));
  
    /* create the undef mask */
    if (gfld->ibmap!=0 && gfld->ibmap!=254 && gfld->ibmap!=255) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB2 I/O Error: Predefined bitmap applies (ibmap=%ld) \n",gfld->ibmap);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      goto g2err1;
    }
    else if (gfld->ibmap==255) {  
      /* bitmap doesn't apply -- all data are good */
      for (i=0;i<newbuff->size;i++) *(newbuff->mask+i) = 1;
      cpbm = 0;
    }
    else if (gfld->ibmap==0 || gfld->ibmap==254) {       
      /* copy the bit map */
      cpbm = 1;
    } 
    /* complex packing with spatial diff uses special missing value management */
    missflg = miss1 = miss2 = 0;
    if (gfld->idrtnum==2 || gfld->idrtnum==3) {
      if (gfld->idrtmpl[6] == 1) {
        /* primary missing value substitute */
        missflg=1;
        miss1 = ieee2flt(&s5[23]);
        miss2 = miss1;
      }
      else if (gfld->idrtmpl[6] == 2) {
      /* primary and secondary missing value substitutes */
        missflg=1;
        miss1 = ieee2flt(&s5[23]);
        miss2 = ieee2flt(&s5[27]);
      }
    }
  
    /* use scanning mode bits to set up coefficients for proper placement in rows/columns */
    if (sbit3!=0) {
      printf("Contact GrADS developers and tell them you have grib2 data written out columnwise\n");
      goto g2err1;
    }
    if (sbit2==1) {  /* columns scan south to north (normal) */
      yfac1 = 1;
      yfac2 = 1;
      yadd1 = 0;
      yadd2 = 0;
    } else {
      yfac1 = -1;
      yfac2 = -1;
      yadd1 = ny - 1;
      yadd2 = ny - 1;
    }
    if (sbit4==0) {   /* all rows scan in the same direction */
      if (sbit1==0) { /* 1st row scans west to east (normal) */
        xfac1 = +1;
        xfac2 = +1;
        xadd1 = 0;
        xadd2 = 0;
      }
      else {
        xfac1 = -1; 
        xfac2 = -1;
        xadd1 = nx - 1;
        xadd2 = nx - 1;
      }
    }
    else {             /* rows scan in alternating directions */
      if (sbit1==0) {  /* 1st row scans west to east (normal) */
        xfac1 = +1; 
        xfac2 = -1;
        xadd1 = 0;
        xadd2 = nx - 1;
      }
      else {
        xfac1 = -1; 
        xfac2 = +1;
        xadd1 = nx - 1;
        xadd2 = 0;
      }
    }
  
    if (nx==-1) {
      /* copy each element in the grib2 field and mask grids as a 1D array */
      for (i=0; i<numdp; i++) {
        if (cpbm) 
  	(gfld->bmap[i]==1) ? (*(newbuff->mask+i) = 1) : (*(newbuff->mask+i) = 0) ;
        if (missflg && (gfld->fld[i]==miss1 || gfld->fld[i]==miss2)) 
  	*(newbuff->mask+i) = 0;
        else 
  	*(newbuff->fld+i) = gfld->fld[i];
      }
    }
    else {
      /* copy each element in the grib2 field and mask grids 
         into the right row/column in the cache grids */
      flag=1;
      pos=0;
      for (y=0; y<ny; y++) {
        for (x=0; x<nx; x++) {
  	if (flag) {
  	  A = (yadd1+(yfac1*y))*nx + (xadd1+(xfac1*x));
  	  if (cpbm) {
  	    (gfld->bmap[pos]==1) ? (*(newbuff->mask+A) = 1) : (*(newbuff->mask+A) = 0) ;
  	  }
  	  if (missflg && (gfld->fld[pos]==miss1 || gfld->fld[pos]==miss2)) 
  	    *(newbuff->mask+A) = 0;
  	  else
  	    *(newbuff->fld+A) = gfld->fld[pos];
  	} 
  	else {
  	  A = (yadd2+(y*yfac2))*nx + (xadd2+(xfac2*x));
  	  if (cpbm) {
  	    (gfld->bmap[pos]==1) ? (*(newbuff->mask+A) = 1) : (*(newbuff->mask+A) = 0) ;
  	  }
  	  if (missflg && (gfld->fld[pos]==miss1 || gfld->fld[pos]==miss2)) 
  	    *(newbuff->mask+A) = 0;
  	  else
  	    *(newbuff->fld+A) = gfld->fld[pos];
  	}
  	pos++;
        }
        flag = flag==0 ? 1 : 0 ;
      }
    }
  
    /* set up or adjust the anchor's pointers */
    if (anchor==NULL) {
      /* make sure cache will be big enough for the new block */
      if (newbuffsize > MAXG2CACHE) {
        gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O error: size of cache (MAXG2CACHE) is too small\n");
        goto g2err1;
      }
      /* allocate space for a new anchor and initialize */
      sz = sizeof(struct g2anchor);
      if ((anchor = (struct g2anchor *)galloc(sz,"anchor"))==NULL) {
        gaprnt(0,"GRIB2 I/O error: unable to allocate memory for cache anchor \n");
        goto g2err1;
      }
      anchor->start = newbuff;
      anchor->end   = newbuff;
      anchor->total = newbuffsize;
    } 
    else {
      /* make sure there's room in the cache buffer for the new block */
      while ((newbuffsize + anchor->total) > MAXG2CACHE) {
        /* point to the first block in the chain and get its size */
        buff1 = anchor->start;
        buff1size = sizeof(struct g2buff) + buff1->size*(sizeof(gafloat) + sizeof(char));
        if (buff1->next==NULL) {   
  	/* the first block was the only block */
  	anchor->start = NULL; 
  	anchor->end   = NULL; 
  	anchor->total = 0;
        }
        else {                    
        /* move the start of the chain from 1st to 2nd block  */
  	buff2 = buff1->next;  
  	buff2->prev = NULL;     
  	anchor->start = buff2;     
  	/* adjust total size of cache */
  	anchor->total = anchor->total - buff1size;
        }
        /* release memory from 1st block */
        gree(buff1->fld,"f262");
        gree(buff1->mask,"f263");
        gree(buff1,"f264");
      }
      /* now add the new block onto the end of the chain */
      if (anchor->end==NULL) {
        /* no blocks are hanging off anchor */
        newbuff->prev = NULL;
        newbuff->next = NULL;
        anchor->start = newbuff;
        anchor->end   = newbuff;
        anchor->total = newbuffsize;
  
      } 
      else {
        lastbuff = anchor->end;
        lastbuff->next = newbuff;
        newbuff->prev = lastbuff;
        newbuff->next = NULL;
        anchor->end = newbuff;
        anchor->total = anchor->total + newbuffsize;
      }
    }
    
    /* release memory */
    (void)g2_free(gfld);
    gree(cgrib,"f262");
    return (anchor->end);
  
  g2err1:
    gree(newbuff->fld,"f257");
    gree(newbuff->mask,"f258");
    gree(newbuff,"f259");
    goto g2err;
  g2err:
    gree(cgrib,"f261");
    return(NULL);
  }
  
  /* Routine to check if a requested grid already exists in the grib2 cache.
     Blocks are checked starting from the end of the chain because 
     the most recently read grid is most likely to be the one we need 
  */
  struct g2buff * g2check (gaint z, gaint t, gaint e) {
  struct g2buff *buff;
  gaint size; 
  
    if (anchor!=NULL) {
      buff = anchor->end; 
      if (pfi->ppflag) {
        size = pfi->ppisiz * pfi->ppjsiz;
      }
      else {
        size = pfi->dnum[0]*pfi->dnum[1];
      }
      while (buff != NULL) {
        if ((buff->fseq == pfi->fseq) &&              
  	  (buff->z == z) &&
  	  (buff->t == t) &&
  	  (buff->e == e) &&
  	  (cmpwrd(buff->abbrv,pvr->abbrv)) &&
  	  (buff->size == size)) {
  	/* found grid in the cache */
  	return(buff);
        }
        else {
  	/* next block */
  	buff = buff->prev;
        }
      }
      /* grid not found in cache */
      return(NULL);
    }
    else {
      /* no existing cache */
      return (NULL);
    }
  }
  
  /* Routine to clear the grib2 cache. */
  void g2clear (void) {
  struct g2buff *buff1,*buff2;
  
   if (anchor!=NULL) {
     /* release the first block in chain until there's only one block left */
     while (anchor->end->prev != NULL) {
       /* move the start of the chain from 1st to 2nd block  */
       buff1 = anchor->start;
       buff2 = buff1->next;
       buff2->prev = NULL;
       anchor->start = buff2;
       /* release memory from 1st block */
       gree(buff1->fld,"f270a");
       gree(buff1->mask,"f271a");
       gree(buff1,"f272a");
     }
     /* free the last block */
     buff1 = anchor->start;
     gree(buff1->fld,"f270");
     gree(buff1->mask,"f271");
     gree(buff1,"f272");
     gree(anchor,"f273");
     anchor = NULL;
   }
  }
  #endif  /* matches #if GRIB2 */
  
  gaint gaird (off_t fpos, gaint cstrt, gaint clen, gaint xsiz, gaint ysiz, gaint blen) {
  gaint rc,siz,i;
  size_t sz;
  
    if (pfi->ppflag && pgr->idim==0 && pgr->jdim==1) {
      if (!cflag) {
        cflag = 1;
        siz = 5 + xsiz*ysiz*blen/8;  /* qqq  Warning:  siz calc does not */
                                     /* qqq  take into account bms!!! */
        sz = siz;
        cache = (char *)galloc(sz,"cache");
        if (cache==NULL) {
          gaprnt(0,"GRIB Memory Allocation Error\n");
          return (1);
        }
        rc = fseeko(pfi->infile, fpos, 0);
        rc = fread(cache,sizeof(char),siz,pfi->infile);
        if (rc==0) {
          snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB I/O Error reading %i bytes at %ld\n",siz,(long)fpos);
          gaprnt (0,pout);
          gaprnt (0,"  File name is: ");
          if (pfi->tempname) gaprnt(0,pfi->tempname);
          else gaprnt(0,pfi->name);
          gaprnt (0,"\n");
          return (1);
        }
      }
      if (cache==NULL) return(1);
      for (i=0; i<clen; i++) {
        *(pfi->pbuf+i) = *(cache+cstrt+i);
      }
    } else {
      rc = fseeko(pfi->infile, fpos+cstrt, 0);
      rc = fread (pfi->pbuf, sizeof(char), clen, pfi->infile);
      if (rc==0) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"GRIB I/O Error reading %i bytes at %ld\n",clen,(long)fpos+cstrt);
        gaprnt (0,pout);
        gaprnt (0,"  File name is: ");
        if (pfi->tempname) gaprnt(0,pfi->tempname);
        else gaprnt(0,pfi->name);
        gaprnt (0,"\n");
        return(1);
      }
    }
    return(0);
  }
  
  /* Read in a row of data from a pre-projected grid data set.
     This involves doing interpolation to the lat-lon
     grid */
  
  gaint gaprow (gaint x, gaint y, gaint z, gaint t, gaint e, gaint tt, 
  	      gaint len, gadouble *gr, char *gru) {
    gadouble p[4],dx,dy,g1,g2;
    gadouble vals[9],wts[9],sum,wt;
    char umask[9];
    gaint ioffs[9],cnt,ig0,goflg;
    gaint rc,i,j,ig,ioff,ncig=0,ncjg=0;
    off_t pos,pos0;
    
    /* Handle generalized arbitrary points + weights */
    
    if (pfi->ppflag==8) {
      /* "cnt"  is the number of interpolation grids provided in pdef file ("num" in PDEF entry) 
         "pos0" is the file position of the native lat/lon grid we're going to read 
         "ig0"  is the offset into the 2-D grid where the I/O will begin (N.B. when x=1 and y=1, ig0=0)
       */
      cnt  = (gaint)(pfi->ppvals[0]+0.1);   
      pos0 = (e-1)*(pfi->dnum[3]*pfi->tsiz) + (tt-1)*(pfi->tsiz) + pvr->offset + (z-1)*(pfi->gsiz);
      ig0  = (y-1) * pfi->dnum[0] + x - 1;
      /* loop over all grid points in the row */
      for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
        ig = ig0 + i;
        goflg = 0;
        /* get the interpolation indices (ioffs) and their weights (wts) that were read
  	 from the pdef file -- for ppflag==8, these index values start at 1, not 0 */
        for (j=0; j<cnt; j++) {
          ioffs[j] = *(pfi->ppi[j]+ig);
          if (ioffs[j] >= 1 && ioffs[j] <= pfi->gsiz) goflg = 1; 
          wts[j] = *(pfi->ppf[j]+ig);
        }
        if (!goflg) {
  	*gr = pgr->undef;
  	*gru = 0;
        }
        else {
  	/* now read the interpolation data values from the native grid */
          goflg = 1;
          j = 0;
          sum = 0.0; wt = 0.0;
          while (j<cnt) {
            if (ioffs[j] >= 1) {
              if (pfi->idxflg) {
  	      /* gairow wants the grid offset to be 0-referenced
  		 so shift ioffs index back by 1  */
  	      rc = gairow(x,y,z,t,e,ioffs[j]-1,1,vals+j,umask+j);    /* grib */
  	    }
              else if (pfi->ncflg==1) {
  	      rc = gancsetup();
  	      if (rc) return (rc);
  	      /* ncig and ncjg are the i,j indices of the interpolation data value to be read.
  		 They are required instead of ioffs for reading data from NetCDF and HDF grids.
  	         The grid indices ioffs, ncig, and ncjg all start at 1, not 0. The code in 
  		 gancrow and gahrow will shift the indices back so they start at 0 for the I/O */
  	      ncig = (gaint)(1+((ioffs[j]-1)%pfi->ppisiz)); 
  	      ncjg = (gaint)(1+((ioffs[j]-1)/pfi->ppisiz));
  	      rc = gancrow(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,1,vals+j,umask+j);    /* netcdf */
  	    }
              else if (pfi->ncflg==2) {
  	      /* see comment above */
  	      ncig = (gaint)(1+((ioffs[j]-1)%pfi->ppisiz)); 
  	      ncjg = (gaint)(1+((ioffs[j]-1)/pfi->ppisiz));
  	      rc = gahrow(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,1,vals+j,umask+j);     /* hdfsds */
  	    }
              else if (pfi->ncflg==3) {
  	      /* see comment above */
  	      ncig = (gaint)(1+((ioffs[j]-1)%pfi->ppisiz)); 
  	      ncjg = (gaint)(1+((ioffs[j]-1)/pfi->ppisiz));
  	      rc = gah5row(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,1,vals+j,umask+j);     /* hdf5 */
  	    }
              else {
  	      /* the ioffs index is shifted back by 1 here */
  	      pos = pos0 + ioffs[j] - 1;
  	      rc = garead(pos,1,vals+j,umask+j);                  /* binary */
  	    }
              if (rc) return(rc);
              if (*(umask+j)==0) {
                goflg = 0;
                break;
              }
              sum = sum + *(vals+j) * *(wts+j);
              wt = wt + *(wts+j);
            }
            j++;
          }
          if (goflg && wt!=0.0) {
  	  /* Result is weighted average */
  	  *gr = sum/wt;
  	  *gru = 1;
  	}
          else {
  	  *gr = pgr->undef;
  	  *gru = 0;
  	}
        }
        gr++; gru++;
      }
    }  /* matches if (pfi->ppflag==8)  */
    else {
      for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
        ig = (y-1) * pfi->dnum[0] + x + i - 1;
        ioff = *(pfi->ppi[0]+ig);              /* ioff index values start at 0 */
        if (ioff<0) {
  	*gr = pgr->undef;
  	*gru = 0;
        }
        else {
          dx = (gadouble)*(pfi->ppf[0]+ig);
          dy = (gadouble)*(pfi->ppf[1]+ig);
          pos = (e-1)*(pfi->dnum[3]*pfi->tsiz) + (tt-1)*(pfi->tsiz) + pvr->offset + (z-1)*(pfi->gsiz) + ioff;
  
  	/* Get the first two pre-projected grid values */
          if (pfi->idxflg) {                      
  	  rc = gairow(x,y,z,t,e,ioff,2,p,umask);                   /* grib */ 
  	}
          else if (pfi->ncflg==1) {               
  	  rc = gancsetup();
  	  if (rc) return(rc);
  	  ncig = (gaint)(1 + ioff%pfi->ppisiz);
            ncjg = (gaint)(1 + ioff/pfi->ppisiz);
  	  rc = gancrow(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,2,p,umask);                /* netcdf */  
  	}
          else if (pfi->ncflg==2) {              
  	  ncig = (gaint)(1 + ioff%pfi->ppisiz);
            ncjg = (gaint)(1 + ioff/pfi->ppisiz);
  	  rc = gahrow(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,2,p,umask);                 /* hdf */  
  	}
          else if (pfi->ncflg==3) {              
  	  ncig = (gaint)(1 + ioff%pfi->ppisiz);
            ncjg = (gaint)(1 + ioff/pfi->ppisiz);
  	  rc = gah5row(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,2,p,umask);                 /* hdf5 */  
  	}
          else {                               
  	  rc = garead(pos,2,p,umask);                              /* binary */
  	}
          if (rc) return(rc);
  
  	/* Get the second two pre-projected grid values */
          if (pfi->idxflg) {
  	  rc = gairow(x,y,z,t,e,ioff+pfi->ppisiz,2,p+2,umask+2);   /* grib */
  	}
          else if (pfi->ncflg==1) {
            ncjg++;
  	  rc = gancrow(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,2,p+2,umask+2);            /* netcdf */
  	}
          else if (pfi->ncflg==2) {
            ncjg++; 
  	  rc = gahrow(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,2,p+2,umask+2);             /* hdf */  
  	}
          else if (pfi->ncflg==3) {
            ncjg++; 
  	  rc = gah5row(ncig,ncjg,z,tt,e,2,p+2,umask+2);             /* hdf5 */  
  	}
          else {
  	  rc = garead(pos+pfi->ppisiz,2,p+2,umask+2);              /* binary */  
  	}
          if (rc) return(rc);
  
  	/* Do the bilinear interpolation, as long as we have no undefs */
          if (umask[0]==0 || umask[1]==0 || umask[2]==0 || umask[3]==0) {
  	  *gr = pgr->undef;
  	  *gru = 0;
  	}
          else {
            g1 = p[0] + (p[1]-p[0])*dx;
            g2 = p[2] + (p[3]-p[2])*dx;
            *gr = g1 + (g2-g1)*dy;
  	  *gru = 1;
          }
        }
        gr++; gru++;
      }
    }
    return(0);
  }
   
  
  /* Set up variable ID, undef value, and unpacking values for NetCDF variables */
  gaint gancsetup (void) {
  #if USENETCDF == 1
    gaint vid,error,rc,oldncopts,storage;
    gadouble val;
    gaint ndims,i;  
    size_t *chsize,nelems,size,cachesz;
    nc_type type;
  
    /* Turn off automatic error handling. */
    ncopts = NC_VERBOSE ;
    oldncopts = ncopts ;
    ncopts = 0;
  
    /* Get the varid if we haven't already done that for this file */
    if (pvr->ncvid == -888) {
      ncopts = oldncopts ;
      return(1);  /* already tried and failed */
    }
    if (pvr->ncvid == -999) {
      error=0;
      if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0') {
        rc = nc_inq_varid(pfi->ncid, pvr->longnm, &vid);
      }
      else {
        rc = nc_inq_varid(pfi->ncid, pvr->abbrv, &vid);
      }
      if (rc != NC_NOERR) error=1;
      if (error) {
        pvr->ncvid = -888;  /* set flag so we won't try this variable ever again */
        if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0') {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Error: Variable %s not in netcdf file\n",pvr->longnm);
       }
        else {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Error: Variable %s not in netcdf file\n",pvr->abbrv);
        }
        gaprnt (0,pout);
        ncopts = oldncopts ;
        return (1);
      }
      /* No errors, so we can set the varid in the gavar structure */
      pvr->ncvid = vid;
      
      /* If undef attribute name is given, get the undef value */
      if (pfi->undefattrflg) {
        if (nc_get_att_double(pfi->ncid, pvr->ncvid, pfi->undefattr, &val) != NC_NOERR) {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: Could not retrieve \"%s\" -- using %g instead\n",
  		pfi->undefattr,pfi->undef);
  	gaprnt(1,pout);
  	pvr->undef = pfi->undef;
        }
        else {
  	pvr->undef = val;
        }
      }
      else {
        /* If no undef attribute name is given, copy the file-wide undef */
        pvr->undef = pfi->undef;
      }
  
      /* If data are packed, get the scale factor and offset attribute values */
      if (pfi->packflg) {
        /* initialize values */
        pvr->scale=1.0;
        pvr->add=0.0;
        /* get the scale factor attribute value */
        if (pfi->packflg == 1 || pfi->packflg == 2) {
  	if (nc_get_att_double(pfi->ncid, pvr->ncvid, pfi->scattr, &val) != NC_NOERR) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: Could not retrieve scale factor -- setting to 1.0\n");
  	  pvr->scale = 1.0;
  	}
  	else {
  	  pvr->scale = val;
  	}
        }
        /* get add offset if required */
        if (pfi->packflg == 2 || pfi->packflg == 3) {
  	/* get the add offset attribute value */
  	if (nc_get_att_double(pfi->ncid, pvr->ncvid, pfi->ofattr, &val) != NC_NOERR) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: Could not retrieve add offset -- setting to 0.0\n");
  	  pvr->add = 0.0;
  	}
  	else {
  	  pvr->add = val;
  	}
        } 
      }  
  #if HAVENETCDF4 == 1
      /* Check the chunk size */
      ndims = pvr->nvardims;
      if ((chsize = (size_t*)galloc(ndims*sizeof(size_t),"chsize"))!=NULL) {
        if ((nc_inq_var_chunking(pfi->ncid, pvr->ncvid, &storage, chsize)) == NC_NOERR) {
  	if (storage == NC_CHUNKED) {
  	  if ((nc_inq_vartype(pfi->ncid, pvr->ncvid, &type)) == NC_NOERR) {
  	    if ((nc_inq_type(pfi->ncid, type, NULL, &size)) == NC_NOERR) {
  	      nelems = 1;
  	      for (i=0; i<ndims; i++) nelems *= chsize[i];
  	      if (nelems*size > pfi->cachesize) {
  		gaprnt(1,"*** WARNING! ***\n");
  		gaprnt(1,"*** The I/O for this variable will be extremely slow \n");
  		gaprnt(1,"*** because the chunks are too big to fit in the cache \n");
  		snprintf(pout,255,"*** chunk size = %ld bytes  (",(long)(nelems*size));
  		gaprnt(1,pout);
  		for (i=ndims-1; i>=0; i--) { 
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%ld * ",(long)chsize[i]); gaprnt(1,pout); 
  		}
  		snprintf(pout,255,"%ld bytes)\n",(long)size);
  		gaprnt(1,pout);
  		snprintf(pout,255,"*** cache size = %ld bytes \n",cachesz);
  		gaprnt(1,pout);
  		gaprnt(1,"*** There are two ways to control the cache size: \n");
  		gaprnt(1,"*** add a CACHESIZE entry to the descriptor file \n");
  		gaprnt(1,"*** or change the cache size scale factor with 'set cachesf' \n");
  		gaprnt(1,"*** Please read http://iges.org/grads/gadoc/compression.html \n");
  	      }
  	    }
  	  }
  	}
        }
        gree(chsize,"f274");
      }
  #endif
    }   /* matches if (pvr->ncvid == -999)   */
    return(0); 
  #endif
    return(0); 
  }
  
  
  
  /* A shortcut for netcdf grids (intended to speed up OPeNDAP requets) */
  
  gaint gancgrid (gadouble *gr, char *gru, gaint id, gaint jd) {
  #if USENETCDF == 1
  gaint rc,rtrn,i,j,got1,grsize,wflag=0,nilen,njlen,nid,njd;
  gaint xlen,ylen,zlen,tlen,elen;
  gaint x,offset,xx,yy,zz,tt,ee,min,max;
  gaint ifac,jfac,iadd,jadd,pos,ipad,jpad,ilen,jlen;
  gaint xpad,ypad,zpad,tpad,epad,padmin,padmax;
  gaint jbeg,jend,groff,tmpoff,itmp,jtmp,jlimit;
  gaint dimswap,nrows,ncols;
  size_t sz,start[16],count[16];
  gadouble ulow,uhi;
  gadouble unitsvals[5]={-100,-101,-102,-103,-104};
  gadouble *grtmp=NULL,*grtmp2=NULL;
  char *grutmp=NULL;
  gaint oldncopts ;         /* to save and restore setting for automatic error handling */
    
    /* Turn off automatic error handling. */
    ncopts = NC_VERBOSE ;
    oldncopts = ncopts ;
    ncopts = 0;
  
    /* Get the starting point and length for the X dimension */
    if (pgr->dimmin[0] >= 1 && pgr->dimmax[0] <= pfi->dnum[0]) {
      /*  the requested data is within the bounds of the file dimensions */
      xx = pgr->dimmin[0] - 1;
      xlen = pgr->dimmax[0] - pgr->dimmin[0] + 1;
      xpad = 0;
    }
    else {     
      /* the requested data lies outside the file's bounds */
      if (!pfi->wrap) {
        /* file doesn't wrap the globe, so adjust limits */
        xpad = 0;
        min = pgr->dimmin[0];
        if (min < 1) {                   /* adjust min to be within file limits */
  	min = 1;
  	xpad = 1 - pgr->dimmin[0];     /* save diff between requested min and file min */
        }
        max = pgr->dimmax[0];
        if (max > pfi->dnum[0]) {        /* adjust max to be within file limits */
  	max = pfi->dnum[0];
        }
        if (max<min) {  /* requested data lies entirely outside the file's bounds */
  	rtrn=-1;
  	goto cleanup;
        }
        xlen = max - min + 1;            /* set length */
        xx = min - 1 ;                   /* set start value */
      }
      else {
        /* file wraps the globe, so read the entire row */
        wflag = 1;
        xx = 0;
        xpad = 0; 
        xlen = pfi->dnum[0];
      }
    }
  
    /* Get the starting point and length for the Y dimension */
    if (pgr->dimmin[1] >= 1 && pgr->dimmax[1] <= pfi->dnum[1]) {
      /*  the requested data is within the bounds of the file dimensions */
      if (pfi->yrflg) yy = pfi->dnum[1] - pgr->dimmax[1];
      else yy = pgr->dimmin[1] - 1;
      ylen = pgr->dimmax[1] - pgr->dimmin[1] + 1;
      ypad = 0;
    }
    else {     
      /* the requested data lies outside the file's bounds */
      ypad = padmin = padmax = 0;  /* padding for part of requested grid outside boundaries */
      min = pgr->dimmin[1];
      if (min < 1) {                  /* adjust min to be within file limits */
        min = 1;
        padmin = 1 - pgr->dimmin[1];  /* save diff between requested min and file min */
      }
      max = pgr->dimmax[1];
      if (max > pfi->dnum[1]) {                 /* adjust max to be within file limits */
        max = pfi->dnum[1];
        padmax = pgr->dimmax[1] - pfi->dnum[1]; /* save diff between requested max and file max */
      }
      if (max<min) {  /* requested data lies entirely outside the file's bounds */
        rtrn=-1;
        goto cleanup;
      }
      ylen = max - min + 1;                     /* set length */
      if (pfi->yrflg) {         
        yy = pfi->dnum[1] - max;                /* set start value */  
        ypad = ypad + padmax;                   /* set padding */
      }
      else {
        yy = min - 1;
        ypad = ypad + padmin;
      }
    }
  
    /* Get the starting point and length for the Z dimension */
    if (pgr->dimmin[2] >= 1 && pgr->dimmax[2] <= pfi->dnum[2]) {
      /*  the requested data is within the bounds of the file dimensions */
      if (pfi->zrflg) {
        if (pvr->levels==0) zz = 0;
        else zz = pvr->levels - pgr->dimmax[2];  /* use var nlevs instead of dnum[[2] */
      }
      else zz = pgr->dimmin[2] - 1;
      zlen = pgr->dimmax[2] - pgr->dimmin[2] + 1;
      zpad = 0;
    }
    else {     
      /* the requested data lies outside the file's bounds */
      /* set limits to what's in the file boundaries */
      zpad = padmin = padmax = 0;     /* padding for part of requested grid outside boundaries */
      min = pgr->dimmin[2];
      if (min < 1) {                  /* adjust min to be within file limits */
        min = 1;
        padmin = 1 - pgr->dimmin[2];  /* save diff between requested min and file min */
      }
      max = pgr->dimmax[2];
      if (max > pfi->dnum[2]) {       /* adjust max to be within file limits */
        max = pfi->dnum[2];           
        padmax = pgr->dimmax[2] - pfi->dnum[2]; /* save diff between requested max and variable max */
      }
      if (max<min) {  /* requested data lies entirely outside the file's bounds */
        rtrn=-1;
        goto cleanup;
      }
      zlen = max - min + 1;                  /* set length */
      if (pfi->zrflg) {
        if (pvr->levels==0) zz = 0;          /* set start value */
        else zz = pvr->levels - max;         
        zpad = zpad + padmax;                /* set padding */
      }
      else {
        zz = min - 1;
        zpad = zpad + padmin;
      }
    }
  
    /* Get the starting point and length for the T dimension */
    if (pgr->dimmin[3] >= 1 && pgr->dimmax[3] <= pfi->dnum[3]) {
      /*  the requested data is within the bounds of the file dimensions */
      tt = pgr->dimmin[3] - 1;
      tlen = pgr->dimmax[3] - pgr->dimmin[3] + 1;
      tpad = 0;
    }
    else {     
      /* the requested data lies outside the file's bounds */
      tpad = 0;
      min = pgr->dimmin[3];
      if (min < 1) {                /* adjust min to be within file limits */
        min = 1;
        tpad = 1 - pgr->dimmin[3];  /* save diff between requested min and file min */
      }
      max = pgr->dimmax[3];
      if (max > pfi->dnum[3]) {     /* adjust max to be within file limits */
        max = pfi->dnum[3];
      }
      if (max<min) {  /* requested data lies entirely outside the file's bounds */
        rtrn=-1; goto cleanup;
      }
      tlen = max - min + 1;         /* set length */
      tt = min - 1;                 /* set start value */
    }
  
    /* Get the starting point and length for the E dimension */
    if (pgr->dimmin[4] >= 1 && pgr->dimmax[4] <= pfi->dnum[4]) {
      /*  the requested data is within the bounds of the file dimensions */
      ee = pgr->dimmin[4] - 1;
      elen = pgr->dimmax[4] - pgr->dimmin[4] + 1;
      epad = 0;
    }
    else {     
      /* the requested data lies outside the file's bounds */
      epad = 0;
      min = pgr->dimmin[4];
      if (min < 1) {                /* adjust min to be within file limits */
        min = 1;
        epad = 1 - pgr->dimmin[4];  /* diff between requested min and file min */
      }
      max = pgr->dimmax[4];
      if (max > pfi->dnum[4]) {     /* adjust max to be within file limits */
        max = pfi->dnum[4];
      }
      if (max<min) {  /* requested data lies entirely outside the file's bounds */
        rtrn=-1;
        goto cleanup;
      }
      elen = max - min + 1;         /* set length */
      ee = min - 1;                 /* set start value */
    }
  
    /* size of the grid to be read */
    grsize = xlen * ylen * zlen * tlen * elen;
  
    /* allocate memory for temporary grids to hold data 
       before being placed properly in requested block */
    sz = grsize * sizeof(gadouble);
    grtmp = (gadouble *)galloc(sz,"grtmp");
    if (grtmp==NULL) {
      gaprnt (0,"gancgrid error: unable to allocate memory for grtmp grid storage \n");
      snprintf(pout,255,"  grid size = xlen * ylen * zlen * tlen * elen = %d * %d * %d * %d * %d\n",
  	    xlen,ylen,zlen,tlen,elen);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      rtrn=1; goto cleanup;
    }
    sz = grsize * sizeof(char);
    grutmp = (char *)galloc(sz,"grutmp");
    if (grutmp==NULL) {
      gaprnt (0,"gancgrid error: unable to allocate memory for grutmp grid storage \n");
      snprintf(pout,255,"  grid size = xlen * ylen * zlen * tlen * elen = %d * %d * %d * %d * %d\n",
  	    xlen,ylen,zlen,tlen,elen);
      gaprnt (0,pout);
      rtrn=1; goto cleanup;
    }
  
    /* Set up the start and count arrays  */
    /* The units values provided for each variable indicate the mapping 
       of the netcdf variable shape into the grads dimensions */
    for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
      start[i] = -999;
      count[i] = -999;
      if (pvr->units[i] == -100) { start[i] = xx; count[i] = xlen; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -101) { start[i] = yy; count[i] = ylen; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -102) { start[i] = zz; count[i] = zlen; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -103) { start[i] = tt; count[i] = tlen; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -104) { start[i] = ee; count[i] = elen; }
      if (pvr->units[i] >=0) { start[i] = pvr->units[i];  count[i] = 1; }
    }
    /* what is the real order of dimension sizes in grtmp? */
    got1 = 0;
    nid = njd = -1 ; 
    nilen = njlen = 1;
    /* loop over variable's dimensions, starting with slowest varying */
    for (i=pvr->nvardims-1;i>=0;i--) {   
      /* compare units vals to see which dimensions in the variable correspond to id and jd */
      if ((id!=-1 && pvr->units[i] == unitsvals[id]) || 
  	(jd!=-1 && pvr->units[i] == unitsvals[jd])) {
        /* this dimension is in our request */
        if (got1==0) {
  	/* this dimension is the idim in grtmp */
  	got1=1;
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -100) {nilen = xlen; nid=0;}
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -101) {nilen = ylen; nid=1;}
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -102) {nilen = zlen; nid=2;}
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -103) {nilen = tlen; nid=3;}
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -104) {nilen = elen; nid=4;}
        } else {
  	/* this dimension is the jdim in grtmp */
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -100) {njlen = xlen; njd=0;}
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -101) {njlen = ylen; njd=1;}
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -102) {njlen = zlen; njd=2;}
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -103) {njlen = tlen; njd=3;}
  	if (pvr->units[i] == -104) {njlen = elen; njd=4;}
  
        }
      }
    }
  
    /* define constants to determine how data will be placed into requested grid */
    if ((id==1 && pfi->yrflg) || (id==2 && pfi->zrflg)) {  /* the i-dimension is reversed */
      ifac = -1;
      iadd = pgr->isiz - 1;
    }
    else {
      ifac = 1;
      iadd = 0;
    }
    if ((jd==1 && pfi->yrflg) || (jd==2 && pfi->zrflg)) {  /* the j-dimension is reversed */
      jfac = -1;
      jadd = pgr->jsiz - 1;
    }
    else {
      jfac = 1;
      jadd = 0;
    }
    ipad = jpad = ilen = jlen = 0;
    if      (id==-1) { ipad = 0;    ilen = 1;    }
    else if (id==0)  { ipad = xpad; ilen = xlen; }
    else if (id==1)  { ipad = ypad; ilen = ylen; }
    else if (id==2)  { ipad = zpad; ilen = zlen; }
    else if (id==3)  { ipad = tpad; ilen = tlen; }
    else if (id==4)  { ipad = epad; ilen = elen; }
  
    if      (jd==-1) { jpad = 0;    jlen = 1;    }
    else if (jd==0)  { jpad = xpad; jlen = xlen; }
    else if (jd==1)  { jpad = ypad; jlen = ylen; }
    else if (jd==2)  { jpad = zpad; jlen = zlen; }
    else if (jd==3)  { jpad = tpad; jlen = tlen; }
    else if (jd==4)  { jpad = epad; jlen = elen; }
    
    /* make sure native grid and request grid are ordered the same way */
    dimswap=0;
    if (id!=nid || jd!=njd) { /* dims are not the same */
      if (id==njd && jd==nid) { /* dims are swapped */
        dimswap=1;
        /* allocate memory for temporary grid to swap i/j dims */
        sz = grsize * sizeof(gadouble);
        grtmp2 = (gadouble *)galloc(sz,"grtmp2");
        if (grtmp2==NULL) {
  	gaprnt (0,"gancgrid error: unable to allocate memory for grtmp2 grid storage \n");
  	snprintf(pout,255,"  grid size = xlen * ylen * zlen * tlen * elen = %d * %d * %d * %d * %d\n",
  		xlen,ylen,zlen,tlen,elen);
  	gaprnt (0,pout);
  	rtrn=1; goto cleanup;
        }
      } 
    }
    
    /* do we need to swap the dims of the data grid */
    if (dimswap) {
      /* Do the I/O into temporary grid grtmp2 */
      rc = nc_get_vara_double(pfi->ncid, pvr->ncvid, start, count, grtmp2);
      if (rc != NC_NOERR) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"gancgrid error: nc_get_vara_double failed; %s\n",nc_strerror(rc));
        gaprnt(0,pout);
        rtrn=1; goto cleanup;
      }
      /* pos moves through the data in grtmp2 by rows, we populate grtmp by columns */
      nrows=nilen;
      ncols=njlen;
      pos=0;
      for (i=0; i<ncols; i++) {
        for (j=0; j<nrows; j++) {
  	offset=j*ncols+i;
  	*(grtmp+offset) = *(grtmp2+pos);
  	pos++;
        }
      }
    }
    else {
      /* Do the I/O and put data directly into grtmp */
      rc = nc_get_vara_double(pfi->ncid, pvr->ncvid, start, count, grtmp);
      if (rc != NC_NOERR) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"gancgrid error: nc_get_vara_double failed; %s\n",nc_strerror(rc));
        gaprnt(0,pout);
        rtrn=1; goto cleanup;
      }
    }
  
    /* Set missing data mask values and then unpack grid data if necessary */
    /* use the gavar undef to set the fuzzy test limits */
    /* If gavar undef equals zero, change it to 1/EPSILON */
    if (dequal(pvr->undef, 0.0, 1e-08)==0) {   
      ulow = 1e-5; 
    } 
    else {
      ulow = fabs(pvr->undef/EPSILON);   
    }
    uhi  = pvr->undef + ulow;
    ulow = pvr->undef - ulow;
    /* now set the gagrid undef equal to the gafile undef */
    pgr->undef = pfi->undef;           
  
    /* Test for NaN, Inf, and the fuzzy test for undef values. Then unpack */
    for (i=0;i<grsize;i++) {
      if ((*(grtmp+i)>=ulow && *(grtmp+i)<=uhi) || (isnan(*(grtmp+i))) || (isinf(*(grtmp+i)))) {
        *(grutmp+i) = 0;
      }
      else {
        /* Data value is good */ 
        *(grutmp+i) = 1;
        /* unpack with scale and offset if necessary */
        if (pfi->packflg) {
  	*(grtmp+i) = *(grtmp+i)*pvr->scale + pvr->add; 
        }
      }
    }
   
    /* initialize the result grid with missing flags */
    for (i=0; i<pgr->isiz*pgr->jsiz; i++) *(gru+i) = 0;
  
    /* copy each element in the tmp grid into the right place in the result grid */
    if (!wflag) {
      /* no globe-wrapping issues to worry about */
      pos=0;
      for (j=0; j<jlen; j++) {
        for (i=0; i<ilen; i++) {
  	offset = (jadd+(jfac*(j+jpad)))*pgr->isiz + (iadd + (ifac*(i+ipad)));
  	*(gr+offset)  = *(grtmp+pos);
  	*(gru+offset) = *(grutmp+pos);
  	pos++;
        }
      }
    }
    else {
      /* jbeg and jend are limits of tmp grid within user requested grid */
      if (jd==-1) {
        jbeg = jadd; 
        jend = jbeg;
      }
      else {
        jbeg = jadd+(jfac*(0+jpad));
        jend = jadd+(jfac*((jlen-1)+jpad));
      }
      /* i,j are result grid coordinates */
      /* itmp,jtmp are tmp grid coordinates */
      jtmp=0; 
      j = jbeg;
      jlimit = jend+=jfac; /* this is jend +/-1, the limit for the while loop below */
      while (j != jlimit) {
        /* x are user-requested limits */
        i=0;
        for (x=pgr->dimmin[0]; x<=pgr->dimmax[0]; x++,i++) {   
  	/* groff is where point lies inside requested grid */
  	groff = j*pgr->isiz + i;       
  	/* figure out where x index lies inside tmp grid */
  	itmp=x;
  	while (itmp<1) itmp = itmp + pfi->dnum[0];
  	while (itmp>pfi->dnum[0]) itmp = itmp-(pfi->dnum[0]);  
  	/* tmpoff is where this point lies in the grtmp grid */
  	tmpoff = jtmp*pfi->dnum[0] + (itmp-1);
  	*(gr+groff)  = *(grtmp+tmpoff);
  	*(gru+groff) = *(grutmp+tmpoff);
        }
        jtmp++;
        j+=jfac;
      }
    }
    
    rtrn=0; /* everything worked */
  
   cleanup:
    if (grtmp!=NULL)  gree(grtmp,"f121");
    if (grutmp!=NULL) gree(grutmp,"f122");
    if (grtmp2!=NULL) gree(grtmp2,"f122a");
    ncopts = oldncopts ;
    return(rtrn);
  
  #else 
    gaprnt(0,"Reading NetCDF files is not supported in this build\n");
    return(1);  
  #endif
  }
  
  /* Read a row varying in the X direction from a netcdf grid */
  gaint gancrow (gaint x, gaint y, gaint z, gaint t, gaint e, gaint len, gadouble *gr, char *gru) {
  #if USENETCDF == 1
    gaint rc,i,yy,zz;
    size_t  start[16],count[16];
    gadouble   ulow,uhi;
    gaint oldncopts ;         /* to save and restore setting for automatic error handling */
    
    /* Turn off automatic error handling. */
    ncopts = NC_VERBOSE ;
    oldncopts = ncopts ;
    ncopts = 0;
  
    /* Change the Y indexes if yrev flag is set */
    if (pfi->yrflg) {
      /* one day we might encounter a pre-projected file written upside down... */
      if (pfi->ppflag)             
        yy = pfi->ppjsiz - y;
      else
        yy = pfi->dnum[1] - y;
    }
    else {
      yy = y-1;
    }
    /* Change the Z indexes if zrev flag is set */
    if (pfi->zrflg) {
      if (pvr->levels==0) {
        zz=0;
      }
      else {
        zz = pvr->levels-z;
      }
    } 
    else {
      zz = z-1;
    }
  
    /* Set up the start and count array.  The units values
       provided for each variable indicate the mapping of the 
       netcdf variable shape into the grads dimensions */
    for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
      start[i] = -999;
      count[i] = -999;
      if (pvr->units[i] == -100) { start[i] = x-1; count[i] = len; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -101) { start[i] = yy;  count[i] = 1; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -102) { start[i] = zz;  count[i] = 1; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -103) { start[i] = t-1; count[i] = 1; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -104) { start[i] = e-1; count[i] = 1; }
      if (pvr->units[i] >=0) { start[i] = pvr->units[i];  count[i] = 1; }
    }
  
    /* Now we are ready to do the I/O  */
    rc = nc_get_vara_double(pfi->ncid, pvr->ncvid, start, count, gr);
    if (rc != NC_NOERR) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"NetCDF Error (gancrow, nc_get_vara_double): %s\n",nc_strerror(rc));
      gaprnt(0,pout);
      ncopts = oldncopts ;
      return (1);
    }
  
    /* Set missing data values to gafile undef and then unpack if necessary */
    /* use the gavar undef to set the fuzzy test limits */
    /* If gavar undef equals zero, change it to 1/EPSILON */
    if (dequal(pvr->undef, 0.0, 1e-08)==0) {   
      ulow = 1e-5;
    } 
    else {
      ulow = fabs(pvr->undef/EPSILON);   
    }
    uhi  = pvr->undef + ulow;
    ulow = pvr->undef - ulow;
    /* set the gagrid undef equal to the gafile undef */
    pgr->undef = pfi->undef;           
    
    /* Do the NaN, Inf, and fuzzy test for undef values before unpacking */
    for (i=0;i<len;i++) {
      if ((*(gr+i) >= ulow && *(gr+i) <= uhi) || (isnan(*(gr+i))) || (isinf(*(gr+i)))) {
        *(gru+i) = 0;
      }
      else {
        /* Data is not missing, so unpack with scale and offset if necessary */
        *(gru+i) = 1; 
        if (pfi->packflg) {
  	*(gr+i) = *(gr+i)*pvr->scale + pvr->add; 
        }
      }
    }
  
    ncopts = oldncopts ;
    return(0);
  #else 
    gaprnt(0,"Reading NetCDF files is not supported in this build\n");
    return(1);  
  #endif
  }
  
  
  /* Read a row varying in the X direction from an HDF-SDS grid */
  gaint gahrow (gaint x, gaint y, gaint z, gaint t, gaint e, gaint len, gadouble *gr, char *gru) {
  #if USEHDF == 1
  gaint rc,i,yy,zz;
  int32  start[16],count[16];
  int32  sd_id, v_id, sds_id;
  int32  data_dtype, n_atts, rank, dim_sizes[H4_MAX_VAR_DIMS];
  gadouble  val,ulow,uhi;
  int8    *bval=NULL;
  uint8   *ubval=NULL;
  int16   *sval=NULL;
  uint16  *usval=NULL;
  int32   *ival=NULL;
  uint32  *uival=NULL;
  float32 *fval=NULL;
  size_t sz;
  
    /* Get the vid if we haven't already done that for this file */
    if (pvr->sdvid == -888) return(1);  /* already tried and failed */
  
    sd_id = pfi->sdid; 
    if (pvr->sdvid == -999) {
  
      /* Get the variable index number from the variable name */
      if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0') {
        v_id = SDnametoindex(sd_id, pvr->longnm);
      }
      else {
        v_id = SDnametoindex(sd_id, pvr->abbrv);
      }
      if (v_id==FAIL) {
        pvr->sdvid = -888;
        if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0') {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Error: Variable %s not in HDF-SDS file\n",pvr->longnm);
        }
        else {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Error: Variable %s not in HDF-SDS file\n",pvr->abbrv);
        }
        gaprnt(0,pout);
        return (1);
      }
      pvr->sdvid = v_id; 
  
      /* If undef attribute name is used, get the undef value */
      if (pfi->undefattrflg) {
        /* Select the variable (get sds_id) */
        v_id = pvr->sdvid;
        sds_id = SDselect(sd_id,v_id);
        if (sds_id==FAIL) {
  	if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0') {
  	  snprintf(pout,255,"Error: SDselect failed for %s \n",pvr->longnm);
  	}
  	else {
  	  snprintf(pout,255,"Error: SDselect failed for %s \n",pvr->abbrv);
  	}
  	gaprnt(0,pout);
  	return (1);
        }
        /* Retrieve the HDF undef attribute value */
        if (hdfattr(sds_id, pfi->undefattr, &val) != 0) {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: Could not retrieve undef attribute \"%s\" -- using %g instead\n",
  		pfi->undefattr,pfi->undef);
  	gaprnt(1,pout);
  	pvr->undef = pfi->undef;
        }
        else {
  	pvr->undef = val;
        }
      }
      /* If undef attribute name is not given, copy the file-wide undef */
      else {
        pvr->undef = pfi->undef;
      }
   
  
      /* If data are packed, get the scale factor and offset attribute values */
      if (pfi->packflg) {
        /* initialize values */
        pvr->scale=1.0;
        pvr->add=0.0;
  
        /* Select the variable (get sds_id) */
        v_id = pvr->sdvid;
        sds_id = SDselect(sd_id,v_id);
        if (sds_id==FAIL) {
  	if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0') {
  	  snprintf(pout,255,"Error: SDselect failed for %s \n",pvr->longnm);
  	}
  	else {
  	  snprintf(pout,255,"Error: SDselect failed for %s \n",pvr->abbrv);
  	}
  	gaprnt(0,pout);
  	return (1);
        }
        /* Retrieve the scale factor attribute value */
        if (pfi->packflg == 1 || pfi->packflg == 2) {
  	if (hdfattr(sds_id, pfi->scattr, &pvr->scale) != 0) {
  	  snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: Could not retrieve \"%s\" -- setting to 1.0\n",pfi->scattr);
  	  gaprnt(1,pout);
  	  pvr->scale = 1.0;
  	}
        }
        /* Retrieve the add offset attribute value if required */
        if (pfi->packflg == 2 || pfi->packflg == 3) {
  	if (hdfattr(sds_id, pfi->ofattr, &pvr->add) != 0) {
  	  snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: Could not retrieve \"%s\" -- setting to 0.0\n",pfi->ofattr);
  	  gaprnt(1,pout);
  	  pvr->add = 0.0;
  	}
        }
      }
    }
  
    /* Select the variable (get sds_id) */
    v_id = pvr->sdvid;
    sds_id = SDselect(sd_id,v_id);
  
    if (sds_id==FAIL) {
      if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0') {
        snprintf(pout,255,"Error: SDselect failed for %s \n",pvr->longnm);
      }
      else {
        snprintf(pout,255,"Error: SDselect failed for %s \n",pvr->abbrv);
      }
      gaprnt(0,pout);
      return (1);
    }
  
    /* Change the Y indexes if yrev flag is set */
    if (pfi->yrflg) {
      /* one day we might encounter a pre-projected file written upside down... */
      if (pfi->ppflag)             
        yy = pfi->ppjsiz - y;
      else
        yy = pfi->dnum[1] - y;
    }
    else {
      yy = y-1;
    }
  
    /* Change the Z indexes if zrev flag is set */
    if (pfi->zrflg) {
      if (pvr->levels==0) {
        zz=0;
      }
      else {
        zz = pvr->levels-z;
      }
    } 
    else {
      zz = z-1;
    }
  
    /* Set up the start and count array.  The units records in the
       descriptor file for each variable indicate the mapping of the 
       hdf-sds variable shape into the grads dimensions */
    for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
      start[i] = -999;
      count[i] = -999;
      if (pvr->units[i] == -100) { start[i] = x-1; count[i] = len;}
      if (pvr->units[i] == -101) { start[i] = yy;  count[i] = 1; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -102) { start[i] = zz;  count[i] = 1; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -103) { start[i] = t-1; count[i] = 1; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -104) { start[i] = e-1; count[i] = 1; }
      if (pvr->units[i] >= 0) { start[i] = pvr->units[i];   count[i] = 1; }
    }
  
    /* Get the data type */
    if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0') {
      rc = SDgetinfo(sds_id, pvr->longnm, &rank, dim_sizes, &data_dtype, &n_atts);
    }
    else {
      rc = SDgetinfo(sds_id, pvr->abbrv,  &rank, dim_sizes, &data_dtype, &n_atts);
    }
  
    /* Data types that are handled are 8-bit ints (int8 and uint8), shorts (int16), 
       ints (int32) and float. shorts and ints are converted to float. 
       Unpacking done after I/O is finished  */
    switch (data_dtype)
    {
      case (DFNT_INT8):   /* definition value 20 */
        sz = len * sizeof (int8);
        bval = (int8 *)galloc(sz,"bval3");
        if (bval==NULL) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Error: unable to allocate memory for dtype INT8\n");
  	return(1);
        }
        if (SDreaddata(sds_id, start, NULL, count, (VOIDP *)bval) != 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Read Error for dtype INT8\n");
  	gree(bval,"f126");
  	return(1);
        } 
        else {
  	for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)bval[i];  /* Cast int8 to gadouble */
        }
        gree(bval,"f126");
        break;
  
      case (DFNT_UINT8):   /* definition value 21 */
        sz = len * sizeof (uint8);
        ubval = (uint8 *)galloc(sz,"ubval");
        if (ubval==NULL) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Error: unable to allocate memory for dtype UINT8\n");
  	return(1);
        }
        if (SDreaddata(sds_id, start, NULL, count, (VOIDP *)ubval) != 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Read Error for dtype UINT8\n");
  	gree(ubval,"f127");
  	return(1);
        } 
        else {
  	for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)ubval[i];  /* Cast uint8 to gadouble */
        }
        gree(ubval,"f127");
        break;
  
      case (DFNT_INT16):    /* definition value 22 */
        sz = len * sizeof(int16);
        sval = (int16 *)galloc(sz,"sval3");
        if (sval==NULL) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Error: unable to allocate memory for dtype INT16\n");
  	return(1);
        }
        if (SDreaddata(sds_id, start, NULL, count, (VOIDP *)sval) != 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Read Error for dtype INT16\n");
  	return(1);
        }
        else {
  	for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)sval[i];  /* Cast int16 to gadouble */
        }
        gree(sval,"f128");
        break;
  
      case (DFNT_UINT16):   /* definition value 23 */
        sz = len * sizeof (uint16);
        usval = (uint16 *)galloc(sz,"usval");
        if (usval==NULL) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Error: unable to allocate memory for dtype UINT16\n");
  	return(1);
        }
        if (SDreaddata(sds_id, start, NULL, count, (VOIDP *)usval) != 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Read Error for dtype UINT16\n");
  	gree(usval,"f129");
  	return(1);
        } 
        else {
  	for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)usval[i];  /* Cast uint16 to gadouble */
        }
        gree(usval,"f129");
        break;
  
      case (DFNT_INT32):    /* definition value 24 */
        sz = len * sizeof (int32);
        ival = (int32 *)galloc(sz,"ival3");
        if (ival==NULL) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Error: unable to allocate memory for dtype INT32\n");
  	return(1);
        }
        if (SDreaddata(sds_id, start, NULL, count, (VOIDP *)ival) != 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Read Error for dtype INT32\n");
  	gree(ival,"f130");
  	return(1);
        } 
        else {
  	for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)ival[i];  /* Cast int32 to gadouble */
        }
        gree(ival,"f130");
        break;
  
      case (DFNT_UINT32):   /* definition value 25 */
        sz = len * sizeof (uint32);
        uival = (uint32 *)galloc(sz,"uival");
        if (uival==NULL) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Error: unable to allocate memory for dtype UINT32\n");
  	return(1);
        }
        if (SDreaddata(sds_id, start, NULL, count, (VOIDP *)uival) != 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Read Error for dtype UINT32\n");
  	gree(uival,"f131");
  	return(1);
        } 
        else {
  	for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)uival[i];  /* Cast uint32 to gadouble */
        }
        gree(uival,"f131");
        break;
  
      case (DFNT_FLOAT32):  /* definition value  5 */
        sz = len * sizeof (float32);
        fval = (float32 *)galloc(sz,"fval");
        if (fval==NULL) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Error: unable to allocate memory for dtype float32\n");
  	return(1);
        }
        if (SDreaddata(sds_id, start, NULL, count, (VOIDP *)fval) != 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Read Error for dtype float32\n");
  	gree(fval,"f131");
  	return(1);
        } 
        else {
  	for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)fval[i];  /* Cast uint32 to gadouble */
        }
        gree(fval,"f131");
        break;
  
  
      case (DFNT_FLOAT64):  /* definition value  6 */
        if (SDreaddata(sds_id, start, NULL, count, (VOIDP *)gr) != 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF-SDS Read Error for dtype FLOAT64\n");
  	return(1);
        } 
        break;
  
      default:
        snprintf(pout,255,"HDF-SDS Error: Data type %d not handled\n", data_dtype);
        gaprnt(0,pout);
        return(1);
    };
  
    /* Set missing data values to exact value if specified */
    /* Use the gavar undef to set the fuzzy test limits */
    /* If gavar undef equals zero, change it to 1/EPSILON */
    if (dequal(pvr->undef, 0.0, 1.0e-08)==0) {   
      ulow = 1e-5;
    } 
    else {
      ulow = fabs(pvr->undef/EPSILON);   
    }
    uhi  = pvr->undef + ulow;
    ulow = pvr->undef - ulow;
    /* set the gagrid undef equal to the gafile undef */
    pgr->undef = pfi->undef;           
    
    /* Do the NaN, Inf, and fuzzy test for undef values before unpacking */
    for (i=0;i<len;i++) {
      if ((*(gr+i) >= ulow && *(gr+i) <= uhi) || (isnan(*(gr+i))) || (isinf(*(gr+i)))) {
        *(gru+i) = 0;
      }
      else {
        /* Data is good */ 
        *(gru+i) = 1;
        /* unpack with scale and offset if necessary */
        if (pfi->packflg) {
  	*(gr+i) = *(gr+i)*pvr->scale + pvr->add; 
        }
      }
    }
  
  return (0);
  
  #endif
    gaprnt(0,"Reading HDF-SDS files is not supported in this build\n");
    return(1);
  }
  
  
  /* Sets up an hdf5 variable:
       makes sure the variable exists in the file
       gets the undef value
       gets the scale factor and add offset attributes 
  */
  
  gaint h5setup(void) {
  #if USEHDF5 == 1
    hid_t vid=0, dsid, plid, tid;
    gadouble val;
    char *vname;
    gaint i,ndims,rank; 
    size_t size;
    hsize_t *chsize=NULL,nelems;
  
    if (pvr->h5vid == -888) return(1);  /* already tried and failed */
    if (pvr->h5varflg > 0) vid = pvr->h5varflg;
    if (pvr->dataspace > 0) dsid = pvr->dataspace;
  
    /* get the variable name */
    if (pvr->longnm[0] != '\0')
      vname = pvr->longnm;
    else
      vname = pvr->abbrv;
  
    /* Retrieve the HDF5 undef attribute value */
    if (pfi->undefattrflg) {
      if (h5attr(vid, vname, pfi->undefattr, &val) != 0) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"h5setup warning: Could not retrieve undef attribute \"%s\" -- using %g instead\n",
  	      pfi->undefattr,pfi->undef);
        gaprnt(1,pout);
        pvr->undef = pfi->undef;
      }
      else {
        pvr->undef = val;
      }
    }
    else {
      /* If no undef attribute name is given, copy the file-wide undef */
      pvr->undef = pfi->undef;
    }
    
    /* Retrieve the HDF5 scale factor and add offset attributes */
    if (pfi->packflg) {
      /* start with default values */
      pvr->scale=1.0;
      pvr->add=0.0;
      
      /* Retrieve the scale factor attribute value */
      if (pfi->packflg == 1 || pfi->packflg == 2) {
        if (h5attr(vid, vname, pfi->scattr, &val) != 0) {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: Could not retrieve \"%s\" -- setting to 1.0\n",pfi->scattr);
  	gaprnt(1,pout);
        }
        else { 
  	pvr->scale = val;
        }
      }
      /* Retrieve the add offset attribute value if required */
      if (pfi->packflg == 2 || pfi->packflg == 3) {
        if (h5attr(vid, vname, pfi->ofattr, &val) != 0) {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: Could not retrieve \"%s\" -- setting to 0.0\n",pfi->ofattr);
  	gaprnt(1,pout);
        }
        else {
  	pvr->add = val;
        }
      }
    }
    
    /* Check the chunk size */
    ndims = pvr->nvardims;
    if ((plid = H5Dget_create_plist(vid)) > 0) {
      if ((H5Pget_layout(plid)) == H5D_CHUNKED) {
        if ((chsize = (hsize_t*)galloc(ndims*sizeof(hsize_t),"chsize"))!=NULL) {
          if ((rank = H5Pget_chunk(plid,ndims,chsize)) > 0) {
  	  if ((tid  = H5Dget_type(vid)) > 0) {
  	    if ((size = H5Tget_size(tid)) > 0) {
  	      nelems = 1;
                for (i=0; i<ndims; i++) nelems *= chsize[i];
                  if (nelems*size > pfi->cachesize) {
                  gaprnt(1,"*** WARNING! ***\n");
                  gaprnt(1,"*** The I/O for this variable will be extremely slow \n");
                  gaprnt(1,"*** because the chunks are too big to fit in the cache \n");
                  snprintf(pout,255,"*** chunk size = %ld bytes  (",(long)(nelems*size));
                  gaprnt(1,pout);
                  for (i=ndims-1; i>=0; i--) { 
                  	snprintf(pout,255,"%ld * ",(long)chsize[i]); gaprnt(1,pout); 
                  }
                  snprintf(pout,255,"%ld bytes)\n",(long)size);
                  gaprnt(1,pout);
                  snprintf(pout,255,"*** cache size = %ld bytes \n",pfi->cachesize);
                  gaprnt(1,pout);
                  gaprnt(1,"*** There are two ways to control the cache size: \n");
                  gaprnt(1,"*** add a CACHESIZE entry to the descriptor file \n");
                  gaprnt(1,"*** or use the 'set cachesf' command \n");
                  gaprnt(1,"*** Please read http://iges.org/grads/gadoc/compression.html \n");
                }
              }
            }
          }
          gree(chsize,"f274");
        }
      }
    }
  #endif
    return(0); 
  }
  
  /* Opens an HDF5 variable and allocates the chunk cache 
     takes a file id and a variable name as arguments
     returns a dataspace id and variable id
  */
  
  #if USEHDF5==1
  gaint h5openvar (gaint h5id, char *vname, hid_t *dataspace, hid_t *h5varflg) {
    hid_t fid,vid,plid,dsid;
    size_t nslots;
    gadouble pp;
  
    /* create a property list, and change the cache settings with two hard-coded args */ 
    plid = H5Pcreate (H5P_DATASET_ACCESS);
    nslots = 51203;
    pp = 0.75;
    H5Pset_chunk_cache(plid, nslots, pfi->cachesize, pp);
  
    /* now open the variable with the modified property list */
    fid = (hid_t)h5id;
    vid = H5Dopen2 (fid, vname, plid);
    if (vid<0) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"Error: H5Dopen2 failed for variable %s \n",vname);
      gaprnt(0,pout);
      return (1); 
    }
  
    /* close the property list */
    H5Pclose (plid);
    
    /* get variable's dataspace handle */
    if ((dsid = H5Dget_space(vid))<0) {
      gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to retrieve data space\n");
      return (1);
    }  
  
    /* success */
    *h5varflg = vid;
    *dataspace = dsid;
    return (0);
  }
  #endif  
  
  /* close an HDF5 variable and relelase the chunk cache */
  
  #if USEHDF5==1
  gaint h5closevar (hid_t dsid, hid_t vid) {
    /* release variable dataspace */
    if (dsid > (hid_t)0) {
      if ((H5Sclose(dsid))<0) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"H5Sclose failed to close dataspace %d\n",(gaint)dsid);
        gaprnt(1,pout);
        return (1);
      }
    }
    /* close variable */
    if (vid > (hid_t)0) {
      if ((H5Dclose(vid))<0) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"H5Dclose failed to close varid %d\n",(gaint)vid);
        gaprnt(1,pout);
        return (1);
      }
    }
    return (0);
  }
  #endif
  
  /* Read a row varying in the X direction from an HDF5 grid */
  gaint gah5row (gaint x, gaint y, gaint z, gaint t, gaint e, gaint len, gadouble *gr, char *gru) {
  #if USEHDF5 == 1
  gaint i,yy,zz;
  hsize_t  start[16], count[16];
  hid_t vid, datatype, memspace;
  size_t sz, datasize;
  H5T_class_t dataclass; 
  H5T_sign_t datasign;
  gadouble ulow,uhi;
  char *cval;
  unsigned char *ucval;
  short *sval;
  unsigned short *usval;
  int *ival;
  unsigned int *uival;
  long *lval;
  unsigned long *ulval;
  gafloat *fval;
  
    /* copy the varid from the h5varflg */
    vid = pvr->h5varflg;
  
    /* Change the Y indexes if yrev flag is set */
    if (pfi->yrflg) {
      yy = pfi->dnum[1] - y;
    }
    else {
      yy = y-1;
    }
  
    /* Change the Z indexes if zrev flag is set */
    if (pfi->zrflg) {
      if (pvr->levels==0) {
        zz=0;
      }
      else {
        zz = pvr->levels-z;
      }
    } 
    else {
      zz = z-1;
    }
  
    /* Set up the start and count array.  The units records in the
       descriptor file for each variable indicate the mapping of the 
       hdf-sds variable shape into the grads dimensions */
    for (i=0; i<16; i++) {
      start[i] = -999;
      count[i] = -999;
      if (pvr->units[i] == -100) { start[i] = x-1; count[i] = len; }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -101) { start[i] = yy;  count[i] = 1;   }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -102) { start[i] = zz;  count[i] = 1;   }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -103) { start[i] = t-1; count[i] = 1;   }
      if (pvr->units[i] == -104) { start[i] = e-1; count[i] = 1;   }
      if (pvr->units[i] >= 0) { start[i] = pvr->units[i];   count[i] = 1; }
    }
    /* select the desired hyperslab in the source dataspace */
    if ((H5Sselect_hyperslab(pvr->dataspace, H5S_SELECT_SET, start, NULL, count, NULL))<0) {
      gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to select dataspace hyperslab\n");
      return (1);
    }
    /* create a new destination dataspace  and open it for access */
    if ((memspace  = H5Screate_simple(pvr->nh5vardims,count,NULL))<0) {
      gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to create memspace\n");
      return (1);
    }
    /* Get the data type, class, and size */
    if ((datatype = H5Dget_type(vid))<0) {
      gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to retrieve data type\n");
      return (1);
    }
    if ((dataclass = H5Tget_class(datatype))<0) {
      gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to retrieve data class\n");
      return (1);
    }
    if ((datasize = H5Tget_size(datatype))<0) {
      gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to retrieve data size\n");
      return (1);
    }
  
    if (dataclass == H5T_FLOAT) {
      if (datasize == 4) {
        sz = len * sizeof (gafloat);
        if ((fval = (gafloat *)galloc(sz,"fval")) == NULL) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for float data\n"); return(1);
        }
        if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_FLOAT, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, fval)) < 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF5 read error for float data \n");
  	gree(fval,"f131a");
  	return(1);
        } 
        else {
  	for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)fval[i]; 
        }
        gree(fval,"f131a");
      }
      else if (datasize == 8) {
        if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_DOUBLE, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, gr)) < 0) {
  	gaprnt(0,"HDF5 read error for double data \n"); return(1);
        } 
      }
      else {
        snprintf(pout,255,"H5T_FLOAT of size %d not handled\n",(int)datasize);
        gaprnt(0,pout);
        return (1);
      }
    }
    else if (dataclass == H5T_INTEGER) {
      /* signed or unsigned? */
      if ((datasign = H5Tget_sign(datatype))<0) {
        gaprnt(2,"H5Tget_sign failed\n"); return (1);
      } 
      /* byte */
      if (datasize == 1) {
        if (datasign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	sz = len * sizeof (unsigned char);
  	if ((ucval = (unsigned char *)galloc(sz,"ucval")) == NULL) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for unsigned char data\n"); return(1);
  	}
  	if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_UCHAR, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, ucval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"H5Dread failed for unsigned char data \n"); 
  	  gree(ucval,"f131b");
  	  return (1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)ucval[i];  
  	}
  	gree(ucval,"f131b");
        }
        else {
  	sz = len * sizeof (char);
  	if ((cval = (char *)galloc(sz,"cval")) == NULL) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for char data\n"); return(1);
  	}
  	if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_CHAR, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, cval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"H5Dread failed for char data \n"); 
  	  gree(cval,"f131b");
  	  return (1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)cval[i];  
  	}
  	gree(cval,"f131b");
        }
      }
      /* short */
      else if (datasize == 2) {
        if (datasign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	sz = len * sizeof (unsigned short);
  	if ((usval = (unsigned short *)galloc(sz,"usval")) == NULL) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for unsigned short data\n"); return(1);
  	}
  	if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_USHORT, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, usval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"H5Dread failed for unsigned short data \n"); 
  	  gree(usval,"f131b");
  	  return (1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)usval[i];  
  	}
  	gree(usval,"f131b");
        }
        else {
  	sz = len * sizeof (short);
  	if ((sval = (short *)galloc(sz,"sval")) == NULL) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for short data\n"); return(1);
  	}
  	if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_SHORT, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, sval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"H5Dread failed for short data \n"); 
  	  gree(sval,"f131b");
  	  return (1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)sval[i];  
  	}
  	gree(sval,"f131b");
        }
      }
      /* int */
      else if (datasize == 4) {
        if (datasign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	sz = len * sizeof (unsigned int);
  	if ((uival = (unsigned int *)galloc(sz,"uival")) == NULL) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for unsigned int data\n"); return(1);
  	}
  	if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_UINT, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, uival))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"H5Dread failed for unsigned int data \n"); 
  	  gree(uival,"f131b");
  	  return (1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)uival[i];  
  	}
  	gree(uival,"f131b");
        }
        else {
  	sz = len * sizeof (int);
  	if ((ival = (int *)galloc(sz,"ival")) == NULL) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for int data\n"); return(1);
  	}
  	if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_INT, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, ival))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"H5Dread failed for int data \n"); 
  	  gree(ival,"f131b");
  	  return (1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)ival[i];  
  	}
  	gree(ival,"f131b");
        }
      }
      /* long */
      else if (datasize == 8) {
        if (datasign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	sz = len * sizeof (unsigned long);
  	if ((ulval = (unsigned long *)galloc(sz,"ulval")) == NULL) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for unsigned long data\n"); return(1);
  	}
  	if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_ULONG, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, ulval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"H5Dread failed for unsigned long data \n"); 
  	  gree(ulval,"f131b");
  	  return (1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)ulval[i];  
  	}
  	gree(ulval,"f131b");
        }
        else {
  	sz = len * sizeof (long);
  	if ((lval = (long *)galloc(sz,"lval")) == NULL) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"HDF5 Error: unable to allocate memory for long data\n"); return(1);
  	}
  	if ((H5Dread(vid, H5T_NATIVE_LONG, memspace, pvr->dataspace, H5P_DEFAULT, lval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(0,"H5Dread failed for long data \n"); 
  	  gree(lval,"f131b");
  	  return (1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  for (i=0; i<len; i++) gr[i] = (gadouble)lval[i];  
  	}
  	gree(lval,"f131b");
        }
      }
      else {
        snprintf(pout,255,"H5T_INTEGER of size %d not handled\n",(int)datasize);
        gaprnt(2,pout);
        return (1);
      }
    }
    else {
      snprintf(pout,255,"HDF5 Error: Data class %d not handled\n", dataclass);
      gaprnt(0,pout);
      return(1);
    }
  
    /* Set missing data values to exact value if specified */
    /* Use the gavar undef to set the fuzzy test limits */
    /* If gavar undef equals zero, change it to 1/EPSILON */
    if (dequal(pvr->undef, 0.0, 1.0e-08)==0) {   
      ulow = 1e-5;
    } 
    else {
      ulow = fabs(pvr->undef/EPSILON);   
    }
    uhi  = pvr->undef + ulow;
    ulow = pvr->undef - ulow;
    /* set the gagrid undef equal to the gafile undef */
    pgr->undef = pfi->undef;           
    
    /* Do the NaN, Inf, and fuzzy test for undef values before unpacking */
    for (i=0;i<len;i++) {
      if ((*(gr+i) >= ulow && *(gr+i) <= uhi) || (isnan(*(gr+i))) || (isinf(*(gr+i)))) {
        *(gru+i) = 0;
      }
      else {
        /* Data is good */ 
        *(gru+i) = 1;
        /* unpack with scale and offset if necessary */
        if (pfi->packflg) {
  	*(gr+i) = *(gr+i)*pvr->scale + pvr->add; 
        }
      }
    }
    /* clean up HDF5 resources */
    H5Tclose(datatype);
    H5Sclose(memspace);
  
  
  return (0);
  
  #endif
    gaprnt(0,"Reading HDF5 grids is not supported in this build\n");
    return(1);
  }
  
  /* Retrieves a numeric HDF5 Attribute. */
  
  gaint h5attr(gaint varid, char *vname, char *aname, gadouble *value) {
  #if USEHDF5 == 1
  hid_t vid,aid,atype,aspace,rc;    
  H5T_class_t aclass;
  H5T_sign_t asign;
  size_t asize;
  gaint rank;
  char cval;
  unsigned char ucval;
  short sval;
  unsigned short usval;
  gaint ival;
  gauint uival;
  long lval;
  unsigned long ulval;
  float fval;
  gadouble dval;
  
    vid=(hid_t)varid;
  
    /* get the attribute id */
    if ((aid = H5Aopen_by_name(vid, vname, aname, H5P_DEFAULT, H5P_DEFAULT))<0) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"HDF5 attribute named \"%s\" does not exist\n",aname);
      gaprnt(2,pout);
      return(1);
    } 
    /* get the attribute rank, make sure it is 1 */
    if ((aspace = H5Aget_space(aid))<0) { gaprnt(2,"H5Aget_space failed\n"); return (1); }
    if ((rank   = H5Sget_simple_extent_ndims(aspace))!=1) { gaprnt(2,"rank != 1\n"); return (1); }
    /* get the attribute type, class, and size */
    if ((atype  = H5Aget_type(aid))<0) { gaprnt(2,"H5Aget_type failed\n"); return (1); } 
    if ((aclass = H5Tget_class(atype))<0) { gaprnt(2,"H5Tget_class failed\n"); return (1); } 
    if ((asize  = H5Tget_size(atype))<0) { gaprnt(2,"H5Tget_size failed\n"); return (1); } 
    
    if (aclass == H5T_FLOAT) {
      if (asize == 4) {
        if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_FLOAT,(void*)&fval))<0) {
  	gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed\n"); return (1);
        }
        *value = (gadouble)fval;
      }
      else if (asize == 8) {
        if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_DOUBLE,(void*)&dval))<0) {
  	gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed\n"); return (1);
        }
        *value = dval;
      } 
      else {
        gaprnt(2,"H5T_FLOAT attribute size is not 4 or 8\n");
        return (1);
      }
    }
    else if (aclass == H5T_INTEGER) {
      /* signed or unsigned? */
      if ((asign = H5Tget_sign(atype))<0) { gaprnt(2,"H5Tget_sign failed\n"); return (1); } 
      /* byte */
      if (asize == 1) {
        if (asign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_UCHAR,(void*)&ucval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed for type UCHAR\n"); return (1);
  	}
  	*value = (gadouble)ucval;
        }
        else {
  	if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_CHAR,(void*)&cval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed for type CHAR\n"); return (1);
  	}
  	*value = (gadouble)cval;
        }
      }
      /* short */
      else if (asize == 2) {
        if (asign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_USHORT,(void*)&usval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed for type USHORT\n"); return (1);
  	}
  	*value = (gadouble)usval;
        }
        else {
  	if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_SHORT,(void*)&sval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed for type SHORT\n"); return (1);
  	}
  	*value = (gadouble)sval;
        }
      }
      /* int */
      else if (asize == 4) {
        if (asign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_UINT,(void*)&uival))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed for type UINT\n"); return (1);
  	}
  	*value = (gadouble)uival;
        }
        else {
  	if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_INT,(void*)&ival))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed for type INT\n"); return (1);
  	}
  	*value = (gadouble)ival;
        }
      }
      /* long */
      else if (asize == 8) {
        if (asign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_ULONG,(void*)&ulval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed for type ULONG\n"); return (1);
  	}
  	*value = (gadouble)ulval;
        }
        else {
  	if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_LONG,(void*)&lval))<0) {
  	  gaprnt(2,"H5Aread failed for type LONG\n"); return (1);
  	}
  	*value = (gadouble)lval;
        }
      }
      else {
        gaprnt(2,"H5T_INTEGER attribute size is not 1, 2, 4, or 8\n");
        return (1);
      }
    }
    else {
      gaprnt(2,"HDF5 attribute is not a numeric data type \n");
      return(1);
    }
    
    H5Aclose(aid);
    H5Tclose(atype);
    return (0);
  
  #endif
    return(0);
  }
  
  
  /* Retrieves a non-character HDF-SDS Attribute. */
  
  gaint hdfattr(gaint sds_id, char *attr_name, gadouble *value) {
  #if USEHDF == 1
  int32   attr_index, attr_dtype, attr_count;
  int8    *battr_val;
  uint8   *ubattr_val;
  int16   *sattr_val;
  uint16  *usattr_val;
  int32   *iattr_val;
  uint32  *uiattr_val;
  float32 *fattr_val;
  float64 *dattr_val;
  size_t sz;
  
    /* Get the attribute index number from its name */
    attr_index = SDfindattr(sds_id, attr_name);
    if (attr_index == -1) {
      snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: HDF attribute named \"%s\" does not exist\n",attr_name);
      gaprnt(1,pout);
      return(1);
    } 
  
    /* Get info about the attribute, make sure there's only one value */
    if (SDattrinfo(sds_id, attr_index, attr_name, &attr_dtype, &attr_count) == -1) {
      gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDattrinfo failed\n");
      return(1);
    } 
    else {
      if (attr_count != 1) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: HDF attribute named \"%s\" has more than one value\n",attr_name);
        gaprnt(1,pout);
        return(1);
      }
  
      /* Read the attribute value */
      switch (attr_dtype)
        {
        case (DFNT_INT8):    /* definition value 20 */
  	sz = attr_count * sizeof (int8);
  	battr_val = galloc(sz,"battrval");
  	if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, battr_val) == -1) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDreadattr failed for attribute type INT8\n");
  	  return(1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  *value = *battr_val;
  	}
  	gree(battr_val,"f132");
  	break;
  	
        case (DFNT_UINT8):    /* definition value 21 */
  	sz = attr_count * sizeof (uint8);
  	ubattr_val = galloc(sz,"ubattrval");
  	if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, ubattr_val) == -1) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDreadattr failed for attribute type UINT8\n");
  	  return(1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  *value = *ubattr_val;
  	}
  	gree(ubattr_val,"f132a");
  	break;
  	
        case (DFNT_INT16):    /* definition value 22 */
  	sz = attr_count * sizeof (int16);
  	sattr_val = galloc(sz,"sattrval");
  	if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, sattr_val) == -1) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDreadattr failed for attribute type INT16\n");
  	  return(1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  *value = *sattr_val;
  	}
  	gree(sattr_val,"f133");
  	break;
  	
        case (DFNT_UINT16):   /* definition value 23 */
  	sz = attr_count * sizeof (uint16);
  	usattr_val = galloc(sz,"usattrval");
  	if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, usattr_val) == -1)  {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDreadattr failed for attribute type UINT16\n");
  	  return(1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  *value = *usattr_val;
  	}
  	gree(usattr_val,"f134");
  	break;
  	
        case (DFNT_INT32):    /* definition value 24 */
  	sz = attr_count * sizeof (int32);
  	iattr_val = galloc(sz,"iattrval");
  	if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, iattr_val) == -1) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDreadattr failed for attribute type INT32\n");
  	  return(1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  *value = *iattr_val;
  	}
  	gree(iattr_val,"f135");
  	break;
  	
        case (DFNT_UINT32):   /* definition value 25 */
  	sz = attr_count * sizeof (uint32);
  	uiattr_val = galloc(sz,"uiattrval");
  	if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, uiattr_val) == -1) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDreadattr failed for attribute type UINT32\n");
  	  return(1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  *value = *uiattr_val;
  	}
  	gree(uiattr_val,"f136");
  	break;
  	
        case (DFNT_FLOAT32):  /* definition value  5 */
  	sz = attr_count * sizeof (float32);
  	fattr_val = galloc(sz,"fattrval");
  	if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, fattr_val) == -1) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDreadattr failed for attribute type FLOAT32\n");
  	  return(1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  *value = *fattr_val;
  	}
  	gree(fattr_val,"f137");
  	break;
  	
        case (DFNT_FLOAT64):  /* definition value  6 */
  	sz = attr_count * sizeof (float64);
  	dattr_val = galloc(sz,"dattrval");
  	if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, dattr_val) == -1) {
  	  gaprnt(1,"Warning: SDreadattr failed for attribute type FLOAT64\n");
  	  return(1);
  	}
  	else {
  	  *value = *dattr_val;
  	}
  	gree(dattr_val,"f138");
  	break;
  	
        default:
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Warning: HDF Attribute \"%s\" is not a numeric data type (%d)\n", 
  		attr_name, attr_dtype);
  	gaprnt(1,pout);
  	return(1);
        };
    }
    return(0);
  
  #endif
    gaprnt(0,"Reading HDF-SDS files is not supported in this build\n");
    return(1);
  }
  
  
  /* Subroutine to print out NetCDF attributes */
  gaint ncpattrs(gaint ncid, char *varnam, char *abbrv, gaint hdrflg, gaint fnum, char* ftit) {
  #if USENETCDF == 1
  gadouble *dattr_val;
  gafloat  *fattr_val;
  long   *iattr_val;
  short  *sattr_val;
  char   *cattr_val;
  char   *battr_val;
  char attr_name[MAX_NC_NAME];
  nc_type attr_dtype;
  gaint error=0, aindx=-999, rc, i, varid, n_atts;
  size_t sz,asize;
  
  /* Get the variable id and number of attributes */
    if (cmpwrd("global",abbrv)) {
      varid = NC_GLOBAL;
      rc = nc_inq_natts(ncid,&n_atts);
      if (rc != NC_NOERR) error=1;
    }
    else {
      rc = nc_inq_varid(ncid, varnam, &varid);
      if (rc != NC_NOERR) error=1;
      if (!error) {
        rc = nc_inq_varnatts(ncid, varid, &n_atts);
        if (rc != NC_NOERR) error=1;
      }
    }
  
    /* Print out the header */
    if (!error) {
      if (hdrflg) {
        if (n_atts > 0) {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Native Attributes for File %i : %s \n",fnum,ftit);
  	gaprnt(2,pout);
        }
      }
    }
    else {
      return(0);  /* zero attributes printed */
    }
    
    /* Loop through list of attributes, print the name of each one */ 
    for (aindx=0; aindx<n_atts; aindx++) {
  
      /* Get current attribute's name */
      if (nc_inq_attname(ncid, varid, aindx, attr_name) == -1) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"nc_inq_attname failed for variable %s, attribute number %d\n", abbrv, aindx);
        gaprnt(2,pout);
      }
      else {
        /* Get current attribute's data type and length */
        if (nc_inq_att(ncid, varid, attr_name, &attr_dtype, &asize) == -1) {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"nc_inq_att failed for variable %s, attribute number %d\n", abbrv, aindx);
  	gaprnt(2,pout);
        }
        else {
          if (asize>0) {
  	  /* Retrieve and print out the attribute */
  	  switch (attr_dtype) 
  	    {
  	    case (NC_BYTE):
  	      sz = (asize+1) * sizeof (NC_BYTE);
  	      battr_val = (char *) galloc(sz,"battrval1");
  	      if (nc_get_att_schar(ncid, varid, attr_name, (signed char*)battr_val) == -1) {
  		gaprnt(2,"nc_get_att_schar failed for type NC_BYTE\n"); 
  	      }
  	      else {
  		gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  		gaprnt(2," Byte "); 
  		gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  		gaprnt(2," ");
  		for (i=0; i<asize; i++) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%d ", (gaint)(battr_val[i])); 
  		  gaprnt(2,pout);
  		}
  		gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	      }
  	      gree(battr_val,"f139");
  	      break;
  	    case (NC_CHAR):
  	      sz = (asize+1) * sizeof (NC_CHAR);
  	      cattr_val = (char *) galloc(sz,"cattrval1");
  	      if (nc_get_att_text(ncid, varid, attr_name, cattr_val) == -1) {
  		gaprnt(2,"nc_get_att_text failed for type NC_CHAR\n"); 
  	      }
  	      else {
  		cattr_val[asize]='\0';
  		gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  		gaprnt(2," String ");
  		gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  		gaprnt(2," ");
  		prntwrap(abbrv, attr_name, cattr_val);
  	      }
  	      gree(cattr_val,"f140");
  	      break;
  	    case (NC_SHORT):
  	      sz = asize * sizeof (NC_SHORT);
  	      sattr_val = (short *) galloc(sz,"sattrval1");
  	      if (nc_get_att_short(ncid, varid, attr_name, sattr_val) == -1) {
  		gaprnt(2,"nc_get_att_short failed for type NC_SHORT\n"); 
  	      }
  	      else {
  		gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  		gaprnt(2," Int16 "); 
  		gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  		gaprnt(2," ");
  		for (i=0; i<asize; i++) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%d", (gaint)(sattr_val[i])); 
  		  gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  if (i<asize-1) gaprnt(2,",");
  		}
  		gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	      }
  	      gree(sattr_val,"f141");
  	      break;
  	    case (NC_LONG):
  	      sz = asize * sizeof (NC_LONG);
  	      iattr_val = (long *) galloc(sz,"iattrval1");
  	      if (nc_get_att_long(ncid, varid, attr_name, iattr_val) == -1) {
  		gaprnt(2,"nc_get_att_long failed for type NC_LONG\n"); 
  	      }
  	      else {
  		gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  		gaprnt(2," Int32 "); 
  		gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  		gaprnt(2," ");
  		for (i=0; i<asize; i++) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%ld", iattr_val[i]); 
  		  gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  if (i<asize-1) gaprnt(2,",");
  		}
  		gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	      }
  	      gree(iattr_val,"f142");
  	      break;
  	    case (NC_FLOAT):
  	      sz = asize * sizeof (gafloat);
  	      fattr_val = (gafloat *) galloc(sz,"fattrval1");
  	      if (nc_get_att_float(ncid, varid, attr_name, fattr_val) == -1) {
  		gaprnt(2,"nc_get_att_float failed for type NC_FLOAT\n"); 
  	      }
  	      else {
  		gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  		gaprnt(2," Float32 "); 
  		gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  		gaprnt(2," ");
  		for (i=0; i<asize; i++) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%g", fattr_val[i]);
  		  gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  if (i<asize-1) gaprnt(2,",");
  		}
  		gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	      }
  	      gree(fattr_val,"f143");
  	      break;
  	    case (NC_DOUBLE): 
  	      sz = asize * sizeof (gadouble);
  	      dattr_val = (gadouble *) galloc(sz,"dattrval1");
  	      if (nc_get_att_double(ncid, varid, attr_name, dattr_val) == -1) {
  		gaprnt(2,"nc_get_att_double failed for type NC_FLOAT\n"); 
  	      }
  	      else {
  		gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  		gaprnt(2," Float64 "); 
  		gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  		gaprnt(2," ");
  		for (i=0; i<asize; i++) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%g", dattr_val[i]); 
  		  gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  if (i<asize-1) gaprnt(2,",");
  		}
  		gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	      }
  	      gree(dattr_val,"f144");
  	      break;
  	    default:
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"Failed to retrieve attribute %d of type %d \n", aindx, attr_dtype);
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    };
  	} /* end of if statement for asize >0 */
        } /* end of if-else statement for ncattinq */
      } /* end of if-else statement for ncattname */
    } /* end of for loop on aindx */
    return(n_atts);
  #endif
    gaprnt(0,"Reading NetCDF attributes is not supported in this build\n");
    return(1);
  }
  
  
  /* Subroutine to print out HDF attributes */
  gaint hdfpattrs(gaint sdid, char *varname, char *abbrv, gaint hdrflg, gaint fnum, char* ftit) {
  #if USEHDF == 1
  gaint     attr_index, rc, i;
  char    attr_name[H4_MAX_NC_NAME];
  int32   attr_dtype, attr_count;
  char8   *cattr_val=NULL;
  uchar8  *ucattr_val=NULL;
  int8    *icattr_val=NULL;
  uint8   *uicattr_val=NULL;
  int16   *sattr_val=NULL;
  uint16  *usattr_val=NULL;
  int32   *iattr_val=NULL;
  uint32  *uiattr_val=NULL;
  float32 *fattr_val=NULL;
  float64 *dattr_val=NULL;
  gaint error=0;
  char name[H4_MAX_NC_NAME];
  int32 sds_id, n_atts, n_dsets, rank, type, dim_sizes[4];
  size_t sz;
  
    /* Get the dataset id and number of attributes */
    if (cmpwrd("global",abbrv)) {
      sds_id = sdid;
      rc = SDfileinfo(sdid, &n_dsets, &n_atts);
      if (rc == -1) error=1;
    }
    else {
      sds_id = SDnametoindex(sdid, varname);
      if (sds_id == -1) error=1;
      if (!error) {
        sds_id = SDselect(sdid,sds_id);
        rc = SDgetinfo(sds_id, name, &rank, dim_sizes, &type, &n_atts);
        if (rc == -1) error=1;
      }
    }
    /* Print out the header */
    if (!error) {
      if (hdrflg) {
        if (n_atts > 0) {
  	snprintf(pout,255,"Native Attributes for File %i : %s \n",fnum,ftit);
  	gaprnt(2,pout);
        }
      }
    }
    else {
      return(0);  /* zero attributes printed */
    }
  
    /* Loop through list of attributes, print the name of each one */ 
    for (attr_index = 0 ; attr_index < n_atts ; attr_index++) {
  	 
      /* Get info about the current attribute and then print out Name, Type, and Value */
      if (SDattrinfo(sds_id, attr_index, attr_name, &attr_dtype, &attr_count) == -1) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"SDattrinfo failed for variable %s, attribute number %d\n", abbrv, attr_index);
        gaprnt(2,pout);
      }
      else {
        switch (attr_dtype) 
  	{
  	case (DFNT_CHAR8):    /* definition value 4 */
  	  sz = (attr_count+1) * sizeof (char8);
  	  cattr_val = (char8*)galloc(sz,"cattrval2");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, cattr_val) == -1) {
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type CHAR8\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    cattr_val[attr_count]='\0';
  	    snprintf(pout,255,"%s String %s ",abbrv,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    prntwrap(abbrv, attr_name, cattr_val);
  	  }
  	  gree(cattr_val,"f145");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_UCHAR8):   /* definition value 3 */
  	  sz = (attr_count+1) * sizeof (uchar8);
  	  ucattr_val = (uchar8*)galloc(sz,"ucattrval");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, ucattr_val) == -1) { 
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type UCHAR8\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    ucattr_val[attr_count]='\0';
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," String ");
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    prntwrap(abbrv, attr_name, (char*)ucattr_val);
  	  }
  	  gree(ucattr_val,"f146");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_INT8):     /* definition value 20 */
  	  sz = (attr_count+1) * sizeof (int8);
  	  icattr_val = (int8*)galloc(sz,"icattrval2");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, icattr_val) == -1) {
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type INT8\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," Byte "); 
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    for (i=0; i<attr_count; i++) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%d ", (gaint)(icattr_val[i])); 
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    }
  	    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	  }
  	  gree(icattr_val,"f147");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_UINT8):    /* definition value 21 */
  	  sz = attr_count * sizeof (uint8);
  	  uicattr_val = (uint8*)galloc(sz,"uicattrval");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, cattr_val) == -1) {
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type UINT8\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," Byte "); 
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    for (i=0; i<attr_count; i++) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%u ", (gauint)(uicattr_val[i])); 
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    }
  	    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	  }
  	  gree(uicattr_val,"f148");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_INT16):    /* definition value 22 */
  	  sz = attr_count * sizeof (int16);
  	  sattr_val = (int16*)galloc(sz,"sattrval2");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, sattr_val) == -1) {
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type INT16\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," Int16 "); 
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    for (i=0; i<attr_count; i++) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%d ", (gaint)(sattr_val[i])); 
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    }
  	    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	  }
  	  gree(sattr_val,"f149");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_UINT16):   /* definition value 23 */
  	  sz = attr_count * sizeof (uint16);
  	  usattr_val = (uint16*)galloc(sz,"usattrval2");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, usattr_val) == -1) { 
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type UINT16\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," UInt16 "); 
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    for (i=0; i<attr_count; i++) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%u ", (gauint)(usattr_val[i])); 
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    }
  	    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	  }
  	  gree(usattr_val,"f150");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_INT32):    /* definition value 24 */
  	  sz = attr_count * sizeof (int32);
  	  iattr_val = (int32*)galloc(sz,"iattrval3");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, iattr_val) == -1) {
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type INT32\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," Int32 "); 
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    for (i=0; i<attr_count; i++) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%d ", iattr_val[i]); 
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    }
  	    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	  }
  	  gree(iattr_val,"f151");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_UINT32):   /* definition value 25 */
  	  sz = attr_count * sizeof (uint32);
  	  uiattr_val = (uint32*)galloc(sz,"uiattrval3");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, uiattr_val) == -1) { 
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type UINT32\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," UInt32 "); 
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    for (i=0; i<attr_count; i++) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%u ", uiattr_val[i]); 
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    }
  	    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	  }
  	  gree(uiattr_val,"f152");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_FLOAT32):  /* definition value  5 */
  	  sz = attr_count * sizeof (float32);
  	  fattr_val = (float32*)galloc(sz,"fattrval3");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, fattr_val) == -1) {
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type FLOAT32\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," Float32 "); 
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    for (i=0; i<attr_count; i++) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%g ", fattr_val[i]);
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    }
  	    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	  }
  	  gree(fattr_val,"f153");
  	  break;
  	case (DFNT_FLOAT64):  /* definition value  6 */
  	  sz = attr_count * sizeof (float64);
  	  dattr_val = (float64*)galloc(sz,"dattrval3");
  	  if (SDreadattr(sds_id, attr_index, dattr_val) == -1) {
  	    gaprnt(2,"SDreadattr failed for type FLOAT64\n"); 
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    gaprnt(2,abbrv); 
  	    gaprnt(2," Float64 "); 
  	    gaprnt(2,attr_name); 
  	    gaprnt(2," ");
  	    for (i=0; i<attr_count; i++) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%g ", dattr_val[i]); 
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	    }
  	    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	  }
  	  gree(dattr_val,"f154");
  	  break;
  	default:
  	  snprintf(pout,255,"Failed to retrieve attribute %d of type %d \n", attr_index, attr_dtype);
  	  gaprnt(2,pout);
  	};
      }  /* end of if-else statment following call to SDattrinfo */
    } 
    return(n_atts);
  #endif
    gaprnt(0,"Reading HDF-SDS attributes is not supported in this build\n");
    return(1);
  }
  
  /* Subroutine to print out HDF5 (variable) attributes */
  gaint h5pattrs(gaint fid, char *vname, char *abbrv, gaint hdrflg, gaint fnum, char* ftit) {
  #if USEHDF5 == 1
  H5O_info_t oinfo;
  H5T_class_t aclass=-1;
  H5T_sign_t asign;
  hid_t   h5id,vid,dsid,aid,atype=-1,aspace=-1;
  hsize_t ai,stosize;
  size_t sz,asize,len=0;
  gaint   aindex,n_atts=0,rc,i,rank=-1,err=0;
  char    *aname=NULL;
  char    *cval=NULL,*string=NULL;
  unsigned char *ucval=NULL;
  short   *sval=NULL;
  unsigned short  *usval=NULL;
  gaint   *ival=NULL;
  gauint  *uival=NULL;
  long    *lval=NULL;
  unsigned long *ulval=NULL;
  gafloat  *fval=NULL;
  gadouble *dval=NULL;
  
  
    /* Get the variable id and number of attributes */
    h5id = (hid_t)fid;
    rc = h5openvar(fid, vname, &vid, &dsid);
    if (rc) err=1;
    if (!err) {
      if ((rc = H5Oget_info(vid,&oinfo))<0) err=1;
    }
    if (err) return (0); /* zero attributes printed */
  
    /* Print out the header */
    n_atts = (gaint)oinfo.num_attrs;
    if (hdrflg) {
      if (n_atts > 0) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"Native Attributes for File %i : %s \n",fnum,ftit);
        gaprnt(2,pout);
      }
    }
  
    /* Loop through list of attributes, print the name of each one */ 
    for (aindex = 0 ; aindex < n_atts ; aindex++) {
  	 
      /* get the attribute id */
      err=0;
      ai = (hsize_t)aindex;
      aid = H5Aopen_by_idx(vid,".",H5_INDEX_CRT_ORDER,H5_ITER_INC,ai,H5P_DEFAULT,H5P_DEFAULT); if (aid<0) err=1;
      /* get the attribute name */
      if (!err) len    = H5Aget_name(aid,0,NULL); if (len<0) err=1;
      sz = (len+1)*sizeof(char);
      if (!err) aname  = (char*)galloc(sz,"aname"); if (aname==NULL) err=1;
      if (!err) rc     = H5Aget_name(aid,len+1,aname); if (rc<0) err=1;
      /* get the attribute rank */
      if (!err) aspace = H5Aget_space(aid); if (aspace<0) err=1;
      if (!err) rank   = H5Sget_simple_extent_ndims(aspace); if (rank<0) err=1;
      /* get the attribute type, class, and size */
      if (!err) atype  = H5Aget_type(aid); if (atype<0) err=1;
      if (!err) aclass = H5Tget_class(atype); if (aclass<0) err=1;
      if (!err) asize  = H5Tget_size(atype); if (asize<0) err=1;
      if (err) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"Unable to retrieve required info for attribute number %d for variable %s \n",aindex,abbrv);
        gaprnt(2,pout);
        continue; /* move on to the next attribute */
      }
      else {
        /* Print out Name, Type, and Values */
        if (aclass == H5T_FLOAT)	{
  	/* float */
  	if (asize == 4) {
  	  sz = rank*sizeof(gafloat);
  	  if ((fval = (gafloat*)galloc(sz,"fval"))!=NULL) {
  	    if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_FLOAT,fval))>=0) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%s Float32 %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  	      for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		snprintf(pout,255,"%g ", fval[i]); gaprnt(2,pout);
  	      }
  	      gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	    }
  	    gree(fval,"f153a");
  	  }
  	}
  	/* double */
  	else if (asize == 8) {
  	  sz = rank*sizeof(gadouble);
  	  if ((dval = (gadouble*)galloc(sz,"dval"))!=NULL) {
  	    if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_DOUBLE,dval))>=0) {
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%s Float64 %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  	      for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		snprintf(pout,255,"%g ", dval[i]); gaprnt(2,pout);
  	      }
  	      gaprnt(2,"\n");
  	    }
  	    gree(dval,"f153b");
  	  }
  	}
        }
        else if (aclass == H5T_INTEGER) {
  	/* signed or unsigned? */
  	if ((asign = H5Tget_sign(atype))>=0) {
  	  /* byte */
  	  if (asize == 1) {
  	    if (asign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	      sz = rank*sizeof(unsigned char);
  	      if ((ucval = (unsigned char*)galloc(sz,"ucval"))!=NULL) {
  		if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_UCHAR,(void*)ucval))>=0) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%s Byte %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		    snprintf(pout,255,"%u ", (gaint)ucval[i]); 
  		    gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  }
  		  gaprnt(2,"\n");
  		}
  		gree(ucval,"f153c");
  	      }
  	    }
  	    else {
  	      sz = rank*sizeof(char);
  	      if ((cval = (char*)galloc(sz,"cval"))!=NULL) {
  		if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_CHAR,(void*)cval))>=0) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%s Byte %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		    snprintf(pout,255,"%d ", (gaint)cval[i]); 
  		    gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  }
  		  gaprnt(2,"\n");
  		}
  		gree(cval,"f153d");
  	      }
  	    }
  	  }
  	  /* short */
  	  else if (asize == 2) {
  	    if (asign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	      sz = rank*sizeof(unsigned short);
  	      if ((usval = (unsigned short*)galloc(sz,"usval"))!=NULL) {
  		if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_USHORT,(void*)usval))>=0) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%s UInt16 %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		    snprintf(pout,255,"%u ", (gaint)usval[i]); 
  		    gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  }
  		  gaprnt(2,"\n");
  		}
  		gree(usval,"f153e");
  	      }
  	    }
  	    else {
  	      sz = rank*sizeof(short);
  	      if ((sval = (short*)galloc(sz,"sval"))!=NULL) {
  		if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_SHORT,(void*)sval))>=0) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%s Int16 %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		    snprintf(pout,255,"%d ", (gaint)sval[i]); 
  		    gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  }
  		  gaprnt(2,"\n");
  		}
  		gree(sval,"f153f");
  	      }
  	    }
  	  }
  	  /* int */
  	  else if (asize == 4) {
  	    if (asign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	      sz = rank*sizeof(gauint);
  	      if ((uival = (gauint*)galloc(sz,"uival"))!=NULL) {
  		if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_UINT,(void*)uival))>=0) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%s UInt32 %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		    snprintf(pout,255,"%u ", uival[i]); 
  		    gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  }
  		  gaprnt(2,"\n");
  		}
  		gree(uival,"f153g");
  	      }
  	    }
  	    else {
  	      sz = rank*sizeof(gaint);
  	      if ((ival = (gaint*)galloc(sz,"ival"))!=NULL) {
  		if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_INT,(void*)ival))>=0) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%s Int32 %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		    snprintf(pout,255,"%d ", ival[i]); 
  		    gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  }
  		  gaprnt(2,"\n");
  		}
  		gree(ival,"f153h");
  	      }
  	    }
  	  }
  	  /* long */
  	  else if (asize == 8) {
  	    if (asign==H5T_SGN_NONE) {  
  	      sz = rank*sizeof(unsigned long);
  	      if ((ulval = (unsigned long*)galloc(sz,"ulval"))!=NULL) {
  		if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_ULONG,(void*)ulval))>=0) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%s UInt32 %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		    snprintf(pout,255,"%lu ", ulval[i]); 
  		    gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  }
  		  gaprnt(2,"\n");
  		}
  		gree(ulval,"f153i");
  	      }
  	    }
  	    else {
  	      sz = rank*sizeof(long);
  	      if ((lval = (long*)galloc(sz,"lval"))!=NULL) {
  		if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,H5T_NATIVE_LONG,(void*)lval))>=0) {
  		  snprintf(pout,255,"%s Int32 %s ",abbrv,aname); gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  for (i=0; i<rank; i++) {
  		    snprintf(pout,255,"%ld ", lval[i]); 
  		    gaprnt(2,pout);
  		  }
  		  gaprnt(2,"\n");
  		}
  		gree(lval,"f153j");
  	      }
  	    }
  	  }
  	  else {
  	    snprintf(pout,255,"HDF5 class H5T_INTEGER of size %d not handled\n",(gaint)asize);
  	    gaprnt(2,pout);
  	  }
  	}
        }
        else if (aclass == H5T_STRING) {
  	if ((stosize = H5Aget_storage_size(aid))>=0) {
  	  if ((string = (char*)malloc((stosize+1)*sizeof(char)))!=NULL) {
  	    if ((rc = H5Aread(aid,atype,(void*)string))>=0) {
  	      string[stosize]='\0';
  	      snprintf(pout,255,"%s String %s ",abbrv,aname);
  	      gaprnt(2,pout);
  	      prntwrap(abbrv,aname,string);
  	    }
  	    free(string);
  	  }
  	}
        }
      }
      gree(aname,"f153l");
      H5Aclose(aid);
      H5Tclose(atype);
    }
    
    h5closevar(dsid,vid);
    return(n_atts);
  #endif
    return(0);
  }
  
  /* routine to print out a string attribute that may have carriage returns in it */
  void prntwrap(char *vname, char *aname, char *str ) {
    char *pos, *line;
    pos = line = str;        
    while (*pos != '\0') { 
      if (*pos == '\n') {
        *pos = '\0';         /* swap null for carriage return */
        gaprnt(2,line);
        /* add varname, attr_type, and attr_name after carriage return */
        snprintf(pout,255," \n%s String %s ",vname,aname); 
        gaprnt(2,pout);
        *pos = '\n';         /* put the carriage return back in */
        line = pos+1;
      }
      pos++;
    }
    if (line < pos) {    /* Print string that has no carriage returns in it */
      gaprnt(2,line); 
    }
    gaprnt(2,"\n");
  }
  
  
  /* #endif  /* matches #ifndef STNDALN */
  
  /* Routine to open appropriate file when using file templates */
  /* Warning -- changes time value to time with respect to this file */
  /* Warning -- also changes ensemble value */
  
  gaint gaopfn(gaint t, gaint e, gaint *ee, gaint *oflg, struct gafile *pfi) {
  struct dt dtim, dtimi;
  struct gaens *ens;
  gaint i,rc,flag,endx,need_new_file;
  char *fn=NULL;
  
    *oflg = 0;
    /* make sure e and t are within range of grid dimensions */
    if (t<1 || t>pfi->dnum[3]) return(-99999);
    if (e<1 || e>pfi->dnum[4]) return(-99999);
    i = pfi->fnums[(e-1)*pfi->dnum[3]+t-1];
    if (i == -1) {
      /* there is no data file associated with this time and ensemble member */
        pfi->fnumc = 0;
        pfi->fnume = 0;
        return(-88888);
    }  
  
    /* find out if we need to open a new file */
    /* tmplat = 3 means templating on E and T 
       tmplat = 2 means templating only on E 
       tmplat = 1 means templating only on T */
  
    need_new_file=0;
    if (pfi->tmplat==3 && ((i != pfi->fnumc) || (e != pfi->fnume))) need_new_file=1;
    if (pfi->tmplat==2 && (e != pfi->fnume)) need_new_file=2;
    if (pfi->tmplat==1 && (i != pfi->fnumc)) need_new_file=3;
  
    /* the current file is not the one we need */
    if (need_new_file) {
      /* close SDF file */
      if (pfi->ncflg) {
        if (pfi->ncflg==1) {
  	gaclosenc(pfi); 
        }
        else if (pfi->ncflg==2) {
  	gaclosehdf(pfi);
        }
        else if (pfi->ncflg==3) {
  	gacloseh5(pfi);
        }
      } 
      /* close BUFR file*/
      else if (pfi->bufrflg) {
        if (pfi->bufrdset) {
  	gabufr_close(pfi->bufrdset);  /* release memory */
  	pfi->bufrdset=NULL;           /* reset the pointer */
        }
      } 
      /* close non-SDF, non-BUFR file */
      else {
        if (pfi->infile!=NULL) fclose(pfi->infile);
      }
      /* release old file name */
      if (pfi->tempname!=NULL) {
        gree(pfi->tempname,"f116");
      }
  
      /* advance through chain of ensemble structure to get to ensemble 'e' */
      ens=pfi->ens1;    
      endx=1;
      while (endx<e) { endx++; ens++; }
      /* find the filename that goes with current time and ensemble member */
      gr2t(pfi->grvals[3], (gadouble)t, &dtim);   /* current t value */
      gr2t(pfi->grvals[3], ens->gt, &dtimi);      /* initial t for this ensemble member */
      fn = gafndt(pfi->name, &dtim, &dtimi, pfi->abvals[3], pfi->pchsub1, pfi->ens1, t, e, &flag);
      if (fn==NULL) return (-99999);
      /* Open the data file */
      rc = 0;
      pfi->tempname = fn;
      pfi->fnumc = i;
      pfi->fnume = e;
  
      /* open netcdf */
      if (pfi->ncflg==1) {  
        rc = gaopnc (pfi,1,0);
        if (rc) pfi->ncid = -999;
      }
      /* open hdfsds */
      else if (pfi->ncflg==2) { 
        rc = gaophdf (pfi,1,0);
        if (rc) pfi->sdid = -999;
      }
      /* open hdf5 */
      else if (pfi->ncflg==3) { 
        rc = gaoph5 (pfi,1,0);
        if (rc) pfi->h5id = -999;
      }
      /* open all others except BUFR */
      else if (!pfi->bufrflg) {        
        pfi->infile = fopen (fn, "rb");
        if (pfi->infile == NULL) rc = 1;
      } 
  
      /* Error checking on file open */
      if (rc) {
        if (pfi->errflg && timerr!=t) {
          gaprnt(1,"Warning: Open error, fn = ");
          gaprnt(1,fn);
          gaprnt(1,"\n");
          timerr = t;
        }
        pfi->fnumc = 0;
        pfi->fnume = 0;
        return(-88888);
      }
      *oflg = 1;
    } /* matches if (need_new_file)  */
  
    if (pfi->tmplat==1) { /* templating on T but not E */
      *ee = e;                /* set relative ensemble number to E for this file */ 
    }
    else {
      *ee = 1;                /* set relative ensemble number to 1 for this file */ 
    }
  
    t = 1 + t - pfi->fnumc;   /* set relative t for this file */
    return (t);
  }
  
  /* Open a netcdf file */
  gaint gaopnc (struct gafile *pfil, gaint tflag, gaint eflag) {
  #if  USENETCDF == 1
  gaint i,rc;
  char *filename;
  
    if (tflag) {
      filename = pfil->tempname;
    } 
    else {
      filename = pfil->name;
    }
    rc = nc_open(filename, NC_NOWRITE, &i);
    if (rc != NC_NOERR) {
      if (eflag) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"Error: nc_open failed to open file %s\n",filename);
        gaprnt(0,pout);
        snprintf(pout,255,"%s\n",nc_strerror(rc));
        gaprnt(0,pout);
      }
      return (1);
    }
    /* set the ncid in the gafile structure */
    pfil->ncid = i;     
  #endif
    return (0);
  }
  
  
  /* Open an HDF-SDS file */
  gaint gaophdf (struct gafile *pfil, gaint tflag, gaint eflag) {
  #if USEHDF == 1
    int32 sd_id=-999;
    char *filename; 
  
    /* set the filename */
    if (tflag) {
      filename = pfil->tempname;
    } 
    else {
      filename = pfil->name;
    }
    /* open the file, set the file id in the gafile structure */
    if ((sd_id = SDstart(filename, DFACC_READ))==FAIL) {
      if (eflag) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"gaophdf error: SDstart failed to open hdf-sds file %s\n",filename);
        gaprnt(0,pout);
      }
      return (1);
    }
    pfil->sdid = sd_id;     
  #endif
    return (0);
  }
  
  
  
  /* Open an HDF5 file */
  gaint gaoph5 (struct gafile *pfil, gaint tflag, gaint eflag) {
  #if USEHDF5 == 1
    hid_t fapl,h5id=-999;
    char* filename;
    gaint op=0;
    
    /* set the filename */
    if (tflag) {
      filename = pfil->tempname;
    }
    else {
      filename = pfil->name;
    }
    /* open the hdf5 file */
    if ((fapl = H5Pcreate(H5P_FILE_ACCESS))>=0) {
      if ((H5Pset_fclose_degree(fapl,H5F_CLOSE_STRONG))>=0) {
        if ((h5id = H5Fopen(filename, H5F_ACC_RDONLY, fapl))>=0) {
  	op=1;
        }
      }
    }
  
    H5Pclose(fapl);
    /* if file opened, set the file id in the gafile structure */
    if (op) {
      pfil->h5id = (gaint)h5id;     
      return (0);
    }
    else {
      if (eflag) {
        snprintf(pout,255,"Error: Unable to open HDF5 file %s \n",filename);
        gaprnt(0,pout);
      }
      return (1);
    }
  #endif
    return (0);
  }
  
  /* close a netCDF file, reset ncid in gafile structure */
  gaint gaclosenc (struct gafile *pfi) {
  #if USENETCDF==1
    gaint rc;
    gaint oldncopts ;     
    oldncopts = ncopts ;
    ncopts = 0;
    if (pfi->ncid != -999) {
      rc = nc_close(pfi->ncid);
      if (rc != NC_NOERR) {
        gaprnt(0,"Error: nc_close failed\n");
        snprintf(pout,255,"%s\n",nc_strerror(rc));
        gaprnt(0,pout);
        return (1);
      }
      pfi->ncid = -999;
    }
    ncopts = oldncopts ;
  #endif
    return (0);
  }
  
  /* close an HDF file, reset sdid in gafile structure */
  gaint gaclosehdf (struct gafile *pfi) {
  #if USEHDF==1
    if (pfi->sdid != -999) {
      if ((SDend(pfi->sdid)) != 0) {
        gaprnt(0,"Error: SDend failed\n");
        return (1);
      }
      pfi->sdid = -999;
    }
  #endif
    return (0);
  }
  
  /* close an HDF5 file, reset h5id in gafile structure */
  gaint gacloseh5 (struct gafile *pfi) {
  #if USEHDF5==1
    struct gavar *lclvar;
    gaint i,rc;
    hid_t fid;
  
    if (pfi->h5id != -999) {
      fid = (hid_t)pfi->h5id;
      /* loop over all variables, make sure they are closed */
      lclvar = pfi->pvar1;
      for (i=0; i<pfi->vnum; i++) {
        rc = h5closevar(lclvar->dataspace,lclvar->h5varflg);
        if (rc) return (1);
        /* reset flags */
        lclvar->dataspace = -999; 
        lclvar->h5varflg = -999;  
        lclvar++; 
      }
      /* now we can close the file */
      if ((H5Fclose(fid)) < 0) {
        gaprnt(1,"Error: H5Fclose failed\n");
        return (1);
      }
      pfi->h5id = -999;
    }
  #endif
    return (0);
  }
  