text: import collections
  import io
  import os
  import errno
  import pathlib
  import pickle
  import socket
  import stat
  import tempfile
  import unittest
  
  from test import support
  android_not_root = support.android_not_root
  TESTFN = support.TESTFN
  
  try:
      import grp, pwd
  except ImportError:
      grp = pwd = None
  
  
  class _BaseFlavourTest(object):
  
      def _check_parse_parts(self, arg, expected):
          f = self.flavour.parse_parts
          sep = self.flavour.sep
          altsep = self.flavour.altsep
          actual = f([x.replace('/', sep) for x in arg])
          self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
          if altsep:
              actual = f([x.replace('/', altsep) for x in arg])
              self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
  
      def test_parse_parts_common(self):
          check = self._check_parse_parts
          sep = self.flavour.sep
          # Unanchored parts
          check([],                   ('', '', []))
          check(['a'],                ('', '', ['a']))
          check(['a/'],               ('', '', ['a']))
          check(['a', 'b'],           ('', '', ['a', 'b']))
          # Expansion
          check(['a/b'],              ('', '', ['a', 'b']))
          check(['a/b/'],             ('', '', ['a', 'b']))
          check(['a', 'b/c', 'd'],    ('', '', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
          # Collapsing and stripping excess slashes
          check(['a', 'b//c', 'd'],   ('', '', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
          check(['a', 'b/c/', 'd'],   ('', '', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
          # Eliminating standalone dots
          check(['.'],                ('', '', []))
          check(['.', '.', 'b'],      ('', '', ['b']))
          check(['a', '.', 'b'],      ('', '', ['a', 'b']))
          check(['a', '.', '.'],      ('', '', ['a']))
          # The first part is anchored
          check(['/a/b'],             ('', sep, [sep, 'a', 'b']))
          check(['/a', 'b'],          ('', sep, [sep, 'a', 'b']))
          check(['/a/', 'b'],         ('', sep, [sep, 'a', 'b']))
          # Ignoring parts before an anchored part
          check(['a', '/b', 'c'],     ('', sep, [sep, 'b', 'c']))
          check(['a', '/b', '/c'],    ('', sep, [sep, 'c']))
  
  
  class PosixFlavourTest(_BaseFlavourTest, unittest.TestCase):
      flavour = pathlib._posix_flavour
  
      def test_parse_parts(self):
          check = self._check_parse_parts
          # Collapsing of excess leading slashes, except for the double-slash
          # special case.
          check(['//a', 'b'],             ('', '//', ['//', 'a', 'b']))
          check(['///a', 'b'],            ('', '/', ['/', 'a', 'b']))
          check(['////a', 'b'],           ('', '/', ['/', 'a', 'b']))
          # Paths which look like NT paths aren't treated specially
          check(['c:a'],                  ('', '', ['c:a']))
          check(['c:\\a'],                ('', '', ['c:\\a']))
          check(['\\a'],                  ('', '', ['\\a']))
  
      def test_splitroot(self):
          f = self.flavour.splitroot
          self.assertEqual(f(''), ('', '', ''))
          self.assertEqual(f('a'), ('', '', 'a'))
          self.assertEqual(f('a/b'), ('', '', 'a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('a/b/'), ('', '', 'a/b/'))
          self.assertEqual(f('/a'), ('', '/', 'a'))
          self.assertEqual(f('/a/b'), ('', '/', 'a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('/a/b/'), ('', '/', 'a/b/'))
          # The root is collapsed when there are redundant slashes
          # except when there are exactly two leading slashes, which
          # is a special case in POSIX.
          self.assertEqual(f('//a'), ('', '//', 'a'))
          self.assertEqual(f('///a'), ('', '/', 'a'))
          self.assertEqual(f('///a/b'), ('', '/', 'a/b'))
          # Paths which look like NT paths aren't treated specially
          self.assertEqual(f('c:/a/b'), ('', '', 'c:/a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('\\/a/b'), ('', '', '\\/a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('\\a\\b'), ('', '', '\\a\\b'))
  
  
  class NTFlavourTest(_BaseFlavourTest, unittest.TestCase):
      flavour = pathlib._windows_flavour
  
      def test_parse_parts(self):
          check = self._check_parse_parts
          # First part is anchored
          check(['c:'],                   ('c:', '', ['c:']))
          check(['c:/'],                  ('c:', '\\', ['c:\\']))
          check(['/'],                    ('', '\\', ['\\']))
          check(['c:a'],                  ('c:', '', ['c:', 'a']))
          check(['c:/a'],                 ('c:', '\\', ['c:\\', 'a']))
          check(['/a'],                   ('', '\\', ['\\', 'a']))
          # UNC paths
          check(['//a/b'],                ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ['\\\\a\\b\\']))
          check(['//a/b/'],               ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ['\\\\a\\b\\']))
          check(['//a/b/c'],              ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ['\\\\a\\b\\', 'c']))
          # Second part is anchored, so that the first part is ignored
          check(['a', 'Z:b', 'c'],        ('Z:', '', ['Z:', 'b', 'c']))
          check(['a', 'Z:/b', 'c'],       ('Z:', '\\', ['Z:\\', 'b', 'c']))
          # UNC paths
          check(['a', '//b/c', 'd'],      ('\\\\b\\c', '\\', ['\\\\b\\c\\', 'd']))
          # Collapsing and stripping excess slashes
          check(['a', 'Z://b//c/', 'd/'], ('Z:', '\\', ['Z:\\', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
          # UNC paths
          check(['a', '//b/c//', 'd'],    ('\\\\b\\c', '\\', ['\\\\b\\c\\', 'd']))
          # Extended paths
          check(['//?/c:/'],              ('\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ['\\\\?\\c:\\']))
          check(['//?/c:/a'],             ('\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ['\\\\?\\c:\\', 'a']))
          check(['//?/c:/a', '/b'],       ('\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ['\\\\?\\c:\\', 'b']))
          # Extended UNC paths (format is "\\?\UNC\server\share")
          check(['//?/UNC/b/c'],          ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c', '\\', ['\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c\\']))
          check(['//?/UNC/b/c/d'],        ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c', '\\', ['\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c\\', 'd']))
          # Second part has a root but not drive
          check(['a', '/b', 'c'],         ('', '\\', ['\\', 'b', 'c']))
          check(['Z:/a', '/b', 'c'],      ('Z:', '\\', ['Z:\\', 'b', 'c']))
          check(['//?/Z:/a', '/b', 'c'],  ('\\\\?\\Z:', '\\', ['\\\\?\\Z:\\', 'b', 'c']))
  
      def test_splitroot(self):
          f = self.flavour.splitroot
          self.assertEqual(f(''), ('', '', ''))
          self.assertEqual(f('a'), ('', '', 'a'))
          self.assertEqual(f('a\\b'), ('', '', 'a\\b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('\\a'), ('', '\\', 'a'))
          self.assertEqual(f('\\a\\b'), ('', '\\', 'a\\b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('c:a\\b'), ('c:', '', 'a\\b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('c:\\a\\b'), ('c:', '\\', 'a\\b'))
          # Redundant slashes in the root are collapsed
          self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a'), ('', '\\', 'a'))
          self.assertEqual(f('\\\\\\a/b'), ('', '\\', 'a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('c:\\\\a'), ('c:', '\\', 'a'))
          self.assertEqual(f('c:\\\\\\a/b'), ('c:', '\\', 'a/b'))
          # Valid UNC paths
          self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a\\b'), ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ''))
          self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a\\b\\'), ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ''))
          self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a\\b\\c\\d'), ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', 'c\\d'))
          # These are non-UNC paths (according to ntpath.py and test_ntpath)
          # However, command.com says such paths are invalid, so it's
          # difficult to know what the right semantics are
          self.assertEqual(f('\\\\\\a\\b'), ('', '\\', 'a\\b'))
          self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a'), ('', '\\', 'a'))
  
  
  #
  # Tests for the pure classes
  #
  
  class _BasePurePathTest(object):
  
      # keys are canonical paths, values are list of tuples of arguments
      # supposed to produce equal paths
      equivalences = {
          'a/b': [
              ('a', 'b'), ('a/', 'b'), ('a', 'b/'), ('a/', 'b/'),
              ('a/b/',), ('a//b',), ('a//b//',),
              # empty components get removed
              ('', 'a', 'b'), ('a', '', 'b'), ('a', 'b', ''),
              ],
          '/b/c/d': [
              ('a', '/b/c', 'd'), ('a', '///b//c', 'd/'),
              ('/a', '/b/c', 'd'),
              # empty components get removed
              ('/', 'b', '', 'c/d'), ('/', '', 'b/c/d'), ('', '/b/c/d'),
              ],
      }
  
      def setUp(self):
          p = self.cls('a')
          self.flavour = p._flavour
          self.sep = self.flavour.sep
          self.altsep = self.flavour.altsep
  
      def test_constructor_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('a')
          self.assertIsInstance(p, P)
          class PathLike:
              def __fspath__(self):
                  return "a/b/c"
          P('a', 'b', 'c')
          P('/a', 'b', 'c')
          P('a/b/c')
          P('/a/b/c')
          P(PathLike())
          self.assertEqual(P(P('a')), P('a'))
          self.assertEqual(P(P('a'), 'b'), P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(P(P('a'), P('b')), P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(P(P('a'), P('b'), P('c')), P(PathLike()))
  
      def _check_str_subclass(self, *args):
          # Issue #21127: it should be possible to construct a PurePath object
          # from a str subclass instance, and it then gets converted to
          # a pure str object.
          class StrSubclass(str):
              pass
          P = self.cls
          p = P(*(StrSubclass(x) for x in args))
          self.assertEqual(p, P(*args))
          for part in p.parts:
              self.assertIs(type(part), str)
  
      def test_str_subclass_common(self):
          self._check_str_subclass('')
          self._check_str_subclass('.')
          self._check_str_subclass('a')
          self._check_str_subclass('a/b.txt')
          self._check_str_subclass('/a/b.txt')
  
      def test_join_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('a/b')
          pp = p.joinpath('c')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('a/b/c'))
          self.assertIs(type(pp), type(p))
          pp = p.joinpath('c', 'd')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('a/b/c/d'))
          pp = p.joinpath(P('c'))
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('a/b/c'))
          pp = p.joinpath('/c')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('/c'))
  
      def test_div_common(self):
          # Basically the same as joinpath()
          P = self.cls
          p = P('a/b')
          pp = p / 'c'
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('a/b/c'))
          self.assertIs(type(pp), type(p))
          pp = p / 'c/d'
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('a/b/c/d'))
          pp = p / 'c' / 'd'
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('a/b/c/d'))
          pp = 'c' / p / 'd'
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('c/a/b/d'))
          pp = p / P('c')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('a/b/c'))
          pp = p/ '/c'
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('/c'))
  
      def _check_str(self, expected, args):
          p = self.cls(*args)
          self.assertEqual(str(p), expected.replace('/', self.sep))
  
      def test_str_common(self):
          # Canonicalized paths roundtrip
          for pathstr in ('a', 'a/b', 'a/b/c', '/', '/a/b', '/a/b/c'):
              self._check_str(pathstr, (pathstr,))
          # Special case for the empty path
          self._check_str('.', ('',))
          # Other tests for str() are in test_equivalences()
  
      def test_as_posix_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          for pathstr in ('a', 'a/b', 'a/b/c', '/', '/a/b', '/a/b/c'):
              self.assertEqual(P(pathstr).as_posix(), pathstr)
          # Other tests for as_posix() are in test_equivalences()
  
      def test_as_bytes_common(self):
          sep = os.fsencode(self.sep)
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(bytes(P('a/b')), b'a' + sep + b'b')
  
      def test_as_uri_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              P('a').as_uri()
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              P().as_uri()
  
      def test_repr_common(self):
          for pathstr in ('a', 'a/b', 'a/b/c', '/', '/a/b', '/a/b/c'):
              p = self.cls(pathstr)
              clsname = p.__class__.__name__
              r = repr(p)
              # The repr() is in the form ClassName("forward-slashes path")
              self.assertTrue(r.startswith(clsname + '('), r)
              self.assertTrue(r.endswith(')'), r)
              inner = r[len(clsname) + 1 : -1]
              self.assertEqual(eval(inner), p.as_posix())
              # The repr() roundtrips
              q = eval(r, pathlib.__dict__)
              self.assertIs(q.__class__, p.__class__)
              self.assertEqual(q, p)
              self.assertEqual(repr(q), r)
  
      def test_eq_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b'), P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b'), P('a', 'b'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P('a/b'), P('a'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P('a/b'), P('/a/b'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P('a/b'), P())
          self.assertNotEqual(P('/a/b'), P('/'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P(), P('/'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P(), "")
          self.assertNotEqual(P(), {})
          self.assertNotEqual(P(), int)
  
      def test_match_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a').match, '')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a').match, '.')
          # Simple relative pattern
          self.assertTrue(P('b.py').match('b.py'))
          self.assertTrue(P('a/b.py').match('b.py'))
          self.assertTrue(P('/a/b.py').match('b.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('a.py').match('b.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('b/py').match('b.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('/a.py').match('b.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('b.py/c').match('b.py'))
          # Wilcard relative pattern
          self.assertTrue(P('b.py').match('*.py'))
          self.assertTrue(P('a/b.py').match('*.py'))
          self.assertTrue(P('/a/b.py').match('*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('b.pyc').match('*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('b./py').match('*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('b.py/c').match('*.py'))
          # Multi-part relative pattern
          self.assertTrue(P('ab/c.py').match('a*/*.py'))
          self.assertTrue(P('/d/ab/c.py').match('a*/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('a.py').match('a*/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('/dab/c.py').match('a*/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('ab/c.py/d').match('a*/*.py'))
          # Absolute pattern
          self.assertTrue(P('/b.py').match('/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('b.py').match('/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('a/b.py').match('/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('/a/b.py').match('/*.py'))
          # Multi-part absolute pattern
          self.assertTrue(P('/a/b.py').match('/a/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('/ab.py').match('/a/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('/a/b/c.py').match('/a/*.py'))
  
      def test_ordering_common(self):
          # Ordering is tuple-alike
          def assertLess(a, b):
              self.assertLess(a, b)
              self.assertGreater(b, a)
          P = self.cls
          a = P('a')
          b = P('a/b')
          c = P('abc')
          d = P('b')
          assertLess(a, b)
          assertLess(a, c)
          assertLess(a, d)
          assertLess(b, c)
          assertLess(c, d)
          P = self.cls
          a = P('/a')
          b = P('/a/b')
          c = P('/abc')
          d = P('/b')
          assertLess(a, b)
          assertLess(a, c)
          assertLess(a, d)
          assertLess(b, c)
          assertLess(c, d)
          with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
              P() < {}
  
      def test_parts_common(self):
          # `parts` returns a tuple
          sep = self.sep
          P = self.cls
          p = P('a/b')
          parts = p.parts
          self.assertEqual(parts, ('a', 'b'))
          # The object gets reused
          self.assertIs(parts, p.parts)
          # When the path is absolute, the anchor is a separate part
          p = P('/a/b')
          parts = p.parts
          self.assertEqual(parts, (sep, 'a', 'b'))
  
      def test_fspath_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('a/b')
          self._check_str(p.__fspath__(), ('a/b',))
          self._check_str(os.fspath(p), ('a/b',))
  
      def test_equivalences(self):
          for k, tuples in self.equivalences.items():
              canon = k.replace('/', self.sep)
              posix = k.replace(self.sep, '/')
              if canon != posix:
                  tuples = tuples + [
                      tuple(part.replace('/', self.sep) for part in t)
                      for t in tuples
                      ]
                  tuples.append((posix, ))
              pcanon = self.cls(canon)
              for t in tuples:
                  p = self.cls(*t)
                  self.assertEqual(p, pcanon, "failed with args {}".format(t))
                  self.assertEqual(hash(p), hash(pcanon))
                  self.assertEqual(str(p), canon)
                  self.assertEqual(p.as_posix(), posix)
  
      def test_parent_common(self):
          # Relative
          P = self.cls
          p = P('a/b/c')
          self.assertEqual(p.parent, P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent, P('a'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent, P())
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent.parent, P())
          # Anchored
          p = P('/a/b/c')
          self.assertEqual(p.parent, P('/a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent, P('/a'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent, P('/'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent.parent, P('/'))
  
      def test_parents_common(self):
          # Relative
          P = self.cls
          p = P('a/b/c')
          par = p.parents
          self.assertEqual(len(par), 3)
          self.assertEqual(par[0], P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(par[1], P('a'))
          self.assertEqual(par[2], P('.'))
          self.assertEqual(list(par), [P('a/b'), P('a'), P('.')])
          with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
              par[-1]
          with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
              par[3]
          with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
              par[0] = p
          # Anchored
          p = P('/a/b/c')
          par = p.parents
          self.assertEqual(len(par), 3)
          self.assertEqual(par[0], P('/a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(par[1], P('/a'))
          self.assertEqual(par[2], P('/'))
          self.assertEqual(list(par), [P('/a/b'), P('/a'), P('/')])
          with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
              par[3]
  
      def test_drive_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').drive, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').drive, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('').drive, '')
  
      def test_root_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          sep = self.sep
          self.assertEqual(P('').root, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').root, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/').root, sep)
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').root, sep)
  
      def test_anchor_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          sep = self.sep
          self.assertEqual(P('').anchor, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').anchor, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/').anchor, sep)
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').anchor, sep)
  
      def test_name_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('').name, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('.').name, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/').name, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').name, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').name, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b/.').name, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.py').name, 'b.py')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b.py').name, 'b.py')
  
      def test_suffix_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('.').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('..').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b/.').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.py').suffix, '.py')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b.py').suffix, '.py')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/.hgrc').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/.hgrc').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/.hg.rc').suffix, '.rc')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/.hg.rc').suffix, '.rc')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.tar.gz').suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b.tar.gz').suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').suffix, '')
  
      def test_suffixes_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('.').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('/').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b/.').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.py').suffixes, ['.py'])
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b.py').suffixes, ['.py'])
          self.assertEqual(P('a/.hgrc').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/.hgrc').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('a/.hg.rc').suffixes, ['.rc'])
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/.hg.rc').suffixes, ['.rc'])
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.tar.gz').suffixes, ['.tar', '.gz'])
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b.tar.gz').suffixes, ['.tar', '.gz'])
          self.assertEqual(P('a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').suffixes, [])
  
      def test_stem_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('').stem, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('.').stem, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('..').stem, '..')
          self.assertEqual(P('/').stem, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').stem, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.py').stem, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/.hgrc').stem, '.hgrc')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/.hg.rc').stem, '.hg')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.tar.gz').stem, 'b.tar')
          self.assertEqual(P('a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').stem,
                           'Some name. Ending with a dot.')
  
      def test_with_name_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').with_name('d.xml'), P('a/d.xml'))
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').with_name('d.xml'), P('/a/d.xml'))
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.py').with_name('d.xml'), P('a/d.xml'))
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b.py').with_name('d.xml'), P('/a/d.xml'))
          self.assertEqual(P('a/Dot ending.').with_name('d.xml'), P('a/d.xml'))
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/Dot ending.').with_name('d.xml'), P('/a/d.xml'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('').with_name, 'd.xml')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('.').with_name, 'd.xml')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('/').with_name, 'd.xml')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, '')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, '/c')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, 'c/')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, 'c/d')
  
      def test_with_suffix_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b').with_suffix('.gz'), P('a/b.gz'))
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').with_suffix('.gz'), P('/a/b.gz'))
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.py').with_suffix('.gz'), P('a/b.gz'))
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b.py').with_suffix('.gz'), P('/a/b.gz'))
          # Stripping suffix
          self.assertEqual(P('a/b.py').with_suffix(''), P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').with_suffix(''), P('/a/b'))
          # Path doesn't have a "filename" component
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('').with_suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('.').with_suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('/').with_suffix, '.gz')
          # Invalid suffix
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_suffix, 'gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_suffix, '/')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_suffix, '.')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_suffix, '/.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_suffix, 'c/d')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_suffix, '.c/.d')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_suffix, './.d')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_suffix, '.d/.')
  
      def test_relative_to_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('a/b')
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.relative_to)
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.relative_to, b'a')
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P()), P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(''), P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('a')), P('b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a'), P('b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a/'), P('b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('a/b')), P())
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a/b'), P())
          # With several args
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a', 'b'), P())
          # Unrelated paths
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('c'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('a/b/c'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('a/c'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/a'))
          p = P('/a/b')
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/')), P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/'), P('a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/a')), P('b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a'), P('b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a/'), P('b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/a/b')), P())
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a/b'), P())
          # Unrelated paths
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/c'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/a/b/c'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/a/c'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P())
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, '')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('a'))
  
      def test_pickling_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('/a/b')
          for proto in range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
              dumped = pickle.dumps(p, proto)
              pp = pickle.loads(dumped)
              self.assertIs(pp.__class__, p.__class__)
              self.assertEqual(pp, p)
              self.assertEqual(hash(pp), hash(p))
              self.assertEqual(str(pp), str(p))
  
  
  class PurePosixPathTest(_BasePurePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
      cls = pathlib.PurePosixPath
  
      def test_root(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').root, '/')
          self.assertEqual(P('///a/b').root, '/')
          # POSIX special case for two leading slashes
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b').root, '//')
  
      def test_eq(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertNotEqual(P('a/b'), P('A/b'))
          self.assertEqual(P('/a'), P('///a'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P('/a'), P('//a'))
  
      def test_as_uri(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('/').as_uri(), 'file:///')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b.c').as_uri(), 'file:///a/b.c')
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b%#c').as_uri(), 'file:///a/b%25%23c')
  
      def test_as_uri_non_ascii(self):
          from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes
          P = self.cls
          try:
              os.fsencode('\xe9')
          except UnicodeEncodeError:
              self.skipTest("\\xe9 cannot be encoded to the filesystem encoding")
          self.assertEqual(P('/a/b\xe9').as_uri(),
                           'file:///a/b' + quote_from_bytes(os.fsencode('\xe9')))
  
      def test_match(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertFalse(P('A.py').match('a.PY'))
  
      def test_is_absolute(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertFalse(P().is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('a').is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('a/b/').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('/').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('/a').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('/a/b/').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('//a').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('//a/b').is_absolute())
  
      def test_is_reserved(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertIs(False, P('').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(False, P('/').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(False, P('/foo/bar').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(False, P('/dev/con/PRN/NUL').is_reserved())
  
      def test_join(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('//a')
          pp = p.joinpath('b')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('//a/b'))
          pp = P('/a').joinpath('//c')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('//c'))
          pp = P('//a').joinpath('/c')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('/c'))
  
      def test_div(self):
          # Basically the same as joinpath()
          P = self.cls
          p = P('//a')
          pp = p / 'b'
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('//a/b'))
          pp = P('/a') / '//c'
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('//c'))
          pp = P('//a') / '/c'
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('/c'))
  
  
  class PureWindowsPathTest(_BasePurePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
      cls = pathlib.PureWindowsPath
  
      equivalences = _BasePurePathTest.equivalences.copy()
      equivalences.update({
          'c:a': [ ('c:', 'a'), ('c:', 'a/'), ('/', 'c:', 'a') ],
          'c:/a': [
              ('c:/', 'a'), ('c:', '/', 'a'), ('c:', '/a'),
              ('/z', 'c:/', 'a'), ('//x/y', 'c:/', 'a'),
              ],
          '//a/b/': [ ('//a/b',) ],
          '//a/b/c': [
              ('//a/b', 'c'), ('//a/b/', 'c'),
              ],
      })
  
      def test_str(self):
          p = self.cls('a/b/c')
          self.assertEqual(str(p), 'a\\b\\c')
          p = self.cls('c:/a/b/c')
          self.assertEqual(str(p), 'c:\\a\\b\\c')
          p = self.cls('//a/b')
          self.assertEqual(str(p), '\\\\a\\b\\')
          p = self.cls('//a/b/c')
          self.assertEqual(str(p), '\\\\a\\b\\c')
          p = self.cls('//a/b/c/d')
          self.assertEqual(str(p), '\\\\a\\b\\c\\d')
  
      def test_str_subclass(self):
          self._check_str_subclass('c:')
          self._check_str_subclass('c:a')
          self._check_str_subclass('c:a\\b.txt')
          self._check_str_subclass('c:\\')
          self._check_str_subclass('c:\\a')
          self._check_str_subclass('c:\\a\\b.txt')
          self._check_str_subclass('\\\\some\\share')
          self._check_str_subclass('\\\\some\\share\\a')
          self._check_str_subclass('\\\\some\\share\\a\\b.txt')
  
      def test_eq(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b'), P('c:a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b'), P('c:', 'a', 'b'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P('c:a/b'), P('d:a/b'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P('c:a/b'), P('c:/a/b'))
          self.assertNotEqual(P('/a/b'), P('c:/a/b'))
          # Case-insensitivity
          self.assertEqual(P('a/B'), P('A/b'))
          self.assertEqual(P('C:a/B'), P('c:A/b'))
          self.assertEqual(P('//Some/SHARE/a/B'), P('//somE/share/A/b'))
  
      def test_as_uri(self):
          P = self.cls
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              P('/a/b').as_uri()
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              P('c:a/b').as_uri()
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/').as_uri(), 'file:///c:/')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b.c').as_uri(), 'file:///c:/a/b.c')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b%#c').as_uri(), 'file:///c:/a/b%25%23c')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b\xe9').as_uri(), 'file:///c:/a/b%C3%A9')
          self.assertEqual(P('//some/share/').as_uri(), 'file://some/share/')
          self.assertEqual(P('//some/share/a/b.c').as_uri(),
                           'file://some/share/a/b.c')
          self.assertEqual(P('//some/share/a/b%#c\xe9').as_uri(),
                           'file://some/share/a/b%25%23c%C3%A9')
  
      def test_match_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          # Absolute patterns
          self.assertTrue(P('c:/b.py').match('/*.py'))
          self.assertTrue(P('c:/b.py').match('c:*.py'))
          self.assertTrue(P('c:/b.py').match('c:/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('d:/b.py').match('c:/*.py'))  # wrong drive
          self.assertFalse(P('b.py').match('/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('b.py').match('c:*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('b.py').match('c:/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('c:b.py').match('/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('c:b.py').match('c:/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('/b.py').match('c:*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('/b.py').match('c:/*.py'))
          # UNC patterns
          self.assertTrue(P('//some/share/a.py').match('/*.py'))
          self.assertTrue(P('//some/share/a.py').match('//some/share/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('//other/share/a.py').match('//some/share/*.py'))
          self.assertFalse(P('//some/share/a/b.py').match('//some/share/*.py'))
          # Case-insensitivity
          self.assertTrue(P('B.py').match('b.PY'))
          self.assertTrue(P('c:/a/B.Py').match('C:/A/*.pY'))
          self.assertTrue(P('//Some/Share/B.Py').match('//somE/sharE/*.pY'))
  
      def test_ordering_common(self):
          # Case-insensitivity
          def assertOrderedEqual(a, b):
              self.assertLessEqual(a, b)
              self.assertGreaterEqual(b, a)
          P = self.cls
          p = P('c:A/b')
          q = P('C:a/B')
          assertOrderedEqual(p, q)
          self.assertFalse(p < q)
          self.assertFalse(p > q)
          p = P('//some/Share/A/b')
          q = P('//Some/SHARE/a/B')
          assertOrderedEqual(p, q)
          self.assertFalse(p < q)
          self.assertFalse(p > q)
  
      def test_parts(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('c:a/b')
          parts = p.parts
          self.assertEqual(parts, ('c:', 'a', 'b'))
          p = P('c:/a/b')
          parts = p.parts
          self.assertEqual(parts, ('c:\\', 'a', 'b'))
          p = P('//a/b/c/d')
          parts = p.parts
          self.assertEqual(parts, ('\\\\a\\b\\', 'c', 'd'))
  
      def test_parent(self):
          # Anchored
          P = self.cls
          p = P('z:a/b/c')
          self.assertEqual(p.parent, P('z:a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent, P('z:a'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent, P('z:'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent.parent, P('z:'))
          p = P('z:/a/b/c')
          self.assertEqual(p.parent, P('z:/a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent, P('z:/a'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent, P('z:/'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent.parent, P('z:/'))
          p = P('//a/b/c/d')
          self.assertEqual(p.parent, P('//a/b/c'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent, P('//a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(p.parent.parent.parent, P('//a/b'))
  
      def test_parents(self):
          # Anchored
          P = self.cls
          p = P('z:a/b/')
          par = p.parents
          self.assertEqual(len(par), 2)
          self.assertEqual(par[0], P('z:a'))
          self.assertEqual(par[1], P('z:'))
          self.assertEqual(list(par), [P('z:a'), P('z:')])
          with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
              par[2]
          p = P('z:/a/b/')
          par = p.parents
          self.assertEqual(len(par), 2)
          self.assertEqual(par[0], P('z:/a'))
          self.assertEqual(par[1], P('z:/'))
          self.assertEqual(list(par), [P('z:/a'), P('z:/')])
          with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
              par[2]
          p = P('//a/b/c/d')
          par = p.parents
          self.assertEqual(len(par), 2)
          self.assertEqual(par[0], P('//a/b/c'))
          self.assertEqual(par[1], P('//a/b'))
          self.assertEqual(list(par), [P('//a/b/c'), P('//a/b')])
          with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
              par[2]
  
      def test_drive(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:').drive, 'c:')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').drive, 'c:')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/').drive, 'c:')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b/').drive, 'c:')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b').drive, '\\\\a\\b')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b/').drive, '\\\\a\\b')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b/c/d').drive, '\\\\a\\b')
  
      def test_root(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:').root, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').root, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/').root, '\\')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b/').root, '\\')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b').root, '\\')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b/').root, '\\')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b/c/d').root, '\\')
  
      def test_anchor(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:').anchor, 'c:')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').anchor, 'c:')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/').anchor, 'c:\\')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b/').anchor, 'c:\\')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b').anchor, '\\\\a\\b\\')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b/').anchor, '\\\\a\\b\\')
          self.assertEqual(P('//a/b/c/d').anchor, '\\\\a\\b\\')
  
      def test_name(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:').name, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/').name, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').name, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b').name, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b.py').name, 'b.py')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b.py').name, 'b.py')
          self.assertEqual(P('//My.py/Share.php').name, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('//My.py/Share.php/a/b').name, 'b')
  
      def test_suffix(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b.py').suffix, '.py')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b.py').suffix, '.py')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/.hgrc').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/.hgrc').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/.hg.rc').suffix, '.rc')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/.hg.rc').suffix, '.rc')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b.tar.gz').suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b.tar.gz').suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('//My.py/Share.php').suffix, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('//My.py/Share.php/a/b').suffix, '')
  
      def test_suffixes(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b.py').suffixes, ['.py'])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b.py').suffixes, ['.py'])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/.hgrc').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/.hgrc').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/.hg.rc').suffixes, ['.rc'])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/.hg.rc').suffixes, ['.rc'])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b.tar.gz').suffixes, ['.tar', '.gz'])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b.tar.gz').suffixes, ['.tar', '.gz'])
          self.assertEqual(P('//My.py/Share.php').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('//My.py/Share.php/a/b').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').suffixes, [])
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').suffixes, [])
  
      def test_stem(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:').stem, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:.').stem, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:..').stem, '..')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/').stem, '')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').stem, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b.py').stem, 'b')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/.hgrc').stem, '.hgrc')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/.hg.rc').stem, '.hg')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b.tar.gz').stem, 'b.tar')
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/Some name. Ending with a dot.').stem,
                           'Some name. Ending with a dot.')
  
      def test_with_name(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').with_name('d.xml'), P('c:a/d.xml'))
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b').with_name('d.xml'), P('c:/a/d.xml'))
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/Dot ending.').with_name('d.xml'), P('c:a/d.xml'))
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/Dot ending.').with_name('d.xml'), P('c:/a/d.xml'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:').with_name, 'd.xml')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:/').with_name, 'd.xml')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('//My/Share').with_name, 'd.xml')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_name, 'd:')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_name, 'd:e')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_name, 'd:/e')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_name, '//My/Share')
  
      def test_with_suffix(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').with_suffix('.gz'), P('c:a/b.gz'))
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b').with_suffix('.gz'), P('c:/a/b.gz'))
          self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b.py').with_suffix('.gz'), P('c:a/b.gz'))
          self.assertEqual(P('c:/a/b.py').with_suffix('.gz'), P('c:/a/b.gz'))
          # Path doesn't have a "filename" component
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('').with_suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('.').with_suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('/').with_suffix, '.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('//My/Share').with_suffix, '.gz')
          # Invalid suffix
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, 'gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, '/')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, '\\')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, 'c:')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, '/.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, '\\.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, 'c:.gz')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, 'c/d')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, 'c\\d')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, '.c/d')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_suffix, '.c\\d')
  
      def test_relative_to(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('C:Foo/Bar')
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:')), P('Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:'), P('Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:foO')), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:foO'), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:foO/'), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:foO/baR')), P())
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:foO/baR'), P())
          # Unrelated paths
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P())
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, '')
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('d:'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('Foo'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/Foo'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Foo'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:Foo/Bar/Baz'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:Foo/Baz'))
          p = P('C:/Foo/Bar')
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:')), P('/Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:'), P('/Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(str(p.relative_to(P('c:'))), '\\Foo\\Bar')
          self.assertEqual(str(p.relative_to('c:')), '\\Foo\\Bar')
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/')), P('Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/'), P('Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/foO')), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/foO'), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/foO/'), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/foO/baR')), P())
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/foO/baR'), P())
          # Unrelated paths
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Baz'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Foo/Bar/Baz'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Foo/Baz'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:Foo'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('d:'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('d:/'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/Foo'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//C/Foo'))
          # UNC paths
          p = P('//Server/Share/Foo/Bar')
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare')), P('Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare'), P('Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/'), P('Foo/Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare/Foo')), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/Foo'), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/Foo/'), P('Bar'))
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare/Foo/Bar')), P())
          self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/Foo/Bar'), P())
          # Unrelated paths
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/Server/Share/Foo'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('c:/Server/Share/Foo'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//z/Share/Foo'))
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//Server/z/Foo'))
  
      def test_is_absolute(self):
          P = self.cls
          # Under NT, only paths with both a drive and a root are absolute
          self.assertFalse(P().is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('a').is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('a/b/').is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('/').is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('/a').is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('/a/b/').is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('c:').is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('c:a').is_absolute())
          self.assertFalse(P('c:a/b/').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('c:/').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('c:/a').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('c:/a/b/').is_absolute())
          # UNC paths are absolute by definition
          self.assertTrue(P('//a/b').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('//a/b/').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('//a/b/c').is_absolute())
          self.assertTrue(P('//a/b/c/d').is_absolute())
  
      def test_join(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('C:/a/b')
          pp = p.joinpath('x/y')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('C:/a/b/x/y'))
          pp = p.joinpath('/x/y')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('C:/x/y'))
          # Joining with a different drive => the first path is ignored, even
          # if the second path is relative.
          pp = p.joinpath('D:x/y')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('D:x/y'))
          pp = p.joinpath('D:/x/y')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('D:/x/y'))
          pp = p.joinpath('//host/share/x/y')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('//host/share/x/y'))
          # Joining with the same drive => the first path is appended to if
          # the second path is relative.
          pp = p.joinpath('c:x/y')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('C:/a/b/x/y'))
          pp = p.joinpath('c:/x/y')
          self.assertEqual(pp, P('C:/x/y'))
  
      def test_div(self):
          # Basically the same as joinpath()
          P = self.cls
          p = P('C:/a/b')
          self.assertEqual(p / 'x/y', P('C:/a/b/x/y'))
          self.assertEqual(p / 'x' / 'y', P('C:/a/b/x/y'))
          self.assertEqual(p / '/x/y', P('C:/x/y'))
          self.assertEqual(p / '/x' / 'y', P('C:/x/y'))
          # Joining with a different drive => the first path is ignored, even
          # if the second path is relative.
          self.assertEqual(p / 'D:x/y', P('D:x/y'))
          self.assertEqual(p / 'D:' / 'x/y', P('D:x/y'))
          self.assertEqual(p / 'D:/x/y', P('D:/x/y'))
          self.assertEqual(p / 'D:' / '/x/y', P('D:/x/y'))
          self.assertEqual(p / '//host/share/x/y', P('//host/share/x/y'))
          # Joining with the same drive => the first path is appended to if
          # the second path is relative.
          self.assertEqual(p / 'c:x/y', P('C:/a/b/x/y'))
          self.assertEqual(p / 'c:/x/y', P('C:/x/y'))
  
      def test_is_reserved(self):
          P = self.cls
          self.assertIs(False, P('').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(False, P('/').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(False, P('/foo/bar').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(True, P('con').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(True, P('NUL').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(True, P('NUL.txt').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(True, P('com1').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(True, P('com9.bar').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(False, P('bar.com9').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(True, P('lpt1').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(True, P('lpt9.bar').is_reserved())
          self.assertIs(False, P('bar.lpt9').is_reserved())
          # Only the last component matters
          self.assertIs(False, P('c:/NUL/con/baz').is_reserved())
          # UNC paths are never reserved
          self.assertIs(False, P('//my/share/nul/con/aux').is_reserved())
  
  class PurePathTest(_BasePurePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
      cls = pathlib.PurePath
  
      def test_concrete_class(self):
          p = self.cls('a')
          self.assertIs(type(p),
              pathlib.PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PurePosixPath)
  
      def test_different_flavours_unequal(self):
          p = pathlib.PurePosixPath('a')
          q = pathlib.PureWindowsPath('a')
          self.assertNotEqual(p, q)
  
      def test_different_flavours_unordered(self):
          p = pathlib.PurePosixPath('a')
          q = pathlib.PureWindowsPath('a')
          with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
              p < q
          with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
              p <= q
          with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
              p > q
          with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
              p >= q
  
  
  #
  # Tests for the concrete classes
  #
  
  # Make sure any symbolic links in the base test path are resolved
  BASE = os.path.realpath(TESTFN)
  join = lambda *x: os.path.join(BASE, *x)
  rel_join = lambda *x: os.path.join(TESTFN, *x)
  
  def symlink_skip_reason():
      if not pathlib.supports_symlinks:
          return "no system support for symlinks"
      try:
          os.symlink(__file__, BASE)
      except OSError as e:
          return str(e)
      else:
          support.unlink(BASE)
      return None
  
  symlink_skip_reason = symlink_skip_reason()
  
  only_nt = unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'nt',
                            'test requires a Windows-compatible system')
  only_posix = unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'nt',
                               'test requires a POSIX-compatible system')
  with_symlinks = unittest.skipIf(symlink_skip_reason, symlink_skip_reason)
  
  
  @only_posix
  class PosixPathAsPureTest(PurePosixPathTest):
      cls = pathlib.PosixPath
  
  @only_nt
  class WindowsPathAsPureTest(PureWindowsPathTest):
      cls = pathlib.WindowsPath
  
      def test_owner(self):
          P = self.cls
          with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
              P('c:/').owner()
  
      def test_group(self):
          P = self.cls
          with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
              P('c:/').group()
  
  
  class _BasePathTest(object):
      """Tests for the FS-accessing functionalities of the Path classes."""
  
      # (BASE)
      #  |
      #  |-- brokenLink -> non-existing
      #  |-- dirA
      #  |   `-- linkC -> ../dirB
      #  |-- dirB
      #  |   |-- fileB
      #  |   `-- linkD -> ../dirB
      #  |-- dirC
      #  |   |-- dirD
      #  |   |   `-- fileD
      #  |   `-- fileC
      #  |-- dirE  # No permissions
      #  |-- fileA
      #  |-- linkA -> fileA
      #  `-- linkB -> dirB
      #
  
      def setUp(self):
          def cleanup():
              os.chmod(join('dirE'), 0o777)
              support.rmtree(BASE)
          self.addCleanup(cleanup)
          os.mkdir(BASE)
          os.mkdir(join('dirA'))
          os.mkdir(join('dirB'))
          os.mkdir(join('dirC'))
          os.mkdir(join('dirC', 'dirD'))
          os.mkdir(join('dirE'))
          with open(join('fileA'), 'wb') as f:
              f.write(b"this is file A\n")
          with open(join('dirB', 'fileB'), 'wb') as f:
              f.write(b"this is file B\n")
          with open(join('dirC', 'fileC'), 'wb') as f:
              f.write(b"this is file C\n")
          with open(join('dirC', 'dirD', 'fileD'), 'wb') as f:
              f.write(b"this is file D\n")
          os.chmod(join('dirE'), 0)
          if not symlink_skip_reason:
              # Relative symlinks
              os.symlink('fileA', join('linkA'))
              os.symlink('non-existing', join('brokenLink'))
              self.dirlink('dirB', join('linkB'))
              self.dirlink(os.path.join('..', 'dirB'), join('dirA', 'linkC'))
              # This one goes upwards, creating a loop
              self.dirlink(os.path.join('..', 'dirB'), join('dirB', 'linkD'))
  
      if os.name == 'nt':
          # Workaround for http://bugs.python.org/issue13772
          def dirlink(self, src, dest):
              os.symlink(src, dest, target_is_directory=True)
      else:
          def dirlink(self, src, dest):
              os.symlink(src, dest)
  
      def assertSame(self, path_a, path_b):
          self.assertTrue(os.path.samefile(str(path_a), str(path_b)),
                          "%r and %r don't point to the same file" %
                          (path_a, path_b))
  
      def assertFileNotFound(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
          with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError) as cm:
              func(*args, **kwargs)
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOENT)
  
      def _test_cwd(self, p):
          q = self.cls(os.getcwd())
          self.assertEqual(p, q)
          self.assertEqual(str(p), str(q))
          self.assertIs(type(p), type(q))
          self.assertTrue(p.is_absolute())
  
      def test_cwd(self):
          p = self.cls.cwd()
          self._test_cwd(p)
  
      def _test_home(self, p):
          q = self.cls(os.path.expanduser('~'))
          self.assertEqual(p, q)
          self.assertEqual(str(p), str(q))
          self.assertIs(type(p), type(q))
          self.assertTrue(p.is_absolute())
  
      def test_home(self):
          p = self.cls.home()
          self._test_home(p)
  
      def test_samefile(self):
          fileA_path = os.path.join(BASE, 'fileA')
          fileB_path = os.path.join(BASE, 'dirB', 'fileB')
          p = self.cls(fileA_path)
          pp = self.cls(fileA_path)
          q = self.cls(fileB_path)
          self.assertTrue(p.samefile(fileA_path))
          self.assertTrue(p.samefile(pp))
          self.assertFalse(p.samefile(fileB_path))
          self.assertFalse(p.samefile(q))
          # Test the non-existent file case
          non_existent = os.path.join(BASE, 'foo')
          r = self.cls(non_existent)
          self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, p.samefile, r)
          self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, p.samefile, non_existent)
          self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, r.samefile, p)
          self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, r.samefile, non_existent)
          self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, r.samefile, r)
          self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, r.samefile, non_existent)
  
      def test_empty_path(self):
          # The empty path points to '.'
          p = self.cls('')
          self.assertEqual(p.stat(), os.stat('.'))
  
      def test_expanduser_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('~')
          self.assertEqual(p.expanduser(), P(os.path.expanduser('~')))
          p = P('foo')
          self.assertEqual(p.expanduser(), p)
          p = P('/~')
          self.assertEqual(p.expanduser(), p)
          p = P('../~')
          self.assertEqual(p.expanduser(), p)
          p = P(P('').absolute().anchor) / '~'
          self.assertEqual(p.expanduser(), p)
  
      def test_exists(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE)
          self.assertIs(True, p.exists())
          self.assertIs(True, (p / 'dirA').exists())
          self.assertIs(True, (p / 'fileA').exists())
          self.assertIs(False, (p / 'fileA' / 'bah').exists())
          if not symlink_skip_reason:
              self.assertIs(True, (p / 'linkA').exists())
              self.assertIs(True, (p / 'linkB').exists())
              self.assertIs(True, (p / 'linkB' / 'fileB').exists())
              self.assertIs(False, (p / 'linkA' / 'bah').exists())
          self.assertIs(False, (p / 'foo').exists())
          self.assertIs(False, P('/xyzzy').exists())
  
      def test_open_common(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE)
          with (p / 'fileA').open('r') as f:
              self.assertIsInstance(f, io.TextIOBase)
              self.assertEqual(f.read(), "this is file A\n")
          with (p / 'fileA').open('rb') as f:
              self.assertIsInstance(f, io.BufferedIOBase)
              self.assertEqual(f.read().strip(), b"this is file A")
          with (p / 'fileA').open('rb', buffering=0) as f:
              self.assertIsInstance(f, io.RawIOBase)
              self.assertEqual(f.read().strip(), b"this is file A")
  
      def test_read_write_bytes(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE)
          (p / 'fileA').write_bytes(b'abcdefg')
          self.assertEqual((p / 'fileA').read_bytes(), b'abcdefg')
          # check that trying to write str does not truncate the file
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, (p / 'fileA').write_bytes, 'somestr')
          self.assertEqual((p / 'fileA').read_bytes(), b'abcdefg')
  
      def test_read_write_text(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE)
          (p / 'fileA').write_text('äbcdefg', encoding='latin-1')
          self.assertEqual((p / 'fileA').read_text(
              encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore'), 'bcdefg')
          # check that trying to write bytes does not truncate the file
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, (p / 'fileA').write_text, b'somebytes')
          self.assertEqual((p / 'fileA').read_text(encoding='latin-1'), 'äbcdefg')
  
      def test_iterdir(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE)
          it = p.iterdir()
          paths = set(it)
          expected = ['dirA', 'dirB', 'dirC', 'dirE', 'fileA']
          if not symlink_skip_reason:
              expected += ['linkA', 'linkB', 'brokenLink']
          self.assertEqual(paths, { P(BASE, q) for q in expected })
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_iterdir_symlink(self):
          # __iter__ on a symlink to a directory
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE, 'linkB')
          paths = set(p.iterdir())
          expected = { P(BASE, 'linkB', q) for q in ['fileB', 'linkD'] }
          self.assertEqual(paths, expected)
  
      def test_iterdir_nodir(self):
          # __iter__ on something that is not a directory
          p = self.cls(BASE, 'fileA')
          with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
              next(p.iterdir())
          # ENOENT or EINVAL under Windows, ENOTDIR otherwise
          # (see issue #12802)
          self.assertIn(cm.exception.errno, (errno.ENOTDIR,
                                             errno.ENOENT, errno.EINVAL))
  
      def test_glob_common(self):
          def _check(glob, expected):
              self.assertEqual(set(glob), { P(BASE, q) for q in expected })
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE)
          it = p.glob("fileA")
          self.assertIsInstance(it, collections.Iterator)
          _check(it, ["fileA"])
          _check(p.glob("fileB"), [])
          _check(p.glob("dir*/file*"), ["dirB/fileB", "dirC/fileC"])
          if symlink_skip_reason:
              _check(p.glob("*A"), ['dirA', 'fileA'])
          else:
              _check(p.glob("*A"), ['dirA', 'fileA', 'linkA'])
          if symlink_skip_reason:
              _check(p.glob("*B/*"), ['dirB/fileB'])
          else:
              _check(p.glob("*B/*"), ['dirB/fileB', 'dirB/linkD',
                                      'linkB/fileB', 'linkB/linkD'])
          if symlink_skip_reason:
              _check(p.glob("*/fileB"), ['dirB/fileB'])
          else:
              _check(p.glob("*/fileB"), ['dirB/fileB', 'linkB/fileB'])
  
      def test_rglob_common(self):
          def _check(glob, expected):
              self.assertEqual(set(glob), { P(BASE, q) for q in expected })
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE)
          it = p.rglob("fileA")
          self.assertIsInstance(it, collections.Iterator)
          _check(it, ["fileA"])
          _check(p.rglob("fileB"), ["dirB/fileB"])
          _check(p.rglob("*/fileA"), [])
          if symlink_skip_reason:
              _check(p.rglob("*/fileB"), ["dirB/fileB"])
          else:
              _check(p.rglob("*/fileB"), ["dirB/fileB", "dirB/linkD/fileB",
                                          "linkB/fileB", "dirA/linkC/fileB"])
          _check(p.rglob("file*"), ["fileA", "dirB/fileB",
                                    "dirC/fileC", "dirC/dirD/fileD"])
          p = P(BASE, "dirC")
          _check(p.rglob("file*"), ["dirC/fileC", "dirC/dirD/fileD"])
          _check(p.rglob("*/*"), ["dirC/dirD/fileD"])
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_rglob_symlink_loop(self):
          # Don't get fooled by symlink loops (Issue #26012)
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE)
          given = set(p.rglob('*'))
          expect = {'brokenLink',
                    'dirA', 'dirA/linkC',
                    'dirB', 'dirB/fileB', 'dirB/linkD',
                    'dirC', 'dirC/dirD', 'dirC/dirD/fileD', 'dirC/fileC',
                    'dirE',
                    'fileA',
                    'linkA',
                    'linkB',
                    }
          self.assertEqual(given, {p / x for x in expect})
  
      def test_glob_dotdot(self):
          # ".." is not special in globs
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE)
          self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("..")), { P(BASE, "..") })
          self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("dirA/../file*")), { P(BASE, "dirA/../fileA") })
          self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("../xyzzy")), set())
  
  
      def _check_resolve(self, p, expected, strict=True):
          q = p.resolve(strict)
          self.assertEqual(q, expected)
  
      # this can be used to check both relative and absolute resolutions
      _check_resolve_relative = _check_resolve_absolute = _check_resolve
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_resolve_common(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE, 'foo')
          with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
              p.resolve(strict=True)
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOENT)
          # Non-strict
          self.assertEqual(str(p.resolve(strict=False)),
                           os.path.join(BASE, 'foo'))
          p = P(BASE, 'foo', 'in', 'spam')
          self.assertEqual(str(p.resolve(strict=False)),
                           os.path.join(BASE, 'foo'))
          p = P(BASE, '..', 'foo', 'in', 'spam')
          self.assertEqual(str(p.resolve(strict=False)),
                           os.path.abspath(os.path.join('foo')))
          # These are all relative symlinks
          p = P(BASE, 'dirB', 'fileB')
          self._check_resolve_relative(p, p)
          p = P(BASE, 'linkA')
          self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(BASE, 'fileA'))
          p = P(BASE, 'dirA', 'linkC', 'fileB')
          self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(BASE, 'dirB', 'fileB'))
          p = P(BASE, 'dirB', 'linkD', 'fileB')
          self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(BASE, 'dirB', 'fileB'))
          # Non-strict
          p = P(BASE, 'dirA', 'linkC', 'fileB', 'foo', 'in', 'spam')
          self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(BASE, 'dirB', 'fileB', 'foo'), False)
          p = P(BASE, 'dirA', 'linkC', '..', 'foo', 'in', 'spam')
          if os.name == 'nt':
              # In Windows, if linkY points to dirB, 'dirA\linkY\..'
              # resolves to 'dirA' without resolving linkY first.
              self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(BASE, 'dirA', 'foo'), False)
          else:
              # In Posix, if linkY points to dirB, 'dirA/linkY/..'
              # resolves to 'dirB/..' first before resolving to parent of dirB.
              self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(BASE, 'foo'), False)
          # Now create absolute symlinks
          d = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix='-dirD')
          self.addCleanup(support.rmtree, d)
          os.symlink(os.path.join(d), join('dirA', 'linkX'))
          os.symlink(join('dirB'), os.path.join(d, 'linkY'))
          p = P(BASE, 'dirA', 'linkX', 'linkY', 'fileB')
          self._check_resolve_absolute(p, P(BASE, 'dirB', 'fileB'))
          # Non-strict
          p = P(BASE, 'dirA', 'linkX', 'linkY', 'foo', 'in', 'spam')
          self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(BASE, 'dirB', 'foo'), False)
          p = P(BASE, 'dirA', 'linkX', 'linkY', '..', 'foo', 'in', 'spam')
          if os.name == 'nt':
              # In Windows, if linkY points to dirB, 'dirA\linkY\..'
              # resolves to 'dirA' without resolving linkY first.
              self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(d, 'foo'), False)
          else:
              # In Posix, if linkY points to dirB, 'dirA/linkY/..'
              # resolves to 'dirB/..' first before resolving to parent of dirB.
              self._check_resolve_relative(p, P(BASE, 'foo'), False)
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_resolve_dot(self):
          # See https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/9/pathresolve-fails-on-complex-symlinks
          p = self.cls(BASE)
          self.dirlink('.', join('0'))
          self.dirlink(os.path.join('0', '0'), join('1'))
          self.dirlink(os.path.join('1', '1'), join('2'))
          q = p / '2'
          self.assertEqual(q.resolve(strict=True), p)
          r = q / '3' / '4'
          self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, r.resolve, strict=True)
          # Non-strict
          self.assertEqual(r.resolve(strict=False), p / '3')
  
      def test_with(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE)
          it = p.iterdir()
          it2 = p.iterdir()
          next(it2)
          with p:
              pass
          # I/O operation on closed path
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, it)
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, it2)
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.open)
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.resolve)
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.absolute)
          self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.__enter__)
  
      def test_chmod(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE) / 'fileA'
          mode = p.stat().st_mode
          # Clear writable bit
          new_mode = mode & ~0o222
          p.chmod(new_mode)
          self.assertEqual(p.stat().st_mode, new_mode)
          # Set writable bit
          new_mode = mode | 0o222
          p.chmod(new_mode)
          self.assertEqual(p.stat().st_mode, new_mode)
  
      # XXX also need a test for lchmod
  
      def test_stat(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE) / 'fileA'
          st = p.stat()
          self.assertEqual(p.stat(), st)
          # Change file mode by flipping write bit
          p.chmod(st.st_mode ^ 0o222)
          self.addCleanup(p.chmod, st.st_mode)
          self.assertNotEqual(p.stat(), st)
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_lstat(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE)/ 'linkA'
          st = p.stat()
          self.assertNotEqual(st, p.lstat())
  
      def test_lstat_nosymlink(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE) / 'fileA'
          st = p.stat()
          self.assertEqual(st, p.lstat())
  
      @unittest.skipUnless(pwd, "the pwd module is needed for this test")
      def test_owner(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE) / 'fileA'
          uid = p.stat().st_uid
          try:
              name = pwd.getpwuid(uid).pw_name
          except KeyError:
              self.skipTest(
                  "user %d doesn't have an entry in the system database" % uid)
          self.assertEqual(name, p.owner())
  
      @unittest.skipUnless(grp, "the grp module is needed for this test")
      def test_group(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE) / 'fileA'
          gid = p.stat().st_gid
          try:
              name = grp.getgrgid(gid).gr_name
          except KeyError:
              self.skipTest(
                  "group %d doesn't have an entry in the system database" % gid)
          self.assertEqual(name, p.group())
  
      def test_unlink(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE) / 'fileA'
          p.unlink()
          self.assertFileNotFound(p.stat)
          self.assertFileNotFound(p.unlink)
  
      def test_rmdir(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE) / 'dirA'
          for q in p.iterdir():
              q.unlink()
          p.rmdir()
          self.assertFileNotFound(p.stat)
          self.assertFileNotFound(p.unlink)
  
      def test_rename(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          p = P / 'fileA'
          size = p.stat().st_size
          # Renaming to another path
          q = P / 'dirA' / 'fileAA'
          p.rename(q)
          self.assertEqual(q.stat().st_size, size)
          self.assertFileNotFound(p.stat)
          # Renaming to a str of a relative path
          r = rel_join('fileAAA')
          q.rename(r)
          self.assertEqual(os.stat(r).st_size, size)
          self.assertFileNotFound(q.stat)
  
      def test_replace(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          p = P / 'fileA'
          size = p.stat().st_size
          # Replacing a non-existing path
          q = P / 'dirA' / 'fileAA'
          p.replace(q)
          self.assertEqual(q.stat().st_size, size)
          self.assertFileNotFound(p.stat)
          # Replacing another (existing) path
          r = rel_join('dirB', 'fileB')
          q.replace(r)
          self.assertEqual(os.stat(r).st_size, size)
          self.assertFileNotFound(q.stat)
  
      def test_touch_common(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          p = P / 'newfileA'
          self.assertFalse(p.exists())
          p.touch()
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          st = p.stat()
          old_mtime = st.st_mtime
          old_mtime_ns = st.st_mtime_ns
          # Rewind the mtime sufficiently far in the past to work around
          # filesystem-specific timestamp granularity.
          os.utime(str(p), (old_mtime - 10, old_mtime - 10))
          # The file mtime should be refreshed by calling touch() again
          p.touch()
          st = p.stat()
          self.assertGreaterEqual(st.st_mtime_ns, old_mtime_ns)
          self.assertGreaterEqual(st.st_mtime, old_mtime)
          # Now with exist_ok=False
          p = P / 'newfileB'
          self.assertFalse(p.exists())
          p.touch(mode=0o700, exist_ok=False)
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          self.assertRaises(OSError, p.touch, exist_ok=False)
  
      def test_touch_nochange(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          p = P / 'fileA'
          p.touch()
          with p.open('rb') as f:
              self.assertEqual(f.read().strip(), b"this is file A")
  
      def test_mkdir(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          p = P / 'newdirA'
          self.assertFalse(p.exists())
          p.mkdir()
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          self.assertTrue(p.is_dir())
          with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
              p.mkdir()
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
  
      def test_mkdir_parents(self):
          # Creating a chain of directories
          p = self.cls(BASE, 'newdirB', 'newdirC')
          self.assertFalse(p.exists())
          with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
              p.mkdir()
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOENT)
          p.mkdir(parents=True)
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          self.assertTrue(p.is_dir())
          with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
              p.mkdir(parents=True)
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
          # test `mode` arg
          mode = stat.S_IMODE(p.stat().st_mode) # default mode
          p = self.cls(BASE, 'newdirD', 'newdirE')
          p.mkdir(0o555, parents=True)
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          self.assertTrue(p.is_dir())
          if os.name != 'nt':
              # the directory's permissions follow the mode argument
              self.assertEqual(stat.S_IMODE(p.stat().st_mode), 0o7555 & mode)
          # the parent's permissions follow the default process settings
          self.assertEqual(stat.S_IMODE(p.parent.stat().st_mode), mode)
  
      def test_mkdir_exist_ok(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE, 'dirB')
          st_ctime_first = p.stat().st_ctime
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          self.assertTrue(p.is_dir())
          with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError) as cm:
              p.mkdir()
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
          p.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          self.assertEqual(p.stat().st_ctime, st_ctime_first)
  
      def test_mkdir_exist_ok_with_parent(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE, 'dirC')
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError) as cm:
              p.mkdir()
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
          p = p / 'newdirC'
          p.mkdir(parents=True)
          st_ctime_first = p.stat().st_ctime
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError) as cm:
              p.mkdir(parents=True)
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
          p.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          self.assertEqual(p.stat().st_ctime, st_ctime_first)
  
      def test_mkdir_with_child_file(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE, 'dirB', 'fileB')
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          # An exception is raised when the last path component is an existing
          # regular file, regardless of whether exist_ok is true or not.
          with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError) as cm:
              p.mkdir(parents=True)
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
          with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError) as cm:
              p.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
  
      def test_mkdir_no_parents_file(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE, 'fileA')
          self.assertTrue(p.exists())
          # An exception is raised when the last path component is an existing
          # regular file, regardless of whether exist_ok is true or not.
          with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError) as cm:
              p.mkdir()
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
          with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError) as cm:
              p.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
          self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EEXIST)
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_symlink_to(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          target = P / 'fileA'
          # Symlinking a path target
          link = P / 'dirA' / 'linkAA'
          link.symlink_to(target)
          self.assertEqual(link.stat(), target.stat())
          self.assertNotEqual(link.lstat(), target.stat())
          # Symlinking a str target
          link = P / 'dirA' / 'linkAAA'
          link.symlink_to(str(target))
          self.assertEqual(link.stat(), target.stat())
          self.assertNotEqual(link.lstat(), target.stat())
          self.assertFalse(link.is_dir())
          # Symlinking to a directory
          target = P / 'dirB'
          link = P / 'dirA' / 'linkAAAA'
          link.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=True)
          self.assertEqual(link.stat(), target.stat())
          self.assertNotEqual(link.lstat(), target.stat())
          self.assertTrue(link.is_dir())
          self.assertTrue(list(link.iterdir()))
  
      def test_is_dir(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          self.assertTrue((P / 'dirA').is_dir())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA').is_dir())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'non-existing').is_dir())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA' / 'bah').is_dir())
          if not symlink_skip_reason:
              self.assertFalse((P / 'linkA').is_dir())
              self.assertTrue((P / 'linkB').is_dir())
              self.assertFalse((P/ 'brokenLink').is_dir())
  
      def test_is_file(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          self.assertTrue((P / 'fileA').is_file())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'dirA').is_file())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'non-existing').is_file())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA' / 'bah').is_file())
          if not symlink_skip_reason:
              self.assertTrue((P / 'linkA').is_file())
              self.assertFalse((P / 'linkB').is_file())
              self.assertFalse((P/ 'brokenLink').is_file())
  
      def test_is_symlink(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA').is_symlink())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'dirA').is_symlink())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'non-existing').is_symlink())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA' / 'bah').is_symlink())
          if not symlink_skip_reason:
              self.assertTrue((P / 'linkA').is_symlink())
              self.assertTrue((P / 'linkB').is_symlink())
              self.assertTrue((P/ 'brokenLink').is_symlink())
  
      def test_is_fifo_false(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA').is_fifo())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'dirA').is_fifo())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'non-existing').is_fifo())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA' / 'bah').is_fifo())
  
      @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "mkfifo"), "os.mkfifo() required")
      @unittest.skipIf(android_not_root, "mkfifo not allowed, non root user")
      def test_is_fifo_true(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE, 'myfifo')
          os.mkfifo(str(P))
          self.assertTrue(P.is_fifo())
          self.assertFalse(P.is_socket())
          self.assertFalse(P.is_file())
  
      def test_is_socket_false(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA').is_socket())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'dirA').is_socket())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'non-existing').is_socket())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA' / 'bah').is_socket())
  
      @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"), "Unix sockets required")
      def test_is_socket_true(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE, 'mysock')
          sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
          self.addCleanup(sock.close)
          try:
              sock.bind(str(P))
          except OSError as e:
              if (isinstance(e, PermissionError) or
                      "AF_UNIX path too long" in str(e)):
                  self.skipTest("cannot bind Unix socket: " + str(e))
          self.assertTrue(P.is_socket())
          self.assertFalse(P.is_fifo())
          self.assertFalse(P.is_file())
  
      def test_is_block_device_false(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA').is_block_device())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'dirA').is_block_device())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'non-existing').is_block_device())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA' / 'bah').is_block_device())
  
      def test_is_char_device_false(self):
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA').is_char_device())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'dirA').is_char_device())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'non-existing').is_char_device())
          self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA' / 'bah').is_char_device())
  
      def test_is_char_device_true(self):
          # Under Unix, /dev/null should generally be a char device
          P = self.cls('/dev/null')
          if not P.exists():
              self.skipTest("/dev/null required")
          self.assertTrue(P.is_char_device())
          self.assertFalse(P.is_block_device())
          self.assertFalse(P.is_file())
  
      def test_pickling_common(self):
          p = self.cls(BASE, 'fileA')
          for proto in range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
              dumped = pickle.dumps(p, proto)
              pp = pickle.loads(dumped)
              self.assertEqual(pp.stat(), p.stat())
  
      def test_parts_interning(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P('/usr/bin/foo')
          q = P('/usr/local/bin')
          # 'usr'
          self.assertIs(p.parts[1], q.parts[1])
          # 'bin'
          self.assertIs(p.parts[2], q.parts[3])
  
      def _check_complex_symlinks(self, link0_target):
          # Test solving a non-looping chain of symlinks (issue #19887)
          P = self.cls(BASE)
          self.dirlink(os.path.join('link0', 'link0'), join('link1'))
          self.dirlink(os.path.join('link1', 'link1'), join('link2'))
          self.dirlink(os.path.join('link2', 'link2'), join('link3'))
          self.dirlink(link0_target, join('link0'))
  
          # Resolve absolute paths
          p = (P / 'link0').resolve()
          self.assertEqual(p, P)
          self.assertEqual(str(p), BASE)
          p = (P / 'link1').resolve()
          self.assertEqual(p, P)
          self.assertEqual(str(p), BASE)
          p = (P / 'link2').resolve()
          self.assertEqual(p, P)
          self.assertEqual(str(p), BASE)
          p = (P / 'link3').resolve()
          self.assertEqual(p, P)
          self.assertEqual(str(p), BASE)
  
          # Resolve relative paths
          old_path = os.getcwd()
          os.chdir(BASE)
          try:
              p = self.cls('link0').resolve()
              self.assertEqual(p, P)
              self.assertEqual(str(p), BASE)
              p = self.cls('link1').resolve()
              self.assertEqual(p, P)
              self.assertEqual(str(p), BASE)
              p = self.cls('link2').resolve()
              self.assertEqual(p, P)
              self.assertEqual(str(p), BASE)
              p = self.cls('link3').resolve()
              self.assertEqual(p, P)
              self.assertEqual(str(p), BASE)
          finally:
              os.chdir(old_path)
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_complex_symlinks_absolute(self):
          self._check_complex_symlinks(BASE)
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_complex_symlinks_relative(self):
          self._check_complex_symlinks('.')
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_complex_symlinks_relative_dot_dot(self):
          self._check_complex_symlinks(os.path.join('dirA', '..'))
  
  
  class PathTest(_BasePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
      cls = pathlib.Path
  
      def test_concrete_class(self):
          p = self.cls('a')
          self.assertIs(type(p),
              pathlib.WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else pathlib.PosixPath)
  
      def test_unsupported_flavour(self):
          if os.name == 'nt':
              self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, pathlib.PosixPath)
          else:
              self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, pathlib.WindowsPath)
  
      def test_glob_empty_pattern(self):
          p = self.cls()
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'Unacceptable pattern'):
              list(p.glob(''))
  
  
  @only_posix
  class PosixPathTest(_BasePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
      cls = pathlib.PosixPath
  
      def _check_symlink_loop(self, *args, strict=True):
          path = self.cls(*args)
          with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
              print(path.resolve(strict))
  
      def test_open_mode(self):
          old_mask = os.umask(0)
          self.addCleanup(os.umask, old_mask)
          p = self.cls(BASE)
          with (p / 'new_file').open('wb'):
              pass
          st = os.stat(join('new_file'))
          self.assertEqual(stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode), 0o666)
          os.umask(0o022)
          with (p / 'other_new_file').open('wb'):
              pass
          st = os.stat(join('other_new_file'))
          self.assertEqual(stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode), 0o644)
  
      def test_touch_mode(self):
          old_mask = os.umask(0)
          self.addCleanup(os.umask, old_mask)
          p = self.cls(BASE)
          (p / 'new_file').touch()
          st = os.stat(join('new_file'))
          self.assertEqual(stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode), 0o666)
          os.umask(0o022)
          (p / 'other_new_file').touch()
          st = os.stat(join('other_new_file'))
          self.assertEqual(stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode), 0o644)
          (p / 'masked_new_file').touch(mode=0o750)
          st = os.stat(join('masked_new_file'))
          self.assertEqual(stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode), 0o750)
  
      @with_symlinks
      def test_resolve_loop(self):
          # Loops with relative symlinks
          os.symlink('linkX/inside', join('linkX'))
          self._check_symlink_loop(BASE, 'linkX')
          os.symlink('linkY', join('linkY'))
          self._check_symlink_loop(BASE, 'linkY')
          os.symlink('linkZ/../linkZ', join('linkZ'))
          self._check_symlink_loop(BASE, 'linkZ')
          # Non-strict
          self._check_symlink_loop(BASE, 'linkZ', 'foo', strict=False)
          # Loops with absolute symlinks
          os.symlink(join('linkU/inside'), join('linkU'))
          self._check_symlink_loop(BASE, 'linkU')
          os.symlink(join('linkV'), join('linkV'))
          self._check_symlink_loop(BASE, 'linkV')
          os.symlink(join('linkW/../linkW'), join('linkW'))
          self._check_symlink_loop(BASE, 'linkW')
          # Non-strict
          self._check_symlink_loop(BASE, 'linkW', 'foo', strict=False)
  
      def test_glob(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE)
          given = set(p.glob("FILEa"))
          expect = set() if not support.fs_is_case_insensitive(BASE) else given
          self.assertEqual(given, expect)
          self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("FILEa*")), set())
  
      def test_rglob(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE, "dirC")
          given = set(p.rglob("FILEd"))
          expect = set() if not support.fs_is_case_insensitive(BASE) else given
          self.assertEqual(given, expect)
          self.assertEqual(set(p.rglob("FILEd*")), set())
  
      @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(pwd, 'getpwall'),
                           'pwd module does not expose getpwall()')
      def test_expanduser(self):
          P = self.cls
          support.import_module('pwd')
          import pwd
          pwdent = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())
          username = pwdent.pw_name
          userhome = pwdent.pw_dir.rstrip('/') or '/'
          # find arbitrary different user (if exists)
          for pwdent in pwd.getpwall():
              othername = pwdent.pw_name
              otherhome = pwdent.pw_dir.rstrip('/')
              if othername != username and otherhome:
                  break
  
          p1 = P('~/Documents')
          p2 = P('~' + username + '/Documents')
          p3 = P('~' + othername + '/Documents')
          p4 = P('../~' + username + '/Documents')
          p5 = P('/~' + username + '/Documents')
          p6 = P('')
          p7 = P('~fakeuser/Documents')
  
          with support.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
              env.pop('HOME', None)
  
              self.assertEqual(p1.expanduser(), P(userhome) / 'Documents')
              self.assertEqual(p2.expanduser(), P(userhome) / 'Documents')
              self.assertEqual(p3.expanduser(), P(otherhome) / 'Documents')
              self.assertEqual(p4.expanduser(), p4)
              self.assertEqual(p5.expanduser(), p5)
              self.assertEqual(p6.expanduser(), p6)
              self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, p7.expanduser)
  
              env['HOME'] = '/tmp'
              self.assertEqual(p1.expanduser(), P('/tmp/Documents'))
              self.assertEqual(p2.expanduser(), P(userhome) / 'Documents')
              self.assertEqual(p3.expanduser(), P(otherhome) / 'Documents')
              self.assertEqual(p4.expanduser(), p4)
              self.assertEqual(p5.expanduser(), p5)
              self.assertEqual(p6.expanduser(), p6)
              self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, p7.expanduser)
  
  
  @only_nt
  class WindowsPathTest(_BasePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
      cls = pathlib.WindowsPath
  
      def test_glob(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE)
          self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("FILEa")), { P(BASE, "fileA") })
  
      def test_rglob(self):
          P = self.cls
          p = P(BASE, "dirC")
          self.assertEqual(set(p.rglob("FILEd")), { P(BASE, "dirC/dirD/fileD") })
  
      def test_expanduser(self):
          P = self.cls
          with support.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
              env.pop('HOME', None)
              env.pop('USERPROFILE', None)
              env.pop('HOMEPATH', None)
              env.pop('HOMEDRIVE', None)
              env['USERNAME'] = 'alice'
  
              # test that the path returns unchanged
              p1 = P('~/My Documents')
              p2 = P('~alice/My Documents')
              p3 = P('~bob/My Documents')
              p4 = P('/~/My Documents')
              p5 = P('d:~/My Documents')
              p6 = P('')
              self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, p1.expanduser)
              self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, p2.expanduser)
              self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, p3.expanduser)
              self.assertEqual(p4.expanduser(), p4)
              self.assertEqual(p5.expanduser(), p5)
              self.assertEqual(p6.expanduser(), p6)
  
              def check():
                  env.pop('USERNAME', None)
                  self.assertEqual(p1.expanduser(),
                                   P('C:/Users/alice/My Documents'))
                  self.assertRaises(KeyError, p2.expanduser)
                  env['USERNAME'] = 'alice'
                  self.assertEqual(p2.expanduser(),
                                   P('C:/Users/alice/My Documents'))
                  self.assertEqual(p3.expanduser(),
                                   P('C:/Users/bob/My Documents'))
                  self.assertEqual(p4.expanduser(), p4)
                  self.assertEqual(p5.expanduser(), p5)
                  self.assertEqual(p6.expanduser(), p6)
  
              # test the first lookup key in the env vars
              env['HOME'] = 'C:\\Users\\alice'
              check()
  
              # test that HOMEPATH is available instead
              env.pop('HOME', None)
              env['HOMEPATH'] = 'C:\\Users\\alice'
              check()
  
              env['HOMEDRIVE'] = 'C:\\'
              env['HOMEPATH'] = 'Users\\alice'
              check()
  
              env.pop('HOMEDRIVE', None)
              env.pop('HOMEPATH', None)
              env['USERPROFILE'] = 'C:\\Users\\alice'
              check()
  
  
  if __name__ == "__main__":
      unittest.main()
  