text: /*	$NetBSD: ffs.c,v 1.64 2015/01/12 19:50:25 christos Exp $	*/
  
  /*
   * Copyright (c) 2001 Wasabi Systems, Inc.
   * All rights reserved.
   *
   * Written by Luke Mewburn for Wasabi Systems, Inc.
   *
   * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   * are met:
   * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
   *    must display the following acknowledgement:
   *      This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
   *      Wasabi Systems, Inc.
   * 4. The name of Wasabi Systems, Inc. may not be used to endorse
   *    or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
   *    written permission.
   *
   * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY WASABI SYSTEMS, INC. ``AS IS'' AND
   * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
   * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
   * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL WASABI SYSTEMS, INC
   * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
   * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
   * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
   * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
   * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
   * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
   * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
   */
  /*
   * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1993
   *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
   *
   * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   * are met:
   * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
   *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
   *    without specific prior written permission.
   *
   * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
   * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
   * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
   * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
   * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
   * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
   * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
   * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
   * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
   * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
   * SUCH DAMAGE.
   *
   *	@(#)ffs_alloc.c	8.19 (Berkeley) 7/13/95
   */
  
  #if HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
  #include "nbtool_config.h"
  #endif
  
  #include <sys/cdefs.h>
  #if defined(__RCSID) && !defined(__lint)
  __RCSID("$NetBSD: ffs.c,v 1.64 2015/01/12 19:50:25 christos Exp $");
  #endif	/* !__lint */
  
  #include <sys/param.h>
  
  #if !HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
  #include <sys/mount.h>
  #endif
  
  #include <assert.h>
  #include <errno.h>
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <stdarg.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <util.h>
  
  #include "makefs.h"
  #include "ffs.h"
  
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
  #include <sys/statvfs.h>
  #endif
  
  #include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
  #include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
  #include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
  #include <ufs/ufs/ufs_bswap.h>
  
  #include "ffs/ufs_inode.h"
  #include "ffs/newfs_extern.h"
  #include "ffs/ffs_extern.h"
  
  #undef DIP
  #define DIP(dp, field) \
  	((ffs_opts->version == 1) ? \
  	(dp)->ffs1_din.di_##field : (dp)->ffs2_din.di_##field)
  
  /*
   * Various file system defaults (cribbed from newfs(8)).
   */
  #define	DFL_FRAGSIZE		1024		/* fragment size */
  #define	DFL_BLKSIZE		8192		/* block size */
  #define	DFL_SECSIZE		512		/* sector size */
  #define	DFL_CYLSPERGROUP	65536		/* cylinders per group */
  #define	DFL_FRAGSPERINODE	4		/* fragments per inode */
  #define	DFL_ROTDELAY		0		/* rotational delay */
  #define	DFL_NRPOS		1		/* rotational positions */
  #define	DFL_RPM			3600		/* rpm of disk */
  #define	DFL_NSECTORS		64		/* # of sectors */
  #define	DFL_NTRACKS		16		/* # of tracks */
  
  
  typedef struct {
  	u_char		*buf;		/* buf for directory */
  	doff_t		size;		/* full size of buf */
  	doff_t		cur;		/* offset of current entry */
  } dirbuf_t;
  
  
  static	int	ffs_create_image(const char *, fsinfo_t *);
  static	void	ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsinfo_t *);
  static	void	ffs_dump_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *, const char *, int);
  static	void	ffs_make_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *, const char *, fsnode *, int);
  static	int	ffs_populate_dir(const char *, fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
  static	void	ffs_size_dir(fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
  static	void	ffs_validate(const char *, fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
  static	void	ffs_write_file(union dinode *, uint32_t, void *, fsinfo_t *);
  static	void	ffs_write_inode(union dinode *, uint32_t, const fsinfo_t *);
  static  void	*ffs_build_dinode1(struct ufs1_dinode *, dirbuf_t *, fsnode *,
  				 fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
  static  void	*ffs_build_dinode2(struct ufs2_dinode *, dirbuf_t *, fsnode *,
  				 fsnode *, fsinfo_t *);
  
  
  
  	/* publically visible functions */
  void
  ffs_prep_opts(fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	ffs_opt_t *ffs_opts = ecalloc(1, sizeof(*ffs_opts));
  
  	const option_t ffs_options[] = {
  	    { 'b', "bsize", &ffs_opts->bsize, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, INT_MAX, "block size" },
  	    { 'f', "fsize", &ffs_opts->fsize, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, INT_MAX, "fragment size" },
  	    { 'd', "density", &ffs_opts->density, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, INT_MAX, "bytes per inode" },
  	    { 'm', "minfree", &ffs_opts->minfree, OPT_INT32,
  	      0, 99, "minfree" },
  	    { 'M', "maxbpg", &ffs_opts->maxbpg, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, INT_MAX, "max blocks per file in a cg" },
  	    { 'a', "avgfilesize", &ffs_opts->avgfilesize, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, INT_MAX, "expected average file size" },
  	    { 'n', "avgfpdir", &ffs_opts->avgfpdir, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, INT_MAX, "expected # of files per directory" },
  	    { 'x', "extent", &ffs_opts->maxbsize, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, INT_MAX, "maximum # extent size" },
  	    { 'g', "maxbpcg", &ffs_opts->maxblkspercg, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, INT_MAX, "max # of blocks per group" },
  	    { 'v', "version", &ffs_opts->version, OPT_INT32,
  	      1, 2, "UFS version" },
  	    { 'o', "optimization", NULL, OPT_STRBUF,
  	      0, 0, "Optimization (time|space)" },
  	    { 'l', "label", ffs_opts->label, OPT_STRARRAY,
  	      1, sizeof(ffs_opts->label), "UFS label" },
  	    { .name = NULL }
  	};
  
  	ffs_opts->bsize= -1;
  	ffs_opts->fsize= -1;
  	ffs_opts->cpg= -1;
  	ffs_opts->density= -1;
  	ffs_opts->minfree= -1;
  	ffs_opts->optimization= -1;
  	ffs_opts->maxcontig= -1;
  	ffs_opts->maxbpg= -1;
  	ffs_opts->avgfilesize= -1;
  	ffs_opts->avgfpdir= -1;
  	ffs_opts->version = 1;
  
  	fsopts->fs_specific = ffs_opts;
  	fsopts->fs_options = copy_opts(ffs_options);
  }
  
  void
  ffs_cleanup_opts(fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	free(fsopts->fs_specific);
  	free(fsopts->fs_options);
  }
  
  int
  ffs_parse_opts(const char *option, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
  	option_t *ffs_options = fsopts->fs_options;
  	char buf[1024];
  
  	int	rv;
  
  	assert(option != NULL);
  	assert(fsopts != NULL);
  	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_PARSE_OPTS)
  		printf("ffs_parse_opts: got `%s'\n", option);
  
  	rv = set_option(ffs_options, option, buf, sizeof(buf));
  	if (rv == -1)
  		return 0;
  
  	if (ffs_options[rv].name == NULL)
  		abort();
  
  	switch (ffs_options[rv].letter) {
  	case 'o':
  		if (strcmp(buf, "time") == 0) {
  			ffs_opts->optimization = FS_OPTTIME;
  		} else if (strcmp(buf, "space") == 0) {
  			ffs_opts->optimization = FS_OPTSPACE;
  		} else {
  			warnx("Invalid optimization `%s'", buf);
  			return 0;
  		}
  		break;
  	default:
  		break;
  	}
  	return 1;
  }
  
  
  void
  ffs_makefs(const char *image, const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	struct fs	*superblock;
  	struct timeval	start;
  
  	assert(image != NULL);
  	assert(dir != NULL);
  	assert(root != NULL);
  	assert(fsopts != NULL);
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
  		printf("ffs_makefs: image %s directory %s root %p\n",
  		    image, dir, root);
  
  		/* validate tree and options */
  	TIMER_START(start);
  	ffs_validate(dir, root, fsopts);
  	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_validate");
  
  	printf("Calculated size of `%s': %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
  	    image, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
  
  		/* create image */
  	TIMER_START(start);
  	if (ffs_create_image(image, fsopts) == -1)
  		errx(1, "Image file `%s' not created.", image);
  	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_create_image");
  
  	fsopts->curinode = UFS_ROOTINO;
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
  		putchar('\n');
  
  		/* populate image */
  	printf("Populating `%s'\n", image);
  	TIMER_START(start);
  	if (! ffs_populate_dir(dir, root, fsopts))
  		errx(1, "Image file `%s' not populated.", image);
  	TIMER_RESULTS(start, "ffs_populate_dir");
  
  		/* ensure no outstanding buffers remain */
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKEFS)
  		bcleanup();
  
  		/* update various superblock parameters */
  	superblock = fsopts->superblock;
  	superblock->fs_fmod = 0;
  	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir   = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
  	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
  	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
  	superblock->fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = superblock->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
  
  		/* write out superblock; image is now complete */
  	ffs_write_superblock(fsopts->superblock, fsopts);
  	if (close(fsopts->fd) == -1)
  		err(1, "Closing `%s'", image);
  	fsopts->fd = -1;
  	printf("Image `%s' complete\n", image);
  }
  
  	/* end of public functions */
  
  
  static void
  ffs_validate(const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	int32_t	ncg = 1;
  #if notyet
  	int32_t	spc, nspf, ncyl, fssize;
  #endif
  	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
  
  	assert(dir != NULL);
  	assert(root != NULL);
  	assert(fsopts != NULL);
  	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE) {
  		printf("ffs_validate: before defaults set:\n");
  		ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsopts);
  	}
  
  		/* set FFS defaults */
  	if (fsopts->sectorsize == -1)
  		fsopts->sectorsize = DFL_SECSIZE;
  	if (ffs_opts->fsize == -1)
  		ffs_opts->fsize = MAX(DFL_FRAGSIZE, fsopts->sectorsize);
  	if (ffs_opts->bsize == -1)
  		ffs_opts->bsize = MIN(DFL_BLKSIZE, 8 * ffs_opts->fsize);
  	if (ffs_opts->cpg == -1)
  		ffs_opts->cpg = DFL_CYLSPERGROUP;
  	else
  		ffs_opts->cpgflg = 1;
  				/* fsopts->density is set below */
  	if (ffs_opts->nsectors == -1)
  		ffs_opts->nsectors = DFL_NSECTORS;
  	if (ffs_opts->minfree == -1)
  		ffs_opts->minfree = MINFREE;
  	if (ffs_opts->optimization == -1)
  		ffs_opts->optimization = DEFAULTOPT;
  	if (ffs_opts->maxcontig == -1)
  		ffs_opts->maxcontig =
  		    MAX(1, MIN(MAXPHYS, FFS_MAXBSIZE) / ffs_opts->bsize);
  	/* XXX ondisk32 */
  	if (ffs_opts->maxbpg == -1)
  		ffs_opts->maxbpg = ffs_opts->bsize / sizeof(int32_t);
  	if (ffs_opts->avgfilesize == -1)
  		ffs_opts->avgfilesize = AVFILESIZ;
  	if (ffs_opts->avgfpdir == -1)
  		ffs_opts->avgfpdir = AFPDIR;
  
  		/* calculate size of tree */
  	ffs_size_dir(root, fsopts);
  	fsopts->inodes += UFS_ROOTINO;		/* include first two inodes */
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE)
  		printf("ffs_validate: size of tree: %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
  		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
  
  		/* add requested slop */
  	fsopts->size += fsopts->freeblocks;
  	fsopts->inodes += fsopts->freefiles;
  	if (fsopts->freefilepc > 0)
  		fsopts->inodes =
  		    fsopts->inodes * (100 + fsopts->freefilepc) / 100;
  	if (fsopts->freeblockpc > 0)
  		fsopts->size =
  		    fsopts->size * (100 + fsopts->freeblockpc) / 100;
  
  		/* add space needed for superblocks */
  	/*
  	 * The old SBOFF (SBLOCK_UFS1) is used here because makefs is
  	 * typically used for small filesystems where space matters.
  	 * XXX make this an option.
  	 */
  	fsopts->size += (SBLOCK_UFS1 + SBLOCKSIZE) * ncg;
  		/* add space needed to store inodes, x3 for blockmaps, etc */
  	if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
  		fsopts->size += ncg * DINODE1_SIZE *
  		    roundup(fsopts->inodes / ncg, 
  			ffs_opts->bsize / DINODE1_SIZE);
  	else
  		fsopts->size += ncg * DINODE2_SIZE *
  		    roundup(fsopts->inodes / ncg, 
  			ffs_opts->bsize / DINODE2_SIZE);
  
  		/* add minfree */
  	if (ffs_opts->minfree > 0)
  		fsopts->size =
  		    fsopts->size * (100 + ffs_opts->minfree) / 100;
  	/*
  	 * XXX	any other fs slop to add, such as csum's, bitmaps, etc ??
  	 */
  
  	if (fsopts->size < fsopts->minsize)	/* ensure meets minimum size */
  		fsopts->size = fsopts->minsize;
  
  		/* round up to the next block */
  	fsopts->size = roundup(fsopts->size, ffs_opts->bsize);
  
  		/* calculate density if necessary */
  	if (ffs_opts->density == -1)
  		ffs_opts->density = fsopts->size / fsopts->inodes + 1;
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_VALIDATE) {
  		printf("ffs_validate: after defaults set:\n");
  		ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsopts);
  		printf("ffs_validate: dir %s; %lld bytes, %lld inodes\n",
  		    dir, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
  	}
  		/* now check calculated sizes vs requested sizes */
  	if (fsopts->maxsize > 0 && fsopts->size > fsopts->maxsize) {
  		errx(1, "`%s' size of %lld is larger than the maxsize of %lld.",
  		    dir, (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->maxsize);
  	}
  }
  
  
  static void
  ffs_dump_fsinfo(fsinfo_t *f)
  {
  
  	ffs_opt_t	*fs = f->fs_specific;
  
  	printf("fsopts at %p\n", f);
  
  	printf("\tsize %lld, inodes %lld, curinode %u\n",
  	    (long long)f->size, (long long)f->inodes, f->curinode);
  
  	printf("\tminsize %lld, maxsize %lld\n",
  	    (long long)f->minsize, (long long)f->maxsize);
  	printf("\tfree files %lld, freefile %% %d\n",
  	    (long long)f->freefiles, f->freefilepc);
  	printf("\tfree blocks %lld, freeblock %% %d\n",
  	    (long long)f->freeblocks, f->freeblockpc);
  	printf("\tneedswap %d, sectorsize %d\n", f->needswap, f->sectorsize);
  
  	printf("\tbsize %d, fsize %d, cpg %d, density %d\n",
  	    fs->bsize, fs->fsize, fs->cpg, fs->density);
  	printf("\tnsectors %d, rpm %d, minfree %d\n",
  	    fs->nsectors, fs->rpm, fs->minfree);
  	printf("\tmaxcontig %d, maxbpg %d\n",
  	    fs->maxcontig, fs->maxbpg);
  	printf("\toptimization %s\n",
  	    fs->optimization == FS_OPTSPACE ? "space" : "time");
  }
  
  
  static int
  ffs_create_image(const char *image, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
  	struct statvfs	sfs;
  #endif
  	struct fs	*fs;
  	char	*buf;
  	int	i, bufsize;
  	off_t	bufrem;
  	int	oflags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
  
  	assert (image != NULL);
  	assert (fsopts != NULL);
  
  		/* create image */
  	if (fsopts->offset == 0)
  		oflags |= O_TRUNC;
  	if ((fsopts->fd = open(image, oflags, 0666)) == -1) {
  		warn("Can't open `%s' for writing", image);
  		return (-1);
  	}
  
  		/* zero image */
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
  	if (fstatvfs(fsopts->fd, &sfs) == -1) {
  #endif
  		bufsize = 8192;
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_IOSIZE && HAVE_FSTATVFS
  		warn("can't fstatvfs `%s', using default %d byte chunk",
  		    image, bufsize);
  	} else
  		bufsize = sfs.f_iosize;
  #endif
  	bufrem = fsopts->size;
  
  	if (fsopts->sparse) {
  		if (ftruncate(fsopts->fd, bufrem) == -1) {
  			printf ("ERROR in truncate. Sparse option disabled\n");
  			fsopts->sparse = 0;
  		} else {
  			bufrem = 0; /* File truncated at bufrem. Remaining is 0 */
  			buf = NULL;
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (fsopts->offset != 0)
  		if (lseek(fsopts->fd, fsopts->offset, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
  			warn("can't seek");
  			return -1;
  		}
  
  	if ((debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE) && fsopts->sparse == 0)
  		printf(
  		    "zero-ing image `%s', %lld sectors, using %d byte chunks\n",
  		    image, (long long)bufrem, bufsize);
  	if (bufrem > 0)
  		buf = ecalloc(1, bufsize);
  	while (bufrem > 0) {
  		i = write(fsopts->fd, buf, MIN(bufsize, bufrem));
  		if (i == -1) {
  			warn("zeroing image, %lld bytes to go",
  			    (long long)bufrem);
  			free(buf);
  			return (-1);
  		}
  		bufrem -= i;
  	}
  	if (buf)
  		free(buf);
  
  		/* make the file system */
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE)
  		printf("calling mkfs(\"%s\", ...)\n", image);
  	fs = ffs_mkfs(image, fsopts);
  	fsopts->superblock = (void *)fs;
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_CREATE_IMAGE) {
  		time_t t;
  
  		t = (time_t)((struct fs *)fsopts->superblock)->fs_time;
  		printf("mkfs returned %p; fs_time %s",
  		    fsopts->superblock, ctime(&t));
  		printf("fs totals: nbfree %lld, nffree %lld, nifree %lld, ndir %lld\n",
  		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree,
  		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree,
  		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree,
  		    (long long)fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir);
  	}
  
  	if ((off_t)(fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree + UFS_ROOTINO) < fsopts->inodes) {
  		warnx(
  		"Image file `%s' has %lld free inodes; %lld are required.",
  		    image,
  		    (long long)(fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree + UFS_ROOTINO),
  		    (long long)fsopts->inodes);
  		return (-1);
  	}
  	return (fsopts->fd);
  }
  
  
  static void
  ffs_size_dir(fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	struct direct	tmpdir;
  	fsnode *	node;
  	int		curdirsize, this;
  	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
  
  	/* node may be NULL (empty directory) */
  	assert(fsopts != NULL);
  	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR)
  		printf("ffs_size_dir: entry: bytes %lld inodes %lld\n",
  		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
  
  #define	ADDDIRENT(e) do {						\
  	tmpdir.d_namlen = strlen((e));					\
  	this = UFS_DIRSIZ(0, &tmpdir, 0);				\
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_ADD_DIRENT)			\
  		printf("ADDDIRENT: was: %s (%d) this %d cur %d\n",	\
  		    e, tmpdir.d_namlen, this, curdirsize);		\
  	if (this + curdirsize > roundup(curdirsize, UFS_DIRBLKSIZ))	\
  		curdirsize = roundup(curdirsize, UFS_DIRBLKSIZ);	\
  	curdirsize += this;						\
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_ADD_DIRENT)			\
  		printf("ADDDIRENT: now: %s (%d) this %d cur %d\n",	\
  		    e, tmpdir.d_namlen, this, curdirsize);		\
  } while (0);
  
  	/*
  	 * XXX	this needs to take into account extra space consumed
  	 *	by indirect blocks, etc.
  	 */
  #define	ADDSIZE(x) do {							\
  	fsopts->size += roundup((x), ffs_opts->fsize);			\
  } while (0);
  
  	curdirsize = 0;
  	for (node = root; node != NULL; node = node->next) {
  		ADDDIRENT(node->name);
  		if (node == root) {			/* we're at "." */
  			assert(strcmp(node->name, ".") == 0);
  			ADDDIRENT("..");
  		} else if ((node->inode->flags & FI_SIZED) == 0) {
  				/* don't count duplicate names */
  			node->inode->flags |= FI_SIZED;
  			if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR_NODE)
  				printf("ffs_size_dir: `%s' size %lld\n",
  				    node->name,
  				    (long long)node->inode->st.st_size);
  			fsopts->inodes++;
  			if (node->type == S_IFREG)
  				ADDSIZE(node->inode->st.st_size);
  			if (node->type == S_IFLNK) {
  				size_t	slen;
  
  				slen = strlen(node->symlink) + 1;
  				if (slen >= (ffs_opts->version == 1 ?
  						UFS1_MAXSYMLINKLEN :
  						UFS2_MAXSYMLINKLEN))
  					ADDSIZE(slen);
  			}
  		}
  		if (node->type == S_IFDIR)
  			ffs_size_dir(node->child, fsopts);
  	}
  	ADDSIZE(curdirsize);
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_SIZE_DIR)
  		printf("ffs_size_dir: exit: size %lld inodes %lld\n",
  		    (long long)fsopts->size, (long long)fsopts->inodes);
  }
  
  static void *
  ffs_build_dinode1(struct ufs1_dinode *dinp, dirbuf_t *dbufp, fsnode *cur,
  		 fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	size_t slen;
  	void *membuf;
  
  	memset(dinp, 0, sizeof(*dinp));
  	dinp->di_mode = cur->inode->st.st_mode;
  	dinp->di_nlink = cur->inode->nlink;
  	dinp->di_size = cur->inode->st.st_size;
  	dinp->di_atime = cur->inode->st.st_atime;
  	dinp->di_mtime = cur->inode->st.st_mtime;
  	dinp->di_ctime = cur->inode->st.st_ctime;
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC
  	dinp->di_atimensec = cur->inode->st.st_atimensec;
  	dinp->di_mtimensec = cur->inode->st.st_mtimensec;
  	dinp->di_ctimensec = cur->inode->st.st_ctimensec;
  #endif
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
  	dinp->di_flags = cur->inode->st.st_flags;
  #endif
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN
  	dinp->di_gen = cur->inode->st.st_gen;
  #endif
  	dinp->di_uid = cur->inode->st.st_uid;
  	dinp->di_gid = cur->inode->st.st_gid;
  		/* not set: di_db, di_ib, di_blocks, di_spare */
  
  	membuf = NULL;
  	if (cur == root) {			/* "."; write dirbuf */
  		membuf = dbufp->buf;
  		dinp->di_size = dbufp->size;
  	} else if (S_ISBLK(cur->type) || S_ISCHR(cur->type)) {
  		dinp->di_size = 0;	/* a device */
  		dinp->di_rdev =
  		    ufs_rw32(cur->inode->st.st_rdev, fsopts->needswap);
  	} else if (S_ISLNK(cur->type)) {	/* symlink */
  		slen = strlen(cur->symlink);
  		if (slen < UFS1_MAXSYMLINKLEN) {	/* short link */
  			memcpy(dinp->di_db, cur->symlink, slen);
  		} else
  			membuf = cur->symlink;
  		dinp->di_size = slen;
  	}
  	return membuf;
  }
  
  static void *
  ffs_build_dinode2(struct ufs2_dinode *dinp, dirbuf_t *dbufp, fsnode *cur,
  		 fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	size_t slen;
  	void *membuf;
  
  	memset(dinp, 0, sizeof(*dinp));
  	dinp->di_mode = cur->inode->st.st_mode;
  	dinp->di_nlink = cur->inode->nlink;
  	dinp->di_size = cur->inode->st.st_size;
  	dinp->di_atime = cur->inode->st.st_atime;
  	dinp->di_mtime = cur->inode->st.st_mtime;
  	dinp->di_ctime = cur->inode->st.st_ctime;
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_MTIMENSEC
  	dinp->di_atimensec = cur->inode->st.st_atimensec;
  	dinp->di_mtimensec = cur->inode->st.st_mtimensec;
  	dinp->di_ctimensec = cur->inode->st.st_ctimensec;
  #endif
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
  	dinp->di_flags = cur->inode->st.st_flags;
  #endif
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN
  	dinp->di_gen = cur->inode->st.st_gen;
  #endif
  #if HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_BIRTHTIME
  	dinp->di_birthtime = cur->inode->st.st_birthtime;
  	dinp->di_birthnsec = cur->inode->st.st_birthtimensec;
  #endif
  	dinp->di_uid = cur->inode->st.st_uid;
  	dinp->di_gid = cur->inode->st.st_gid;
  		/* not set: di_db, di_ib, di_blocks, di_spare */
  
  	membuf = NULL;
  	if (cur == root) {			/* "."; write dirbuf */
  		membuf = dbufp->buf;
  		dinp->di_size = dbufp->size;
  	} else if (S_ISBLK(cur->type) || S_ISCHR(cur->type)) {
  		dinp->di_size = 0;	/* a device */
  		dinp->di_rdev =
  		    ufs_rw64(cur->inode->st.st_rdev, fsopts->needswap);
  	} else if (S_ISLNK(cur->type)) {	/* symlink */
  		slen = strlen(cur->symlink);
  		if (slen < UFS2_MAXSYMLINKLEN) {	/* short link */
  			memcpy(dinp->di_db, cur->symlink, slen);
  		} else
  			membuf = cur->symlink;
  		dinp->di_size = slen;
  	}
  	return membuf;
  }
  
  static int
  ffs_populate_dir(const char *dir, fsnode *root, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	fsnode		*cur;
  	dirbuf_t	dirbuf;
  	union dinode	din;
  	void		*membuf;
  	char		path[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
  	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
  
  	assert(dir != NULL);
  	assert(root != NULL);
  	assert(fsopts != NULL);
  	assert(ffs_opts != NULL);
  
  	(void)memset(&dirbuf, 0, sizeof(dirbuf));
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
  		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 1  dir %s node %p\n", dir, root);
  
  		/*
  		 * pass 1: allocate inode numbers, build directory `file'
  		 */
  	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
  		if ((cur->inode->flags & FI_ALLOCATED) == 0) {
  			cur->inode->flags |= FI_ALLOCATED;
  			if (cur == root && cur->parent != NULL)
  				cur->inode->ino = cur->parent->inode->ino;
  			else {
  				cur->inode->ino = fsopts->curinode;
  				fsopts->curinode++;
  			}
  		}
  		ffs_make_dirbuf(&dirbuf, cur->name, cur, fsopts->needswap);
  		if (cur == root) {		/* we're at "."; add ".." */
  			ffs_make_dirbuf(&dirbuf, "..",
  			    cur->parent == NULL ? cur : cur->parent->first,
  			    fsopts->needswap);
  			root->inode->nlink++;	/* count my parent's link */
  		} else if (cur->child != NULL)
  			root->inode->nlink++;	/* count my child's link */
  
  		/*
  		 * XXX	possibly write file and long symlinks here,
  		 *	ensuring that blocks get written before inodes?
  		 *	otoh, this isn't a real filesystem, so who
  		 *	cares about ordering? :-)
  		 */
  	}
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE_DIRBUF)
  		ffs_dump_dirbuf(&dirbuf, dir, fsopts->needswap);
  
  		/*
  		 * pass 2: write out dirbuf, then non-directories at this level
  		 */
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
  		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 2  dir %s\n", dir);
  	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
  		if (cur->inode->flags & FI_WRITTEN)
  			continue;		/* skip hard-linked entries */
  		cur->inode->flags |= FI_WRITTEN;
  
  		if ((size_t)snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s/%s", cur->root,
  		    cur->path, cur->name) >= sizeof(path))
  			errx(1, "Pathname too long.");
  
  		if (cur->child != NULL)
  			continue;		/* child creates own inode */
  
  				/* build on-disk inode */
  		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
  			membuf = ffs_build_dinode1(&din.ffs1_din, &dirbuf, cur,
  			    root, fsopts);
  		else
  			membuf = ffs_build_dinode2(&din.ffs2_din, &dirbuf, cur,
  			    root, fsopts);
  
  		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE_NODE) {
  			printf("ffs_populate_dir: writing ino %d, %s",
  			    cur->inode->ino, inode_type(cur->type));
  			if (cur->inode->nlink > 1)
  				printf(", nlink %d", cur->inode->nlink);
  			putchar('\n');
  		}
  
  		if (membuf != NULL) {
  			ffs_write_file(&din, cur->inode->ino, membuf, fsopts);
  		} else if (S_ISREG(cur->type)) {
  			ffs_write_file(&din, cur->inode->ino, path, fsopts);
  		} else {
  			assert (! S_ISDIR(cur->type));
  			ffs_write_inode(&din, cur->inode->ino, fsopts);
  		}
  	}
  
  		/*
  		 * pass 3: write out sub-directories
  		 */
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
  		printf("ffs_populate_dir: PASS 3  dir %s\n", dir);
  	for (cur = root; cur != NULL; cur = cur->next) {
  		if (cur->child == NULL)
  			continue;
  		if ((size_t)snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s", dir,
  		    cur->name) >= sizeof(path))
  			errx(1, "Pathname too long.");
  		if (! ffs_populate_dir(path, cur->child, fsopts))
  			return (0);
  	}
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_POPULATE)
  		printf("ffs_populate_dir: DONE dir %s\n", dir);
  
  		/* cleanup */
  	if (dirbuf.buf != NULL)
  		free(dirbuf.buf);
  	return (1);
  }
  
  
  static void
  ffs_write_file(union dinode *din, uint32_t ino, void *buf, fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	int 	isfile, ffd;
  	char	*fbuf, *p;
  	off_t	bufleft, chunk, offset;
  	ssize_t nread;
  	struct inode	in;
  	struct buf *	bp;
  	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
  	struct vnode vp = { fsopts, NULL };
  
  	assert (din != NULL);
  	assert (buf != NULL);
  	assert (fsopts != NULL);
  	assert (ffs_opts != NULL);
  
  	isfile = S_ISREG(DIP(din, mode));
  	fbuf = NULL;
  	ffd = -1;
  	p = NULL;
  
  	in.i_fs = (struct fs *)fsopts->superblock;
  	in.i_devvp = &vp;
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_FILE) {
  		printf(
  		    "ffs_write_file: ino %u, din %p, isfile %d, %s, size %lld",
  		    ino, din, isfile, inode_type(DIP(din, mode) & S_IFMT),
  		    (long long)DIP(din, size));
  		if (isfile)
  			printf(", file '%s'\n", (char *)buf);
  		else
  			printf(", buffer %p\n", buf);
  	}
  
  	in.i_number = ino;
  	in.i_size = DIP(din, size);
  	if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
  		memcpy(&in.i_din.ffs1_din, &din->ffs1_din,
  		    sizeof(in.i_din.ffs1_din));
  	else
  		memcpy(&in.i_din.ffs2_din, &din->ffs2_din,
  		    sizeof(in.i_din.ffs2_din));
  
  	if (DIP(din, size) == 0)
  		goto write_inode_and_leave;		/* mmm, cheating */
  
  	if (isfile) {
  		fbuf = emalloc(ffs_opts->bsize);
  		if ((ffd = open((char *)buf, O_RDONLY, 0444)) == -1) {
  			warn("Can't open `%s' for reading", (char *)buf);
  			goto leave_ffs_write_file;
  		}
  	} else {
  		p = buf;
  	}
  
  	chunk = 0;
  	for (bufleft = DIP(din, size); bufleft > 0; bufleft -= chunk) {
  		chunk = MIN(bufleft, ffs_opts->bsize);
  		if (!isfile)
  			;
  		else if ((nread = read(ffd, fbuf, chunk)) == -1)
  			err(EXIT_FAILURE, "Reading `%s', %lld bytes to go",
  			    (char *)buf, (long long)bufleft);
  		else if (nread != chunk)
  			errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "Reading `%s', %lld bytes to go, "
  			    "read %zd bytes, expected %ju bytes, does "
  			    "metalog size= attribute mismatch source size?",
  			    (char *)buf, (long long)bufleft, nread,
  			    (uintmax_t)chunk);
  		else
  			p = fbuf;
  		offset = DIP(din, size) - bufleft;
  		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_FILE_BLOCK)
  			printf(
  		"ffs_write_file: write %p offset %lld size %lld left %lld\n",
  			    p, (long long)offset,
  			    (long long)chunk, (long long)bufleft);
  	/*
  	 * XXX	if holey support is desired, do the check here
  	 *
  	 * XXX	might need to write out last bit in fragroundup
  	 *	sized chunk. however, ffs_balloc() handles this for us
  	 */
  		errno = ffs_balloc(&in, offset, chunk, &bp);
   bad_ffs_write_file:
  		if (errno != 0)
  			err(1,
  			    "Writing inode %d (%s), bytes %lld + %lld",
  			    ino,
  			    isfile ? (char *)buf :
  			      inode_type(DIP(din, mode) & S_IFMT),
  			    (long long)offset, (long long)chunk);
  		memcpy(bp->b_data, p, chunk);
  		errno = bwrite(bp);
  		if (errno != 0)
  			goto bad_ffs_write_file;
  		if (!isfile)
  			p += chunk;
  	}
    
   write_inode_and_leave:
  	ffs_write_inode(&in.i_din, in.i_number, fsopts);
  
   leave_ffs_write_file:
  	if (fbuf)
  		free(fbuf);
  	if (ffd != -1)
  		close(ffd);
  }
  
  
  static void
  ffs_dump_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *dbuf, const char *dir, int needswap)
  {
  	doff_t		i;
  	struct direct	*de;
  	uint16_t	reclen;
  
  	assert (dbuf != NULL);
  	assert (dir != NULL);
  	printf("ffs_dump_dirbuf: dir %s size %d cur %d\n",
  	    dir, dbuf->size, dbuf->cur);
  
  	for (i = 0; i < dbuf->size; ) {
  		de = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + i);
  		reclen = ufs_rw16(de->d_reclen, needswap);
  		printf(
  	    " inode %4d %7s offset %4d reclen %3d namlen %3d name %s\n",
  		    ufs_rw32(de->d_fileno, needswap),
  		    inode_type(DTTOIF(de->d_type)), i, reclen,
  		    de->d_namlen, de->d_name);
  		i += reclen;
  		assert(reclen > 0);
  	}
  }
  
  static void
  ffs_make_dirbuf(dirbuf_t *dbuf, const char *name, fsnode *node, int needswap)
  {
  	struct direct	de, *dp;
  	uint16_t	llen, reclen;
  	u_char		*newbuf;
  
  	assert (dbuf != NULL);
  	assert (name != NULL);
  	assert (node != NULL);
  					/* create direct entry */
  	(void)memset(&de, 0, sizeof(de));
  	de.d_fileno = ufs_rw32(node->inode->ino, needswap);
  	de.d_type = IFTODT(node->type);
  	de.d_namlen = (uint8_t)strlen(name);
  	strcpy(de.d_name, name);
  	reclen = UFS_DIRSIZ(0, &de, needswap);
  	de.d_reclen = ufs_rw16(reclen, needswap);
  
  	dp = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + dbuf->cur);
  	llen = 0;
  	if (dp != NULL)
  		llen = UFS_DIRSIZ(0, dp, needswap);
  
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKE_DIRBUF)
  		printf(
  		    "ffs_make_dirbuf: dbuf siz %d cur %d lastlen %d\n"
  		    "  ino %d type %d reclen %d namlen %d name %.30s\n",
  		    dbuf->size, dbuf->cur, llen,
  		    ufs_rw32(de.d_fileno, needswap), de.d_type, reclen,
  		    de.d_namlen, de.d_name);
  
  	if (reclen + dbuf->cur + llen > roundup(dbuf->size, UFS_DIRBLKSIZ)) {
  		if (debug & DEBUG_FS_MAKE_DIRBUF)
  			printf("ffs_make_dirbuf: growing buf to %d\n",
  			    dbuf->size + UFS_DIRBLKSIZ);
  		newbuf = erealloc(dbuf->buf, dbuf->size + UFS_DIRBLKSIZ);
  		dbuf->buf = newbuf;
  		dbuf->size += UFS_DIRBLKSIZ;
  		memset(dbuf->buf + dbuf->size - UFS_DIRBLKSIZ, 0, UFS_DIRBLKSIZ);
  		dbuf->cur = dbuf->size - UFS_DIRBLKSIZ;
  	} else if (dp) {			/* shrink end of previous */
  		dp->d_reclen = ufs_rw16(llen,needswap);
  		dbuf->cur += llen;
  	}
  	dp = (struct direct *)(dbuf->buf + dbuf->cur);
  	memcpy(dp, &de, reclen);
  	dp->d_reclen = ufs_rw16(dbuf->size - dbuf->cur, needswap);
  }
  
  /*
   * cribbed from sys/ufs/ffs/ffs_alloc.c
   */
  static void
  ffs_write_inode(union dinode *dp, uint32_t ino, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
  {
  	char 		*buf;
  	struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
  	struct ufs2_dinode *dp2, *dip;
  	struct cg	*cgp;
  	struct fs	*fs;
  	int		cg, cgino, i;
  	daddr_t		d;
  	char		sbbuf[FFS_MAXBSIZE];
  	uint32_t	initediblk;
  	ffs_opt_t	*ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
  
  	assert (dp != NULL);
  	assert (ino > 0);
  	assert (fsopts != NULL);
  	assert (ffs_opts != NULL);
  
  	fs = (struct fs *)fsopts->superblock;
  	cg = ino_to_cg(fs, ino);
  	cgino = ino % fs->fs_ipg;
  	if (debug & DEBUG_FS_WRITE_INODE)
  		printf("ffs_write_inode: din %p ino %u cg %d cgino %d\n",
  		    dp, ino, cg, cgino);
  
  	ffs_rdfs(FFS_FSBTODB(fs, cgtod(fs, cg)), (int)fs->fs_cgsize, &sbbuf,
  	    fsopts);
  	cgp = (struct cg *)sbbuf;
  	if (!cg_chkmagic(cgp, fsopts->needswap))
  		errx(1, "ffs_write_inode: cg %d: bad magic number", cg);
  
  	assert (isclr(cg_inosused(cgp, fsopts->needswap), cgino));
  
  	buf = emalloc(fs->fs_bsize);
  	dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)buf;
  	dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)buf;
  
  	if (fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree == 0)
  		errx(1, "ffs_write_inode: fs out of inodes for ino %u",
  		    ino);
  	if (fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree == 0)
  		errx(1,
  		    "ffs_write_inode: cg %d out of inodes for ino %u",
  		    cg, ino);
  	setbit(cg_inosused(cgp, fsopts->needswap), cgino);
  	ufs_add32(cgp->cg_cs.cs_nifree, -1, fsopts->needswap);
  	fs->fs_cstotal.cs_nifree--;
  	fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_nifree--;
  	if (S_ISDIR(DIP(dp, mode))) {
  		ufs_add32(cgp->cg_cs.cs_ndir, 1, fsopts->needswap);
  		fs->fs_cstotal.cs_ndir++;
  		fs->fs_cs(fs, cg).cs_ndir++; 
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Initialize inode blocks on the fly for UFS2.
  	 */
  	initediblk = ufs_rw32(cgp->cg_initediblk, fsopts->needswap);
  	if (ffs_opts->version == 2 &&
  	    (uint32_t)(cgino + FFS_INOPB(fs)) > initediblk &&
  	    initediblk < ufs_rw32(cgp->cg_niblk, fsopts->needswap)) {
  		memset(buf, 0, fs->fs_bsize);
  		dip = (struct ufs2_dinode *)buf;
  		srandom(time(NULL));
  		for (i = 0; i < FFS_INOPB(fs); i++) {
  			dip->di_gen = random() / 2 + 1;
  			dip++;
  		}
  		ffs_wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(fs, ino_to_fsba(fs,
  				  cg * fs->fs_ipg + initediblk)),
  		    fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
  		initediblk += FFS_INOPB(fs);
  		cgp->cg_initediblk = ufs_rw32(initediblk, fsopts->needswap);
  	}
  
  
  	ffs_wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(fs, cgtod(fs, cg)), (int)fs->fs_cgsize, &sbbuf,
  	    fsopts);
  
  					/* now write inode */
  	d = FFS_FSBTODB(fs, ino_to_fsba(fs, ino));
  	ffs_rdfs(d, fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
  	if (fsopts->needswap) {
  		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
  			ffs_dinode1_swap(&dp->ffs1_din,
  			    &dp1[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)]);
  		else
  			ffs_dinode2_swap(&dp->ffs2_din,
  			    &dp2[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)]);
  	} else {
  		if (ffs_opts->version == 1)
  			dp1[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)] = dp->ffs1_din;
  		else
  			dp2[ino_to_fsbo(fs, ino)] = dp->ffs2_din;
  	}
  	ffs_wtfs(d, fs->fs_bsize, buf, fsopts);
  	free(buf);
  }
  
  void
  panic(const char *fmt, ...)
  {
  	va_list ap;
  
  	va_start(ap, fmt);
  	vwarnx(fmt, ap);
  	va_end(ap);
  	exit(1);
  }
  