text: #!/usr/bin/env python3
  
  
  def decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared(
      ciphertext: str,
      cipher_alphabet=None,
      frequencies_dict=None,
      case_sensetive: bool = False,
  ) -> tuple:
      """
      Basic Usage
      ===========
      Arguments:
      * ciphertext (str): the text to decode (encoded with the caesar cipher)
  
      Optional Arguments:
      * cipher_alphabet (list): the alphabet used for the cipher (each letter is
        a string separated by commas)
      * frequencies_dict (dict): a dictionary of word frequencies where keys are
        the letters and values are a percentage representation of the frequency as
        a decimal/float
      * case_sensetive (bool): a boolean value: True if the case matters during
        decryption, False if it doesn't
  
      Returns:
      * A tuple in the form of:
        (
          most_likely_cipher,
          most_likely_cipher_chi_squared_value,
          decoded_most_likely_cipher
        )
  
        where...
        - most_likely_cipher is an integer representing the shift of the smallest
          chi-squared statistic (most likely key)
        - most_likely_cipher_chi_squared_value is a float representing the
          chi-squared statistic of the most likely shift
        - decoded_most_likely_cipher is a string with the decoded cipher
          (decoded by the most_likely_cipher key)
  
  
      The Chi-squared test
      ====================
  
      The caesar cipher
      -----------------
      The caesar cipher is a very insecure encryption algorithm, however it has
      been used since Julius Caesar. The cipher is a simple substitution cipher
      where each character in the plain text is replaced by a character in the
      alphabet a certain number of characters after the original character. The
      number of characters away is called the shift or key. For example:
  
      Plain text: hello
      Key: 1
      Cipher text: ifmmp
      (each letter in hello has been shifted one to the right in the eng. alphabet)
  
      As you can imagine, this doesn't provide lots of security. In fact
      decrypting ciphertext by brute-force is extremely easy even by hand. However
       one way to do that is the chi-squared test.
  
      The chi-squared test
      -------------------
      Each letter in the english alphabet has a frequency, or the amount of times
      it shows up compared to other letters (usually expressed as a decimal
      representing the percentage likelihood). The most common letter in the
      english language is "e" with a frequency of 0.11162 or 11.162%. The test is
      completed in the following fashion.
  
      1. The ciphertext is decoded in a brute force way (every combination of the
         26 possible combinations)
      2. For every combination, for each letter in the combination, the average
         amount of times the letter should appear the message is calculated by
         multiplying the total number of characters by the frequency of the letter
  
         For example:
         In a message of 100 characters, e should appear around 11.162 times.
  
       3. Then, to calculate the margin of error (the amount of times the letter
          SHOULD appear with the amount of times the letter DOES appear), we use
          the chi-squared test. The following formula is used:
  
          Let:
          - n be the number of times the letter actually appears
          - p be the predicted value of the number of times the letter should
            appear (see #2)
          - let v be the chi-squared test result (referred to here as chi-squared
            value/statistic)
  
          (n - p)^2
          --------- = v
             p
  
      4. Each chi squared value for each letter is then added up to the total.
         The total is the chi-squared statistic for that encryption key.
      5. The encryption key with the lowest chi-squared value is the most likely
         to be the decoded answer.
  
      Further Reading
      ================
  
      * http://practicalcryptography.com/cryptanalysis/text-characterisation/chi-squared-
          statistic/
      * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency
      * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_test
      * https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher
  
      Doctests
      ========
      >>> decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared(
      ...    'dof pz aol jhlzhy jpwoly zv wvwbshy? pa pz avv lhzf av jyhjr!'
      ... )  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
      (7, 3129.228005747531,
       'why is the caesar cipher so popular? it is too easy to crack!')
  
      >>> decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared('crybd cdbsxq')
      (10, 233.35343938980898, 'short string')
  
      >>> decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared(12)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'lower'
      """
      alphabet_letters = cipher_alphabet or [chr(i) for i in range(97, 123)]
      frequencies_dict = frequencies_dict or {}
  
      if frequencies_dict == {}:
          # Frequencies of letters in the english language (how much they show up)
          frequencies = {
              "a": 0.08497,
              "b": 0.01492,
              "c": 0.02202,
              "d": 0.04253,
              "e": 0.11162,
              "f": 0.02228,
              "g": 0.02015,
              "h": 0.06094,
              "i": 0.07546,
              "j": 0.00153,
              "k": 0.01292,
              "l": 0.04025,
              "m": 0.02406,
              "n": 0.06749,
              "o": 0.07507,
              "p": 0.01929,
              "q": 0.00095,
              "r": 0.07587,
              "s": 0.06327,
              "t": 0.09356,
              "u": 0.02758,
              "v": 0.00978,
              "w": 0.02560,
              "x": 0.00150,
              "y": 0.01994,
              "z": 0.00077,
          }
      else:
          # Custom frequencies dictionary
          frequencies = frequencies_dict
  
      if not case_sensetive:
          ciphertext = ciphertext.lower()
  
      # Chi squared statistic values
      chi_squared_statistic_values = {}
  
      # cycle through all of the shifts
      for shift in range(len(alphabet_letters)):
          decrypted_with_shift = ""
  
          # decrypt the message with the shift
          for letter in ciphertext:
              try:
                  # Try to index the letter in the alphabet
                  new_key = (alphabet_letters.index(letter) - shift) % len(
                      alphabet_letters
                  )
                  decrypted_with_shift += alphabet_letters[new_key]
              except ValueError:
                  # Append the character if it isn't in the alphabet
                  decrypted_with_shift += letter
  
          chi_squared_statistic = 0.0
  
          # Loop through each letter in the decoded message with the shift
          for letter in decrypted_with_shift:
              if case_sensetive:
                  if letter in frequencies:
                      # Get the amount of times the letter occurs in the message
                      occurrences = decrypted_with_shift.count(letter)
  
                      # Get the excepcted amount of times the letter should appear based
                      # on letter frequencies
                      expected = frequencies[letter] * occurrences
  
                      # Complete the chi squared statistic formula
                      chi_letter_value = ((occurrences - expected) ** 2) / expected
  
                      # Add the margin of error to the total chi squared statistic
                      chi_squared_statistic += chi_letter_value
              else:
                  if letter.lower() in frequencies:
                      # Get the amount of times the letter occurs in the message
                      occurrences = decrypted_with_shift.count(letter)
  
                      # Get the excepcted amount of times the letter should appear based
                      # on letter frequencies
                      expected = frequencies[letter] * occurrences
  
                      # Complete the chi squared statistic formula
                      chi_letter_value = ((occurrences - expected) ** 2) / expected
  
                      # Add the margin of error to the total chi squared statistic
                      chi_squared_statistic += chi_letter_value
  
          # Add the data to the chi_squared_statistic_values dictionary
          chi_squared_statistic_values[shift] = [
              chi_squared_statistic,
              decrypted_with_shift,
          ]
  
      # Get the most likely cipher by finding the cipher with the smallest chi squared
      # statistic
      most_likely_cipher = min(
          chi_squared_statistic_values, key=chi_squared_statistic_values.get
      )
  
      # Get all the data from the most likely cipher (key, decoded message)
      most_likely_cipher_chi_squared_value = chi_squared_statistic_values[
          most_likely_cipher
      ][0]
      decoded_most_likely_cipher = chi_squared_statistic_values[most_likely_cipher][1]
  
      # Return the data on the most likely shift
      return (
          most_likely_cipher,
          most_likely_cipher_chi_squared_value,
          decoded_most_likely_cipher,
      )
  