text: from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
  
  import sys
  import gzip
  import os
  import threading
  from tempfile import mkstemp, NamedTemporaryFile
  import time
  import warnings
  import gc
  from io import BytesIO
  from datetime import datetime
  
  import numpy as np
  import numpy.ma as ma
  from numpy.lib._iotools import (ConverterError, ConverterLockError,
                                  ConversionWarning)
  from numpy.compat import asbytes, asbytes_nested, bytes, asstr
  from nose import SkipTest
  from numpy.ma.testutils import (
      TestCase, assert_equal, assert_array_equal,
      assert_raises, assert_raises_regex, run_module_suite
  )
  from numpy.testing import assert_warns, assert_, build_err_msg
  from numpy.testing.utils import tempdir
  
  
  class TextIO(BytesIO):
      """Helper IO class.
  
      Writes encode strings to bytes if needed, reads return bytes.
      This makes it easier to emulate files opened in binary mode
      without needing to explicitly convert strings to bytes in
      setting up the test data.
  
      """
      def __init__(self, s=""):
          BytesIO.__init__(self, asbytes(s))
  
      def write(self, s):
          BytesIO.write(self, asbytes(s))
  
      def writelines(self, lines):
          BytesIO.writelines(self, [asbytes(s) for s in lines])
  
  
  MAJVER, MINVER = sys.version_info[:2]
  IS_64BIT = sys.maxsize > 2**32
  
  
  def strptime(s, fmt=None):
      """This function is available in the datetime module only
      from Python >= 2.5.
  
      """
      if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
          return datetime(*time.strptime(s.decode('latin1'), fmt)[:3])
      else:
          return datetime(*time.strptime(s, fmt)[:3])
  
  
  class RoundtripTest(object):
      def roundtrip(self, save_func, *args, **kwargs):
          """
          save_func : callable
              Function used to save arrays to file.
          file_on_disk : bool
              If true, store the file on disk, instead of in a
              string buffer.
          save_kwds : dict
              Parameters passed to `save_func`.
          load_kwds : dict
              Parameters passed to `numpy.load`.
          args : tuple of arrays
              Arrays stored to file.
  
          """
          save_kwds = kwargs.get('save_kwds', {})
          load_kwds = kwargs.get('load_kwds', {})
          file_on_disk = kwargs.get('file_on_disk', False)
  
          if file_on_disk:
              target_file = NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
              load_file = target_file.name
          else:
              target_file = BytesIO()
              load_file = target_file
  
          try:
              arr = args
  
              save_func(target_file, *arr, **save_kwds)
              target_file.flush()
              target_file.seek(0)
  
              if sys.platform == 'win32' and not isinstance(target_file, BytesIO):
                  target_file.close()
  
              arr_reloaded = np.load(load_file, **load_kwds)
  
              self.arr = arr
              self.arr_reloaded = arr_reloaded
          finally:
              if not isinstance(target_file, BytesIO):
                  target_file.close()
                  # holds an open file descriptor so it can't be deleted on win
                  if not isinstance(arr_reloaded, np.lib.npyio.NpzFile):
                      os.remove(target_file.name)
  
      def check_roundtrips(self, a):
          self.roundtrip(a)
          self.roundtrip(a, file_on_disk=True)
          self.roundtrip(np.asfortranarray(a))
          self.roundtrip(np.asfortranarray(a), file_on_disk=True)
          if a.shape[0] > 1:
              # neither C nor Fortran contiguous for 2D arrays or more
              self.roundtrip(np.asfortranarray(a)[1:])
              self.roundtrip(np.asfortranarray(a)[1:], file_on_disk=True)
  
      def test_array(self):
          a = np.array([], float)
          self.check_roundtrips(a)
  
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], float)
          self.check_roundtrips(a)
  
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], int)
          self.check_roundtrips(a)
  
          a = np.array([[1 + 5j, 2 + 6j], [3 + 7j, 4 + 8j]], dtype=np.csingle)
          self.check_roundtrips(a)
  
          a = np.array([[1 + 5j, 2 + 6j], [3 + 7j, 4 + 8j]], dtype=np.cdouble)
          self.check_roundtrips(a)
  
      def test_array_object(self):
          if sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 7):
              a = np.array([], object)
              self.check_roundtrips(a)
  
              a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], object)
              self.check_roundtrips(a)
          # Fails with UnpicklingError: could not find MARK on Python 2.6
  
      def test_1D(self):
          a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], int)
          self.roundtrip(a)
  
      @np.testing.dec.knownfailureif(sys.platform == 'win32', "Fail on Win32")
      def test_mmap(self):
          a = np.array([[1, 2.5], [4, 7.3]])
          self.roundtrip(a, file_on_disk=True, load_kwds={'mmap_mode': 'r'})
  
          a = np.asfortranarray([[1, 2.5], [4, 7.3]])
          self.roundtrip(a, file_on_disk=True, load_kwds={'mmap_mode': 'r'})
  
      def test_record(self):
          a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=[('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4')])
          self.check_roundtrips(a)
  
      def test_format_2_0(self):
          dt = [(("%d" % i) * 100, float) for i in range(500)]
          a = np.ones(1000, dtype=dt)
          with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
              warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', UserWarning)
              self.check_roundtrips(a)
  
  
  class TestSaveLoad(RoundtripTest, TestCase):
      def roundtrip(self, *args, **kwargs):
          RoundtripTest.roundtrip(self, np.save, *args, **kwargs)
          assert_equal(self.arr[0], self.arr_reloaded)
          assert_equal(self.arr[0].dtype, self.arr_reloaded.dtype)
          assert_equal(self.arr[0].flags.fnc, self.arr_reloaded.flags.fnc)
  
  
  class TestSavezLoad(RoundtripTest, TestCase):
      def roundtrip(self, *args, **kwargs):
          RoundtripTest.roundtrip(self, np.savez, *args, **kwargs)
          try:
              for n, arr in enumerate(self.arr):
                  reloaded = self.arr_reloaded['arr_%d' % n]
                  assert_equal(arr, reloaded)
                  assert_equal(arr.dtype, reloaded.dtype)
                  assert_equal(arr.flags.fnc, reloaded.flags.fnc)
          finally:
              # delete tempfile, must be done here on windows
              if self.arr_reloaded.fid:
                  self.arr_reloaded.fid.close()
                  os.remove(self.arr_reloaded.fid.name)
  
      @np.testing.dec.skipif(not IS_64BIT, "Works only with 64bit systems")
      @np.testing.dec.slow
      def test_big_arrays(self):
          L = (1 << 31) + 100000
          a = np.empty(L, dtype=np.uint8)
          with tempdir(prefix="numpy_test_big_arrays_") as tmpdir:
              tmp = os.path.join(tmpdir, "file.npz")
              np.savez(tmp, a=a)
              del a
              npfile = np.load(tmp)
              a = npfile['a']
              npfile.close()
  
      def test_multiple_arrays(self):
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], float)
          b = np.array([[1 + 2j, 2 + 7j], [3 - 6j, 4 + 12j]], complex)
          self.roundtrip(a, b)
  
      def test_named_arrays(self):
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], float)
          b = np.array([[1 + 2j, 2 + 7j], [3 - 6j, 4 + 12j]], complex)
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savez(c, file_a=a, file_b=b)
          c.seek(0)
          l = np.load(c)
          assert_equal(a, l['file_a'])
          assert_equal(b, l['file_b'])
  
      def test_savez_filename_clashes(self):
          # Test that issue #852 is fixed
          # and savez functions in multithreaded environment
  
          def writer(error_list):
              fd, tmp = mkstemp(suffix='.npz')
              os.close(fd)
              try:
                  arr = np.random.randn(500, 500)
                  try:
                      np.savez(tmp, arr=arr)
                  except OSError as err:
                      error_list.append(err)
              finally:
                  os.remove(tmp)
  
          errors = []
          threads = [threading.Thread(target=writer, args=(errors,))
                     for j in range(3)]
          for t in threads:
              t.start()
          for t in threads:
              t.join()
  
          if errors:
              raise AssertionError(errors)
  
      def test_not_closing_opened_fid(self):
          # Test that issue #2178 is fixed:
          # verify could seek on 'loaded' file
  
          fd, tmp = mkstemp(suffix='.npz')
          os.close(fd)
          try:
              fp = open(tmp, 'wb')
              np.savez(fp, data='LOVELY LOAD')
              fp.close()
  
              fp = open(tmp, 'rb', 10000)
              fp.seek(0)
              assert_(not fp.closed)
              _ = np.load(fp)['data']
              assert_(not fp.closed)
                      # must not get closed by .load(opened fp)
              fp.seek(0)
              assert_(not fp.closed)
  
          finally:
              fp.close()
              os.remove(tmp)
  
      def test_closing_fid(self):
          # Test that issue #1517 (too many opened files) remains closed
          # It might be a "weak" test since failed to get triggered on
          # e.g. Debian sid of 2012 Jul 05 but was reported to
          # trigger the failure on Ubuntu 10.04:
          # http://projects.scipy.org/numpy/ticket/1517#comment:2
          fd, tmp = mkstemp(suffix='.npz')
          os.close(fd)
  
          try:
              fp = open(tmp, 'wb')
              np.savez(fp, data='LOVELY LOAD')
              fp.close()
              # We need to check if the garbage collector can properly close
              # numpy npz file returned by np.load when their reference count
              # goes to zero.  Python 3 running in debug mode raises a
              # ResourceWarning when file closing is left to the garbage
              # collector, so we catch the warnings.  Because ResourceWarning
              # is unknown in Python < 3.x, we take the easy way out and
              # catch all warnings.
              with warnings.catch_warnings():
                  warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
                  for i in range(1, 1025):
                      try:
                          np.load(tmp)["data"]
                      except Exception as e:
                          msg = "Failed to load data from a file: %s" % e
                          raise AssertionError(msg)
          finally:
              os.remove(tmp)
  
      def test_closing_zipfile_after_load(self):
          # Check that zipfile owns file and can close it.
          # This needs to pass a file name to load for the
          # test.
          with tempdir(prefix="numpy_test_closing_zipfile_after_load_") as tmpdir:
              fd, tmp = mkstemp(suffix='.npz', dir=tmpdir)
              os.close(fd)
              np.savez(tmp, lab='place holder')
              data = np.load(tmp)
              fp = data.zip.fp
              data.close()
              assert_(fp.closed)
  
  
  class TestSaveTxt(TestCase):
      def test_array(self):
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], float)
          fmt = "%.18e"
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt=fmt)
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.readlines(),
                       [asbytes((fmt + ' ' + fmt + '\n') % (1, 2)),
                        asbytes((fmt + ' ' + fmt + '\n') % (3, 4))])
  
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], int)
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%d')
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.readlines(), [b'1 2\n', b'3 4\n'])
  
      def test_1D(self):
          a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], int)
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%d')
          c.seek(0)
          lines = c.readlines()
          assert_equal(lines, [b'1\n', b'2\n', b'3\n', b'4\n'])
  
      def test_record(self):
          a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=[('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4')])
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%d')
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.readlines(), [b'1 2\n', b'3 4\n'])
  
      def test_delimiter(self):
          a = np.array([[1., 2.], [3., 4.]])
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, delimiter=',', fmt='%d')
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.readlines(), [b'1,2\n', b'3,4\n'])
  
      def test_format(self):
          a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)])
          c = BytesIO()
          # Sequence of formats
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt=['%02d', '%3.1f'])
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.readlines(), [b'01 2.0\n', b'03 4.0\n'])
  
          # A single multiformat string
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%02d : %3.1f')
          c.seek(0)
          lines = c.readlines()
          assert_equal(lines, [b'01 : 2.0\n', b'03 : 4.0\n'])
  
          # Specify delimiter, should be overiden
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%02d : %3.1f', delimiter=',')
          c.seek(0)
          lines = c.readlines()
          assert_equal(lines, [b'01 : 2.0\n', b'03 : 4.0\n'])
  
          # Bad fmt, should raise a ValueError
          c = BytesIO()
          assert_raises(ValueError, np.savetxt, c, a, fmt=99)
  
      def test_header_footer(self):
          """
          Test the functionality of the header and footer keyword argument.
          """
          c = BytesIO()
          a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=np.int)
          test_header_footer = 'Test header / footer'
          # Test the header keyword argument
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%1d', header=test_header_footer)
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.read(),
                       asbytes('# ' + test_header_footer + '\n1 2\n3 4\n'))
          # Test the footer keyword argument
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%1d', footer=test_header_footer)
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.read(),
                       asbytes('1 2\n3 4\n# ' + test_header_footer + '\n'))
          # Test the commentstr keyword argument used on the header
          c = BytesIO()
          commentstr = '% '
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%1d',
                     header=test_header_footer, comments=commentstr)
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.read(),
                       asbytes(commentstr + test_header_footer + '\n' + '1 2\n3 4\n'))
          # Test the commentstr keyword argument used on the footer
          c = BytesIO()
          commentstr = '% '
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='%1d',
                     footer=test_header_footer, comments=commentstr)
          c.seek(0)
          assert_equal(c.read(),
                       asbytes('1 2\n3 4\n' + commentstr + test_header_footer + '\n'))
  
      def test_file_roundtrip(self):
          f, name = mkstemp()
          os.close(f)
          try:
              a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)])
              np.savetxt(name, a)
              b = np.loadtxt(name)
              assert_array_equal(a, b)
          finally:
              os.unlink(name)
  
      def test_complex_arrays(self):
          ncols = 2
          nrows = 2
          a = np.zeros((ncols, nrows), dtype=np.complex128)
          re = np.pi
          im = np.e
          a[:] = re + 1.0j * im
  
          # One format only
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt=' %+.3e')
          c.seek(0)
          lines = c.readlines()
          assert_equal(
              lines,
              [b' ( +3.142e+00+ +2.718e+00j)  ( +3.142e+00+ +2.718e+00j)\n',
               b' ( +3.142e+00+ +2.718e+00j)  ( +3.142e+00+ +2.718e+00j)\n'])
  
          # One format for each real and imaginary part
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt='  %+.3e' * 2 * ncols)
          c.seek(0)
          lines = c.readlines()
          assert_equal(
              lines,
              [b'  +3.142e+00  +2.718e+00  +3.142e+00  +2.718e+00\n',
               b'  +3.142e+00  +2.718e+00  +3.142e+00  +2.718e+00\n'])
  
          # One format for each complex number
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a, fmt=['(%.3e%+.3ej)'] * ncols)
          c.seek(0)
          lines = c.readlines()
          assert_equal(
              lines,
              [b'(3.142e+00+2.718e+00j) (3.142e+00+2.718e+00j)\n',
               b'(3.142e+00+2.718e+00j) (3.142e+00+2.718e+00j)\n'])
  
      def test_custom_writer(self):
  
          class CustomWriter(list):
              def write(self, text):
                  self.extend(text.split(b'\n'))
  
          w = CustomWriter()
          a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)])
          np.savetxt(w, a)
          b = np.loadtxt(w)
          assert_array_equal(a, b)
  
  
  class TestLoadTxt(TestCase):
      def test_record(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1 2\n3 4')
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=[('x', np.int32), ('y', np.int32)])
          a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=[('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4')])
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
          d = TextIO()
          d.write('M 64.0 75.0\nF 25.0 60.0')
          d.seek(0)
          mydescriptor = {'names': ('gender', 'age', 'weight'),
                          'formats': ('S1', 'i4', 'f4')}
          b = np.array([('M', 64.0, 75.0),
                        ('F', 25.0, 60.0)], dtype=mydescriptor)
          y = np.loadtxt(d, dtype=mydescriptor)
          assert_array_equal(y, b)
  
      def test_array(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1 2\n3 4')
  
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=np.int)
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], int)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=float)
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], float)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_1D(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1\n2\n3\n4\n')
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=int)
          a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], int)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1,2,3,4\n')
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=int, delimiter=',')
          a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], int)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_missing(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1,2,3,,5\n')
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=int, delimiter=',',
                         converters={3: lambda s: int(s or - 999)})
          a = np.array([1, 2, 3, -999, 5], int)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_converters_with_usecols(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1,2,3,,5\n6,7,8,9,10\n')
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=int, delimiter=',',
                         converters={3: lambda s: int(s or - 999)},
                         usecols=(1, 3,))
          a = np.array([[2, -999], [7, 9]], int)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_comments(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('# comment\n1,2,3,5\n')
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=int, delimiter=',',
                         comments='#')
          a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 5], int)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_skiprows(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('comment\n1,2,3,5\n')
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=int, delimiter=',',
                         skiprows=1)
          a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 5], int)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('# comment\n1,2,3,5\n')
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=int, delimiter=',',
                         skiprows=1)
          a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 5], int)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_usecols(self):
          a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], float)
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a)
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=float, usecols=(1,))
          assert_array_equal(x, a[:, 1])
  
          a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]], float)
          c = BytesIO()
          np.savetxt(c, a)
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=float, usecols=(1, 2))
          assert_array_equal(x, a[:, 1:])
  
          # Testing with arrays instead of tuples.
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=float, usecols=np.array([1, 2]))
          assert_array_equal(x, a[:, 1:])
  
          # Checking with dtypes defined converters.
          data = '''JOE 70.1 25.3
                  BOB 60.5 27.9
                  '''
          c = TextIO(data)
          names = ['stid', 'temp']
          dtypes = ['S4', 'f8']
          arr = np.loadtxt(c, usecols=(0, 2), dtype=list(zip(names, dtypes)))
          assert_equal(arr['stid'], [b"JOE", b"BOB"])
          assert_equal(arr['temp'], [25.3, 27.9])
  
      def test_fancy_dtype(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1,2,3.0\n4,5,6.0\n')
          c.seek(0)
          dt = np.dtype([('x', int), ('y', [('t', int), ('s', float)])])
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=dt, delimiter=',')
          a = np.array([(1, (2, 3.0)), (4, (5, 6.0))], dt)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_shaped_dtype(self):
          c = TextIO("aaaa  1.0  8.0  1 2 3 4 5 6")
          dt = np.dtype([('name', 'S4'), ('x', float), ('y', float),
                         ('block', int, (2, 3))])
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=dt)
          a = np.array([('aaaa', 1.0, 8.0, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])],
                       dtype=dt)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_3d_shaped_dtype(self):
          c = TextIO("aaaa  1.0  8.0  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12")
          dt = np.dtype([('name', 'S4'), ('x', float), ('y', float),
                         ('block', int, (2, 2, 3))])
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=dt)
          a = np.array([('aaaa', 1.0, 8.0,
                         [[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]]])],
                       dtype=dt)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_empty_file(self):
          with warnings.catch_warnings():
              warnings.filterwarnings("ignore",
                                      message="loadtxt: Empty input file:")
              c = TextIO()
              x = np.loadtxt(c)
              assert_equal(x.shape, (0,))
              x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=np.int64)
              assert_equal(x.shape, (0,))
              assert_(x.dtype == np.int64)
  
      def test_unused_converter(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.writelines(['1 21\n', '3 42\n'])
          c.seek(0)
          data = np.loadtxt(c, usecols=(1,),
                            converters={0: lambda s: int(s, 16)})
          assert_array_equal(data, [21, 42])
  
          c.seek(0)
          data = np.loadtxt(c, usecols=(1,),
                            converters={1: lambda s: int(s, 16)})
          assert_array_equal(data, [33, 66])
  
      def test_dtype_with_object(self):
          "Test using an explicit dtype with an object"
          from datetime import date
          import time
          data = """ 1; 2001-01-01
                     2; 2002-01-31 """
          ndtype = [('idx', int), ('code', np.object)]
          func = lambda s: strptime(s.strip(), "%Y-%m-%d")
          converters = {1: func}
          test = np.loadtxt(TextIO(data), delimiter=";", dtype=ndtype,
                            converters=converters)
          control = np.array(
              [(1, datetime(2001, 1, 1)), (2, datetime(2002, 1, 31))],
              dtype=ndtype)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_uint64_type(self):
          tgt = (9223372043271415339, 9223372043271415853)
          c = TextIO()
          c.write("%s %s" % tgt)
          c.seek(0)
          res = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=np.uint64)
          assert_equal(res, tgt)
  
      def test_int64_type(self):
          tgt = (-9223372036854775807, 9223372036854775807)
          c = TextIO()
          c.write("%s %s" % tgt)
          c.seek(0)
          res = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=np.int64)
          assert_equal(res, tgt)
  
      def test_universal_newline(self):
          f, name = mkstemp()
          os.write(f, b'1 21\r3 42\r')
          os.close(f)
  
          try:
              data = np.loadtxt(name)
              assert_array_equal(data, [[1, 21], [3, 42]])
          finally:
              os.unlink(name)
  
      def test_empty_field_after_tab(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1 \t2 \t3\tstart \n4\t5\t6\t  \n7\t8\t9.5\t')
          c.seek(0)
          dt = {'names': ('x', 'y', 'z', 'comment'),
                'formats': ('<i4', '<i4', '<f4', '|S8')}
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=dt, delimiter='\t')
          a = np.array([b'start ', b'  ', b''])
          assert_array_equal(x['comment'], a)
  
      def test_structure_unpack(self):
          txt = TextIO("M 21 72\nF 35 58")
          dt = {'names': ('a', 'b', 'c'), 'formats': ('|S1', '<i4', '<f4')}
          a, b, c = np.loadtxt(txt, dtype=dt, unpack=True)
          assert_(a.dtype.str == '|S1')
          assert_(b.dtype.str == '<i4')
          assert_(c.dtype.str == '<f4')
          assert_array_equal(a, np.array([b'M', b'F']))
          assert_array_equal(b, np.array([21, 35]))
          assert_array_equal(c, np.array([72.,  58.]))
  
      def test_ndmin_keyword(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1,2,3\n4,5,6')
          c.seek(0)
          assert_raises(ValueError, np.loadtxt, c, ndmin=3)
          c.seek(0)
          assert_raises(ValueError, np.loadtxt, c, ndmin=1.5)
          c.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(c, dtype=int, delimiter=',', ndmin=1)
          a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
          d = TextIO()
          d.write('0,1,2')
          d.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(d, dtype=int, delimiter=',', ndmin=2)
          assert_(x.shape == (1, 3))
          d.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(d, dtype=int, delimiter=',', ndmin=1)
          assert_(x.shape == (3,))
          d.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(d, dtype=int, delimiter=',', ndmin=0)
          assert_(x.shape == (3,))
  
          e = TextIO()
          e.write('0\n1\n2')
          e.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(e, dtype=int, delimiter=',', ndmin=2)
          assert_(x.shape == (3, 1))
          e.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(e, dtype=int, delimiter=',', ndmin=1)
          assert_(x.shape == (3,))
          e.seek(0)
          x = np.loadtxt(e, dtype=int, delimiter=',', ndmin=0)
          assert_(x.shape == (3,))
  
          # Test ndmin kw with empty file.
          with warnings.catch_warnings():
              warnings.filterwarnings("ignore",
                                      message="loadtxt: Empty input file:")
              f = TextIO()
              assert_(np.loadtxt(f, ndmin=2).shape == (0, 1,))
              assert_(np.loadtxt(f, ndmin=1).shape == (0,))
  
      def test_generator_source(self):
          def count():
              for i in range(10):
                  yield "%d" % i
  
          res = np.loadtxt(count())
          assert_array_equal(res, np.arange(10))
  
      def test_bad_line(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1 2 3\n4 5 6\n2 3')
          c.seek(0)
  
          # Check for exception and that exception contains line number
          assert_raises_regex(ValueError, "3", np.loadtxt, c)
  
  
  class Testfromregex(TestCase):
      # np.fromregex expects files opened in binary mode.
      def test_record(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1.312 foo\n1.534 bar\n4.444 qux')
          c.seek(0)
  
          dt = [('num', np.float64), ('val', 'S3')]
          x = np.fromregex(c, r"([0-9.]+)\s+(...)", dt)
          a = np.array([(1.312, 'foo'), (1.534, 'bar'), (4.444, 'qux')],
                       dtype=dt)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_record_2(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1312 foo\n1534 bar\n4444 qux')
          c.seek(0)
  
          dt = [('num', np.int32), ('val', 'S3')]
          x = np.fromregex(c, r"(\d+)\s+(...)", dt)
          a = np.array([(1312, 'foo'), (1534, 'bar'), (4444, 'qux')],
                       dtype=dt)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_record_3(self):
          c = TextIO()
          c.write('1312 foo\n1534 bar\n4444 qux')
          c.seek(0)
  
          dt = [('num', np.float64)]
          x = np.fromregex(c, r"(\d+)\s+...", dt)
          a = np.array([(1312,), (1534,), (4444,)], dtype=dt)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
  
  #####--------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  
  class TestFromTxt(TestCase):
      #
      def test_record(self):
          "Test w/ explicit dtype"
          data = TextIO('1 2\n3 4')
  #        data.seek(0)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=[('x', np.int32), ('y', np.int32)])
          control = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=[('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4')])
          assert_equal(test, control)
          #
          data = TextIO('M 64.0 75.0\nF 25.0 60.0')
  #        data.seek(0)
          descriptor = {'names': ('gender', 'age', 'weight'),
                        'formats': ('S1', 'i4', 'f4')}
          control = np.array([('M', 64.0, 75.0), ('F', 25.0, 60.0)],
                             dtype=descriptor)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=descriptor)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_array(self):
          "Test outputing a standard ndarray"
          data = TextIO('1 2\n3 4')
          control = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=int)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=int)
          assert_array_equal(test, control)
          #
          data.seek(0)
          control = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=float)
          test = np.loadtxt(data, dtype=float)
          assert_array_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_1D(self):
          "Test squeezing to 1D"
          control = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], int)
          #
          data = TextIO('1\n2\n3\n4\n')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=int)
          assert_array_equal(test, control)
          #
          data = TextIO('1,2,3,4\n')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=int, delimiter=',')
          assert_array_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_comments(self):
          "Test the stripping of comments"
          control = np.array([1, 2, 3, 5], int)
          # Comment on its own line
          data = TextIO('# comment\n1,2,3,5\n')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=int, delimiter=',', comments='#')
          assert_equal(test, control)
          # Comment at the end of a line
          data = TextIO('1,2,3,5# comment\n')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=int, delimiter=',', comments='#')
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_skiprows(self):
          "Test row skipping"
          control = np.array([1, 2, 3, 5], int)
          kwargs = dict(dtype=int, delimiter=',')
          #
          data = TextIO('comment\n1,2,3,5\n')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, skip_header=1, **kwargs)
          assert_equal(test, control)
          #
          data = TextIO('# comment\n1,2,3,5\n')
          test = np.loadtxt(data, skiprows=1, **kwargs)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_skip_footer(self):
          data = ["# %i" % i for i in range(1, 6)]
          data.append("A, B, C")
          data.extend(["%i,%3.1f,%03s" % (i, i, i) for i in range(51)])
          data[-1] = "99,99"
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", names=True, skip_header=5, skip_footer=10)
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO("\n".join(data)), **kwargs)
          ctrl = np.array([("%f" % i, "%f" % i, "%f" % i) for i in range(41)],
                          dtype=[(_, float) for _ in "ABC"])
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_skip_footer_with_invalid(self):
          with warnings.catch_warnings():
              warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
              basestr = '1 1\n2 2\n3 3\n4 4\n5  \n6  \n7  \n'
              # Footer too small to get rid of all invalid values
              assert_raises(ValueError, np.genfromtxt,
                            TextIO(basestr), skip_footer=1)
      #        except ValueError:
      #            pass
              a = np.genfromtxt(
                  TextIO(basestr), skip_footer=1, invalid_raise=False)
              assert_equal(a, np.array([[1., 1.], [2., 2.], [3., 3.], [4., 4.]]))
              #
              a = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(basestr), skip_footer=3)
              assert_equal(a, np.array([[1., 1.], [2., 2.], [3., 3.], [4., 4.]]))
              #
              basestr = '1 1\n2  \n3 3\n4 4\n5  \n6 6\n7 7\n'
              a = np.genfromtxt(
                  TextIO(basestr), skip_footer=1, invalid_raise=False)
              assert_equal(a, np.array([[1., 1.], [3., 3.], [4., 4.], [6., 6.]]))
              a = np.genfromtxt(
                  TextIO(basestr), skip_footer=3, invalid_raise=False)
              assert_equal(a, np.array([[1., 1.], [3., 3.], [4., 4.]]))
  
      def test_header(self):
          "Test retrieving a header"
          data = TextIO('gender age weight\nM 64.0 75.0\nF 25.0 60.0')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=None, names=True)
          control = {'gender': np.array([b'M', b'F']),
                     'age': np.array([64.0, 25.0]),
                     'weight': np.array([75.0, 60.0])}
          assert_equal(test['gender'], control['gender'])
          assert_equal(test['age'], control['age'])
          assert_equal(test['weight'], control['weight'])
  
      def test_auto_dtype(self):
          "Test the automatic definition of the output dtype"
          data = TextIO('A 64 75.0 3+4j True\nBCD 25 60.0 5+6j False')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=None)
          control = [np.array([b'A', b'BCD']),
                     np.array([64, 25]),
                     np.array([75.0, 60.0]),
                     np.array([3 + 4j, 5 + 6j]),
                     np.array([True, False]), ]
          assert_equal(test.dtype.names, ['f0', 'f1', 'f2', 'f3', 'f4'])
          for (i, ctrl) in enumerate(control):
              assert_equal(test['f%i' % i], ctrl)
  
      def test_auto_dtype_uniform(self):
          "Tests whether the output dtype can be uniformized"
          data = TextIO('1 2 3 4\n5 6 7 8\n')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=None)
          control = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_fancy_dtype(self):
          "Check that a nested dtype isn't MIA"
          data = TextIO('1,2,3.0\n4,5,6.0\n')
          fancydtype = np.dtype([('x', int), ('y', [('t', int), ('s', float)])])
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=fancydtype, delimiter=',')
          control = np.array([(1, (2, 3.0)), (4, (5, 6.0))], dtype=fancydtype)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_names_overwrite(self):
          "Test overwriting the names of the dtype"
          descriptor = {'names': ('g', 'a', 'w'),
                        'formats': ('S1', 'i4', 'f4')}
          data = TextIO(b'M 64.0 75.0\nF 25.0 60.0')
          names = ('gender', 'age', 'weight')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=descriptor, names=names)
          descriptor['names'] = names
          control = np.array([('M', 64.0, 75.0),
                              ('F', 25.0, 60.0)], dtype=descriptor)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_commented_header(self):
          "Check that names can be retrieved even if the line is commented out."
          data = TextIO("""
  #gender age weight
  M   21  72.100000
  F   35  58.330000
  M   33  21.99
          """)
          # The # is part of the first name and should be deleted automatically.
          test = np.genfromtxt(data, names=True, dtype=None)
          ctrl = np.array([('M', 21, 72.1), ('F', 35, 58.33), ('M', 33, 21.99)],
                          dtype=[('gender', '|S1'), ('age', int), ('weight', float)])
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
          # Ditto, but we should get rid of the first element
          data = TextIO(b"""
  # gender age weight
  M   21  72.100000
  F   35  58.330000
  M   33  21.99
          """)
          test = np.genfromtxt(data, names=True, dtype=None)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_autonames_and_usecols(self):
          "Tests names and usecols"
          data = TextIO('A B C D\n aaaa 121 45 9.1')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, usecols=('A', 'C', 'D'),
                              names=True, dtype=None)
          control = np.array(('aaaa', 45, 9.1),
                             dtype=[('A', '|S4'), ('C', int), ('D', float)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_converters_with_usecols(self):
          "Test the combination user-defined converters and usecol"
          data = TextIO('1,2,3,,5\n6,7,8,9,10\n')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=int, delimiter=',',
                              converters={3: lambda s: int(s or - 999)},
                              usecols=(1, 3,))
          control = np.array([[2, -999], [7, 9]], int)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_converters_with_usecols_and_names(self):
          "Tests names and usecols"
          data = TextIO('A B C D\n aaaa 121 45 9.1')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, usecols=('A', 'C', 'D'), names=True,
                              dtype=None, converters={'C': lambda s: 2 * int(s)})
          control = np.array(('aaaa', 90, 9.1),
                             dtype=[('A', '|S4'), ('C', int), ('D', float)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_converters_cornercases(self):
          "Test the conversion to datetime."
          converter = {
              'date': lambda s: strptime(s, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ')}
          data = TextIO('2009-02-03 12:00:00Z, 72214.0')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, delimiter=',', dtype=None,
                              names=['date', 'stid'], converters=converter)
          control = np.array((datetime(2009, 2, 3), 72214.),
                             dtype=[('date', np.object_), ('stid', float)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_converters_cornercases2(self):
          "Test the conversion to datetime64."
          converter = {
              'date': lambda s: np.datetime64(strptime(s, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ'))}
          data = TextIO('2009-02-03 12:00:00Z, 72214.0')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, delimiter=',', dtype=None,
                              names=['date', 'stid'], converters=converter)
          control = np.array((datetime(2009, 2, 3), 72214.),
                             dtype=[('date', 'datetime64[us]'), ('stid', float)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_unused_converter(self):
          "Test whether unused converters are forgotten"
          data = TextIO("1 21\n  3 42\n")
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, usecols=(1,),
                              converters={0: lambda s: int(s, 16)})
          assert_equal(test, [21, 42])
          #
          data.seek(0)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, usecols=(1,),
                              converters={1: lambda s: int(s, 16)})
          assert_equal(test, [33, 66])
  
      def test_invalid_converter(self):
          strip_rand = lambda x: float((b'r' in x.lower() and x.split()[-1]) or
                                       (b'r' not in x.lower() and x.strip() or 0.0))
          strip_per = lambda x: float((b'%' in x.lower() and x.split()[0]) or
                                      (b'%' not in x.lower() and x.strip() or 0.0))
          s = TextIO("D01N01,10/1/2003 ,1 %,R 75,400,600\r\n"
                     "L24U05,12/5/2003, 2 %,1,300, 150.5\r\n"
                     "D02N03,10/10/2004,R 1,,7,145.55")
          kwargs = dict(
              converters={2: strip_per, 3: strip_rand}, delimiter=",",
              dtype=None)
          assert_raises(ConverterError, np.genfromtxt, s, **kwargs)
  
      def test_tricky_converter_bug1666(self):
          "Test some corner case"
          s = TextIO('q1,2\nq3,4')
          cnv = lambda s: float(s[1:])
          test = np.genfromtxt(s, delimiter=',', converters={0: cnv})
          control = np.array([[1., 2.], [3., 4.]])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_dtype_with_converters(self):
          dstr = "2009; 23; 46"
          test = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(dstr,),
                              delimiter=";", dtype=float, converters={0: bytes})
          control = np.array([('2009', 23., 46)],
                             dtype=[('f0', '|S4'), ('f1', float), ('f2', float)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(dstr,),
                              delimiter=";", dtype=float, converters={0: float})
          control = np.array([2009., 23., 46],)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_dtype_with_converters_and_usecols(self):
          dstr = "1,5,-1,1:1\n2,8,-1,1:n\n3,3,-2,m:n\n"
          dmap = {'1:1':0, '1:n':1, 'm:1':2, 'm:n':3}
          dtyp = [('E1','i4'),('E2','i4'),('E3','i2'),('N', 'i1')]
          conv = {0: int, 1: int, 2: int, 3: lambda r: dmap[r.decode()]}
          test = np.recfromcsv(TextIO(dstr,), dtype=dtyp, delimiter=',',
                               names=None, converters=conv)
          control = np.rec.array([[1,5,-1,0], [2,8,-1,1], [3,3,-2,3]], dtype=dtyp)
          assert_equal(test, control)
          dtyp = [('E1','i4'),('E2','i4'),('N', 'i1')]
          test = np.recfromcsv(TextIO(dstr,), dtype=dtyp, delimiter=',',
                               usecols=(0,1,3), names=None, converters=conv)
          control = np.rec.array([[1,5,0], [2,8,1], [3,3,3]], dtype=dtyp)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_dtype_with_object(self):
          "Test using an explicit dtype with an object"
          from datetime import date
          import time
          data = """ 1; 2001-01-01
                     2; 2002-01-31 """
          ndtype = [('idx', int), ('code', np.object)]
          func = lambda s: strptime(s.strip(), "%Y-%m-%d")
          converters = {1: func}
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data), delimiter=";", dtype=ndtype,
                               converters=converters)
          control = np.array(
              [(1, datetime(2001, 1, 1)), (2, datetime(2002, 1, 31))],
              dtype=ndtype)
          assert_equal(test, control)
          #
          ndtype = [('nest', [('idx', int), ('code', np.object)])]
          try:
              test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data), delimiter=";",
                                   dtype=ndtype, converters=converters)
          except NotImplementedError:
              pass
          else:
              errmsg = "Nested dtype involving objects should be supported."
              raise AssertionError(errmsg)
  
      def test_userconverters_with_explicit_dtype(self):
          "Test user_converters w/ explicit (standard) dtype"
          data = TextIO('skip,skip,2001-01-01,1.0,skip')
          test = np.genfromtxt(data, delimiter=",", names=None, dtype=float,
                               usecols=(2, 3), converters={2: bytes})
          control = np.array([('2001-01-01', 1.)],
                             dtype=[('', '|S10'), ('', float)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_spacedelimiter(self):
          "Test space delimiter"
          data = TextIO("1  2  3  4   5\n6  7  8  9  10")
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data)
          control = np.array([[1., 2., 3., 4., 5.],
                              [6., 7., 8., 9., 10.]])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_integer_delimiter(self):
          "Test using an integer for delimiter"
          data = "  1  2  3\n  4  5 67\n890123  4"
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data), delimiter=3)
          control = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 67], [890, 123, 4]])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_missing(self):
          data = TextIO('1,2,3,,5\n')
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=int, delimiter=',',
                              converters={3: lambda s: int(s or - 999)})
          control = np.array([1, 2, 3, -999, 5], int)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_missing_with_tabs(self):
          "Test w/ a delimiter tab"
          txt = "1\t2\t3\n\t2\t\n1\t\t3"
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(txt), delimiter="\t",
                               usemask=True,)
          ctrl_d = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (np.nan, 2, np.nan), (1, np.nan, 3)],)
          ctrl_m = np.array([(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)], dtype=bool)
          assert_equal(test.data, ctrl_d)
          assert_equal(test.mask, ctrl_m)
  
      def test_usecols(self):
          "Test the selection of columns"
          # Select 1 column
          control = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], float)
          data = TextIO()
          np.savetxt(data, control)
          data.seek(0)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=float, usecols=(1,))
          assert_equal(test, control[:, 1])
          #
          control = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]], float)
          data = TextIO()
          np.savetxt(data, control)
          data.seek(0)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=float, usecols=(1, 2))
          assert_equal(test, control[:, 1:])
          # Testing with arrays instead of tuples.
          data.seek(0)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(data, dtype=float, usecols=np.array([1, 2]))
          assert_equal(test, control[:, 1:])
  
      def test_usecols_as_css(self):
          "Test giving usecols with a comma-separated string"
          data = "1 2 3\n4 5 6"
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               names="a, b, c", usecols="a, c")
          ctrl = np.array([(1, 3), (4, 6)], dtype=[(_, float) for _ in "ac"])
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_usecols_with_structured_dtype(self):
          "Test usecols with an explicit structured dtype"
          data = TextIO("JOE 70.1 25.3\nBOB 60.5 27.9")
          names = ['stid', 'temp']
          dtypes = ['S4', 'f8']
          test = np.ndfromtxt(
              data, usecols=(0, 2), dtype=list(zip(names, dtypes)))
          assert_equal(test['stid'], [b"JOE", b"BOB"])
          assert_equal(test['temp'], [25.3, 27.9])
  
      def test_usecols_with_integer(self):
          "Test usecols with an integer"
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(b"1 2 3\n4 5 6"), usecols=0)
          assert_equal(test, np.array([1., 4.]))
  
      def test_usecols_with_named_columns(self):
          "Test usecols with named columns"
          ctrl = np.array([(1, 3), (4, 6)], dtype=[('a', float), ('c', float)])
          data = "1 2 3\n4 5 6"
          kwargs = dict(names="a, b, c")
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data), usecols=(0, -1), **kwargs)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               usecols=('a', 'c'), **kwargs)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_empty_file(self):
          "Test that an empty file raises the proper warning."
          with warnings.catch_warnings():
              warnings.filterwarnings("ignore",
                                      message="genfromtxt: Empty input file:")
              data = TextIO()
              test = np.genfromtxt(data)
              assert_equal(test, np.array([]))
  
      def test_fancy_dtype_alt(self):
          "Check that a nested dtype isn't MIA"
          data = TextIO('1,2,3.0\n4,5,6.0\n')
          fancydtype = np.dtype([('x', int), ('y', [('t', int), ('s', float)])])
          test = np.mafromtxt(data, dtype=fancydtype, delimiter=',')
          control = ma.array([(1, (2, 3.0)), (4, (5, 6.0))], dtype=fancydtype)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_shaped_dtype(self):
          c = TextIO("aaaa  1.0  8.0  1 2 3 4 5 6")
          dt = np.dtype([('name', 'S4'), ('x', float), ('y', float),
                         ('block', int, (2, 3))])
          x = np.ndfromtxt(c, dtype=dt)
          a = np.array([('aaaa', 1.0, 8.0, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])],
                       dtype=dt)
          assert_array_equal(x, a)
  
      def test_withmissing(self):
          data = TextIO('A,B\n0,1\n2,N/A')
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", missing_values="N/A", names=True)
          test = np.mafromtxt(data, dtype=None, **kwargs)
          control = ma.array([(0, 1), (2, -1)],
                             mask=[(False, False), (False, True)],
                             dtype=[('A', np.int), ('B', np.int)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
          assert_equal(test.mask, control.mask)
          #
          data.seek(0)
          test = np.mafromtxt(data, **kwargs)
          control = ma.array([(0, 1), (2, -1)],
                             mask=[(False, False), (False, True)],
                             dtype=[('A', np.float), ('B', np.float)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
          assert_equal(test.mask, control.mask)
  
      def test_user_missing_values(self):
          data = "A, B, C\n0, 0., 0j\n1, N/A, 1j\n-9, 2.2, N/A\n3, -99, 3j"
          basekwargs = dict(dtype=None, delimiter=",", names=True,)
          mdtype = [('A', int), ('B', float), ('C', complex)]
          #
          test = np.mafromtxt(TextIO(data), missing_values="N/A",
                              **basekwargs)
          control = ma.array([(0, 0.0, 0j), (1, -999, 1j),
                              (-9, 2.2, -999j), (3, -99, 3j)],
                             mask=[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0)],
                             dtype=mdtype)
          assert_equal(test, control)
          #
          basekwargs['dtype'] = mdtype
          test = np.mafromtxt(TextIO(data),
                              missing_values={0: -9, 1: -99, 2: -999j}, **basekwargs)
          control = ma.array([(0, 0.0, 0j), (1, -999, 1j),
                              (-9, 2.2, -999j), (3, -99, 3j)],
                             mask=[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)],
                             dtype=mdtype)
          assert_equal(test, control)
          #
          test = np.mafromtxt(TextIO(data),
                              missing_values={0: -9, 'B': -99, 'C': -999j},
                              **basekwargs)
          control = ma.array([(0, 0.0, 0j), (1, -999, 1j),
                              (-9, 2.2, -999j), (3, -99, 3j)],
                             mask=[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)],
                             dtype=mdtype)
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_user_filling_values(self):
          "Test with missing and filling values"
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 3), (4, -999)], dtype=[('a', int), ('b', int)])
          data = "N/A, 2, 3\n4, ,???"
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",",
                        dtype=int,
                        names="a,b,c",
                        missing_values={0: "N/A", 'b': " ", 2: "???"},
                        filling_values={0: 0, 'b': 0, 2: -999})
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data), **kwargs)
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 2, 3), (4, 0, -999)],
                          dtype=[(_, int) for _ in "abc"])
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
          #
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data), usecols=(0, -1), **kwargs)
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 3), (4, -999)], dtype=[(_, int) for _ in "ac"])
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
          data2 = "1,2,*,4\n5,*,7,8\n"
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data2), delimiter=',', dtype=int,
                               missing_values="*", filling_values=0)
          ctrl = np.array([[1, 2, 0, 4], [5, 0, 7, 8]])
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data2), delimiter=',', dtype=int,
                               missing_values="*", filling_values=-1)
          ctrl = np.array([[1, 2, -1, 4], [5, -1, 7, 8]])
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_withmissing_float(self):
          data = TextIO('A,B\n0,1.5\n2,-999.00')
          test = np.mafromtxt(data, dtype=None, delimiter=',',
                              missing_values='-999.0', names=True,)
          control = ma.array([(0, 1.5), (2, -1.)],
                             mask=[(False, False), (False, True)],
                             dtype=[('A', np.int), ('B', np.float)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
          assert_equal(test.mask, control.mask)
  
      def test_with_masked_column_uniform(self):
          "Test masked column"
          data = TextIO('1 2 3\n4 5 6\n')
          test = np.genfromtxt(data, dtype=None,
                               missing_values='2,5', usemask=True)
          control = ma.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], mask=[[0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_with_masked_column_various(self):
          "Test masked column"
          data = TextIO('True 2 3\nFalse 5 6\n')
          test = np.genfromtxt(data, dtype=None,
                               missing_values='2,5', usemask=True)
          control = ma.array([(1, 2, 3), (0, 5, 6)],
                             mask=[(0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0)],
                             dtype=[('f0', bool), ('f1', bool), ('f2', int)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_invalid_raise(self):
          "Test invalid raise"
          data = ["1, 1, 1, 1, 1"] * 50
          for i in range(5):
              data[10 * i] = "2, 2, 2, 2 2"
          data.insert(0, "a, b, c, d, e")
          mdata = TextIO("\n".join(data))
          #
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", dtype=None, names=True)
          # XXX: is there a better way to get the return value of the callable in
          # assert_warns ?
          ret = {}
  
          def f(_ret={}):
              _ret['mtest'] = np.ndfromtxt(mdata, invalid_raise=False, **kwargs)
          assert_warns(ConversionWarning, f, _ret=ret)
          mtest = ret['mtest']
          assert_equal(len(mtest), 45)
          assert_equal(mtest, np.ones(45, dtype=[(_, int) for _ in 'abcde']))
          #
          mdata.seek(0)
          assert_raises(ValueError, np.ndfromtxt, mdata,
                        delimiter=",", names=True)
  
      def test_invalid_raise_with_usecols(self):
          "Test invalid_raise with usecols"
          data = ["1, 1, 1, 1, 1"] * 50
          for i in range(5):
              data[10 * i] = "2, 2, 2, 2 2"
          data.insert(0, "a, b, c, d, e")
          mdata = TextIO("\n".join(data))
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", dtype=None, names=True,
                        invalid_raise=False)
          # XXX: is there a better way to get the return value of the callable in
          # assert_warns ?
          ret = {}
  
          def f(_ret={}):
              _ret['mtest'] = np.ndfromtxt(mdata, usecols=(0, 4), **kwargs)
          assert_warns(ConversionWarning, f, _ret=ret)
          mtest = ret['mtest']
          assert_equal(len(mtest), 45)
          assert_equal(mtest, np.ones(45, dtype=[(_, int) for _ in 'ae']))
          #
          mdata.seek(0)
          mtest = np.ndfromtxt(mdata, usecols=(0, 1), **kwargs)
          assert_equal(len(mtest), 50)
          control = np.ones(50, dtype=[(_, int) for _ in 'ab'])
          control[[10 * _ for _ in range(5)]] = (2, 2)
          assert_equal(mtest, control)
  
      def test_inconsistent_dtype(self):
          "Test inconsistent dtype"
          data = ["1, 1, 1, 1, -1.1"] * 50
          mdata = TextIO("\n".join(data))
  
          converters = {4: lambda x: "(%s)" % x}
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", converters=converters,
                        dtype=[(_, int) for _ in 'abcde'],)
          assert_raises(ValueError, np.genfromtxt, mdata, **kwargs)
  
      def test_default_field_format(self):
          "Test default format"
          data = "0, 1, 2.3\n4, 5, 6.7"
          mtest = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               delimiter=",", dtype=None, defaultfmt="f%02i")
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 1, 2.3), (4, 5, 6.7)],
                          dtype=[("f00", int), ("f01", int), ("f02", float)])
          assert_equal(mtest, ctrl)
  
      def test_single_dtype_wo_names(self):
          "Test single dtype w/o names"
          data = "0, 1, 2.3\n4, 5, 6.7"
          mtest = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               delimiter=",", dtype=float, defaultfmt="f%02i")
          ctrl = np.array([[0., 1., 2.3], [4., 5., 6.7]], dtype=float)
          assert_equal(mtest, ctrl)
  
      def test_single_dtype_w_explicit_names(self):
          "Test single dtype w explicit names"
          data = "0, 1, 2.3\n4, 5, 6.7"
          mtest = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               delimiter=",", dtype=float, names="a, b, c")
          ctrl = np.array([(0., 1., 2.3), (4., 5., 6.7)],
                          dtype=[(_, float) for _ in "abc"])
          assert_equal(mtest, ctrl)
  
      def test_single_dtype_w_implicit_names(self):
          "Test single dtype w implicit names"
          data = "a, b, c\n0, 1, 2.3\n4, 5, 6.7"
          mtest = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               delimiter=",", dtype=float, names=True)
          ctrl = np.array([(0., 1., 2.3), (4., 5., 6.7)],
                          dtype=[(_, float) for _ in "abc"])
          assert_equal(mtest, ctrl)
  
      def test_easy_structured_dtype(self):
          "Test easy structured dtype"
          data = "0, 1, 2.3\n4, 5, 6.7"
          mtest = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data), delimiter=",",
                               dtype=(int, float, float), defaultfmt="f_%02i")
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 1., 2.3), (4, 5., 6.7)],
                          dtype=[("f_00", int), ("f_01", float), ("f_02", float)])
          assert_equal(mtest, ctrl)
  
      def test_autostrip(self):
          "Test autostrip"
          data = "01/01/2003  , 1.3,   abcde"
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", dtype=None)
          mtest = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data), **kwargs)
          ctrl = np.array([('01/01/2003  ', 1.3, '   abcde')],
                          dtype=[('f0', '|S12'), ('f1', float), ('f2', '|S8')])
          assert_equal(mtest, ctrl)
          mtest = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data), autostrip=True, **kwargs)
          ctrl = np.array([('01/01/2003', 1.3, 'abcde')],
                          dtype=[('f0', '|S10'), ('f1', float), ('f2', '|S5')])
          assert_equal(mtest, ctrl)
  
      def test_replace_space(self):
          "Test the 'replace_space' option"
          txt = "A.A, B (B), C:C\n1, 2, 3.14"
          # Test default: replace ' ' by '_' and delete non-alphanum chars
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(txt),
                               delimiter=",", names=True, dtype=None)
          ctrl_dtype = [("AA", int), ("B_B", int), ("CC", float)]
          ctrl = np.array((1, 2, 3.14), dtype=ctrl_dtype)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
          # Test: no replace, no delete
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(txt),
                               delimiter=",", names=True, dtype=None,
                               replace_space='', deletechars='')
          ctrl_dtype = [("A.A", int), ("B (B)", int), ("C:C", float)]
          ctrl = np.array((1, 2, 3.14), dtype=ctrl_dtype)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
          # Test: no delete (spaces are replaced by _)
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(txt),
                               delimiter=",", names=True, dtype=None,
                               deletechars='')
          ctrl_dtype = [("A.A", int), ("B_(B)", int), ("C:C", float)]
          ctrl = np.array((1, 2, 3.14), dtype=ctrl_dtype)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_incomplete_names(self):
          "Test w/ incomplete names"
          data = "A,,C\n0,1,2\n3,4,5"
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", names=True)
          # w/ dtype=None
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5)],
                          dtype=[(_, int) for _ in ('A', 'f0', 'C')])
          test = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data), dtype=None, **kwargs)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
          # w/ default dtype
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5)],
                          dtype=[(_, float) for _ in ('A', 'f0', 'C')])
          test = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data), **kwargs)
  
      def test_names_auto_completion(self):
          "Make sure that names are properly completed"
          data = "1 2 3\n 4 5 6"
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               dtype=(int, float, int), names="a")
          ctrl = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)],
                          dtype=[('a', int), ('f0', float), ('f1', int)])
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_names_with_usecols_bug1636(self):
          "Make sure we pick up the right names w/ usecols"
          data = "A,B,C,D,E\n0,1,2,3,4\n0,1,2,3,4\n0,1,2,3,4"
          ctrl_names = ("A", "C", "E")
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               dtype=(int, int, int), delimiter=",",
                               usecols=(0, 2, 4), names=True)
          assert_equal(test.dtype.names, ctrl_names)
          #
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               dtype=(int, int, int), delimiter=",",
                               usecols=("A", "C", "E"), names=True)
          assert_equal(test.dtype.names, ctrl_names)
          #
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO(data),
                               dtype=int, delimiter=",",
                               usecols=("A", "C", "E"), names=True)
          assert_equal(test.dtype.names, ctrl_names)
  
      def test_fixed_width_names(self):
          "Test fix-width w/ names"
          data = "    A    B   C\n    0    1 2.3\n   45   67   9."
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=(5, 5, 4), names=True, dtype=None)
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 1, 2.3), (45, 67, 9.)],
                          dtype=[('A', int), ('B', int), ('C', float)])
          test = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data), **kwargs)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
          #
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=5, names=True, dtype=None)
          ctrl = np.array([(0, 1, 2.3), (45, 67, 9.)],
                          dtype=[('A', int), ('B', int), ('C', float)])
          test = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data), **kwargs)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_filling_values(self):
          "Test missing values"
          data = b"1, 2, 3\n1, , 5\n0, 6, \n"
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", dtype=None, filling_values=-999)
          ctrl = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [1, -999, 5], [0, 6, -999]], dtype=int)
          test = np.ndfromtxt(TextIO(data), **kwargs)
          assert_equal(test, ctrl)
  
      def test_comments_is_none(self):
          # Github issue 329 (None was previously being converted to 'None').
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO("test1,testNonetherestofthedata"),
                               dtype=None, comments=None, delimiter=',')
          assert_equal(test[1], b'testNonetherestofthedata')
          test = np.genfromtxt(TextIO("test1, testNonetherestofthedata"),
                               dtype=None, comments=None, delimiter=',')
          assert_equal(test[1], b' testNonetherestofthedata')
  
      def test_recfromtxt(self):
          #
          data = TextIO('A,B\n0,1\n2,3')
          kwargs = dict(delimiter=",", missing_values="N/A", names=True)
          test = np.recfromtxt(data, **kwargs)
          control = np.array([(0, 1), (2, 3)],
                             dtype=[('A', np.int), ('B', np.int)])
          self.assertTrue(isinstance(test, np.recarray))
          assert_equal(test, control)
          #
          data = TextIO('A,B\n0,1\n2,N/A')
          test = np.recfromtxt(data, dtype=None, usemask=True, **kwargs)
          control = ma.array([(0, 1), (2, -1)],
                             mask=[(False, False), (False, True)],
                             dtype=[('A', np.int), ('B', np.int)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
          assert_equal(test.mask, control.mask)
          assert_equal(test.A, [0, 2])
  
      def test_recfromcsv(self):
          #
          data = TextIO('A,B\n0,1\n2,3')
          kwargs = dict(missing_values="N/A", names=True, case_sensitive=True)
          test = np.recfromcsv(data, dtype=None, **kwargs)
          control = np.array([(0, 1), (2, 3)],
                             dtype=[('A', np.int), ('B', np.int)])
          self.assertTrue(isinstance(test, np.recarray))
          assert_equal(test, control)
          #
          data = TextIO('A,B\n0,1\n2,N/A')
          test = np.recfromcsv(data, dtype=None, usemask=True, **kwargs)
          control = ma.array([(0, 1), (2, -1)],
                             mask=[(False, False), (False, True)],
                             dtype=[('A', np.int), ('B', np.int)])
          assert_equal(test, control)
          assert_equal(test.mask, control.mask)
          assert_equal(test.A, [0, 2])
          #
          data = TextIO('A,B\n0,1\n2,3')
          test = np.recfromcsv(data, missing_values='N/A',)
          control = np.array([(0, 1), (2, 3)],
                             dtype=[('a', np.int), ('b', np.int)])
          self.assertTrue(isinstance(test, np.recarray))
          assert_equal(test, control)
          #
          data = TextIO('A,B\n0,1\n2,3')
          dtype = [('a', np.int), ('b', np.float)]
          test = np.recfromcsv(data, missing_values='N/A', dtype=dtype)
          control = np.array([(0, 1), (2, 3)],
                             dtype=dtype)
          self.assertTrue(isinstance(test, np.recarray))
          assert_equal(test, control)
  
      def test_gft_using_filename(self):
          # Test that we can load data from a filename as well as a file object
          wanted = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
          if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
              # python 3k is known to fail for '\r'
              linesep = ('\n', '\r\n')
          else:
              linesep = ('\n', '\r\n', '\r')
  
          for sep in linesep:
              data = '0 1 2' + sep + '3 4 5'
              f, name = mkstemp()
              # We can't use NamedTemporaryFile on windows, because we cannot
              # reopen the file.
              try:
                  os.write(f, asbytes(data))
                  assert_array_equal(np.genfromtxt(name), wanted)
              finally:
                  os.close(f)
                  os.unlink(name)
  
      def test_gft_using_generator(self):
          # gft doesn't work with unicode.
          def count():
              for i in range(10):
                  yield asbytes("%d" % i)
  
          res = np.genfromtxt(count())
          assert_array_equal(res, np.arange(10))
  
  
  def test_gzip_load():
      a = np.random.random((5, 5))
  
      s = BytesIO()
      f = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=s, mode="w")
  
      np.save(f, a)
      f.close()
      s.seek(0)
  
      f = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=s, mode="r")
      assert_array_equal(np.load(f), a)
  
  
  def test_gzip_loadtxt():
      # Thanks to another windows brokeness, we can't use
      # NamedTemporaryFile: a file created from this function cannot be
      # reopened by another open call. So we first put the gzipped string
      # of the test reference array, write it to a securely opened file,
      # which is then read from by the loadtxt function
      s = BytesIO()
      g = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=s, mode='w')
      g.write(b'1 2 3\n')
      g.close()
      s.seek(0)
  
      f, name = mkstemp(suffix='.gz')
      try:
          os.write(f, s.read())
          s.close()
          assert_array_equal(np.loadtxt(name), [1, 2, 3])
      finally:
          os.close(f)
          os.unlink(name)
  
  
  def test_gzip_loadtxt_from_string():
      s = BytesIO()
      f = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=s, mode="w")
      f.write(b'1 2 3\n')
      f.close()
      s.seek(0)
  
      f = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=s, mode="r")
      assert_array_equal(np.loadtxt(f), [1, 2, 3])
  
  
  def test_npzfile_dict():
      s = BytesIO()
      x = np.zeros((3, 3))
      y = np.zeros((3, 3))
  
      np.savez(s, x=x, y=y)
      s.seek(0)
  
      z = np.load(s)
  
      assert_('x' in z)
      assert_('y' in z)
      assert_('x' in z.keys())
      assert_('y' in z.keys())
  
      for f, a in z.items():
          assert_(f in ['x', 'y'])
          assert_equal(a.shape, (3, 3))
  
      assert_(len(z.items()) == 2)
  
      for f in z:
          assert_(f in ['x', 'y'])
  
      assert_('x' in z.keys())
  
  
  def test_load_refcount():
      # Check that objects returned by np.load are directly freed based on
      # their refcount, rather than needing the gc to collect them.
  
      f = BytesIO()
      np.savez(f, [1, 2, 3])
      f.seek(0)
  
      gc.collect()
      n_before = len(gc.get_objects())
      np.load(f)
      n_after = len(gc.get_objects())
  
      assert_equal(n_before, n_after)
  
  if __name__ == "__main__":
      run_module_suite()
  