text: /*
   * builtin-stat.c
   *
   * Builtin stat command: Give a precise performance counters summary
   * overview about any workload, CPU or specific PID.
   *
   * Sample output:
  
     $ perf stat ./hackbench 10
  
    Time: 0.118
  
    Performance counter stats for './hackbench 10':
  
         1708.761321 task-clock                #   11.037 CPUs utilized
              41,190 context-switches          #    0.024 M/sec
               6,735 CPU-migrations            #    0.004 M/sec
              17,318 page-faults               #    0.010 M/sec
       5,205,202,243 cycles                    #    3.046 GHz
       3,856,436,920 stalled-cycles-frontend   #   74.09% frontend cycles idle
       1,600,790,871 stalled-cycles-backend    #   30.75% backend  cycles idle
       2,603,501,247 instructions              #    0.50  insns per cycle
                                               #    1.48  stalled cycles per insn
         484,357,498 branches                  #  283.455 M/sec
           6,388,934 branch-misses             #    1.32% of all branches
  
          0.154822978  seconds time elapsed
  
   *
   * Copyright (C) 2008-2011, Red Hat Inc, Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
   *
   * Improvements and fixes by:
   *
   *   Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
   *   Yanmin Zhang <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
   *   Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
   *   Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
   *   Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
   *   Jaswinder Singh Rajput <jaswinder@kernel.org>
   *
   * Released under the GPL v2. (and only v2, not any later version)
   */
  
  #include "perf.h"
  #include "builtin.h"
  #include "util/cgroup.h"
  #include "util/util.h"
  #include "util/parse-options.h"
  #include "util/parse-events.h"
  #include "util/pmu.h"
  #include "util/event.h"
  #include "util/evlist.h"
  #include "util/evsel.h"
  #include "util/debug.h"
  #include "util/color.h"
  #include "util/stat.h"
  #include "util/header.h"
  #include "util/cpumap.h"
  #include "util/thread.h"
  #include "util/thread_map.h"
  
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <sys/prctl.h>
  #include <locale.h>
  
  #define DEFAULT_SEPARATOR	" "
  #define CNTR_NOT_SUPPORTED	"<not supported>"
  #define CNTR_NOT_COUNTED	"<not counted>"
  
  static void print_stat(int argc, const char **argv);
  static void print_counter_aggr(struct perf_evsel *counter, char *prefix);
  static void print_counter(struct perf_evsel *counter, char *prefix);
  static void print_aggr(char *prefix);
  
  /* Default events used for perf stat -T */
  static const char * const transaction_attrs[] = {
  	"task-clock",
  	"{"
  	"instructions,"
  	"cycles,"
  	"cpu/cycles-t/,"
  	"cpu/tx-start/,"
  	"cpu/el-start/,"
  	"cpu/cycles-ct/"
  	"}"
  };
  
  /* More limited version when the CPU does not have all events. */
  static const char * const transaction_limited_attrs[] = {
  	"task-clock",
  	"{"
  	"instructions,"
  	"cycles,"
  	"cpu/cycles-t/,"
  	"cpu/tx-start/"
  	"}"
  };
  
  /* must match transaction_attrs and the beginning limited_attrs */
  enum {
  	T_TASK_CLOCK,
  	T_INSTRUCTIONS,
  	T_CYCLES,
  	T_CYCLES_IN_TX,
  	T_TRANSACTION_START,
  	T_ELISION_START,
  	T_CYCLES_IN_TX_CP,
  };
  
  static struct perf_evlist	*evsel_list;
  
  static struct target target = {
  	.uid	= UINT_MAX,
  };
  
  enum aggr_mode {
  	AGGR_NONE,
  	AGGR_GLOBAL,
  	AGGR_SOCKET,
  	AGGR_CORE,
  };
  
  static int			run_count			=  1;
  static bool			no_inherit			= false;
  static bool			scale				=  true;
  static enum aggr_mode		aggr_mode			= AGGR_GLOBAL;
  static volatile pid_t		child_pid			= -1;
  static bool			null_run			=  false;
  static int			detailed_run			=  0;
  static bool			transaction_run;
  static bool			big_num				=  true;
  static int			big_num_opt			=  -1;
  static const char		*csv_sep			= NULL;
  static bool			csv_output			= false;
  static bool			group				= false;
  static FILE			*output				= NULL;
  static const char		*pre_cmd			= NULL;
  static const char		*post_cmd			= NULL;
  static bool			sync_run			= false;
  static unsigned int		interval			= 0;
  static unsigned int		initial_delay			= 0;
  static unsigned int		unit_width			= 4; /* strlen("unit") */
  static bool			forever				= false;
  static struct timespec		ref_time;
  static struct cpu_map		*aggr_map;
  static int			(*aggr_get_id)(struct cpu_map *m, int cpu);
  
  static volatile int done = 0;
  
  struct perf_stat {
  	struct stats	  res_stats[3];
  };
  
  static inline void diff_timespec(struct timespec *r, struct timespec *a,
  				 struct timespec *b)
  {
  	r->tv_sec = a->tv_sec - b->tv_sec;
  	if (a->tv_nsec < b->tv_nsec) {
  		r->tv_nsec = a->tv_nsec + 1000000000L - b->tv_nsec;
  		r->tv_sec--;
  	} else {
  		r->tv_nsec = a->tv_nsec - b->tv_nsec ;
  	}
  }
  
  static inline struct cpu_map *perf_evsel__cpus(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	return (evsel->cpus && !target.cpu_list) ? evsel->cpus : evsel_list->cpus;
  }
  
  static inline int perf_evsel__nr_cpus(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	return perf_evsel__cpus(evsel)->nr;
  }
  
  static void perf_evsel__reset_stat_priv(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	int i;
  	struct perf_stat *ps = evsel->priv;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
  		init_stats(&ps->res_stats[i]);
  }
  
  static int perf_evsel__alloc_stat_priv(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	evsel->priv = zalloc(sizeof(struct perf_stat));
  	if (evsel->priv == NULL)
  		return -ENOMEM;
  	perf_evsel__reset_stat_priv(evsel);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void perf_evsel__free_stat_priv(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	zfree(&evsel->priv);
  }
  
  static int perf_evsel__alloc_prev_raw_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	void *addr;
  	size_t sz;
  
  	sz = sizeof(*evsel->counts) +
  	     (perf_evsel__nr_cpus(evsel) * sizeof(struct perf_counts_values));
  
  	addr = zalloc(sz);
  	if (!addr)
  		return -ENOMEM;
  
  	evsel->prev_raw_counts =  addr;
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void perf_evsel__free_prev_raw_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	zfree(&evsel->prev_raw_counts);
  }
  
  static void perf_evlist__free_stats(struct perf_evlist *evlist)
  {
  	struct perf_evsel *evsel;
  
  	evlist__for_each(evlist, evsel) {
  		perf_evsel__free_stat_priv(evsel);
  		perf_evsel__free_counts(evsel);
  		perf_evsel__free_prev_raw_counts(evsel);
  	}
  }
  
  static int perf_evlist__alloc_stats(struct perf_evlist *evlist, bool alloc_raw)
  {
  	struct perf_evsel *evsel;
  
  	evlist__for_each(evlist, evsel) {
  		if (perf_evsel__alloc_stat_priv(evsel) < 0 ||
  		    perf_evsel__alloc_counts(evsel, perf_evsel__nr_cpus(evsel)) < 0 ||
  		    (alloc_raw && perf_evsel__alloc_prev_raw_counts(evsel) < 0))
  			goto out_free;
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  
  out_free:
  	perf_evlist__free_stats(evlist);
  	return -1;
  }
  
  static struct stats runtime_nsecs_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_cycles_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_stalled_cycles_front_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_stalled_cycles_back_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_branches_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_cacherefs_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_l1_dcache_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_l1_icache_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_ll_cache_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_itlb_cache_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_dtlb_cache_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats walltime_nsecs_stats;
  static struct stats runtime_transaction_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  static struct stats runtime_elision_stats[MAX_NR_CPUS];
  
  static void perf_stat__reset_stats(struct perf_evlist *evlist)
  {
  	struct perf_evsel *evsel;
  
  	evlist__for_each(evlist, evsel) {
  		perf_evsel__reset_stat_priv(evsel);
  		perf_evsel__reset_counts(evsel, perf_evsel__nr_cpus(evsel));
  	}
  
  	memset(runtime_nsecs_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_nsecs_stats));
  	memset(runtime_cycles_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_cycles_stats));
  	memset(runtime_stalled_cycles_front_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_stalled_cycles_front_stats));
  	memset(runtime_stalled_cycles_back_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_stalled_cycles_back_stats));
  	memset(runtime_branches_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_branches_stats));
  	memset(runtime_cacherefs_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_cacherefs_stats));
  	memset(runtime_l1_dcache_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_l1_dcache_stats));
  	memset(runtime_l1_icache_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_l1_icache_stats));
  	memset(runtime_ll_cache_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_ll_cache_stats));
  	memset(runtime_itlb_cache_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_itlb_cache_stats));
  	memset(runtime_dtlb_cache_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_dtlb_cache_stats));
  	memset(runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats, 0,
  			sizeof(runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats));
  	memset(runtime_transaction_stats, 0,
  		sizeof(runtime_transaction_stats));
  	memset(runtime_elision_stats, 0, sizeof(runtime_elision_stats));
  	memset(&walltime_nsecs_stats, 0, sizeof(walltime_nsecs_stats));
  }
  
  static int create_perf_stat_counter(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	struct perf_event_attr *attr = &evsel->attr;
  
  	if (scale)
  		attr->read_format = PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED |
  				    PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING;
  
  	attr->inherit = !no_inherit;
  
  	if (target__has_cpu(&target))
  		return perf_evsel__open_per_cpu(evsel, perf_evsel__cpus(evsel));
  
  	if (!target__has_task(&target) && perf_evsel__is_group_leader(evsel)) {
  		attr->disabled = 1;
  		if (!initial_delay)
  			attr->enable_on_exec = 1;
  	}
  
  	return perf_evsel__open_per_thread(evsel, evsel_list->threads);
  }
  
  /*
   * Does the counter have nsecs as a unit?
   */
  static inline int nsec_counter(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
  {
  	if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, SOFTWARE, SW_CPU_CLOCK) ||
  	    perf_evsel__match(evsel, SOFTWARE, SW_TASK_CLOCK))
  		return 1;
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static struct perf_evsel *nth_evsel(int n)
  {
  	static struct perf_evsel **array;
  	static int array_len;
  	struct perf_evsel *ev;
  	int j;
  
  	/* Assumes this only called when evsel_list does not change anymore. */
  	if (!array) {
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, ev)
  			array_len++;
  		array = malloc(array_len * sizeof(void *));
  		if (!array)
  			exit(ENOMEM);
  		j = 0;
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, ev)
  			array[j++] = ev;
  	}
  	if (n < array_len)
  		return array[n];
  	return NULL;
  }
  
  /*
   * Update various tracking values we maintain to print
   * more semantic information such as miss/hit ratios,
   * instruction rates, etc:
   */
  static void update_shadow_stats(struct perf_evsel *counter, u64 *count)
  {
  	if (perf_evsel__match(counter, SOFTWARE, SW_TASK_CLOCK))
  		update_stats(&runtime_nsecs_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HARDWARE, HW_CPU_CYCLES))
  		update_stats(&runtime_cycles_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (transaction_run &&
  		 perf_evsel__cmp(counter, nth_evsel(T_CYCLES_IN_TX)))
  		update_stats(&runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (transaction_run &&
  		 perf_evsel__cmp(counter, nth_evsel(T_TRANSACTION_START)))
  		update_stats(&runtime_transaction_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (transaction_run &&
  		 perf_evsel__cmp(counter, nth_evsel(T_ELISION_START)))
  		update_stats(&runtime_elision_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HARDWARE, HW_STALLED_CYCLES_FRONTEND))
  		update_stats(&runtime_stalled_cycles_front_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HARDWARE, HW_STALLED_CYCLES_BACKEND))
  		update_stats(&runtime_stalled_cycles_back_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HARDWARE, HW_BRANCH_INSTRUCTIONS))
  		update_stats(&runtime_branches_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HARDWARE, HW_CACHE_REFERENCES))
  		update_stats(&runtime_cacherefs_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HW_CACHE, HW_CACHE_L1D))
  		update_stats(&runtime_l1_dcache_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HW_CACHE, HW_CACHE_L1I))
  		update_stats(&runtime_l1_icache_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HW_CACHE, HW_CACHE_LL))
  		update_stats(&runtime_ll_cache_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HW_CACHE, HW_CACHE_DTLB))
  		update_stats(&runtime_dtlb_cache_stats[0], count[0]);
  	else if (perf_evsel__match(counter, HW_CACHE, HW_CACHE_ITLB))
  		update_stats(&runtime_itlb_cache_stats[0], count[0]);
  }
  
  /*
   * Read out the results of a single counter:
   * aggregate counts across CPUs in system-wide mode
   */
  static int read_counter_aggr(struct perf_evsel *counter)
  {
  	struct perf_stat *ps = counter->priv;
  	u64 *count = counter->counts->aggr.values;
  	int i;
  
  	if (__perf_evsel__read(counter, perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter),
  			       thread_map__nr(evsel_list->threads), scale) < 0)
  		return -1;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
  		update_stats(&ps->res_stats[i], count[i]);
  
  	if (verbose) {
  		fprintf(output, "%s: %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 "\n",
  			perf_evsel__name(counter), count[0], count[1], count[2]);
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Save the full runtime - to allow normalization during printout:
  	 */
  	update_shadow_stats(counter, count);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * Read out the results of a single counter:
   * do not aggregate counts across CPUs in system-wide mode
   */
  static int read_counter(struct perf_evsel *counter)
  {
  	u64 *count;
  	int cpu;
  
  	for (cpu = 0; cpu < perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter); cpu++) {
  		if (__perf_evsel__read_on_cpu(counter, cpu, 0, scale) < 0)
  			return -1;
  
  		count = counter->counts->cpu[cpu].values;
  
  		update_shadow_stats(counter, count);
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void print_interval(void)
  {
  	static int num_print_interval;
  	struct perf_evsel *counter;
  	struct perf_stat *ps;
  	struct timespec ts, rs;
  	char prefix[64];
  
  	if (aggr_mode == AGGR_GLOBAL) {
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter) {
  			ps = counter->priv;
  			memset(ps->res_stats, 0, sizeof(ps->res_stats));
  			read_counter_aggr(counter);
  		}
  	} else	{
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter) {
  			ps = counter->priv;
  			memset(ps->res_stats, 0, sizeof(ps->res_stats));
  			read_counter(counter);
  		}
  	}
  
  	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
  	diff_timespec(&rs, &ts, &ref_time);
  	sprintf(prefix, "%6lu.%09lu%s", rs.tv_sec, rs.tv_nsec, csv_sep);
  
  	if (num_print_interval == 0 && !csv_output) {
  		switch (aggr_mode) {
  		case AGGR_SOCKET:
  			fprintf(output, "#           time socket cpus             counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
  			break;
  		case AGGR_CORE:
  			fprintf(output, "#           time core         cpus             counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
  			break;
  		case AGGR_NONE:
  			fprintf(output, "#           time CPU                counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
  			break;
  		case AGGR_GLOBAL:
  		default:
  			fprintf(output, "#           time             counts %*s events\n", unit_width, "unit");
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (++num_print_interval == 25)
  		num_print_interval = 0;
  
  	switch (aggr_mode) {
  	case AGGR_CORE:
  	case AGGR_SOCKET:
  		print_aggr(prefix);
  		break;
  	case AGGR_NONE:
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter)
  			print_counter(counter, prefix);
  		break;
  	case AGGR_GLOBAL:
  	default:
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter)
  			print_counter_aggr(counter, prefix);
  	}
  
  	fflush(output);
  }
  
  static void handle_initial_delay(void)
  {
  	struct perf_evsel *counter;
  
  	if (initial_delay) {
  		const int ncpus = cpu_map__nr(evsel_list->cpus),
  			nthreads = thread_map__nr(evsel_list->threads);
  
  		usleep(initial_delay * 1000);
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter)
  			perf_evsel__enable(counter, ncpus, nthreads);
  	}
  }
  
  static volatile int workload_exec_errno;
  
  /*
   * perf_evlist__prepare_workload will send a SIGUSR1
   * if the fork fails, since we asked by setting its
   * want_signal to true.
   */
  static void workload_exec_failed_signal(int signo __maybe_unused, siginfo_t *info,
  					void *ucontext __maybe_unused)
  {
  	workload_exec_errno = info->si_value.sival_int;
  }
  
  static int __run_perf_stat(int argc, const char **argv)
  {
  	char msg[512];
  	unsigned long long t0, t1;
  	struct perf_evsel *counter;
  	struct timespec ts;
  	size_t l;
  	int status = 0;
  	const bool forks = (argc > 0);
  
  	if (interval) {
  		ts.tv_sec  = interval / 1000;
  		ts.tv_nsec = (interval % 1000) * 1000000;
  	} else {
  		ts.tv_sec  = 1;
  		ts.tv_nsec = 0;
  	}
  
  	if (forks) {
  		if (perf_evlist__prepare_workload(evsel_list, &target, argv, false,
  						  workload_exec_failed_signal) < 0) {
  			perror("failed to prepare workload");
  			return -1;
  		}
  		child_pid = evsel_list->workload.pid;
  	}
  
  	if (group)
  		perf_evlist__set_leader(evsel_list);
  
  	evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter) {
  		if (create_perf_stat_counter(counter) < 0) {
  			/*
  			 * PPC returns ENXIO for HW counters until 2.6.37
  			 * (behavior changed with commit b0a873e).
  			 */
  			if (errno == EINVAL || errno == ENOSYS ||
  			    errno == ENOENT || errno == EOPNOTSUPP ||
  			    errno == ENXIO) {
  				if (verbose)
  					ui__warning("%s event is not supported by the kernel.\n",
  						    perf_evsel__name(counter));
  				counter->supported = false;
  				continue;
  			}
  
  			perf_evsel__open_strerror(counter, &target,
  						  errno, msg, sizeof(msg));
  			ui__error("%s\n", msg);
  
  			if (child_pid != -1)
  				kill(child_pid, SIGTERM);
  
  			return -1;
  		}
  		counter->supported = true;
  
  		l = strlen(counter->unit);
  		if (l > unit_width)
  			unit_width = l;
  	}
  
  	if (perf_evlist__apply_filters(evsel_list)) {
  		error("failed to set filter with %d (%s)\n", errno,
  			strerror_r(errno, msg, sizeof(msg)));
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Enable counters and exec the command:
  	 */
  	t0 = rdclock();
  	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ref_time);
  
  	if (forks) {
  		perf_evlist__start_workload(evsel_list);
  		handle_initial_delay();
  
  		if (interval) {
  			while (!waitpid(child_pid, &status, WNOHANG)) {
  				nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
  				print_interval();
  			}
  		}
  		wait(&status);
  
  		if (workload_exec_errno) {
  			const char *emsg = strerror_r(workload_exec_errno, msg, sizeof(msg));
  			pr_err("Workload failed: %s\n", emsg);
  			return -1;
  		}
  
  		if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
  			psignal(WTERMSIG(status), argv[0]);
  	} else {
  		handle_initial_delay();
  		while (!done) {
  			nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
  			if (interval)
  				print_interval();
  		}
  	}
  
  	t1 = rdclock();
  
  	update_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats, t1 - t0);
  
  	if (aggr_mode == AGGR_GLOBAL) {
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter) {
  			read_counter_aggr(counter);
  			perf_evsel__close_fd(counter, perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter),
  					     thread_map__nr(evsel_list->threads));
  		}
  	} else {
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter) {
  			read_counter(counter);
  			perf_evsel__close_fd(counter, perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter), 1);
  		}
  	}
  
  	return WEXITSTATUS(status);
  }
  
  static int run_perf_stat(int argc, const char **argv)
  {
  	int ret;
  
  	if (pre_cmd) {
  		ret = system(pre_cmd);
  		if (ret)
  			return ret;
  	}
  
  	if (sync_run)
  		sync();
  
  	ret = __run_perf_stat(argc, argv);
  	if (ret)
  		return ret;
  
  	if (post_cmd) {
  		ret = system(post_cmd);
  		if (ret)
  			return ret;
  	}
  
  	return ret;
  }
  
  static void print_noise_pct(double total, double avg)
  {
  	double pct = rel_stddev_stats(total, avg);
  
  	if (csv_output)
  		fprintf(output, "%s%.2f%%", csv_sep, pct);
  	else if (pct)
  		fprintf(output, "  ( +-%6.2f%% )", pct);
  }
  
  static void print_noise(struct perf_evsel *evsel, double avg)
  {
  	struct perf_stat *ps;
  
  	if (run_count == 1)
  		return;
  
  	ps = evsel->priv;
  	print_noise_pct(stddev_stats(&ps->res_stats[0]), avg);
  }
  
  static void aggr_printout(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int id, int nr)
  {
  	switch (aggr_mode) {
  	case AGGR_CORE:
  		fprintf(output, "S%d-C%*d%s%*d%s",
  			cpu_map__id_to_socket(id),
  			csv_output ? 0 : -8,
  			cpu_map__id_to_cpu(id),
  			csv_sep,
  			csv_output ? 0 : 4,
  			nr,
  			csv_sep);
  		break;
  	case AGGR_SOCKET:
  		fprintf(output, "S%*d%s%*d%s",
  			csv_output ? 0 : -5,
  			id,
  			csv_sep,
  			csv_output ? 0 : 4,
  			nr,
  			csv_sep);
  			break;
  	case AGGR_NONE:
  		fprintf(output, "CPU%*d%s",
  			csv_output ? 0 : -4,
  			perf_evsel__cpus(evsel)->map[id], csv_sep);
  		break;
  	case AGGR_GLOBAL:
  	default:
  		break;
  	}
  }
  
  static void nsec_printout(int id, int nr, struct perf_evsel *evsel, double avg)
  {
  	double msecs = avg / 1e6;
  	const char *fmt_v, *fmt_n;
  	char name[25];
  
  	fmt_v = csv_output ? "%.6f%s" : "%18.6f%s";
  	fmt_n = csv_output ? "%s" : "%-25s";
  
  	aggr_printout(evsel, id, nr);
  
  	scnprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s%s",
  		  perf_evsel__name(evsel), csv_output ? "" : " (msec)");
  
  	fprintf(output, fmt_v, msecs, csv_sep);
  
  	if (csv_output)
  		fprintf(output, "%s%s", evsel->unit, csv_sep);
  	else
  		fprintf(output, "%-*s%s", unit_width, evsel->unit, csv_sep);
  
  	fprintf(output, fmt_n, name);
  
  	if (evsel->cgrp)
  		fprintf(output, "%s%s", csv_sep, evsel->cgrp->name);
  
  	if (csv_output || interval)
  		return;
  
  	if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, SOFTWARE, SW_TASK_CLOCK))
  		fprintf(output, " # %8.3f CPUs utilized          ",
  			avg / avg_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats));
  	else
  		fprintf(output, "                                   ");
  }
  
  /* used for get_ratio_color() */
  enum grc_type {
  	GRC_STALLED_CYCLES_FE,
  	GRC_STALLED_CYCLES_BE,
  	GRC_CACHE_MISSES,
  	GRC_MAX_NR
  };
  
  static const char *get_ratio_color(enum grc_type type, double ratio)
  {
  	static const double grc_table[GRC_MAX_NR][3] = {
  		[GRC_STALLED_CYCLES_FE] = { 50.0, 30.0, 10.0 },
  		[GRC_STALLED_CYCLES_BE] = { 75.0, 50.0, 20.0 },
  		[GRC_CACHE_MISSES] 	= { 20.0, 10.0, 5.0 },
  	};
  	const char *color = PERF_COLOR_NORMAL;
  
  	if (ratio > grc_table[type][0])
  		color = PERF_COLOR_RED;
  	else if (ratio > grc_table[type][1])
  		color = PERF_COLOR_MAGENTA;
  	else if (ratio > grc_table[type][2])
  		color = PERF_COLOR_YELLOW;
  
  	return color;
  }
  
  static void print_stalled_cycles_frontend(int cpu,
  					  struct perf_evsel *evsel
  					  __maybe_unused, double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0;
  	const char *color;
  
  	total = avg_stats(&runtime_cycles_stats[cpu]);
  
  	if (total)
  		ratio = avg / total * 100.0;
  
  	color = get_ratio_color(GRC_STALLED_CYCLES_FE, ratio);
  
  	fprintf(output, " #  ");
  	color_fprintf(output, color, "%6.2f%%", ratio);
  	fprintf(output, " frontend cycles idle   ");
  }
  
  static void print_stalled_cycles_backend(int cpu,
  					 struct perf_evsel *evsel
  					 __maybe_unused, double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0;
  	const char *color;
  
  	total = avg_stats(&runtime_cycles_stats[cpu]);
  
  	if (total)
  		ratio = avg / total * 100.0;
  
  	color = get_ratio_color(GRC_STALLED_CYCLES_BE, ratio);
  
  	fprintf(output, " #  ");
  	color_fprintf(output, color, "%6.2f%%", ratio);
  	fprintf(output, " backend  cycles idle   ");
  }
  
  static void print_branch_misses(int cpu,
  				struct perf_evsel *evsel __maybe_unused,
  				double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0;
  	const char *color;
  
  	total = avg_stats(&runtime_branches_stats[cpu]);
  
  	if (total)
  		ratio = avg / total * 100.0;
  
  	color = get_ratio_color(GRC_CACHE_MISSES, ratio);
  
  	fprintf(output, " #  ");
  	color_fprintf(output, color, "%6.2f%%", ratio);
  	fprintf(output, " of all branches        ");
  }
  
  static void print_l1_dcache_misses(int cpu,
  				   struct perf_evsel *evsel __maybe_unused,
  				   double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0;
  	const char *color;
  
  	total = avg_stats(&runtime_l1_dcache_stats[cpu]);
  
  	if (total)
  		ratio = avg / total * 100.0;
  
  	color = get_ratio_color(GRC_CACHE_MISSES, ratio);
  
  	fprintf(output, " #  ");
  	color_fprintf(output, color, "%6.2f%%", ratio);
  	fprintf(output, " of all L1-dcache hits  ");
  }
  
  static void print_l1_icache_misses(int cpu,
  				   struct perf_evsel *evsel __maybe_unused,
  				   double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0;
  	const char *color;
  
  	total = avg_stats(&runtime_l1_icache_stats[cpu]);
  
  	if (total)
  		ratio = avg / total * 100.0;
  
  	color = get_ratio_color(GRC_CACHE_MISSES, ratio);
  
  	fprintf(output, " #  ");
  	color_fprintf(output, color, "%6.2f%%", ratio);
  	fprintf(output, " of all L1-icache hits  ");
  }
  
  static void print_dtlb_cache_misses(int cpu,
  				    struct perf_evsel *evsel __maybe_unused,
  				    double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0;
  	const char *color;
  
  	total = avg_stats(&runtime_dtlb_cache_stats[cpu]);
  
  	if (total)
  		ratio = avg / total * 100.0;
  
  	color = get_ratio_color(GRC_CACHE_MISSES, ratio);
  
  	fprintf(output, " #  ");
  	color_fprintf(output, color, "%6.2f%%", ratio);
  	fprintf(output, " of all dTLB cache hits ");
  }
  
  static void print_itlb_cache_misses(int cpu,
  				    struct perf_evsel *evsel __maybe_unused,
  				    double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0;
  	const char *color;
  
  	total = avg_stats(&runtime_itlb_cache_stats[cpu]);
  
  	if (total)
  		ratio = avg / total * 100.0;
  
  	color = get_ratio_color(GRC_CACHE_MISSES, ratio);
  
  	fprintf(output, " #  ");
  	color_fprintf(output, color, "%6.2f%%", ratio);
  	fprintf(output, " of all iTLB cache hits ");
  }
  
  static void print_ll_cache_misses(int cpu,
  				  struct perf_evsel *evsel __maybe_unused,
  				  double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0;
  	const char *color;
  
  	total = avg_stats(&runtime_ll_cache_stats[cpu]);
  
  	if (total)
  		ratio = avg / total * 100.0;
  
  	color = get_ratio_color(GRC_CACHE_MISSES, ratio);
  
  	fprintf(output, " #  ");
  	color_fprintf(output, color, "%6.2f%%", ratio);
  	fprintf(output, " of all LL-cache hits   ");
  }
  
  static void abs_printout(int id, int nr, struct perf_evsel *evsel, double avg)
  {
  	double total, ratio = 0.0, total2;
  	double sc =  evsel->scale;
  	const char *fmt;
  	int cpu = cpu_map__id_to_cpu(id);
  
  	if (csv_output) {
  		fmt = sc != 1.0 ?  "%.2f%s" : "%.0f%s";
  	} else {
  		if (big_num)
  			fmt = sc != 1.0 ? "%'18.2f%s" : "%'18.0f%s";
  		else
  			fmt = sc != 1.0 ? "%18.2f%s" : "%18.0f%s";
  	}
  
  	aggr_printout(evsel, id, nr);
  
  	if (aggr_mode == AGGR_GLOBAL)
  		cpu = 0;
  
  	fprintf(output, fmt, avg, csv_sep);
  
  	if (evsel->unit)
  		fprintf(output, "%-*s%s",
  			csv_output ? 0 : unit_width,
  			evsel->unit, csv_sep);
  
  	fprintf(output, "%-*s", csv_output ? 0 : 25, perf_evsel__name(evsel));
  
  	if (evsel->cgrp)
  		fprintf(output, "%s%s", csv_sep, evsel->cgrp->name);
  
  	if (csv_output || interval)
  		return;
  
  	if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, HARDWARE, HW_INSTRUCTIONS)) {
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_cycles_stats[cpu]);
  		if (total) {
  			ratio = avg / total;
  			fprintf(output, " #   %5.2f  insns per cycle        ", ratio);
  		}
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_stalled_cycles_front_stats[cpu]);
  		total = max(total, avg_stats(&runtime_stalled_cycles_back_stats[cpu]));
  
  		if (total && avg) {
  			ratio = total / avg;
  			fprintf(output, "\n");
  			if (aggr_mode == AGGR_NONE)
  				fprintf(output, "        ");
  			fprintf(output, "                                                  #   %5.2f  stalled cycles per insn", ratio);
  		}
  
  	} else if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, HARDWARE, HW_BRANCH_MISSES) &&
  			runtime_branches_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		print_branch_misses(cpu, evsel, avg);
  	} else if (
  		evsel->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE &&
  		evsel->attr.config ==  ( PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ) << 8) |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS) << 16)) &&
  			runtime_l1_dcache_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		print_l1_dcache_misses(cpu, evsel, avg);
  	} else if (
  		evsel->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE &&
  		evsel->attr.config ==  ( PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ) << 8) |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS) << 16)) &&
  			runtime_l1_icache_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		print_l1_icache_misses(cpu, evsel, avg);
  	} else if (
  		evsel->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE &&
  		evsel->attr.config ==  ( PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ) << 8) |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS) << 16)) &&
  			runtime_dtlb_cache_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		print_dtlb_cache_misses(cpu, evsel, avg);
  	} else if (
  		evsel->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE &&
  		evsel->attr.config ==  ( PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ) << 8) |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS) << 16)) &&
  			runtime_itlb_cache_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		print_itlb_cache_misses(cpu, evsel, avg);
  	} else if (
  		evsel->attr.type == PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE &&
  		evsel->attr.config ==  ( PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ) << 8) |
  					((PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS) << 16)) &&
  			runtime_ll_cache_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		print_ll_cache_misses(cpu, evsel, avg);
  	} else if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, HARDWARE, HW_CACHE_MISSES) &&
  			runtime_cacherefs_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_cacherefs_stats[cpu]);
  
  		if (total)
  			ratio = avg * 100 / total;
  
  		fprintf(output, " # %8.3f %% of all cache refs    ", ratio);
  
  	} else if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, HARDWARE, HW_STALLED_CYCLES_FRONTEND)) {
  		print_stalled_cycles_frontend(cpu, evsel, avg);
  	} else if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, HARDWARE, HW_STALLED_CYCLES_BACKEND)) {
  		print_stalled_cycles_backend(cpu, evsel, avg);
  	} else if (perf_evsel__match(evsel, HARDWARE, HW_CPU_CYCLES)) {
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_nsecs_stats[cpu]);
  
  		if (total) {
  			ratio = avg / total;
  			fprintf(output, " # %8.3f GHz                    ", ratio);
  		}
  	} else if (transaction_run &&
  		   perf_evsel__cmp(evsel, nth_evsel(T_CYCLES_IN_TX))) {
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_cycles_stats[cpu]);
  		if (total)
  			fprintf(output,
  				" #   %5.2f%% transactional cycles   ",
  				100.0 * (avg / total));
  	} else if (transaction_run &&
  		   perf_evsel__cmp(evsel, nth_evsel(T_CYCLES_IN_TX_CP))) {
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_cycles_stats[cpu]);
  		total2 = avg_stats(&runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats[cpu]);
  		if (total2 < avg)
  			total2 = avg;
  		if (total)
  			fprintf(output,
  				" #   %5.2f%% aborted cycles         ",
  				100.0 * ((total2-avg) / total));
  	} else if (transaction_run &&
  		   perf_evsel__cmp(evsel, nth_evsel(T_TRANSACTION_START)) &&
  		   avg > 0 &&
  		   runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats[cpu]);
  
  		if (total)
  			ratio = total / avg;
  
  		fprintf(output, " # %8.0f cycles / transaction   ", ratio);
  	} else if (transaction_run &&
  		   perf_evsel__cmp(evsel, nth_evsel(T_ELISION_START)) &&
  		   avg > 0 &&
  		   runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_cycles_in_tx_stats[cpu]);
  
  		if (total)
  			ratio = total / avg;
  
  		fprintf(output, " # %8.0f cycles / elision       ", ratio);
  	} else if (runtime_nsecs_stats[cpu].n != 0) {
  		char unit = 'M';
  
  		total = avg_stats(&runtime_nsecs_stats[cpu]);
  
  		if (total)
  			ratio = 1000.0 * avg / total;
  		if (ratio < 0.001) {
  			ratio *= 1000;
  			unit = 'K';
  		}
  
  		fprintf(output, " # %8.3f %c/sec                  ", ratio, unit);
  	} else {
  		fprintf(output, "                                   ");
  	}
  }
  
  static void print_aggr(char *prefix)
  {
  	struct perf_evsel *counter;
  	int cpu, s, s2, id, nr;
  	double uval;
  	u64 ena, run, val;
  
  	if (!(aggr_map || aggr_get_id))
  		return;
  
  	for (s = 0; s < aggr_map->nr; s++) {
  		id = aggr_map->map[s];
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter) {
  			val = ena = run = 0;
  			nr = 0;
  			for (cpu = 0; cpu < perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter); cpu++) {
  				s2 = aggr_get_id(perf_evsel__cpus(counter), cpu);
  				if (s2 != id)
  					continue;
  				val += counter->counts->cpu[cpu].val;
  				ena += counter->counts->cpu[cpu].ena;
  				run += counter->counts->cpu[cpu].run;
  				nr++;
  			}
  			if (prefix)
  				fprintf(output, "%s", prefix);
  
  			if (run == 0 || ena == 0) {
  				aggr_printout(counter, id, nr);
  
  				fprintf(output, "%*s%s",
  					csv_output ? 0 : 18,
  					counter->supported ? CNTR_NOT_COUNTED : CNTR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
  					csv_sep);
  
  				fprintf(output, "%-*s%s",
  					csv_output ? 0 : unit_width,
  					counter->unit, csv_sep);
  
  				fprintf(output, "%*s",
  					csv_output ? 0 : -25,
  					perf_evsel__name(counter));
  
  				if (counter->cgrp)
  					fprintf(output, "%s%s",
  						csv_sep, counter->cgrp->name);
  
  				fputc('\n', output);
  				continue;
  			}
  			uval = val * counter->scale;
  
  			if (nsec_counter(counter))
  				nsec_printout(id, nr, counter, uval);
  			else
  				abs_printout(id, nr, counter, uval);
  
  			if (!csv_output) {
  				print_noise(counter, 1.0);
  
  				if (run != ena)
  					fprintf(output, "  (%.2f%%)",
  						100.0 * run / ena);
  			}
  			fputc('\n', output);
  		}
  	}
  }
  
  /*
   * Print out the results of a single counter:
   * aggregated counts in system-wide mode
   */
  static void print_counter_aggr(struct perf_evsel *counter, char *prefix)
  {
  	struct perf_stat *ps = counter->priv;
  	double avg = avg_stats(&ps->res_stats[0]);
  	int scaled = counter->counts->scaled;
  	double uval;
  
  	if (prefix)
  		fprintf(output, "%s", prefix);
  
  	if (scaled == -1) {
  		fprintf(output, "%*s%s",
  			csv_output ? 0 : 18,
  			counter->supported ? CNTR_NOT_COUNTED : CNTR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
  			csv_sep);
  		fprintf(output, "%-*s%s",
  			csv_output ? 0 : unit_width,
  			counter->unit, csv_sep);
  		fprintf(output, "%*s",
  			csv_output ? 0 : -25,
  			perf_evsel__name(counter));
  
  		if (counter->cgrp)
  			fprintf(output, "%s%s", csv_sep, counter->cgrp->name);
  
  		fputc('\n', output);
  		return;
  	}
  
  	uval = avg * counter->scale;
  
  	if (nsec_counter(counter))
  		nsec_printout(-1, 0, counter, uval);
  	else
  		abs_printout(-1, 0, counter, uval);
  
  	print_noise(counter, avg);
  
  	if (csv_output) {
  		fputc('\n', output);
  		return;
  	}
  
  	if (scaled) {
  		double avg_enabled, avg_running;
  
  		avg_enabled = avg_stats(&ps->res_stats[1]);
  		avg_running = avg_stats(&ps->res_stats[2]);
  
  		fprintf(output, " [%5.2f%%]", 100 * avg_running / avg_enabled);
  	}
  	fprintf(output, "\n");
  }
  
  /*
   * Print out the results of a single counter:
   * does not use aggregated count in system-wide
   */
  static void print_counter(struct perf_evsel *counter, char *prefix)
  {
  	u64 ena, run, val;
  	double uval;
  	int cpu;
  
  	for (cpu = 0; cpu < perf_evsel__nr_cpus(counter); cpu++) {
  		val = counter->counts->cpu[cpu].val;
  		ena = counter->counts->cpu[cpu].ena;
  		run = counter->counts->cpu[cpu].run;
  
  		if (prefix)
  			fprintf(output, "%s", prefix);
  
  		if (run == 0 || ena == 0) {
  			fprintf(output, "CPU%*d%s%*s%s",
  				csv_output ? 0 : -4,
  				perf_evsel__cpus(counter)->map[cpu], csv_sep,
  				csv_output ? 0 : 18,
  				counter->supported ? CNTR_NOT_COUNTED : CNTR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
  				csv_sep);
  
  				fprintf(output, "%-*s%s",
  					csv_output ? 0 : unit_width,
  					counter->unit, csv_sep);
  
  				fprintf(output, "%*s",
  					csv_output ? 0 : -25,
  					perf_evsel__name(counter));
  
  			if (counter->cgrp)
  				fprintf(output, "%s%s",
  					csv_sep, counter->cgrp->name);
  
  			fputc('\n', output);
  			continue;
  		}
  
  		uval = val * counter->scale;
  
  		if (nsec_counter(counter))
  			nsec_printout(cpu, 0, counter, uval);
  		else
  			abs_printout(cpu, 0, counter, uval);
  
  		if (!csv_output) {
  			print_noise(counter, 1.0);
  
  			if (run != ena)
  				fprintf(output, "  (%.2f%%)",
  					100.0 * run / ena);
  		}
  		fputc('\n', output);
  	}
  }
  
  static void print_stat(int argc, const char **argv)
  {
  	struct perf_evsel *counter;
  	int i;
  
  	fflush(stdout);
  
  	if (!csv_output) {
  		fprintf(output, "\n");
  		fprintf(output, " Performance counter stats for ");
  		if (target.system_wide)
  			fprintf(output, "\'system wide");
  		else if (target.cpu_list)
  			fprintf(output, "\'CPU(s) %s", target.cpu_list);
  		else if (!target__has_task(&target)) {
  			fprintf(output, "\'%s", argv[0]);
  			for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
  				fprintf(output, " %s", argv[i]);
  		} else if (target.pid)
  			fprintf(output, "process id \'%s", target.pid);
  		else
  			fprintf(output, "thread id \'%s", target.tid);
  
  		fprintf(output, "\'");
  		if (run_count > 1)
  			fprintf(output, " (%d runs)", run_count);
  		fprintf(output, ":\n\n");
  	}
  
  	switch (aggr_mode) {
  	case AGGR_CORE:
  	case AGGR_SOCKET:
  		print_aggr(NULL);
  		break;
  	case AGGR_GLOBAL:
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter)
  			print_counter_aggr(counter, NULL);
  		break;
  	case AGGR_NONE:
  		evlist__for_each(evsel_list, counter)
  			print_counter(counter, NULL);
  		break;
  	default:
  		break;
  	}
  
  	if (!csv_output) {
  		if (!null_run)
  			fprintf(output, "\n");
  		fprintf(output, " %17.9f seconds time elapsed",
  				avg_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats)/1e9);
  		if (run_count > 1) {
  			fprintf(output, "                                        ");
  			print_noise_pct(stddev_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats),
  					avg_stats(&walltime_nsecs_stats));
  		}
  		fprintf(output, "\n\n");
  	}
  }
  
  static volatile int signr = -1;
  
  static void skip_signal(int signo)
  {
  	if ((child_pid == -1) || interval)
  		done = 1;
  
  	signr = signo;
  	/*
  	 * render child_pid harmless
  	 * won't send SIGTERM to a random
  	 * process in case of race condition
  	 * and fast PID recycling
  	 */
  	child_pid = -1;
  }
  
  static void sig_atexit(void)
  {
  	sigset_t set, oset;
  
  	/*
  	 * avoid race condition with SIGCHLD handler
  	 * in skip_signal() which is modifying child_pid
  	 * goal is to avoid send SIGTERM to a random
  	 * process
  	 */
  	sigemptyset(&set);
  	sigaddset(&set, SIGCHLD);
  	sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, &oset);
  
  	if (child_pid != -1)
  		kill(child_pid, SIGTERM);
  
  	sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oset, NULL);
  
  	if (signr == -1)
  		return;
  
  	signal(signr, SIG_DFL);
  	kill(getpid(), signr);
  }
  
  static int stat__set_big_num(const struct option *opt __maybe_unused,
  			     const char *s __maybe_unused, int unset)
  {
  	big_num_opt = unset ? 0 : 1;
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static int perf_stat_init_aggr_mode(void)
  {
  	switch (aggr_mode) {
  	case AGGR_SOCKET:
  		if (cpu_map__build_socket_map(evsel_list->cpus, &aggr_map)) {
  			perror("cannot build socket map");
  			return -1;
  		}
  		aggr_get_id = cpu_map__get_socket;
  		break;
  	case AGGR_CORE:
  		if (cpu_map__build_core_map(evsel_list->cpus, &aggr_map)) {
  			perror("cannot build core map");
  			return -1;
  		}
  		aggr_get_id = cpu_map__get_core;
  		break;
  	case AGGR_NONE:
  	case AGGR_GLOBAL:
  	default:
  		break;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static int setup_events(const char * const *attrs, unsigned len)
  {
  	unsigned i;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
  		if (parse_events(evsel_list, attrs[i]))
  			return -1;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * Add default attributes, if there were no attributes specified or
   * if -d/--detailed, -d -d or -d -d -d is used:
   */
  static int add_default_attributes(void)
  {
  	struct perf_event_attr default_attrs[] = {
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_SW_TASK_CLOCK		},
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_SW_CONTEXT_SWITCHES	},
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_MIGRATIONS		},
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_SW_PAGE_FAULTS		},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES		},
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_STALLED_CYCLES_FRONTEND	},
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_STALLED_CYCLES_BACKEND	},
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_INSTRUCTIONS		},
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_BRANCH_INSTRUCTIONS	},
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE, .config = PERF_COUNT_HW_BRANCH_MISSES		},
  
  };
  
  /*
   * Detailed stats (-d), covering the L1 and last level data caches:
   */
  	struct perf_event_attr detailed_attrs[] = {
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL			<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_LL			<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS	<< 16)				},
  };
  
  /*
   * Very detailed stats (-d -d), covering the instruction cache and the TLB caches:
   */
  	struct perf_event_attr very_detailed_attrs[] = {
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1I		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_DTLB		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_ITLB		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_READ		<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS	<< 16)				},
  
  };
  
  /*
   * Very, very detailed stats (-d -d -d), adding prefetch events:
   */
  	struct perf_event_attr very_very_detailed_attrs[] = {
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_PREFETCH	<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_ACCESS	<< 16)				},
  
    { .type = PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE,
      .config =
  	 PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_L1D		<<  0  |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_OP_PREFETCH	<<  8) |
  	(PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_RESULT_MISS	<< 16)				},
  };
  
  	/* Set attrs if no event is selected and !null_run: */
  	if (null_run)
  		return 0;
  
  	if (transaction_run) {
  		int err;
  		if (pmu_have_event("cpu", "cycles-ct") &&
  		    pmu_have_event("cpu", "el-start"))
  			err = setup_events(transaction_attrs,
  					ARRAY_SIZE(transaction_attrs));
  		else
  			err = setup_events(transaction_limited_attrs,
  				 ARRAY_SIZE(transaction_limited_attrs));
  		if (err < 0) {
  			fprintf(stderr, "Cannot set up transaction events\n");
  			return -1;
  		}
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	if (!evsel_list->nr_entries) {
  		if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, default_attrs) < 0)
  			return -1;
  	}
  
  	/* Detailed events get appended to the event list: */
  
  	if (detailed_run <  1)
  		return 0;
  
  	/* Append detailed run extra attributes: */
  	if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, detailed_attrs) < 0)
  		return -1;
  
  	if (detailed_run < 2)
  		return 0;
  
  	/* Append very detailed run extra attributes: */
  	if (perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, very_detailed_attrs) < 0)
  		return -1;
  
  	if (detailed_run < 3)
  		return 0;
  
  	/* Append very, very detailed run extra attributes: */
  	return perf_evlist__add_default_attrs(evsel_list, very_very_detailed_attrs);
  }
  
  int cmd_stat(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __maybe_unused)
  {
  	bool append_file = false;
  	int output_fd = 0;
  	const char *output_name	= NULL;
  	const struct option options[] = {
  	OPT_BOOLEAN('T', "transaction", &transaction_run,
  		    "hardware transaction statistics"),
  	OPT_CALLBACK('e', "event", &evsel_list, "event",
  		     "event selector. use 'perf list' to list available events",
  		     parse_events_option),
  	OPT_CALLBACK(0, "filter", &evsel_list, "filter",
  		     "event filter", parse_filter),
  	OPT_BOOLEAN('i', "no-inherit", &no_inherit,
  		    "child tasks do not inherit counters"),
  	OPT_STRING('p', "pid", &target.pid, "pid",
  		   "stat events on existing process id"),
  	OPT_STRING('t', "tid", &target.tid, "tid",
  		   "stat events on existing thread id"),
  	OPT_BOOLEAN('a', "all-cpus", &target.system_wide,
  		    "system-wide collection from all CPUs"),
  	OPT_BOOLEAN('g', "group", &group,
  		    "put the counters into a counter group"),
  	OPT_BOOLEAN('c', "scale", &scale, "scale/normalize counters"),
  	OPT_INCR('v', "verbose", &verbose,
  		    "be more verbose (show counter open errors, etc)"),
  	OPT_INTEGER('r', "repeat", &run_count,
  		    "repeat command and print average + stddev (max: 100, forever: 0)"),
  	OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "null", &null_run,
  		    "null run - dont start any counters"),
  	OPT_INCR('d', "detailed", &detailed_run,
  		    "detailed run - start a lot of events"),
  	OPT_BOOLEAN('S', "sync", &sync_run,
  		    "call sync() before starting a run"),
  	OPT_CALLBACK_NOOPT('B', "big-num", NULL, NULL, 
  			   "print large numbers with thousands\' separators",
  			   stat__set_big_num),
  	OPT_STRING('C', "cpu", &target.cpu_list, "cpu",
  		    "list of cpus to monitor in system-wide"),
  	OPT_SET_UINT('A', "no-aggr", &aggr_mode,
  		    "disable CPU count aggregation", AGGR_NONE),
  	OPT_STRING('x', "field-separator", &csv_sep, "separator",
  		   "print counts with custom separator"),
  	OPT_CALLBACK('G', "cgroup", &evsel_list, "name",
  		     "monitor event in cgroup name only", parse_cgroups),
  	OPT_STRING('o', "output", &output_name, "file", "output file name"),
  	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "append", &append_file, "append to the output file"),
  	OPT_INTEGER(0, "log-fd", &output_fd,
  		    "log output to fd, instead of stderr"),
  	OPT_STRING(0, "pre", &pre_cmd, "command",
  			"command to run prior to the measured command"),
  	OPT_STRING(0, "post", &post_cmd, "command",
  			"command to run after to the measured command"),
  	OPT_UINTEGER('I', "interval-print", &interval,
  		    "print counts at regular interval in ms (>= 100)"),
  	OPT_SET_UINT(0, "per-socket", &aggr_mode,
  		     "aggregate counts per processor socket", AGGR_SOCKET),
  	OPT_SET_UINT(0, "per-core", &aggr_mode,
  		     "aggregate counts per physical processor core", AGGR_CORE),
  	OPT_UINTEGER('D', "delay", &initial_delay,
  		     "ms to wait before starting measurement after program start"),
  	OPT_END()
  	};
  	const char * const stat_usage[] = {
  		"perf stat [<options>] [<command>]",
  		NULL
  	};
  	int status = -EINVAL, run_idx;
  	const char *mode;
  
  	setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
  
  	evsel_list = perf_evlist__new();
  	if (evsel_list == NULL)
  		return -ENOMEM;
  
  	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, stat_usage,
  		PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
  
  	output = stderr;
  	if (output_name && strcmp(output_name, "-"))
  		output = NULL;
  
  	if (output_name && output_fd) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "cannot use both --output and --log-fd\n");
  		parse_options_usage(stat_usage, options, "o", 1);
  		parse_options_usage(NULL, options, "log-fd", 0);
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (output_fd < 0) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "argument to --log-fd must be a > 0\n");
  		parse_options_usage(stat_usage, options, "log-fd", 0);
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (!output) {
  		struct timespec tm;
  		mode = append_file ? "a" : "w";
  
  		output = fopen(output_name, mode);
  		if (!output) {
  			perror("failed to create output file");
  			return -1;
  		}
  		clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &tm);
  		fprintf(output, "# started on %s\n", ctime(&tm.tv_sec));
  	} else if (output_fd > 0) {
  		mode = append_file ? "a" : "w";
  		output = fdopen(output_fd, mode);
  		if (!output) {
  			perror("Failed opening logfd");
  			return -errno;
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (csv_sep) {
  		csv_output = true;
  		if (!strcmp(csv_sep, "\\t"))
  			csv_sep = "\t";
  	} else
  		csv_sep = DEFAULT_SEPARATOR;
  
  	/*
  	 * let the spreadsheet do the pretty-printing
  	 */
  	if (csv_output) {
  		/* User explicitly passed -B? */
  		if (big_num_opt == 1) {
  			fprintf(stderr, "-B option not supported with -x\n");
  			parse_options_usage(stat_usage, options, "B", 1);
  			parse_options_usage(NULL, options, "x", 1);
  			goto out;
  		} else /* Nope, so disable big number formatting */
  			big_num = false;
  	} else if (big_num_opt == 0) /* User passed --no-big-num */
  		big_num = false;
  
  	if (!argc && target__none(&target))
  		usage_with_options(stat_usage, options);
  
  	if (run_count < 0) {
  		pr_err("Run count must be a positive number\n");
  		parse_options_usage(stat_usage, options, "r", 1);
  		goto out;
  	} else if (run_count == 0) {
  		forever = true;
  		run_count = 1;
  	}
  
  	/* no_aggr, cgroup are for system-wide only */
  	if ((aggr_mode != AGGR_GLOBAL || nr_cgroups) &&
  	    !target__has_cpu(&target)) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "both cgroup and no-aggregation "
  			"modes only available in system-wide mode\n");
  
  		parse_options_usage(stat_usage, options, "G", 1);
  		parse_options_usage(NULL, options, "A", 1);
  		parse_options_usage(NULL, options, "a", 1);
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (add_default_attributes())
  		goto out;
  
  	target__validate(&target);
  
  	if (perf_evlist__create_maps(evsel_list, &target) < 0) {
  		if (target__has_task(&target)) {
  			pr_err("Problems finding threads of monitor\n");
  			parse_options_usage(stat_usage, options, "p", 1);
  			parse_options_usage(NULL, options, "t", 1);
  		} else if (target__has_cpu(&target)) {
  			perror("failed to parse CPUs map");
  			parse_options_usage(stat_usage, options, "C", 1);
  			parse_options_usage(NULL, options, "a", 1);
  		}
  		goto out;
  	}
  	if (interval && interval < 100) {
  		pr_err("print interval must be >= 100ms\n");
  		parse_options_usage(stat_usage, options, "I", 1);
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (perf_evlist__alloc_stats(evsel_list, interval))
  		goto out;
  
  	if (perf_stat_init_aggr_mode())
  		goto out;
  
  	/*
  	 * We dont want to block the signals - that would cause
  	 * child tasks to inherit that and Ctrl-C would not work.
  	 * What we want is for Ctrl-C to work in the exec()-ed
  	 * task, but being ignored by perf stat itself:
  	 */
  	atexit(sig_atexit);
  	if (!forever)
  		signal(SIGINT,  skip_signal);
  	signal(SIGCHLD, skip_signal);
  	signal(SIGALRM, skip_signal);
  	signal(SIGABRT, skip_signal);
  
  	status = 0;
  	for (run_idx = 0; forever || run_idx < run_count; run_idx++) {
  		if (run_count != 1 && verbose)
  			fprintf(output, "[ perf stat: executing run #%d ... ]\n",
  				run_idx + 1);
  
  		status = run_perf_stat(argc, argv);
  		if (forever && status != -1) {
  			print_stat(argc, argv);
  			perf_stat__reset_stats(evsel_list);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (!forever && status != -1 && !interval)
  		print_stat(argc, argv);
  
  	perf_evlist__free_stats(evsel_list);
  out:
  	perf_evlist__delete(evsel_list);
  	return status;
  }
  