text: /*
   * Copyright 1995-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
   *
   * Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License").  You may not use
   * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
   * in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
   * https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html
   */
  
  #if !defined(_POSIX_C_SOURCE) && defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VMS)
  /*
   * On VMS, you need to define this to get the declaration of fileno().  The
   * value 2 is to make sure no function defined in POSIX-2 is left undefined.
   */
  # define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 2
  #endif
  
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <sys/types.h>
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
  # include <sys/stat.h>
  # include <fcntl.h>
  #endif
  #include <ctype.h>
  #include <errno.h>
  #include <openssl/err.h>
  #include <openssl/x509.h>
  #include <openssl/x509v3.h>
  #include <openssl/pem.h>
  #include <openssl/pkcs12.h>
  #include <openssl/ui.h>
  #include <openssl/safestack.h>
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
  # include <openssl/engine.h>
  #endif
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
  # include <openssl/rsa.h>
  #endif
  #include <openssl/bn.h>
  #include <openssl/ssl.h>
  #include "s_apps.h"
  #include "apps.h"
  
  #ifdef _WIN32
  static int WIN32_rename(const char *from, const char *to);
  # define rename(from,to) WIN32_rename((from),(to))
  #endif
  
  typedef struct {
      const char *name;
      unsigned long flag;
      unsigned long mask;
  } NAME_EX_TBL;
  
  static int set_table_opts(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg,
                            const NAME_EX_TBL * in_tbl);
  static int set_multi_opts(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg,
                            const NAME_EX_TBL * in_tbl);
  
  int app_init(long mesgwin);
  
  int chopup_args(ARGS *arg, char *buf)
  {
      int quoted;
      char c = '\0', *p = NULL;
  
      arg->argc = 0;
      if (arg->size == 0) {
          arg->size = 20;
          arg->argv = app_malloc(sizeof(*arg->argv) * arg->size, "argv space");
      }
  
      for (p = buf;;) {
          /* Skip whitespace. */
          while (*p && isspace(_UC(*p)))
              p++;
          if (!*p)
              break;
  
          /* The start of something good :-) */
          if (arg->argc >= arg->size) {
              char **tmp;
              arg->size += 20;
              tmp = OPENSSL_realloc(arg->argv, sizeof(*arg->argv) * arg->size);
              if (tmp == NULL)
                  return 0;
              arg->argv = tmp;
          }
          quoted = *p == '\'' || *p == '"';
          if (quoted)
              c = *p++;
          arg->argv[arg->argc++] = p;
  
          /* now look for the end of this */
          if (quoted) {
              while (*p && *p != c)
                  p++;
              *p++ = '\0';
          } else {
              while (*p && !isspace(_UC(*p)))
                  p++;
              if (*p)
                  *p++ = '\0';
          }
      }
      arg->argv[arg->argc] = NULL;
      return 1;
  }
  
  #ifndef APP_INIT
  int app_init(long mesgwin)
  {
      return 1;
  }
  #endif
  
  int ctx_set_verify_locations(SSL_CTX *ctx, const char *CAfile,
                               const char *CApath, int noCAfile, int noCApath)
  {
      if (CAfile == NULL && CApath == NULL) {
          if (!noCAfile && SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_file(ctx) <= 0)
              return 0;
          if (!noCApath && SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_dir(ctx) <= 0)
              return 0;
  
          return 1;
      }
      return SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(ctx, CAfile, CApath);
  }
  
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_CT
  
  int ctx_set_ctlog_list_file(SSL_CTX *ctx, const char *path)
  {
      if (path == NULL)
          return SSL_CTX_set_default_ctlog_list_file(ctx);
  
      return SSL_CTX_set_ctlog_list_file(ctx, path);
  }
  
  #endif
  
  static unsigned long nmflag = 0;
  static char nmflag_set = 0;
  
  int set_nameopt(const char *arg)
  {
      int ret = set_name_ex(&nmflag, arg);
  
      if (ret)
          nmflag_set = 1;
  
      return ret;
  }
  
  unsigned long get_nameopt(void)
  {
      return (nmflag_set) ? nmflag : XN_FLAG_ONELINE;
  }
  
  int dump_cert_text(BIO *out, X509 *x)
  {
      print_name(out, "subject=", X509_get_subject_name(x), get_nameopt());
      BIO_puts(out, "\n");
      print_name(out, "issuer=", X509_get_issuer_name(x), get_nameopt());
      BIO_puts(out, "\n");
  
      return 0;
  }
  
  int wrap_password_callback(char *buf, int bufsiz, int verify, void *userdata)
  {
      return password_callback(buf, bufsiz, verify, (PW_CB_DATA *)userdata);
  }
  
  
  static char *app_get_pass(const char *arg, int keepbio);
  
  int app_passwd(const char *arg1, const char *arg2, char **pass1, char **pass2)
  {
      int same = arg1 != NULL && arg2 != NULL && strcmp(arg1, arg2) == 0;
  
      if (arg1 != NULL) {
          *pass1 = app_get_pass(arg1, same);
          if (*pass1 == NULL)
              return 0;
      } else if (pass1 != NULL) {
          *pass1 = NULL;
      }
      if (arg2 != NULL) {
          *pass2 = app_get_pass(arg2, same ? 2 : 0);
          if (*pass2 == NULL)
              return 0;
      } else if (pass2 != NULL) {
          *pass2 = NULL;
      }
      return 1;
  }
  
  static char *app_get_pass(const char *arg, int keepbio)
  {
      static BIO *pwdbio = NULL;
      char *tmp, tpass[APP_PASS_LEN];
      int i;
  
      if (strncmp(arg, "pass:", 5) == 0)
          return OPENSSL_strdup(arg + 5);
      if (strncmp(arg, "env:", 4) == 0) {
          tmp = getenv(arg + 4);
          if (tmp == NULL) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "No environment variable %s\n", arg + 4);
              return NULL;
          }
          return OPENSSL_strdup(tmp);
      }
      if (!keepbio || pwdbio == NULL) {
          if (strncmp(arg, "file:", 5) == 0) {
              pwdbio = BIO_new_file(arg + 5, "r");
              if (pwdbio == NULL) {
                  BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't open file %s\n", arg + 5);
                  return NULL;
              }
  #if !defined(_WIN32)
              /*
               * Under _WIN32, which covers even Win64 and CE, file
               * descriptors referenced by BIO_s_fd are not inherited
               * by child process and therefore below is not an option.
               * It could have been an option if bss_fd.c was operating
               * on real Windows descriptors, such as those obtained
               * with CreateFile.
               */
          } else if (strncmp(arg, "fd:", 3) == 0) {
              BIO *btmp;
              i = atoi(arg + 3);
              if (i >= 0)
                  pwdbio = BIO_new_fd(i, BIO_NOCLOSE);
              if ((i < 0) || !pwdbio) {
                  BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't access file descriptor %s\n", arg + 3);
                  return NULL;
              }
              /*
               * Can't do BIO_gets on an fd BIO so add a buffering BIO
               */
              btmp = BIO_new(BIO_f_buffer());
              pwdbio = BIO_push(btmp, pwdbio);
  #endif
          } else if (strcmp(arg, "stdin") == 0) {
              pwdbio = dup_bio_in(FORMAT_TEXT);
              if (!pwdbio) {
                  BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't open BIO for stdin\n");
                  return NULL;
              }
          } else {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "Invalid password argument \"%s\"\n", arg);
              return NULL;
          }
      }
      i = BIO_gets(pwdbio, tpass, APP_PASS_LEN);
      if (keepbio != 1) {
          BIO_free_all(pwdbio);
          pwdbio = NULL;
      }
      if (i <= 0) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error reading password from BIO\n");
          return NULL;
      }
      tmp = strchr(tpass, '\n');
      if (tmp != NULL)
          *tmp = 0;
      return OPENSSL_strdup(tpass);
  }
  
  CONF *app_load_config_bio(BIO *in, const char *filename)
  {
      long errorline = -1;
      CONF *conf;
      int i;
  
      conf = NCONF_new(NULL);
      i = NCONF_load_bio(conf, in, &errorline);
      if (i > 0)
          return conf;
  
      if (errorline <= 0) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Can't load ", opt_getprog());
      } else {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Error on line %ld of ", opt_getprog(),
                     errorline);
      }
      if (filename != NULL)
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "config file \"%s\"\n", filename);
      else
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "config input");
  
      NCONF_free(conf);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  CONF *app_load_config(const char *filename)
  {
      BIO *in;
      CONF *conf;
  
      in = bio_open_default(filename, 'r', FORMAT_TEXT);
      if (in == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      conf = app_load_config_bio(in, filename);
      BIO_free(in);
      return conf;
  }
  
  CONF *app_load_config_quiet(const char *filename)
  {
      BIO *in;
      CONF *conf;
  
      in = bio_open_default_quiet(filename, 'r', FORMAT_TEXT);
      if (in == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      conf = app_load_config_bio(in, filename);
      BIO_free(in);
      return conf;
  }
  
  int app_load_modules(const CONF *config)
  {
      CONF *to_free = NULL;
  
      if (config == NULL)
          config = to_free = app_load_config_quiet(default_config_file);
      if (config == NULL)
          return 1;
  
      if (CONF_modules_load(config, NULL, 0) <= 0) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error configuring OpenSSL modules\n");
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
          NCONF_free(to_free);
          return 0;
      }
      NCONF_free(to_free);
      return 1;
  }
  
  int add_oid_section(CONF *conf)
  {
      char *p;
      STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *sktmp;
      CONF_VALUE *cnf;
      int i;
  
      if ((p = NCONF_get_string(conf, NULL, "oid_section")) == NULL) {
          ERR_clear_error();
          return 1;
      }
      if ((sktmp = NCONF_get_section(conf, p)) == NULL) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "problem loading oid section %s\n", p);
          return 0;
      }
      for (i = 0; i < sk_CONF_VALUE_num(sktmp); i++) {
          cnf = sk_CONF_VALUE_value(sktmp, i);
          if (OBJ_create(cnf->value, cnf->name, cnf->name) == NID_undef) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "problem creating object %s=%s\n",
                         cnf->name, cnf->value);
              return 0;
          }
      }
      return 1;
  }
  
  static int load_pkcs12(BIO *in, const char *desc,
                         pem_password_cb *pem_cb, PW_CB_DATA *cb_data,
                         EVP_PKEY **pkey, X509 **cert, STACK_OF(X509) **ca)
  {
      const char *pass;
      char tpass[PEM_BUFSIZE];
      int len, ret = 0;
      PKCS12 *p12;
      p12 = d2i_PKCS12_bio(in, NULL);
      if (p12 == NULL) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error loading PKCS12 file for %s\n", desc);
          goto die;
      }
      /* See if an empty password will do */
      if (PKCS12_verify_mac(p12, "", 0) || PKCS12_verify_mac(p12, NULL, 0)) {
          pass = "";
      } else {
          if (!pem_cb)
              pem_cb = (pem_password_cb *)password_callback;
          len = pem_cb(tpass, PEM_BUFSIZE, 0, cb_data);
          if (len < 0) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "Passphrase callback error for %s\n", desc);
              goto die;
          }
          if (len < PEM_BUFSIZE)
              tpass[len] = 0;
          if (!PKCS12_verify_mac(p12, tpass, len)) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err,
                         "Mac verify error (wrong password?) in PKCS12 file for %s\n",
                         desc);
              goto die;
          }
          pass = tpass;
      }
      ret = PKCS12_parse(p12, pass, pkey, cert, ca);
   die:
      PKCS12_free(p12);
      return ret;
  }
  
  #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK)
  static int load_cert_crl_http(const char *url, X509 **pcert, X509_CRL **pcrl)
  {
      char *host = NULL, *port = NULL, *path = NULL;
      BIO *bio = NULL;
      OCSP_REQ_CTX *rctx = NULL;
      int use_ssl, rv = 0;
      if (!OCSP_parse_url(url, &host, &port, &path, &use_ssl))
          goto err;
      if (use_ssl) {
          BIO_puts(bio_err, "https not supported\n");
          goto err;
      }
      bio = BIO_new_connect(host);
      if (!bio || !BIO_set_conn_port(bio, port))
          goto err;
      rctx = OCSP_REQ_CTX_new(bio, 1024);
      if (rctx == NULL)
          goto err;
      if (!OCSP_REQ_CTX_http(rctx, "GET", path))
          goto err;
      if (!OCSP_REQ_CTX_add1_header(rctx, "Host", host))
          goto err;
      if (pcert) {
          do {
              rv = X509_http_nbio(rctx, pcert);
          } while (rv == -1);
      } else {
          do {
              rv = X509_CRL_http_nbio(rctx, pcrl);
          } while (rv == -1);
      }
  
   err:
      OPENSSL_free(host);
      OPENSSL_free(path);
      OPENSSL_free(port);
      BIO_free_all(bio);
      OCSP_REQ_CTX_free(rctx);
      if (rv != 1) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error loading %s from %s\n",
                     pcert ? "certificate" : "CRL", url);
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
      }
      return rv;
  }
  #endif
  
  X509 *load_cert(const char *file, int format, const char *cert_descrip)
  {
      X509 *x = NULL;
      BIO *cert;
  
      if (format == FORMAT_HTTP) {
  #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK)
          load_cert_crl_http(file, &x, NULL);
  #endif
          return x;
      }
  
      if (file == NULL) {
          unbuffer(stdin);
          cert = dup_bio_in(format);
      } else {
          cert = bio_open_default(file, 'r', format);
      }
      if (cert == NULL)
          goto end;
  
      if (format == FORMAT_ASN1) {
          x = d2i_X509_bio(cert, NULL);
      } else if (format == FORMAT_PEM) {
          x = PEM_read_bio_X509_AUX(cert, NULL,
                                    (pem_password_cb *)password_callback, NULL);
      } else if (format == FORMAT_PKCS12) {
          if (!load_pkcs12(cert, cert_descrip, NULL, NULL, NULL, &x, NULL))
              goto end;
      } else {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad input format specified for %s\n", cert_descrip);
          goto end;
      }
   end:
      if (x == NULL) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load certificate\n");
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
      }
      BIO_free(cert);
      return x;
  }
  
  X509_CRL *load_crl(const char *infile, int format)
  {
      X509_CRL *x = NULL;
      BIO *in = NULL;
  
      if (format == FORMAT_HTTP) {
  #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK)
          load_cert_crl_http(infile, NULL, &x);
  #endif
          return x;
      }
  
      in = bio_open_default(infile, 'r', format);
      if (in == NULL)
          goto end;
      if (format == FORMAT_ASN1) {
          x = d2i_X509_CRL_bio(in, NULL);
      } else if (format == FORMAT_PEM) {
          x = PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
      } else {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad input format specified for input crl\n");
          goto end;
      }
      if (x == NULL) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load CRL\n");
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
          goto end;
      }
  
   end:
      BIO_free(in);
      return x;
  }
  
  EVP_PKEY *load_key(const char *file, int format, int maybe_stdin,
                     const char *pass, ENGINE *e, const char *key_descrip)
  {
      BIO *key = NULL;
      EVP_PKEY *pkey = NULL;
      PW_CB_DATA cb_data;
  
      cb_data.password = pass;
      cb_data.prompt_info = file;
  
      if (file == NULL && (!maybe_stdin || format == FORMAT_ENGINE)) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "no keyfile specified\n");
          goto end;
      }
      if (format == FORMAT_ENGINE) {
          if (e == NULL) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "no engine specified\n");
          } else {
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
              if (ENGINE_init(e)) {
                  pkey = ENGINE_load_private_key(e, file,
                                                 (UI_METHOD *)get_ui_method(),
                                                 &cb_data);
                  ENGINE_finish(e);
              }
              if (pkey == NULL) {
                  BIO_printf(bio_err, "cannot load %s from engine\n", key_descrip);
                  ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
              }
  #else
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "engines not supported\n");
  #endif
          }
          goto end;
      }
      if (file == NULL && maybe_stdin) {
          unbuffer(stdin);
          key = dup_bio_in(format);
      } else {
          key = bio_open_default(file, 'r', format);
      }
      if (key == NULL)
          goto end;
      if (format == FORMAT_ASN1) {
          pkey = d2i_PrivateKey_bio(key, NULL);
      } else if (format == FORMAT_PEM) {
          pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(key, NULL, wrap_password_callback, &cb_data);
      } else if (format == FORMAT_PKCS12) {
          if (!load_pkcs12(key, key_descrip, wrap_password_callback, &cb_data,
                           &pkey, NULL, NULL))
              goto end;
  #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_RSA) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DSA) && !defined (OPENSSL_NO_RC4)
      } else if (format == FORMAT_MSBLOB) {
          pkey = b2i_PrivateKey_bio(key);
      } else if (format == FORMAT_PVK) {
          pkey = b2i_PVK_bio(key, wrap_password_callback, &cb_data);
  #endif
      } else {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad input format specified for key file\n");
          goto end;
      }
   end:
      BIO_free(key);
      if (pkey == NULL) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load %s\n", key_descrip);
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
      }
      return pkey;
  }
  
  EVP_PKEY *load_pubkey(const char *file, int format, int maybe_stdin,
                        const char *pass, ENGINE *e, const char *key_descrip)
  {
      BIO *key = NULL;
      EVP_PKEY *pkey = NULL;
      PW_CB_DATA cb_data;
  
      cb_data.password = pass;
      cb_data.prompt_info = file;
  
      if (file == NULL && (!maybe_stdin || format == FORMAT_ENGINE)) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "no keyfile specified\n");
          goto end;
      }
      if (format == FORMAT_ENGINE) {
          if (e == NULL) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "no engine specified\n");
          } else {
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
              pkey = ENGINE_load_public_key(e, file, (UI_METHOD *)get_ui_method(),
                                            &cb_data);
              if (pkey == NULL) {
                  BIO_printf(bio_err, "cannot load %s from engine\n", key_descrip);
                  ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
              }
  #else
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "engines not supported\n");
  #endif
          }
          goto end;
      }
      if (file == NULL && maybe_stdin) {
          unbuffer(stdin);
          key = dup_bio_in(format);
      } else {
          key = bio_open_default(file, 'r', format);
      }
      if (key == NULL)
          goto end;
      if (format == FORMAT_ASN1) {
          pkey = d2i_PUBKEY_bio(key, NULL);
      } else if (format == FORMAT_ASN1RSA) {
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
          RSA *rsa;
          rsa = d2i_RSAPublicKey_bio(key, NULL);
          if (rsa) {
              pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
              if (pkey != NULL)
                  EVP_PKEY_set1_RSA(pkey, rsa);
              RSA_free(rsa);
          } else
  #else
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "RSA keys not supported\n");
  #endif
              pkey = NULL;
      } else if (format == FORMAT_PEMRSA) {
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RSA
          RSA *rsa;
          rsa = PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey(key, NULL,
                                          (pem_password_cb *)password_callback,
                                          &cb_data);
          if (rsa != NULL) {
              pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();
              if (pkey != NULL)
                  EVP_PKEY_set1_RSA(pkey, rsa);
              RSA_free(rsa);
          } else
  #else
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "RSA keys not supported\n");
  #endif
              pkey = NULL;
      } else if (format == FORMAT_PEM) {
          pkey = PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(key, NULL,
                                     (pem_password_cb *)password_callback,
                                     &cb_data);
  #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_RSA) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DSA)
      } else if (format == FORMAT_MSBLOB) {
          pkey = b2i_PublicKey_bio(key);
  #endif
      }
   end:
      BIO_free(key);
      if (pkey == NULL)
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load %s\n", key_descrip);
      return pkey;
  }
  
  static int load_certs_crls(const char *file, int format,
                             const char *pass, const char *desc,
                             STACK_OF(X509) **pcerts,
                             STACK_OF(X509_CRL) **pcrls)
  {
      int i;
      BIO *bio;
      STACK_OF(X509_INFO) *xis = NULL;
      X509_INFO *xi;
      PW_CB_DATA cb_data;
      int rv = 0;
  
      cb_data.password = pass;
      cb_data.prompt_info = file;
  
      if (format != FORMAT_PEM) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad input format specified for %s\n", desc);
          return 0;
      }
  
      bio = bio_open_default(file, 'r', FORMAT_PEM);
      if (bio == NULL)
          return 0;
  
      xis = PEM_X509_INFO_read_bio(bio, NULL,
                                   (pem_password_cb *)password_callback,
                                   &cb_data);
  
      BIO_free(bio);
  
      if (pcerts != NULL && *pcerts == NULL) {
          *pcerts = sk_X509_new_null();
          if (*pcerts == NULL)
              goto end;
      }
  
      if (pcrls != NULL && *pcrls == NULL) {
          *pcrls = sk_X509_CRL_new_null();
          if (*pcrls == NULL)
              goto end;
      }
  
      for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_INFO_num(xis); i++) {
          xi = sk_X509_INFO_value(xis, i);
          if (xi->x509 != NULL && pcerts != NULL) {
              if (!sk_X509_push(*pcerts, xi->x509))
                  goto end;
              xi->x509 = NULL;
          }
          if (xi->crl != NULL && pcrls != NULL) {
              if (!sk_X509_CRL_push(*pcrls, xi->crl))
                  goto end;
              xi->crl = NULL;
          }
      }
  
      if (pcerts != NULL && sk_X509_num(*pcerts) > 0)
          rv = 1;
  
      if (pcrls != NULL && sk_X509_CRL_num(*pcrls) > 0)
          rv = 1;
  
   end:
  
      sk_X509_INFO_pop_free(xis, X509_INFO_free);
  
      if (rv == 0) {
          if (pcerts != NULL) {
              sk_X509_pop_free(*pcerts, X509_free);
              *pcerts = NULL;
          }
          if (pcrls != NULL) {
              sk_X509_CRL_pop_free(*pcrls, X509_CRL_free);
              *pcrls = NULL;
          }
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load %s\n",
                     pcerts ? "certificates" : "CRLs");
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
      }
      return rv;
  }
  
  void* app_malloc(int sz, const char *what)
  {
      void *vp = OPENSSL_malloc(sz);
  
      if (vp == NULL) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Could not allocate %d bytes for %s\n",
                  opt_getprog(), sz, what);
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
          exit(1);
      }
      return vp;
  }
  
  /*
   * Initialize or extend, if *certs != NULL, a certificate stack.
   */
  int load_certs(const char *file, STACK_OF(X509) **certs, int format,
                 const char *pass, const char *desc)
  {
      return load_certs_crls(file, format, pass, desc, certs, NULL);
  }
  
  /*
   * Initialize or extend, if *crls != NULL, a certificate stack.
   */
  int load_crls(const char *file, STACK_OF(X509_CRL) **crls, int format,
                const char *pass, const char *desc)
  {
      return load_certs_crls(file, format, pass, desc, NULL, crls);
  }
  
  #define X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK         (0xfL << 16)
  /* Return error for unknown extensions */
  #define X509V3_EXT_DEFAULT              0
  /* Print error for unknown extensions */
  #define X509V3_EXT_ERROR_UNKNOWN        (1L << 16)
  /* ASN1 parse unknown extensions */
  #define X509V3_EXT_PARSE_UNKNOWN        (2L << 16)
  /* BIO_dump unknown extensions */
  #define X509V3_EXT_DUMP_UNKNOWN         (3L << 16)
  
  #define X509_FLAG_CA (X509_FLAG_NO_ISSUER | X509_FLAG_NO_PUBKEY | \
                           X509_FLAG_NO_HEADER | X509_FLAG_NO_VERSION)
  
  int set_cert_ex(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg)
  {
      static const NAME_EX_TBL cert_tbl[] = {
          {"compatible", X509_FLAG_COMPAT, 0xffffffffl},
          {"ca_default", X509_FLAG_CA, 0xffffffffl},
          {"no_header", X509_FLAG_NO_HEADER, 0},
          {"no_version", X509_FLAG_NO_VERSION, 0},
          {"no_serial", X509_FLAG_NO_SERIAL, 0},
          {"no_signame", X509_FLAG_NO_SIGNAME, 0},
          {"no_validity", X509_FLAG_NO_VALIDITY, 0},
          {"no_subject", X509_FLAG_NO_SUBJECT, 0},
          {"no_issuer", X509_FLAG_NO_ISSUER, 0},
          {"no_pubkey", X509_FLAG_NO_PUBKEY, 0},
          {"no_extensions", X509_FLAG_NO_EXTENSIONS, 0},
          {"no_sigdump", X509_FLAG_NO_SIGDUMP, 0},
          {"no_aux", X509_FLAG_NO_AUX, 0},
          {"no_attributes", X509_FLAG_NO_ATTRIBUTES, 0},
          {"ext_default", X509V3_EXT_DEFAULT, X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK},
          {"ext_error", X509V3_EXT_ERROR_UNKNOWN, X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK},
          {"ext_parse", X509V3_EXT_PARSE_UNKNOWN, X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK},
          {"ext_dump", X509V3_EXT_DUMP_UNKNOWN, X509V3_EXT_UNKNOWN_MASK},
          {NULL, 0, 0}
      };
      return set_multi_opts(flags, arg, cert_tbl);
  }
  
  int set_name_ex(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg)
  {
      static const NAME_EX_TBL ex_tbl[] = {
          {"esc_2253", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_2253, 0},
          {"esc_2254", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_2254, 0},
          {"esc_ctrl", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_CTRL, 0},
          {"esc_msb", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_MSB, 0},
          {"use_quote", ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_QUOTE, 0},
          {"utf8", ASN1_STRFLGS_UTF8_CONVERT, 0},
          {"ignore_type", ASN1_STRFLGS_IGNORE_TYPE, 0},
          {"show_type", ASN1_STRFLGS_SHOW_TYPE, 0},
          {"dump_all", ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_ALL, 0},
          {"dump_nostr", ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_UNKNOWN, 0},
          {"dump_der", ASN1_STRFLGS_DUMP_DER, 0},
          {"compat", XN_FLAG_COMPAT, 0xffffffffL},
          {"sep_comma_plus", XN_FLAG_SEP_COMMA_PLUS, XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK},
          {"sep_comma_plus_space", XN_FLAG_SEP_CPLUS_SPC, XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK},
          {"sep_semi_plus_space", XN_FLAG_SEP_SPLUS_SPC, XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK},
          {"sep_multiline", XN_FLAG_SEP_MULTILINE, XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK},
          {"dn_rev", XN_FLAG_DN_REV, 0},
          {"nofname", XN_FLAG_FN_NONE, XN_FLAG_FN_MASK},
          {"sname", XN_FLAG_FN_SN, XN_FLAG_FN_MASK},
          {"lname", XN_FLAG_FN_LN, XN_FLAG_FN_MASK},
          {"align", XN_FLAG_FN_ALIGN, 0},
          {"oid", XN_FLAG_FN_OID, XN_FLAG_FN_MASK},
          {"space_eq", XN_FLAG_SPC_EQ, 0},
          {"dump_unknown", XN_FLAG_DUMP_UNKNOWN_FIELDS, 0},
          {"RFC2253", XN_FLAG_RFC2253, 0xffffffffL},
          {"oneline", XN_FLAG_ONELINE, 0xffffffffL},
          {"multiline", XN_FLAG_MULTILINE, 0xffffffffL},
          {"ca_default", XN_FLAG_MULTILINE, 0xffffffffL},
          {NULL, 0, 0}
      };
      if (set_multi_opts(flags, arg, ex_tbl) == 0)
          return 0;
      if (*flags != XN_FLAG_COMPAT
          && (*flags & XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK) == 0)
          *flags |= XN_FLAG_SEP_CPLUS_SPC;
      return 1;
  }
  
  int set_ext_copy(int *copy_type, const char *arg)
  {
      if (strcasecmp(arg, "none") == 0)
          *copy_type = EXT_COPY_NONE;
      else if (strcasecmp(arg, "copy") == 0)
          *copy_type = EXT_COPY_ADD;
      else if (strcasecmp(arg, "copyall") == 0)
          *copy_type = EXT_COPY_ALL;
      else
          return 0;
      return 1;
  }
  
  int copy_extensions(X509 *x, X509_REQ *req, int copy_type)
  {
      STACK_OF(X509_EXTENSION) *exts = NULL;
      X509_EXTENSION *ext, *tmpext;
      ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
      int i, idx, ret = 0;
      if (!x || !req || (copy_type == EXT_COPY_NONE))
          return 1;
      exts = X509_REQ_get_extensions(req);
  
      for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_EXTENSION_num(exts); i++) {
          ext = sk_X509_EXTENSION_value(exts, i);
          obj = X509_EXTENSION_get_object(ext);
          idx = X509_get_ext_by_OBJ(x, obj, -1);
          /* Does extension exist? */
          if (idx != -1) {
              /* If normal copy don't override existing extension */
              if (copy_type == EXT_COPY_ADD)
                  continue;
              /* Delete all extensions of same type */
              do {
                  tmpext = X509_get_ext(x, idx);
                  X509_delete_ext(x, idx);
                  X509_EXTENSION_free(tmpext);
                  idx = X509_get_ext_by_OBJ(x, obj, -1);
              } while (idx != -1);
          }
          if (!X509_add_ext(x, ext, -1))
              goto end;
      }
  
      ret = 1;
  
   end:
  
      sk_X509_EXTENSION_pop_free(exts, X509_EXTENSION_free);
  
      return ret;
  }
  
  static int set_multi_opts(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg,
                            const NAME_EX_TBL * in_tbl)
  {
      STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *vals;
      CONF_VALUE *val;
      int i, ret = 1;
      if (!arg)
          return 0;
      vals = X509V3_parse_list(arg);
      for (i = 0; i < sk_CONF_VALUE_num(vals); i++) {
          val = sk_CONF_VALUE_value(vals, i);
          if (!set_table_opts(flags, val->name, in_tbl))
              ret = 0;
      }
      sk_CONF_VALUE_pop_free(vals, X509V3_conf_free);
      return ret;
  }
  
  static int set_table_opts(unsigned long *flags, const char *arg,
                            const NAME_EX_TBL * in_tbl)
  {
      char c;
      const NAME_EX_TBL *ptbl;
      c = arg[0];
  
      if (c == '-') {
          c = 0;
          arg++;
      } else if (c == '+') {
          c = 1;
          arg++;
      } else {
          c = 1;
      }
  
      for (ptbl = in_tbl; ptbl->name; ptbl++) {
          if (strcasecmp(arg, ptbl->name) == 0) {
              *flags &= ~ptbl->mask;
              if (c)
                  *flags |= ptbl->flag;
              else
                  *flags &= ~ptbl->flag;
              return 1;
          }
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  void print_name(BIO *out, const char *title, X509_NAME *nm,
                  unsigned long lflags)
  {
      char *buf;
      char mline = 0;
      int indent = 0;
  
      if (title)
          BIO_puts(out, title);
      if ((lflags & XN_FLAG_SEP_MASK) == XN_FLAG_SEP_MULTILINE) {
          mline = 1;
          indent = 4;
      }
      if (lflags == XN_FLAG_COMPAT) {
          buf = X509_NAME_oneline(nm, 0, 0);
          BIO_puts(out, buf);
          BIO_puts(out, "\n");
          OPENSSL_free(buf);
      } else {
          if (mline)
              BIO_puts(out, "\n");
          X509_NAME_print_ex(out, nm, indent, lflags);
          BIO_puts(out, "\n");
      }
  }
  
  void print_bignum_var(BIO *out, const BIGNUM *in, const char *var,
                        int len, unsigned char *buffer)
  {
      BIO_printf(out, "    static unsigned char %s_%d[] = {", var, len);
      if (BN_is_zero(in)) {
          BIO_printf(out, "\n        0x00");
      } else {
          int i, l;
  
          l = BN_bn2bin(in, buffer);
          for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
              BIO_printf(out, (i % 10) == 0 ? "\n        " : " ");
              if (i < l - 1)
                  BIO_printf(out, "0x%02X,", buffer[i]);
              else
                  BIO_printf(out, "0x%02X", buffer[i]);
          }
      }
      BIO_printf(out, "\n    };\n");
  }
  
  void print_array(BIO *out, const char* title, int len, const unsigned char* d)
  {
      int i;
  
      BIO_printf(out, "unsigned char %s[%d] = {", title, len);
      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
          if ((i % 10) == 0)
              BIO_printf(out, "\n    ");
          if (i < len - 1)
              BIO_printf(out, "0x%02X, ", d[i]);
          else
              BIO_printf(out, "0x%02X", d[i]);
      }
      BIO_printf(out, "\n};\n");
  }
  
  X509_STORE *setup_verify(const char *CAfile, const char *CApath, int noCAfile, int noCApath)
  {
      X509_STORE *store = X509_STORE_new();
      X509_LOOKUP *lookup;
  
      if (store == NULL)
          goto end;
  
      if (CAfile != NULL || !noCAfile) {
          lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_file());
          if (lookup == NULL)
              goto end;
          if (CAfile) {
              if (!X509_LOOKUP_load_file(lookup, CAfile, X509_FILETYPE_PEM)) {
                  BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error loading file %s\n", CAfile);
                  goto end;
              }
          } else {
              X509_LOOKUP_load_file(lookup, NULL, X509_FILETYPE_DEFAULT);
          }
      }
  
      if (CApath != NULL || !noCApath) {
          lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_hash_dir());
          if (lookup == NULL)
              goto end;
          if (CApath) {
              if (!X509_LOOKUP_add_dir(lookup, CApath, X509_FILETYPE_PEM)) {
                  BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error loading directory %s\n", CApath);
                  goto end;
              }
          } else {
              X509_LOOKUP_add_dir(lookup, NULL, X509_FILETYPE_DEFAULT);
          }
      }
  
      ERR_clear_error();
      return store;
   end:
      X509_STORE_free(store);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
  /* Try to load an engine in a shareable library */
  static ENGINE *try_load_engine(const char *engine)
  {
      ENGINE *e = ENGINE_by_id("dynamic");
      if (e) {
          if (!ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, "SO_PATH", engine, 0)
              || !ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, "LOAD", NULL, 0)) {
              ENGINE_free(e);
              e = NULL;
          }
      }
      return e;
  }
  #endif
  
  ENGINE *setup_engine(const char *engine, int debug)
  {
      ENGINE *e = NULL;
  
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
      if (engine != NULL) {
          if (strcmp(engine, "auto") == 0) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "enabling auto ENGINE support\n");
              ENGINE_register_all_complete();
              return NULL;
          }
          if ((e = ENGINE_by_id(engine)) == NULL
              && (e = try_load_engine(engine)) == NULL) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "invalid engine \"%s\"\n", engine);
              ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
              return NULL;
          }
          if (debug) {
              ENGINE_ctrl(e, ENGINE_CTRL_SET_LOGSTREAM, 0, bio_err, 0);
          }
          ENGINE_ctrl_cmd(e, "SET_USER_INTERFACE", 0, (void *)get_ui_method(),
                          0, 1);
          if (!ENGINE_set_default(e, ENGINE_METHOD_ALL)) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "can't use that engine\n");
              ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
              ENGINE_free(e);
              return NULL;
          }
  
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "engine \"%s\" set.\n", ENGINE_get_id(e));
      }
  #endif
      return e;
  }
  
  void release_engine(ENGINE *e)
  {
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
      if (e != NULL)
          /* Free our "structural" reference. */
          ENGINE_free(e);
  #endif
  }
  
  static unsigned long index_serial_hash(const OPENSSL_CSTRING *a)
  {
      const char *n;
  
      n = a[DB_serial];
      while (*n == '0')
          n++;
      return OPENSSL_LH_strhash(n);
  }
  
  static int index_serial_cmp(const OPENSSL_CSTRING *a,
                              const OPENSSL_CSTRING *b)
  {
      const char *aa, *bb;
  
      for (aa = a[DB_serial]; *aa == '0'; aa++) ;
      for (bb = b[DB_serial]; *bb == '0'; bb++) ;
      return strcmp(aa, bb);
  }
  
  static int index_name_qual(char **a)
  {
      return (a[0][0] == 'V');
  }
  
  static unsigned long index_name_hash(const OPENSSL_CSTRING *a)
  {
      return OPENSSL_LH_strhash(a[DB_name]);
  }
  
  int index_name_cmp(const OPENSSL_CSTRING *a, const OPENSSL_CSTRING *b)
  {
      return strcmp(a[DB_name], b[DB_name]);
  }
  
  static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(index_serial, OPENSSL_CSTRING)
  static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(index_serial, OPENSSL_CSTRING)
  static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(index_name, OPENSSL_CSTRING)
  static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(index_name, OPENSSL_CSTRING)
  #undef BSIZE
  #define BSIZE 256
  BIGNUM *load_serial(const char *serialfile, int create, ASN1_INTEGER **retai)
  {
      BIO *in = NULL;
      BIGNUM *ret = NULL;
      char buf[1024];
      ASN1_INTEGER *ai = NULL;
  
      ai = ASN1_INTEGER_new();
      if (ai == NULL)
          goto err;
  
      in = BIO_new_file(serialfile, "r");
      if (in == NULL) {
          if (!create) {
              perror(serialfile);
              goto err;
          }
          ERR_clear_error();
          ret = BN_new();
          if (ret == NULL || !rand_serial(ret, ai))
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "Out of memory\n");
      } else {
          if (!a2i_ASN1_INTEGER(in, ai, buf, 1024)) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to load number from %s\n",
                         serialfile);
              goto err;
          }
          ret = ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ai, NULL);
          if (ret == NULL) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err,
                         "error converting number from bin to BIGNUM\n");
              goto err;
          }
      }
  
      if (ret && retai) {
          *retai = ai;
          ai = NULL;
      }
   err:
      BIO_free(in);
      ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
      return ret;
  }
  
  int save_serial(const char *serialfile, const char *suffix, const BIGNUM *serial,
                  ASN1_INTEGER **retai)
  {
      char buf[1][BSIZE];
      BIO *out = NULL;
      int ret = 0;
      ASN1_INTEGER *ai = NULL;
      int j;
  
      if (suffix == NULL)
          j = strlen(serialfile);
      else
          j = strlen(serialfile) + strlen(suffix) + 1;
      if (j >= BSIZE) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
          goto err;
      }
  
      if (suffix == NULL)
          OPENSSL_strlcpy(buf[0], serialfile, BSIZE);
      else {
  #ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
          j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s.%s", serialfile, suffix);
  #else
          j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s-%s", serialfile, suffix);
  #endif
      }
      out = BIO_new_file(buf[0], "w");
      if (out == NULL) {
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
          goto err;
      }
  
      if ((ai = BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(serial, NULL)) == NULL) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "error converting serial to ASN.1 format\n");
          goto err;
      }
      i2a_ASN1_INTEGER(out, ai);
      BIO_puts(out, "\n");
      ret = 1;
      if (retai) {
          *retai = ai;
          ai = NULL;
      }
   err:
      BIO_free_all(out);
      ASN1_INTEGER_free(ai);
      return ret;
  }
  
  int rotate_serial(const char *serialfile, const char *new_suffix,
                    const char *old_suffix)
  {
      char buf[2][BSIZE];
      int i, j;
  
      i = strlen(serialfile) + strlen(old_suffix);
      j = strlen(serialfile) + strlen(new_suffix);
      if (i > j)
          j = i;
      if (j + 1 >= BSIZE) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
          goto err;
      }
  #ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s.%s", serialfile, new_suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s.%s", serialfile, old_suffix);
  #else
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s-%s", serialfile, new_suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s-%s", serialfile, old_suffix);
  #endif
      if (rename(serialfile, buf[1]) < 0 && errno != ENOENT
  #ifdef ENOTDIR
          && errno != ENOTDIR
  #endif
          ) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err,
                     "unable to rename %s to %s\n", serialfile, buf[1]);
          perror("reason");
          goto err;
      }
      if (rename(buf[0], serialfile) < 0) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err,
                     "unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[0], serialfile);
          perror("reason");
          rename(buf[1], serialfile);
          goto err;
      }
      return 1;
   err:
      return 0;
  }
  
  int rand_serial(BIGNUM *b, ASN1_INTEGER *ai)
  {
      BIGNUM *btmp;
      int ret = 0;
  
      btmp = b == NULL ? BN_new() : b;
      if (btmp == NULL)
          return 0;
  
      if (!BN_rand(btmp, SERIAL_RAND_BITS, BN_RAND_TOP_ANY, BN_RAND_BOTTOM_ANY))
          goto error;
      if (ai && !BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(btmp, ai))
          goto error;
  
      ret = 1;
  
   error:
  
      if (btmp != b)
          BN_free(btmp);
  
      return ret;
  }
  
  CA_DB *load_index(const char *dbfile, DB_ATTR *db_attr)
  {
      CA_DB *retdb = NULL;
      TXT_DB *tmpdb = NULL;
      BIO *in;
      CONF *dbattr_conf = NULL;
      char buf[BSIZE];
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
      FILE *dbfp;
      struct stat dbst;
  #endif
  
      in = BIO_new_file(dbfile, "r");
      if (in == NULL) {
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
          goto err;
      }
  
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
      BIO_get_fp(in, &dbfp);
      if (fstat(fileno(dbfp), &dbst) == -1) {
          SYSerr(SYS_F_FSTAT, errno);
          ERR_add_error_data(3, "fstat('", dbfile, "')");
          ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
          goto err;
      }
  #endif
  
      if ((tmpdb = TXT_DB_read(in, DB_NUMBER)) == NULL)
          goto err;
  
  #ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
      BIO_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.attr", dbfile);
  #else
      BIO_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s-attr", dbfile);
  #endif
      dbattr_conf = app_load_config_quiet(buf);
  
      retdb = app_malloc(sizeof(*retdb), "new DB");
      retdb->db = tmpdb;
      tmpdb = NULL;
      if (db_attr)
          retdb->attributes = *db_attr;
      else {
          retdb->attributes.unique_subject = 1;
      }
  
      if (dbattr_conf) {
          char *p = NCONF_get_string(dbattr_conf, NULL, "unique_subject");
          if (p) {
              retdb->attributes.unique_subject = parse_yesno(p, 1);
          }
      }
  
      retdb->dbfname = OPENSSL_strdup(dbfile);
  #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_POSIX_IO
      retdb->dbst = dbst;
  #endif
  
   err:
      NCONF_free(dbattr_conf);
      TXT_DB_free(tmpdb);
      BIO_free_all(in);
      return retdb;
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns > 0 on success, <= 0 on error
   */
  int index_index(CA_DB *db)
  {
      if (!TXT_DB_create_index(db->db, DB_serial, NULL,
                               LHASH_HASH_FN(index_serial),
                               LHASH_COMP_FN(index_serial))) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err,
                     "error creating serial number index:(%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
                     db->db->error, db->db->arg1, db->db->arg2);
          return 0;
      }
  
      if (db->attributes.unique_subject
          && !TXT_DB_create_index(db->db, DB_name, index_name_qual,
                                  LHASH_HASH_FN(index_name),
                                  LHASH_COMP_FN(index_name))) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "error creating name index:(%ld,%ld,%ld)\n",
                     db->db->error, db->db->arg1, db->db->arg2);
          return 0;
      }
      return 1;
  }
  
  int save_index(const char *dbfile, const char *suffix, CA_DB *db)
  {
      char buf[3][BSIZE];
      BIO *out;
      int j;
  
      j = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(suffix);
      if (j + 6 >= BSIZE) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
          goto err;
      }
  #ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof(buf[2]), "%s.attr", dbfile);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s.attr.%s", dbfile, suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s.%s", dbfile, suffix);
  #else
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof(buf[2]), "%s-attr", dbfile);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s-attr-%s", dbfile, suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s-%s", dbfile, suffix);
  #endif
      out = BIO_new_file(buf[0], "w");
      if (out == NULL) {
          perror(dbfile);
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to open '%s'\n", dbfile);
          goto err;
      }
      j = TXT_DB_write(out, db->db);
      BIO_free(out);
      if (j <= 0)
          goto err;
  
      out = BIO_new_file(buf[1], "w");
      if (out == NULL) {
          perror(buf[2]);
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to open '%s'\n", buf[2]);
          goto err;
      }
      BIO_printf(out, "unique_subject = %s\n",
                 db->attributes.unique_subject ? "yes" : "no");
      BIO_free(out);
  
      return 1;
   err:
      return 0;
  }
  
  int rotate_index(const char *dbfile, const char *new_suffix,
                   const char *old_suffix)
  {
      char buf[5][BSIZE];
      int i, j;
  
      i = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(old_suffix);
      j = strlen(dbfile) + strlen(new_suffix);
      if (i > j)
          j = i;
      if (j + 6 >= BSIZE) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "file name too long\n");
          goto err;
      }
  #ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[4], sizeof(buf[4]), "%s.attr", dbfile);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[3], sizeof(buf[3]), "%s.attr.%s", dbfile, old_suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof(buf[2]), "%s.attr.%s", dbfile, new_suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s.%s", dbfile, old_suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s.%s", dbfile, new_suffix);
  #else
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[4], sizeof(buf[4]), "%s-attr", dbfile);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[3], sizeof(buf[3]), "%s-attr-%s", dbfile, old_suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[2], sizeof(buf[2]), "%s-attr-%s", dbfile, new_suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]), "%s-%s", dbfile, old_suffix);
      j = BIO_snprintf(buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]), "%s-%s", dbfile, new_suffix);
  #endif
      if (rename(dbfile, buf[1]) < 0 && errno != ENOENT
  #ifdef ENOTDIR
          && errno != ENOTDIR
  #endif
          ) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to rename %s to %s\n", dbfile, buf[1]);
          perror("reason");
          goto err;
      }
      if (rename(buf[0], dbfile) < 0) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[0], dbfile);
          perror("reason");
          rename(buf[1], dbfile);
          goto err;
      }
      if (rename(buf[4], buf[3]) < 0 && errno != ENOENT
  #ifdef ENOTDIR
          && errno != ENOTDIR
  #endif
          ) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[4], buf[3]);
          perror("reason");
          rename(dbfile, buf[0]);
          rename(buf[1], dbfile);
          goto err;
      }
      if (rename(buf[2], buf[4]) < 0) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "unable to rename %s to %s\n", buf[2], buf[4]);
          perror("reason");
          rename(buf[3], buf[4]);
          rename(dbfile, buf[0]);
          rename(buf[1], dbfile);
          goto err;
      }
      return 1;
   err:
      return 0;
  }
  
  void free_index(CA_DB *db)
  {
      if (db) {
          TXT_DB_free(db->db);
          OPENSSL_free(db->dbfname);
          OPENSSL_free(db);
      }
  }
  
  int parse_yesno(const char *str, int def)
  {
      if (str) {
          switch (*str) {
          case 'f':              /* false */
          case 'F':              /* FALSE */
          case 'n':              /* no */
          case 'N':              /* NO */
          case '0':              /* 0 */
              return 0;
          case 't':              /* true */
          case 'T':              /* TRUE */
          case 'y':              /* yes */
          case 'Y':              /* YES */
          case '1':              /* 1 */
              return 1;
          }
      }
      return def;
  }
  
  /*
   * name is expected to be in the format /type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...
   * where characters may be escaped by \
   */
  X509_NAME *parse_name(const char *cp, long chtype, int canmulti)
  {
      int nextismulti = 0;
      char *work;
      X509_NAME *n;
  
      if (*cp++ != '/') {
          BIO_printf(bio_err,
                     "name is expected to be in the format "
                     "/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=... where characters may "
                     "be escaped by \\. This name is not in that format: '%s'\n",
                     --cp);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      n = X509_NAME_new();
      if (n == NULL)
          return NULL;
      work = OPENSSL_strdup(cp);
      if (work == NULL)
          goto err;
  
      while (*cp) {
          char *bp = work;
          char *typestr = bp;
          unsigned char *valstr;
          int nid;
          int ismulti = nextismulti;
          nextismulti = 0;
  
          /* Collect the type */
          while (*cp && *cp != '=')
              *bp++ = *cp++;
          if (*cp == '\0') {
              BIO_printf(bio_err,
                      "%s: Hit end of string before finding the equals.\n",
                      opt_getprog());
              goto err;
          }
          *bp++ = '\0';
          ++cp;
  
          /* Collect the value. */
          valstr = (unsigned char *)bp;
          for (; *cp && *cp != '/'; *bp++ = *cp++) {
              if (canmulti && *cp == '+') {
                  nextismulti = 1;
                  break;
              }
              if (*cp == '\\' && *++cp == '\0') {
                  BIO_printf(bio_err,
                          "%s: escape character at end of string\n",
                          opt_getprog());
                  goto err;
              }
          }
          *bp++ = '\0';
  
          /* If not at EOS (must be + or /), move forward. */
          if (*cp)
              ++cp;
  
          /* Parse */
          nid = OBJ_txt2nid(typestr);
          if (nid == NID_undef) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Skipping unknown attribute \"%s\"\n",
                        opt_getprog(), typestr);
              continue;
          }
          if (*valstr == '\0') {
              BIO_printf(bio_err,
                         "%s: No value provided for Subject Attribute %s, skipped\n",
                         opt_getprog(), typestr);
              continue;
          }
          if (!X509_NAME_add_entry_by_NID(n, nid, chtype,
                                          valstr, strlen((char *)valstr),
                                          -1, ismulti ? -1 : 0))
              goto err;
      }
  
      OPENSSL_free(work);
      return n;
  
   err:
      X509_NAME_free(n);
      OPENSSL_free(work);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /*
   * Read whole contents of a BIO into an allocated memory buffer and return
   * it.
   */
  
  int bio_to_mem(unsigned char **out, int maxlen, BIO *in)
  {
      BIO *mem;
      int len, ret;
      unsigned char tbuf[1024];
  
      mem = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
      if (mem == NULL)
          return -1;
      for (;;) {
          if ((maxlen != -1) && maxlen < 1024)
              len = maxlen;
          else
              len = 1024;
          len = BIO_read(in, tbuf, len);
          if (len < 0) {
              BIO_free(mem);
              return -1;
          }
          if (len == 0)
              break;
          if (BIO_write(mem, tbuf, len) != len) {
              BIO_free(mem);
              return -1;
          }
          maxlen -= len;
  
          if (maxlen == 0)
              break;
      }
      ret = BIO_get_mem_data(mem, (char **)out);
      BIO_set_flags(mem, BIO_FLAGS_MEM_RDONLY);
      BIO_free(mem);
      return ret;
  }
  
  int pkey_ctrl_string(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, const char *value)
  {
      int rv;
      char *stmp, *vtmp = NULL;
      stmp = OPENSSL_strdup(value);
      if (!stmp)
          return -1;
      vtmp = strchr(stmp, ':');
      if (vtmp) {
          *vtmp = 0;
          vtmp++;
      }
      rv = EVP_PKEY_CTX_ctrl_str(ctx, stmp, vtmp);
      OPENSSL_free(stmp);
      return rv;
  }
  
  static void nodes_print(const char *name, STACK_OF(X509_POLICY_NODE) *nodes)
  {
      X509_POLICY_NODE *node;
      int i;
  
      BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s Policies:", name);
      if (nodes) {
          BIO_puts(bio_err, "\n");
          for (i = 0; i < sk_X509_POLICY_NODE_num(nodes); i++) {
              node = sk_X509_POLICY_NODE_value(nodes, i);
              X509_POLICY_NODE_print(bio_err, node, 2);
          }
      } else {
          BIO_puts(bio_err, " <empty>\n");
      }
  }
  
  void policies_print(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
  {
      X509_POLICY_TREE *tree;
      int explicit_policy;
      tree = X509_STORE_CTX_get0_policy_tree(ctx);
      explicit_policy = X509_STORE_CTX_get_explicit_policy(ctx);
  
      BIO_printf(bio_err, "Require explicit Policy: %s\n",
                 explicit_policy ? "True" : "False");
  
      nodes_print("Authority", X509_policy_tree_get0_policies(tree));
      nodes_print("User", X509_policy_tree_get0_user_policies(tree));
  }
  
  /*-
   * next_protos_parse parses a comma separated list of strings into a string
   * in a format suitable for passing to SSL_CTX_set_next_protos_advertised.
   *   outlen: (output) set to the length of the resulting buffer on success.
   *   err: (maybe NULL) on failure, an error message line is written to this BIO.
   *   in: a NUL terminated string like "abc,def,ghi"
   *
   *   returns: a malloc'd buffer or NULL on failure.
   */
  unsigned char *next_protos_parse(size_t *outlen, const char *in)
  {
      size_t len;
      unsigned char *out;
      size_t i, start = 0;
  
      len = strlen(in);
      if (len >= 65535)
          return NULL;
  
      out = app_malloc(strlen(in) + 1, "NPN buffer");
      for (i = 0; i <= len; ++i) {
          if (i == len || in[i] == ',') {
              if (i - start > 255) {
                  OPENSSL_free(out);
                  return NULL;
              }
              out[start] = (unsigned char)(i - start);
              start = i + 1;
          } else {
              out[i + 1] = in[i];
          }
      }
  
      *outlen = len + 1;
      return out;
  }
  
  void print_cert_checks(BIO *bio, X509 *x,
                         const char *checkhost,
                         const char *checkemail, const char *checkip)
  {
      if (x == NULL)
          return;
      if (checkhost) {
          BIO_printf(bio, "Hostname %s does%s match certificate\n",
                     checkhost,
                     X509_check_host(x, checkhost, 0, 0, NULL) == 1
                         ? "" : " NOT");
      }
  
      if (checkemail) {
          BIO_printf(bio, "Email %s does%s match certificate\n",
                     checkemail, X509_check_email(x, checkemail, 0, 0)
                     ? "" : " NOT");
      }
  
      if (checkip) {
          BIO_printf(bio, "IP %s does%s match certificate\n",
                     checkip, X509_check_ip_asc(x, checkip, 0) ? "" : " NOT");
      }
  }
  
  /* Get first http URL from a DIST_POINT structure */
  
  static const char *get_dp_url(DIST_POINT *dp)
  {
      GENERAL_NAMES *gens;
      GENERAL_NAME *gen;
      int i, gtype;
      ASN1_STRING *uri;
      if (!dp->distpoint || dp->distpoint->type != 0)
          return NULL;
      gens = dp->distpoint->name.fullname;
      for (i = 0; i < sk_GENERAL_NAME_num(gens); i++) {
          gen = sk_GENERAL_NAME_value(gens, i);
          uri = GENERAL_NAME_get0_value(gen, &gtype);
          if (gtype == GEN_URI && ASN1_STRING_length(uri) > 6) {
              const char *uptr = (const char *)ASN1_STRING_get0_data(uri);
              if (strncmp(uptr, "http://", 7) == 0)
                  return uptr;
          }
      }
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /*
   * Look through a CRLDP structure and attempt to find an http URL to
   * downloads a CRL from.
   */
  
  static X509_CRL *load_crl_crldp(STACK_OF(DIST_POINT) *crldp)
  {
      int i;
      const char *urlptr = NULL;
      for (i = 0; i < sk_DIST_POINT_num(crldp); i++) {
          DIST_POINT *dp = sk_DIST_POINT_value(crldp, i);
          urlptr = get_dp_url(dp);
          if (urlptr)
              return load_crl(urlptr, FORMAT_HTTP);
      }
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /*
   * Example of downloading CRLs from CRLDP: not usable for real world as it
   * always downloads, doesn't support non-blocking I/O and doesn't cache
   * anything.
   */
  
  static STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crls_http_cb(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx, X509_NAME *nm)
  {
      X509 *x;
      STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crls = NULL;
      X509_CRL *crl;
      STACK_OF(DIST_POINT) *crldp;
  
      crls = sk_X509_CRL_new_null();
      if (!crls)
          return NULL;
      x = X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(ctx);
      crldp = X509_get_ext_d2i(x, NID_crl_distribution_points, NULL, NULL);
      crl = load_crl_crldp(crldp);
      sk_DIST_POINT_pop_free(crldp, DIST_POINT_free);
      if (!crl) {
          sk_X509_CRL_free(crls);
          return NULL;
      }
      sk_X509_CRL_push(crls, crl);
      /* Try to download delta CRL */
      crldp = X509_get_ext_d2i(x, NID_freshest_crl, NULL, NULL);
      crl = load_crl_crldp(crldp);
      sk_DIST_POINT_pop_free(crldp, DIST_POINT_free);
      if (crl)
          sk_X509_CRL_push(crls, crl);
      return crls;
  }
  
  void store_setup_crl_download(X509_STORE *st)
  {
      X509_STORE_set_lookup_crls_cb(st, crls_http_cb);
  }
  
  /*
   * Platform-specific sections
   */
  #if defined(_WIN32)
  # ifdef fileno
  #  undef fileno
  #  define fileno(a) (int)_fileno(a)
  # endif
  
  # include <windows.h>
  # include <tchar.h>
  
  static int WIN32_rename(const char *from, const char *to)
  {
      TCHAR *tfrom = NULL, *tto;
      DWORD err;
      int ret = 0;
  
      if (sizeof(TCHAR) == 1) {
          tfrom = (TCHAR *)from;
          tto = (TCHAR *)to;
      } else {                    /* UNICODE path */
  
          size_t i, flen = strlen(from) + 1, tlen = strlen(to) + 1;
          tfrom = malloc(sizeof(*tfrom) * (flen + tlen));
          if (tfrom == NULL)
              goto err;
          tto = tfrom + flen;
  # if !defined(_WIN32_WCE) || _WIN32_WCE>=101
          if (!MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, from, flen, (WCHAR *)tfrom, flen))
  # endif
              for (i = 0; i < flen; i++)
                  tfrom[i] = (TCHAR)from[i];
  # if !defined(_WIN32_WCE) || _WIN32_WCE>=101
          if (!MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, to, tlen, (WCHAR *)tto, tlen))
  # endif
              for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++)
                  tto[i] = (TCHAR)to[i];
      }
  
      if (MoveFile(tfrom, tto))
          goto ok;
      err = GetLastError();
      if (err == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS || err == ERROR_FILE_EXISTS) {
          if (DeleteFile(tto) && MoveFile(tfrom, tto))
              goto ok;
          err = GetLastError();
      }
      if (err == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND || err == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND)
          errno = ENOENT;
      else if (err == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED)
          errno = EACCES;
      else
          errno = EINVAL;         /* we could map more codes... */
   err:
      ret = -1;
   ok:
      if (tfrom != NULL && tfrom != (TCHAR *)from)
          free(tfrom);
      return ret;
  }
  #endif
  
  /* app_tminterval section */
  #if defined(_WIN32)
  double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
  {
      FILETIME now;
      double ret = 0;
      static ULARGE_INTEGER tmstart;
      static int warning = 1;
  # ifdef _WIN32_WINNT
      static HANDLE proc = NULL;
  
      if (proc == NULL) {
          if (check_winnt())
              proc = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, FALSE,
                                 GetCurrentProcessId());
          if (proc == NULL)
              proc = (HANDLE) - 1;
      }
  
      if (usertime && proc != (HANDLE) - 1) {
          FILETIME junk;
          GetProcessTimes(proc, &junk, &junk, &junk, &now);
      } else
  # endif
      {
          SYSTEMTIME systime;
  
          if (usertime && warning) {
              BIO_printf(bio_err, "To get meaningful results, run "
                         "this program on idle system.\n");
              warning = 0;
          }
          GetSystemTime(&systime);
          SystemTimeToFileTime(&systime, &now);
      }
  
      if (stop == TM_START) {
          tmstart.u.LowPart = now.dwLowDateTime;
          tmstart.u.HighPart = now.dwHighDateTime;
      } else {
          ULARGE_INTEGER tmstop;
  
          tmstop.u.LowPart = now.dwLowDateTime;
          tmstop.u.HighPart = now.dwHighDateTime;
  
          ret = (__int64)(tmstop.QuadPart - tmstart.QuadPart) * 1e-7;
      }
  
      return ret;
  }
  #elif defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VXWORKS)
  # include <time.h>
  
  double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
  {
      double ret = 0;
  # ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME
      static struct timespec tmstart;
      struct timespec now;
  # else
      static unsigned long tmstart;
      unsigned long now;
  # endif
      static int warning = 1;
  
      if (usertime && warning) {
          BIO_printf(bio_err, "To get meaningful results, run "
                     "this program on idle system.\n");
          warning = 0;
      }
  # ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME
      clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &now);
      if (stop == TM_START)
          tmstart = now;
      else
          ret = ((now.tv_sec + now.tv_nsec * 1e-9)
                 - (tmstart.tv_sec + tmstart.tv_nsec * 1e-9));
  # else
      now = tickGet();
      if (stop == TM_START)
          tmstart = now;
      else
          ret = (now - tmstart) / (double)sysClkRateGet();
  # endif
      return ret;
  }
  
  #elif defined(OPENSSL_SYSTEM_VMS)
  # include <time.h>
  # include <times.h>
  
  double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
  {
      static clock_t tmstart;
      double ret = 0;
      clock_t now;
  # ifdef __TMS
      struct tms rus;
  
      now = times(&rus);
      if (usertime)
          now = rus.tms_utime;
  # else
      if (usertime)
          now = clock();          /* sum of user and kernel times */
      else {
          struct timeval tv;
          gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
          now = (clock_t)((unsigned long long)tv.tv_sec * CLK_TCK +
                          (unsigned long long)tv.tv_usec * (1000000 / CLK_TCK)
              );
      }
  # endif
      if (stop == TM_START)
          tmstart = now;
      else
          ret = (now - tmstart) / (double)(CLK_TCK);
  
      return ret;
  }
  
  #elif defined(_SC_CLK_TCK)      /* by means of unistd.h */
  # include <sys/times.h>
  
  double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
  {
      double ret = 0;
      struct tms rus;
      clock_t now = times(&rus);
      static clock_t tmstart;
  
      if (usertime)
          now = rus.tms_utime;
  
      if (stop == TM_START) {
          tmstart = now;
      } else {
          long int tck = sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
          ret = (now - tmstart) / (double)tck;
      }
  
      return ret;
  }
  
  #else
  # include <sys/time.h>
  # include <sys/resource.h>
  
  double app_tminterval(int stop, int usertime)
  {
      double ret = 0;
      struct rusage rus;
      struct timeval now;
      static struct timeval tmstart;
  
      if (usertime)
          getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &rus), now = rus.ru_utime;
      else
          gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
  
      if (stop == TM_START)
          tmstart = now;
      else
          ret = ((now.tv_sec + now.tv_usec * 1e-6)
                 - (tmstart.tv_sec + tmstart.tv_usec * 1e-6));
  
      return ret;
  }
  #endif
  
  int app_access(const char* name, int flag)
  {
  #ifdef _WIN32
      return _access(name, flag);
  #else
      return access(name, flag);
  #endif
  }
  
  int app_isdir(const char *name)
  {
      return opt_isdir(name);
  }
  
  /* raw_read|write section */
  #if defined(__VMS)
  # include "vms_term_sock.h"
  static int stdin_sock = -1;
  
  static void close_stdin_sock(void)
  {
      TerminalSocket (TERM_SOCK_DELETE, &stdin_sock);
  }
  
  int fileno_stdin(void)
  {
      if (stdin_sock == -1) {
          TerminalSocket(TERM_SOCK_CREATE, &stdin_sock);
          atexit(close_stdin_sock);
      }
  
      return stdin_sock;
  }
  #else
  int fileno_stdin(void)
  {
      return fileno(stdin);
  }
  #endif
  
  int fileno_stdout(void)
  {
      return fileno(stdout);
  }
  
  #if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
  int raw_read_stdin(void *buf, int siz)
  {
      DWORD n;
      if (ReadFile(GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE), buf, siz, &n, NULL))
          return n;
      else
          return -1;
  }
  #elif defined(__VMS)
  # include <sys/socket.h>
  
  int raw_read_stdin(void *buf, int siz)
  {
      return recv(fileno_stdin(), buf, siz, 0);
  }
  #else
  int raw_read_stdin(void *buf, int siz)
  {
      return read(fileno_stdin(), buf, siz);
  }
  #endif
  
  #if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
  int raw_write_stdout(const void *buf, int siz)
  {
      DWORD n;
      if (WriteFile(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), buf, siz, &n, NULL))
          return n;
      else
          return -1;
  }
  #else
  int raw_write_stdout(const void *buf, int siz)
  {
      return write(fileno_stdout(), buf, siz);
  }
  #endif
  
  /*
   * Centralized handling of input and output files with format specification
   * The format is meant to show what the input and output is supposed to be,
   * and is therefore a show of intent more than anything else.  However, it
   * does impact behavior on some platforms, such as differentiating between
   * text and binary input/output on non-Unix platforms
   */
  BIO *dup_bio_in(int format)
  {
      return BIO_new_fp(stdin,
                        BIO_NOCLOSE | (FMT_istext(format) ? BIO_FP_TEXT : 0));
  }
  
  static BIO_METHOD *prefix_method = NULL;
  
  BIO *dup_bio_out(int format)
  {
      BIO *b = BIO_new_fp(stdout,
                          BIO_NOCLOSE | (FMT_istext(format) ? BIO_FP_TEXT : 0));
      void *prefix = NULL;
  
  #ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
      if (FMT_istext(format))
          b = BIO_push(BIO_new(BIO_f_linebuffer()), b);
  #endif
  
      if (FMT_istext(format) && (prefix = getenv("HARNESS_OSSL_PREFIX")) != NULL) {
          if (prefix_method == NULL)
              prefix_method = apps_bf_prefix();
          b = BIO_push(BIO_new(prefix_method), b);
          BIO_ctrl(b, PREFIX_CTRL_SET_PREFIX, 0, prefix);
      }
  
      return b;
  }
  
  BIO *dup_bio_err(int format)
  {
      BIO *b = BIO_new_fp(stderr,
                          BIO_NOCLOSE | (FMT_istext(format) ? BIO_FP_TEXT : 0));
  #ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
      if (FMT_istext(format))
          b = BIO_push(BIO_new(BIO_f_linebuffer()), b);
  #endif
      return b;
  }
  
  void destroy_prefix_method(void)
  {
      BIO_meth_free(prefix_method);
      prefix_method = NULL;
  }
  
  void unbuffer(FILE *fp)
  {
  /*
   * On VMS, setbuf() will only take 32-bit pointers, and a compilation
   * with /POINTER_SIZE=64 will give off a MAYLOSEDATA2 warning here.
   * However, we trust that the C RTL will never give us a FILE pointer
   * above the first 4 GB of memory, so we simply turn off the warning
   * temporarily.
   */
  #if defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VMS) && defined(__DECC)
  # pragma environment save
  # pragma message disable maylosedata2
  #endif
      setbuf(fp, NULL);
  #if defined(OPENSSL_SYS_VMS) && defined(__DECC)
  # pragma environment restore
  #endif
  }
  
  static const char *modestr(char mode, int format)
  {
      OPENSSL_assert(mode == 'a' || mode == 'r' || mode == 'w');
  
      switch (mode) {
      case 'a':
          return FMT_istext(format) ? "a" : "ab";
      case 'r':
          return FMT_istext(format) ? "r" : "rb";
      case 'w':
          return FMT_istext(format) ? "w" : "wb";
      }
      /* The assert above should make sure we never reach this point */
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static const char *modeverb(char mode)
  {
      switch (mode) {
      case 'a':
          return "appending";
      case 'r':
          return "reading";
      case 'w':
          return "writing";
      }
      return "(doing something)";
  }
  
  /*
   * Open a file for writing, owner-read-only.
   */
  BIO *bio_open_owner(const char *filename, int format, int private)
  {
      FILE *fp = NULL;
      BIO *b = NULL;
      int fd = -1, bflags, mode, textmode;
  
      if (!private || filename == NULL || strcmp(filename, "-") == 0)
          return bio_open_default(filename, 'w', format);
  
      mode = O_WRONLY;
  #ifdef O_CREAT
      mode |= O_CREAT;
  #endif
  #ifdef O_TRUNC
      mode |= O_TRUNC;
  #endif
      textmode = FMT_istext(format);
      if (!textmode) {
  #ifdef O_BINARY
          mode |= O_BINARY;
  #elif defined(_O_BINARY)
          mode |= _O_BINARY;
  #endif
      }
  
  #ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
      /* VMS doesn't have O_BINARY, it just doesn't make sense.  But,
       * it still needs to know that we're going binary, or fdopen()
       * will fail with "invalid argument"...  so we tell VMS what the
       * context is.
       */
      if (!textmode)
          fd = open(filename, mode, 0600, "ctx=bin");
      else
  #endif
          fd = open(filename, mode, 0600);
      if (fd < 0)
          goto err;
      fp = fdopen(fd, modestr('w', format));
      if (fp == NULL)
          goto err;
      bflags = BIO_CLOSE;
      if (textmode)
          bflags |= BIO_FP_TEXT;
      b = BIO_new_fp(fp, bflags);
      if (b)
          return b;
  
   err:
      BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Can't open \"%s\" for writing, %s\n",
                 opt_getprog(), filename, strerror(errno));
      ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
      /* If we have fp, then fdopen took over fd, so don't close both. */
      if (fp)
          fclose(fp);
      else if (fd >= 0)
          close(fd);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static BIO *bio_open_default_(const char *filename, char mode, int format,
                                int quiet)
  {
      BIO *ret;
  
      if (filename == NULL || strcmp(filename, "-") == 0) {
          ret = mode == 'r' ? dup_bio_in(format) : dup_bio_out(format);
          if (quiet) {
              ERR_clear_error();
              return ret;
          }
          if (ret != NULL)
              return ret;
          BIO_printf(bio_err,
                     "Can't open %s, %s\n",
                     mode == 'r' ? "stdin" : "stdout", strerror(errno));
      } else {
          ret = BIO_new_file(filename, modestr(mode, format));
          if (quiet) {
              ERR_clear_error();
              return ret;
          }
          if (ret != NULL)
              return ret;
          BIO_printf(bio_err,
                     "Can't open %s for %s, %s\n",
                     filename, modeverb(mode), strerror(errno));
      }
      ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  BIO *bio_open_default(const char *filename, char mode, int format)
  {
      return bio_open_default_(filename, mode, format, 0);
  }
  
  BIO *bio_open_default_quiet(const char *filename, char mode, int format)
  {
      return bio_open_default_(filename, mode, format, 1);
  }
  
  void wait_for_async(SSL *s)
  {
      /* On Windows select only works for sockets, so we simply don't wait  */
  #ifndef OPENSSL_SYS_WINDOWS
      int width = 0;
      fd_set asyncfds;
      OSSL_ASYNC_FD *fds;
      size_t numfds;
      size_t i;
  
      if (!SSL_get_all_async_fds(s, NULL, &numfds))
          return;
      if (numfds == 0)
          return;
      fds = app_malloc(sizeof(OSSL_ASYNC_FD) * numfds, "allocate async fds");
      if (!SSL_get_all_async_fds(s, fds, &numfds)) {
          OPENSSL_free(fds);
          return;
      }
  
      FD_ZERO(&asyncfds);
      for (i = 0; i < numfds; i++) {
          if (width <= (int)fds[i])
              width = (int)fds[i] + 1;
          openssl_fdset((int)fds[i], &asyncfds);
      }
      select(width, (void *)&asyncfds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
      OPENSSL_free(fds);
  #endif
  }
  
  /* if OPENSSL_SYS_WINDOWS is defined then so is OPENSSL_SYS_MSDOS */
  #if defined(OPENSSL_SYS_MSDOS)
  int has_stdin_waiting(void)
  {
  # if defined(OPENSSL_SYS_WINDOWS)
      HANDLE inhand = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
      DWORD events = 0;
      INPUT_RECORD inputrec;
      DWORD insize = 1;
      BOOL peeked;
  
      if (inhand == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
          return 0;
      }
  
      peeked = PeekConsoleInput(inhand, &inputrec, insize, &events);
      if (!peeked) {
          /* Probably redirected input? _kbhit() does not work in this case */
          if (!feof(stdin)) {
              return 1;
          }
          return 0;
      }
  # endif
      return _kbhit();
  }
  #endif
  
  /* Corrupt a signature by modifying final byte */
  void corrupt_signature(const ASN1_STRING *signature)
  {
          unsigned char *s = signature->data;
          s[signature->length - 1] ^= 0x1;
  }
  
  int set_cert_times(X509 *x, const char *startdate, const char *enddate,
                     int days)
  {
      if (startdate == NULL || strcmp(startdate, "today") == 0) {
          if (X509_gmtime_adj(X509_getm_notBefore(x), 0) == NULL)
              return 0;
      } else {
          if (!ASN1_TIME_set_string_X509(X509_getm_notBefore(x), startdate))
              return 0;
      }
      if (enddate == NULL) {
          if (X509_time_adj_ex(X509_getm_notAfter(x), days, 0, NULL)
              == NULL)
              return 0;
      } else if (!ASN1_TIME_set_string_X509(X509_getm_notAfter(x), enddate)) {
          return 0;
      }
      return 1;
  }
  
  void make_uppercase(char *string)
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; string[i] != '\0'; i++)
          string[i] = toupper((unsigned char)string[i]);
  }
  
  int opt_printf_stderr(const char *fmt, ...)
  {
      va_list ap;
      int ret;
  
      va_start(ap, fmt);
      ret = BIO_vprintf(bio_err, fmt, ap);
      va_end(ap);
      return ret;
  }
  