text: # Copyright 2018-2021 Alvaro Bartolome, alvarobartt @ GitHub
  # See LICENSE for details.
  
  from datetime import datetime, date, timedelta
  import pytz
  
  import json
  import re
  from random import randint
  
  import pandas as pd
  import pkg_resources
  import requests
  from unidecode import unidecode
  from lxml.html import fromstring
  
  from .utils.extra import random_user_agent
  from .utils.data import Data
  
  from .data.bonds_data import bonds_as_df, bonds_as_list, bonds_as_dict
  from .data.bonds_data import bond_countries_as_list
  
  
  def get_bonds(country=None):
      """
      This function retrieves all the bonds data stored in `bonds.csv` file, which previously was
      retrieved from Investing.com. Since the resulting object is a matrix of data, the bonds data is properly
      structured in rows and columns, where columns are the bond data attribute names. Additionally, country
      filtering can be specified, which will make this function return not all the stored bond data, but just
      the data of the bonds from the introduced country.
  
      Args:
          country (:obj:`str`, optional): name of the country to retrieve all its available bonds from.
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` - bonds_df:
              The resulting :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` contains all the bond data from the introduced country if specified,
              or from every country if None was specified, as indexed in Investing.com from the information previously
              retrieved by investpy and stored on a csv file.
  
              So on, the resulting :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` will look like::
  
                  country | name | full name 
                  --------|------|-----------
                  xxxxxxx | xxxx | xxxxxxxxx
  
      Raises:
          ValueError: raised whenever any of the introduced arguments is not valid.
          FileNotFoundError: raised when bonds file was not found.
          IOError: raised when bond countries file is missing or empty.
  
      """
  
      return bonds_as_df(country)
  
  
  def get_bonds_list(country=None):
      """
      This function retrieves all the bond names as stored in `bonds.csv` file, which contains all the
      data from the bonds as previously retrieved from Investing.com. So on, this function will just return
      the government bond names which will be one of the input parameters when it comes to bond data retrieval functions
      from investpy. Additionally, note that the country filtering can be applied, which is really useful since
      this function just returns the names and in bond data retrieval functions both the name and the country
      must be specified and they must match.
  
      Args:
          country (:obj:`str`, optional): name of the country to retrieve all its available bonds from.
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`list` - bonds_list:
              The resulting :obj:`list` contains the all the bond names from the introduced country if specified,
              or from every country if None was specified, as indexed in Investing.com from the information previously
              retrieved by investpy and stored on a csv file.
  
              In case the information was successfully retrieved, the :obj:`list` of bond names will look like::
  
                  bonds_list = ['Argentina 1Y', 'Argentina 3Y', 'Argentina 5Y', 'Argentina 9Y', ...]
  
      Raises:
          ValueError: raised whenever any of the introduced arguments is not valid.
          FileNotFoundError: raised when bonds file was not found.
          IOError: raised when bond countries file is missing or empty.
      
      """
  
      return bonds_as_list(country)
  
  
  def get_bonds_dict(country=None, columns=None, as_json=False):
      """
      This function retrieves all the bonds information stored in the `bonds.csv` file and formats it as a
      Python dictionary which contains the same information as the file, but every row is a :obj:`dict` and
      all of them are contained in a :obj:`list`. Note that the dictionary structure is the same one as the
      JSON structure. Some optional paramaters can be specified such as the country, columns or as_json, which
      are a filtering by country so not to return all the bonds but just the ones from the introduced country,
      the column names that want to be retrieved in case of needing just some columns to avoid unnecessary information
      load, and whether the information wants to be returned as a JSON object or as a dictionary; respectively.
  
      Args:
          country (:obj:`str`, optional): name of the country to retrieve all its available bonds from.
          columns (:obj:`list`, optional): column names of the bonds data to retrieve, can be: <country, name, full_name>
          as_json (:obj:`bool`, optional): if True the returned data will be a :obj:`json` object, if False, a :obj:`list` of :obj:`dict`.
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`list` of :obj:`dict` OR :obj:`json` - bonds_dict:
              The resulting :obj:`list` of :obj:`dict` contains the retrieved data from every bond as indexed in Investing.com from
              the information previously retrieved by investpy and stored on a csv file.
  
              In case the information was successfully retrieved, the :obj:`list` of :obj:`dict` will look like::
  
                  bonds_dict = {
                      'country': country,
                      'name': name,
                      'full_name': full_name,
                  }
  
      Raises:
          ValueError: raised whenever any of the introduced arguments is not valid.
          FileNotFoundError: raised when bonds file was not found.
          IOError: raised when bond countries file is missing or empty.
  
      """
  
      return bonds_as_dict(country=country, columns=columns, as_json=as_json)
  
  
  def get_bond_countries():
      """
      This function returns a listing with all the available countries from where bonds can be retrieved, so to
      let the user know which of them are available, since the parameter country is mandatory in every bond retrieval
      function. Also, not just the available countries, but the required name is provided since Investing.com has a
      certain country name standard and countries should be specified the same way they are in Investing.com.
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`list` - countries:
              The resulting :obj:`list` contains all the available countries with government bonds as indexed in Investing.com
  
      Raises:
          FileNotFoundError: raised when bond countries file was not found.
          IOError: raised when bond countries file is missing or empty.
  
      """
  
      return bond_countries_as_list()
  
  
  def get_bond_recent_data(bond, as_json=False, order='ascending', interval='Daily'):
      """
      This function retrieves recent historical data from the introduced bond from Investing.com. So on, the recent data
      of the introduced bond will be retrieved and returned as a :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` if the parameters are valid and 
      the request to Investing.com succeeds. Note that additionally some optional parameters can be specified: as_json 
      and order, which let the user decide if the data is going to be returned as a :obj:`json` or not, and if the recent 
      data is going to be ordered ascending or descending (where the index is the date), respectively.
  
      Args:
          bond (:obj:`str`): name of the bond to retrieve recent historical data from.
          as_json (:obj:`bool`, optional):
              to determine the format of the output data, either a :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` if False and a :obj:`json` if True.
          order (:obj:`str`, optional): to define the order of the retrieved data which can either be ascending or descending.
          interval (:obj:`str`, optional):
              value to define the historical data interval to retrieve, by default `Daily`, but it can also be `Weekly` or `Monthly`.
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` or :obj:`json`:
              The function can return either a :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` or a :obj:`json` object, containing the retrieved
              recent data of the specified bond. So on, the resulting dataframe contains the open, high, low and close 
              values for the selected bond on market days.
  
              The resulting recent data, in case that the default parameters were applied, will look like::
  
                  Date || Open | High | Low | Close 
                  -----||------|------|-----|-------
                  xxxx || xxxx | xxxx | xxx | xxxxx 
  
              but in case that as_json parameter was defined as True, then the output will be::
  
                  {
                      name: name,
                      recent: [
                          {
                              date: 'dd/mm/yyyy',
                              open: x,
                              high: x,
                              low: x,
                              close: x
                          },
                          ...
                      ]
                  }
  
      Raises:
          ValueError: raised whenever any of the introduced arguments is not valid or errored.
          IOError: raised if bonds object/file was not found or unable to retrieve.
          RuntimeError: raised if the introduced bond was not found or did not match any of the existing ones.
          ConnectionError: raised if connection to Investing.com could not be established.
          IndexError: raised if bond historical data was unavailable or not found in Investing.com.
  
      Examples:
          >>> data = investpy.get_bond_recent_data(bond='Argentina 3Y')
          >>> data.head()
                        Open    High     Low   Close
          Date                                      
          2019-09-23  52.214  52.214  52.214  52.214
          2019-09-24  52.323  52.323  52.323  52.323
          2019-09-25  52.432  52.432  52.432  52.432
          2019-09-26  52.765  52.765  52.765  52.765
          2019-09-27  52.876  52.876  52.876  52.876
      
      """
  
      if not bond:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0066: bond parameter is mandatory and must be a valid bond name.")
  
      if not isinstance(bond, str):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0067: bond argument needs to be a str.")
  
      if not isinstance(as_json, bool):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0002: as_json argument can just be True or False, bool type.")
  
      if order not in ['ascending', 'asc', 'descending', 'desc']:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0003: order argument can just be ascending (asc) or descending (desc), str type.")
  
      if not interval:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0073: interval value should be a str type and it can just be either 'Daily', 'Weekly' or 'Monthly'.")
  
      if not isinstance(interval, str):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0073: interval value should be a str type and it can just be either 'Daily', 'Weekly' or 'Monthly'.")
  
      interval = interval.lower()
  
      if interval not in ['daily', 'weekly', 'monthly']:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0073: interval value should be a str type and it can just be either 'Daily', 'Weekly' or 'Monthly'.")
  
      resource_package = 'investpy'
      resource_path = '/'.join(('resources', 'bonds.csv'))
      if pkg_resources.resource_exists(resource_package, resource_path):
          bonds = pd.read_csv(pkg_resources.resource_filename(resource_package, resource_path))
      else:
          raise FileNotFoundError("ERR#0064: bonds file not found or errored.")
  
      if bonds is None:
          raise IOError("ERR#0065: bonds object not found or unable to retrieve.")
  
      bond = unidecode(bond.strip().lower())
  
      if bond not in list(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower()):
          raise RuntimeError("ERR#0068: bond " + bond + " not found, check if it is correct.")
  
      id_ = bonds.loc[(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower() == bond).idxmax(), 'id']
      name = bonds.loc[(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower() == bond).idxmax(), 'name']
      full_name = bonds.loc[(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower() == bond).idxmax(), 'full_name']
  
      header = full_name + " Bond Yield Historical Data"
  
      params = {
          "curr_id": id_,
          "smlID": str(randint(1000000, 99999999)),
          "header": header,
          "interval_sec": interval.capitalize(),
          "sort_col": "date",
          "sort_ord": "DESC",
          "action": "historical_data"
      }
  
      head = {
          "User-Agent": random_user_agent(),
          "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
          "Accept": "text/html",
          "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
          "Connection": "keep-alive",
      }
  
      url = "https://www.investing.com/instruments/HistoricalDataAjax"
  
      req = requests.post(url, headers=head, data=params)
  
      if req.status_code != 200:
          raise ConnectionError("ERR#0015: error " + str(req.status_code) + ", try again later.")
  
      root_ = fromstring(req.text)
      path_ = root_.xpath(".//table[@id='curr_table']/tbody/tr")
      
      result = list()
  
      if path_:
          for elements_ in path_:
              if elements_.xpath(".//td")[0].text_content() == 'No results found':
                  raise IndexError("ERR#0069: bond information unavailable or not found.")
              
              info = []
  
              for nested_ in elements_.xpath(".//td"):
                  info.append(nested_.get('data-real-value'))
  
              bond_date = datetime.strptime(str(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(info[0]), tz=pytz.timezone('GMT')).date()), '%Y-%m-%d')
  
              bond_close = float(info[1].replace(',', ''))
              bond_open = float(info[2].replace(',', ''))
              bond_high = float(info[3].replace(',', ''))
              bond_low = float(info[4].replace(',', ''))
  
              result.insert(len(result),
                            Data(bond_date, bond_open, bond_high, bond_low, bond_close, None, None, None))
  
          if order in ['ascending', 'asc']:
              result = result[::-1]
          elif order in ['descending', 'desc']:
              result = result
  
          if as_json is True:
              json_ = {
                  'name': name,
                  'recent':
                      [value.bond_as_json() for value in result]
              }
  
              return json.dumps(json_, sort_keys=False)
          elif as_json is False:
              df = pd.DataFrame.from_records([value.bond_to_dict() for value in result])
              df.set_index('Date', inplace=True)
  
              return df
      else:
          raise RuntimeError("ERR#0004: data retrieval error while scraping.")
  
  
  def get_bond_historical_data(bond, from_date, to_date, as_json=False, order='ascending', interval='Daily'):
      """
      This function retrieves historical data from the introduced bond from Investing.com. So on, the historical data
      of the introduced bond in the specified date range will be retrieved and returned as a :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` if 
      the parameters are valid and the request to Investing.com succeeds. Note that additionally some optional parameters 
      can be specified: as_json and order, which let the user decide if the data is going to be returned as a :obj:`json` 
      or not, and if the historical data is going to be ordered ascending or descending (where the index is the date), 
      respectively.
  
      Args:
          bond (:obj:`str`): name of the bond to retrieve historical data from.
          from_date (:obj:`str`): date formatted as `dd/mm/yyyy`, since when data is going to be retrieved.
          to_date (:obj:`str`): date formatted as `dd/mm/yyyy`, until when data is going to be retrieved.
          as_json (:obj:`bool`, optional):
              to determine the format of the output data, either a :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` if False and a :obj:`json` if True.
          order (:obj:`str`, optional): to define the order of the retrieved data which can either be ascending or descending.
          interval (:obj:`str`, optional):
              value to define the historical data interval to retrieve, by default `Daily`, but it can also be `Weekly` or `Monthly`.
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` or :obj:`json`:
              The function returns a either a :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` or a :obj:`json` file containing the retrieved
              recent data from the specified bond via argument. The dataset contains the open, high, low and close for the 
              selected bond on market days.
  
              The resulting recent data, in case that the default parameters were applied, will look like::
  
                  Date || Open | High | Low | Close 
                  -----||------|------|-----|-------
                  xxxx || xxxx | xxxx | xxx | xxxxx 
  
              but in case that as_json parameter was defined as True, then the output will be::
  
                  {
                      name: name,
                      historical: [
                          {
                              date: 'dd/mm/yyyy',
                              open: x,
                              high: x,
                              low: x,
                              close: x
                          },
                          ...
                      ]
                  }
  
      Raises:
          ValueError: raised whenever any of the introduced arguments is not valid or errored.
          IOError: raised if bonds object/file was not found or unable to retrieve.
          RuntimeError: raised if the introduced bond was not found or did not match any of the existing ones.
          ConnectionError: raised if connection to Investing.com could not be established.
          IndexError: raised if bond historical data was unavailable or not found in Investing.com.
  
      Examples:
          >>> data = investpy.get_bond_historical_data(bond='Argentina 3Y', from_date='01/01/2010', to_date='01/01/2019')
          >>> data.head()
                      Open  High   Low  Close
          Date                               
          2011-01-03  4.15  4.15  4.15   5.15
          2011-01-04  4.07  4.07  4.07   5.45
          2011-01-05  4.27  4.27  4.27   5.71
          2011-01-10  4.74  4.74  4.74   6.27
          2011-01-11  4.30  4.30  4.30   6.56
  
      """
  
      if not bond:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0066: bond parameter is mandatory and must be a valid bond name.")
  
      if not isinstance(bond, str):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0067: bond argument needs to be a str.")
  
      if not isinstance(as_json, bool):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0002: as_json argument can just be True or False, bool type.")
  
      if order not in ['ascending', 'asc', 'descending', 'desc']:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0003: order argument can just be ascending (asc) or descending (desc), str type.")
  
      if not interval:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0073: interval value should be a str type and it can just be either 'Daily', 'Weekly' or 'Monthly'.")
  
      if not isinstance(interval, str):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0073: interval value should be a str type and it can just be either 'Daily', 'Weekly' or 'Monthly'.")
  
      interval = interval.lower()
  
      if interval not in ['daily', 'weekly', 'monthly']:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0073: interval value should be a str type and it can just be either 'Daily', 'Weekly' or 'Monthly'.")
  
      try:
          datetime.strptime(from_date, '%d/%m/%Y')
      except ValueError:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0011: incorrect from_date date format, it should be 'dd/mm/yyyy'.")
  
      try:
          datetime.strptime(to_date, '%d/%m/%Y')
      except ValueError:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0012: incorrect to_date format, it should be 'dd/mm/yyyy'.")
  
      start_date = datetime.strptime(from_date, '%d/%m/%Y')
      end_date = datetime.strptime(to_date, '%d/%m/%Y')
  
      if start_date >= end_date:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0032: to_date should be greater than from_date, both formatted as 'dd/mm/yyyy'.")
  
      date_interval = {
          'intervals': [],
      }
  
      flag = True
  
      while flag is True:
          diff = end_date.year - start_date.year
  
          if diff > 19:
              obj = {
                  'start': start_date.strftime('%m/%d/%Y'),
                  'end': start_date.replace(year=start_date.year + 19).strftime('%m/%d/%Y'),
              }
  
              date_interval['intervals'].append(obj)
  
              start_date = start_date.replace(year=start_date.year + 19) + timedelta(days=1)
          else:
              obj = {
                  'start': start_date.strftime('%m/%d/%Y'),
                  'end': end_date.strftime('%m/%d/%Y'),
              }
  
              date_interval['intervals'].append(obj)
  
              flag = False
  
      interval_limit = len(date_interval['intervals'])
      interval_counter = 0
  
      data_flag = False
  
      resource_package = 'investpy'
      resource_path = '/'.join(('resources', 'bonds.csv'))
      if pkg_resources.resource_exists(resource_package, resource_path):
          bonds = pd.read_csv(pkg_resources.resource_filename(resource_package, resource_path))
      else:
          raise FileNotFoundError("ERR#0064: bonds file not found or errored.")
  
      if bonds is None:
          raise IOError("ERR#0065: bonds object not found or unable to retrieve.")
  
      bond = unidecode(bond.strip().lower())
  
      if bond not in list(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower()):
          raise RuntimeError("ERR#0068: bond " + bond + " not found, check if it is correct.")
  
      id_ = bonds.loc[(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower() == bond).idxmax(), 'id']
      name = bonds.loc[(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower() == bond).idxmax(), 'name']
      full_name = bonds.loc[(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower() == bond).idxmax(), 'full_name']
  
      final = list()
  
      header = full_name + " Bond Yield Historical Data"
  
      for index in range(len(date_interval['intervals'])):
          interval_counter += 1
  
          params = {
              "curr_id": id_,
              "smlID": str(randint(1000000, 99999999)),
              "header": header,
              "st_date": date_interval['intervals'][index]['start'],
              "end_date": date_interval['intervals'][index]['end'],
              "interval_sec": interval.capitalize(),
              "sort_col": "date",
              "sort_ord": "DESC",
              "action": "historical_data"
          }
  
          head = {
              "User-Agent": random_user_agent(),
              "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
              "Accept": "text/html",
              "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
              "Connection": "keep-alive",
          }
  
          url = "https://www.investing.com/instruments/HistoricalDataAjax"
  
          req = requests.post(url, headers=head, data=params)
  
          if req.status_code != 200:
              raise ConnectionError("ERR#0015: error " + str(req.status_code) + ", try again later.")
  
          if not req.text:
              continue
  
          root_ = fromstring(req.text)
          path_ = root_.xpath(".//table[@id='curr_table']/tbody/tr")
  
          result = list()
  
          if path_:
              for elements_ in path_:
                  if elements_.xpath(".//td")[0].text_content() == 'No results found':
                      if interval_counter < interval_limit:
                          data_flag = False
                      else:
                          raise IndexError("ERR#0069: bond information unavailable or not found.")
                  else:
                      data_flag = True
                  
                  if data_flag is True:
                      info = []
  
                      for nested_ in elements_.xpath(".//td"):
                          info.append(nested_.get('data-real-value'))
  
                      bond_date = datetime.strptime(str(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(info[0]), tz=pytz.timezone('GMT')).date()), '%Y-%m-%d')
  
                      bond_close = float(info[1].replace(',', ''))
                      bond_open = float(info[2].replace(',', ''))
                      bond_high = float(info[3].replace(',', ''))
                      bond_low = float(info[4].replace(',', ''))
  
                      result.insert(len(result),
                                    Data(bond_date, bond_open, bond_high, bond_low, bond_close, None, None, None))
  
              if data_flag is True:
                  if order in ['ascending', 'asc']:
                      result = result[::-1]
                  elif order in ['descending', 'desc']:
                      result = result
  
                  if as_json is True:
                      json_list = [value.bond_as_json() for value in result]
                      
                      final.append(json_list)
                  elif as_json is False:
                      df = pd.DataFrame.from_records([value.bond_to_dict() for value in result])
                      df.set_index('Date', inplace=True)
  
                      final.append(df)
          else:
              raise RuntimeError("ERR#0004: data retrieval error while scraping.")
  
      if order in ['descending', 'desc']:
          final.reverse()
  
      if as_json is True:
          json_ = {
              'name': name,
              'historical': [value for json_list in final for value in json_list]
          }
          return json.dumps(json_, sort_keys=False)
      elif as_json is False:
          return pd.concat(final)
  
  
  def get_bond_information(bond, as_json=False):
      """
      This function retrieves fundamental financial information from the specified bond. The retrieved 
      information from the bond can be valuable as it is additional information that can be used combined 
      with OHLC values, so to determine financial insights from the company which holds the specified bond.
  
      Args:
          bond (:obj:`str`): name of the bond to retrieve information from.
          as_json (:obj:`bool`, optional):
              optional argument to determine the format of the output data (:obj:`dict` or :obj:`json`).
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` or :obj:`dict`- bond_information:
              The resulting :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` contains the information fields retrieved from Investing.com
              from the specified bond; it can also be returned as a :obj:`dict`, if argument `as_json=True`.
  
              If any of the information fields could not be retrieved, that field/s will be filled with
              None values. If the retrieval process succeeded, the resulting :obj:`dict` will look like::
  
                  bond_information = {
                      "1-Year Change": "46.91%",
                      "52 wk Range": "-0.575 - 0.01",
                      "Bond Name": "Spain 1Y",
                      "Coupon": "None",
                      "Maturity Date": "04/12/2020",
                      "Prev. Close": -0.425,
                      "Price": 100.417,
                      "Price Open": 100.416,
                      "Price Range": -100.481,
                      "Todays Range": "-0.49 - -0.424"
                  }
  
      Raises:
          ValueError: raised if any of the introduced arguments is not valid or errored.
          FileNotFoundError: raised if bonds.csv file was not found or errored.
          IOError: raised if bonds.csv file is empty or errored.
          RuntimeError: raised if scraping process failed while running.
          ConnectionError: raised if the connection to Investing.com errored (did not return HTTP 200)
  
      """
  
      if not bond:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0066: bond parameter is mandatory and must be a valid bond name.")
  
      if not isinstance(bond, str):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0067: bond argument needs to be a str.")
  
      if not isinstance(as_json, bool):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0002: as_json argument can just be True or False, bool type.")
  
      resource_package = 'investpy'
      resource_path = '/'.join(('resources', 'bonds.csv'))
      if pkg_resources.resource_exists(resource_package, resource_path):
          bonds = pd.read_csv(pkg_resources.resource_filename(resource_package, resource_path))
      else:
          raise FileNotFoundError("ERR#0064: bonds file not found or errored.")
  
      if bonds is None:
          raise IOError("ERR#0065: bonds object not found or unable to retrieve.")
  
      bond = unidecode(bond.strip().lower())
  
      if bond not in list(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower()):
          raise RuntimeError("ERR#0068: bond " + bond + " not found, check if it is correct.")
  
      name = bonds.loc[(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower() == bond).idxmax(), 'name']
      tag = bonds.loc[(bonds['name'].apply(unidecode).str.lower() == bond).idxmax(), 'tag']
  
      url = "https://www.investing.com/rates-bonds/" + tag
  
      head = {
          "User-Agent": random_user_agent(),
          "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
          "Accept": "text/html",
          "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
          "Connection": "keep-alive",
      }
  
      req = requests.get(url, headers=head)
  
      if req.status_code != 200:
          raise ConnectionError("ERR#0015: error " + str(req.status_code) + ", try again later.")
  
      root_ = fromstring(req.text)
      path_ = root_.xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'overviewDataTable')]/div")
  
      result = pd.DataFrame(columns=['Bond Name', 'Prev. Close', 'Price', 'Coupon', 'Todays Range',
                                     'Price Open', 'Maturity Date', '52 wk Range', 'Price Range',
                                     '1-Year Change'])
      result.at[0, 'Bond Name'] = name
  
      if path_:
          for elements_ in path_:
              element = elements_.xpath(".//span[@class='float_lang_base_1']")[0]
              title_ = element.text_content()
              if title_ == "Day's Range":
                  title_ = 'Todays Range'
              if title_ in result.columns.tolist():
                  try:
                      result.at[0, title_] = float(element.getnext().text_content().replace(',', ''))
                      continue
                  except:
                      pass
                  try:
                      text = element.getnext().text_content().strip()
                      result.at[0, title_] = datetime.strptime(text, "%d %b %Y").strftime("%d/%m/%Y")
                      continue
                  except:
                      pass
                  try:
                      text = element.getnext().text_content().strip()
                      occ = text.count('-')
  
                      if occ == 1:
                          reg = re.compile(r"([\-]{1}[ ]{1}[0-9\.]+)+")
                          matches = reg.findall(text)
                          if len(matches) > 0:
                              result.at[0, title_] = float(matches[0].replace(' ', ''))
                              continue
                      elif occ == 2:
                          reg = re.compile(r"([\-]{1}[ ]{1}[0-9\.]+)+")
                          matches = reg.findall(text)
                          if len(matches) > 0:
                              res = matches[0].replace(' ', '')
                              result.at[0, title_] = ' '.join([res, matches[1]])
                              continue
                      elif occ == 3:
                          reg = re.compile(r"([\-]{1}[ ]{1}[0-9\.]+)+")
                          matches = reg.findall(text)
                          if len(matches) > 0:
                              res = list()
                              for match in matches:
                                  res.append(match.replace(' ', ''))
                              result.at[0, title_] = ' - '.join(res)
                              continue
                  except:
                      pass
                  try:
                      value = element.getnext().text_content().strip()
                      if value.__contains__('K'):
                          value = float(value.replace('K', '').replace(',', '')) * 1e3
                      elif value.__contains__('M'):
                          value = float(value.replace('M', '').replace(',', '')) * 1e6
                      elif value.__contains__('B'):
                          value = float(value.replace('B', '').replace(',', '')) * 1e9
                      elif value.__contains__('T'):
                          value = float(value.replace('T', '').replace(',', '')) * 1e12
                      result.at[0, title_] = value
                      continue
                  except:
                      pass
  
          result.replace({'N/A': None}, inplace=True)
  
          if as_json is True:
              json_ = result.iloc[0].to_dict()
              return json_
          elif as_json is False:
              return result
      else:
          raise RuntimeError("ERR#0004: data retrieval error while scraping.")
  
  
  def get_bonds_overview(country, as_json=False):
      """
      This function retrieves an overview containing all the real time data available for the government bonds
      from a country, such as the names, symbols, current value, etc. as indexed in Investing.com. So on, the main 
      usage of this function is to get an overview on the government bonds from a country, so to get a general view.
  
      Args:
          country (:obj:`str`): name of the country to retrieve the government bonds overview from.
          as_json (:obj:`bool`, optional):
              optional argument to determine the format of the output data (:obj:`pandas.DataFrame` or :obj:`json`).
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` - bonds_overview:
              The resulting :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` contains all the data available in Investing.com of the government
              bonds from a country in order to get an overview of it.
  
              If the retrieval process succeeded, the resulting :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` should look like::
  
                  country | name | last | last_close | high | low | change | change_percentage
                  --------|------|------|------------|------|-----|--------|-------------------
                  xxxxxxx | xxxx | xxxx | xxxxxxxxxx | xxxx | xxx | xxxxxx | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
      
      Raises:
          ValueError: raised if any of the introduced arguments is not valid or errored.
          FileNotFoundError: raised if `bonds.csv` file is missing.
          IOError: raised if data could not be retrieved due to file error.
          RuntimeError: 
              raised either if the introduced country does not match any of the listed ones or if no overview results could be 
              retrieved from Investing.com.
          ConnectionError: raised if GET requests does not return 200 status code.
      
      """
  
      if country is None:
          raise ValueError("ERR#0039: country can not be None, it should be a str.")
  
      if country is not None and not isinstance(country, str):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0025: specified country value not valid.")
  
      if not isinstance(as_json, bool):
          raise ValueError("ERR#0002: as_json argument can just be True or False, bool type.")
  
      resource_package = 'investpy'
      resource_path = '/'.join(('resources', 'bonds.csv'))
      if pkg_resources.resource_exists(resource_package, resource_path):
          bonds = pd.read_csv(pkg_resources.resource_filename(resource_package, resource_path))
      else:
          raise FileNotFoundError("ERR#0064: bonds file not found or errored.")
  
      if bonds is None:
          raise IOError("ERR#0065: bonds object not found or unable to retrieve.")
  
      country = unidecode(country.strip().lower())
  
      if country not in get_bond_countries():
          raise ValueError("ERR#0034: country " + country + " not found, check if it is correct.")
  
      bonds = bonds[bonds['country'] == country]
  
      if country == 'united states':
          country= 'usa'
      elif country == 'united kingdom':
          country = 'uk'
  
      head = {
          "User-Agent": random_user_agent(),
          "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
          "Accept": "text/html",
          "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
          "Connection": "keep-alive",
      }
  
      url = 'https://www.investing.com/rates-bonds/' + country + '-government-bonds'
  
      req = requests.get(url, headers=head)
  
      if req.status_code != 200:
          raise ConnectionError("ERR#0015: error " + str(req.status_code) + ", try again later.")
  
      root_ = fromstring(req.text)
      table = root_.xpath(".//table[@id='cr1']/tbody/tr")
  
      results = list()
  
      if len(table) > 0:
          for row in table:
              id_ = row.get('id').replace('pair_', '')
              country_check = row.xpath(".//td[@class='flag']/span")[0].get('title').lower()
  
              name = row.xpath(".//td[contains(@class, 'elp')]/a")[0].text_content().strip()
  
              pid = 'pid-' + id_
  
              last = row.xpath(".//td[@class='" + pid + "-last']")[0].text_content()
              last_close = row.xpath(".//td[@class='" + pid + "-last_close']")[0].text_content()
              high = row.xpath(".//td[@class='" + pid + "-high']")[0].text_content()
              low = row.xpath(".//td[@class='" + pid + "-low']")[0].text_content()
  
              pc = row.xpath(".//td[contains(@class, '" + pid + "-pc')]")[0].text_content()
              pcp = row.xpath(".//td[contains(@class, '" + pid + "-pcp')]")[0].text_content()
  
              data = {
                  "country": country_check,
                  "name": name,
                  "last": float(last.replace(',', '')),
                  "last_close": float(last_close.replace(',', '')),
                  "high": float(high.replace(',', '')),
                  "low": float(low.replace(',', '')),
                  "change": pc,
                  "change_percentage": pcp
              }
  
              results.append(data)
      else:
          raise RuntimeError("ERR#0092: no data found while retrieving the overview from Investing.com")
  
      df = pd.DataFrame(results)
  
      if as_json:
          return json.loads(df.to_json(orient='records'))
      else:
          return df
  
  
  def search_bonds(by, value):
      """
      This function searches bonds by the introduced value for the specified field. This means that this function
      is going to search if there is a value that matches the introduced one for the specified field which is the
      `bonds.csv` column name to search in. Available fields to search bonds are 'name' or 'full_name'.
  
      Args:
          by (:obj:`str`): name of the field to search for, which is the column name which can be: 'name' or 'full_name'.
          value (:obj:`str`): value of the field to search for, which is the value that is going to be searched.
  
      Returns:
          :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` - search_result:
              The resulting :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` contains the search results from the given query, which is
              any match of the specified value in the specified field. If there are no results for the given query,
              an error will be raised, but otherwise the resulting :obj:`pandas.DataFrame` will contain all the
              available bonds that match the introduced query.
  
      Raises:
          ValueError: raised if any of the introduced parameters is not valid or errored.
          FileNotFoundError: raised if `bonds.csv` file is missing.
          IOError: raised if data could not be retrieved due to file error.
          RuntimeError: raised if no results were found for the introduced value in the introduced field.
  
      """
  
      if not by:
          raise ValueError('ERR#0006: the introduced field to search is mandatory and should be a str.')
  
      if not isinstance(by, str):
          raise ValueError('ERR#0006: the introduced field to search is mandatory and should be a str.')
  
      if not value:
          raise ValueError('ERR#0017: the introduced value to search is mandatory and should be a str.')
  
      if not isinstance(value, str):
          raise ValueError('ERR#0017: the introduced value to search is mandatory and should be a str.')
  
      resource_package = 'investpy'
      resource_path = '/'.join(('resources', 'bonds.csv'))
      if pkg_resources.resource_exists(resource_package, resource_path):
          bonds = pd.read_csv(pkg_resources.resource_filename(resource_package, resource_path))
      else:
          raise FileNotFoundError("ERR#0064: bonds file not found or errored.")
  
      if bonds is None:
          raise IOError("ERR#0065: bonds object not found or unable to retrieve.")
  
      bonds.drop(columns=['tag', 'id'], inplace=True)
  
      available_search_fields = bonds.columns.tolist()
  
      if isinstance(by, str) and by not in available_search_fields:
          raise ValueError('ERR#0026: the introduced field to search can either just be '
                           + ' or '.join(available_search_fields))
  
      bonds['matches'] = bonds[by].str.contains(value, case=False)
  
      search_result = bonds.loc[bonds['matches'] == True].copy()
  
      if len(search_result) == 0:
          raise RuntimeError('ERR#0043: no results were found for the introduced ' + str(by) + '.')
  
      search_result.drop(columns=['matches'], inplace=True)
      search_result.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True)
  
      return search_result
  