text: /*!
   * URI.js - Mutating URLs
   *
   * Version: 1.18.7
   *
   * Author: Rodney Rehm
   * Web: http://medialize.github.io/URI.js/
   *
   * Licensed under
   *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license
   *
   */
  (function (root, factory) {
    'use strict';
    // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js
    if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
      // Node
      module.exports = factory(require('./punycode'), require('./IPv6'), require('./SecondLevelDomains'));
    } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
      // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
      define(['./punycode', './IPv6', './SecondLevelDomains'], factory);
    } else {
      // Browser globals (root is window)
      root.URI = factory(root.punycode, root.IPv6, root.SecondLevelDomains, root);
    }
  }(this, function (punycode, IPv6, SLD, root) {
    'use strict';
    /*global location, escape, unescape */
    // FIXME: v2.0.0 renamce non-camelCase properties to uppercase
    /*jshint camelcase: false */
  
    // save current URI variable, if any
    var _URI = root && root.URI;
  
    function URI(url, base) {
      var _urlSupplied = arguments.length >= 1;
      var _baseSupplied = arguments.length >= 2;
  
      // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword
      if (!(this instanceof URI)) {
        if (_urlSupplied) {
          if (_baseSupplied) {
            return new URI(url, base);
          }
  
          return new URI(url);
        }
  
        return new URI();
      }
  
      if (url === undefined) {
        if (_urlSupplied) {
          throw new TypeError('undefined is not a valid argument for URI');
        }
  
        if (typeof location !== 'undefined') {
          url = location.href + '';
        } else {
          url = '';
        }
      }
  
      if (url === null) {
        if (_urlSupplied) {
          throw new TypeError('null is not a valid argument for URI');
        }
      }
  
      this.href(url);
  
      // resolve to base according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#constructor
      if (base !== undefined) {
        return this.absoluteTo(base);
      }
  
      return this;
    }
  
    URI.version = '1.18.7';
  
    var p = URI.prototype;
    var hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
  
    function escapeRegEx(string) {
      // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/commit/85ac21783c11f8ccab06106dba9735a31a86924d#commitcomment-821963
      return string.replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1');
    }
  
    function getType(value) {
      // IE8 doesn't return [Object Undefined] but [Object Object] for undefined value
      if (value === undefined) {
        return 'Undefined';
      }
  
      return String(Object.prototype.toString.call(value)).slice(8, -1);
    }
  
    function isArray(obj) {
      return getType(obj) === 'Array';
    }
  
    function filterArrayValues(data, value) {
      var lookup = {};
      var i, length;
  
      if (getType(value) === 'RegExp') {
        lookup = null;
      } else if (isArray(value)) {
        for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
          lookup[value[i]] = true;
        }
      } else {
        lookup[value] = true;
      }
  
      for (i = 0, length = data.length; i < length; i++) {
        /*jshint laxbreak: true */
        var _match = lookup && lookup[data[i]] !== undefined
          || !lookup && value.test(data[i]);
        /*jshint laxbreak: false */
        if (_match) {
          data.splice(i, 1);
          length--;
          i--;
        }
      }
  
      return data;
    }
  
    function arrayContains(list, value) {
      var i, length;
  
      // value may be string, number, array, regexp
      if (isArray(value)) {
        // Note: this can be optimized to O(n) (instead of current O(m * n))
        for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
          if (!arrayContains(list, value[i])) {
            return false;
          }
        }
  
        return true;
      }
  
      var _type = getType(value);
      for (i = 0, length = list.length; i < length; i++) {
        if (_type === 'RegExp') {
          if (typeof list[i] === 'string' && list[i].match(value)) {
            return true;
          }
        } else if (list[i] === value) {
          return true;
        }
      }
  
      return false;
    }
  
    function arraysEqual(one, two) {
      if (!isArray(one) || !isArray(two)) {
        return false;
      }
  
      // arrays can't be equal if they have different amount of content
      if (one.length !== two.length) {
        return false;
      }
  
      one.sort();
      two.sort();
  
      for (var i = 0, l = one.length; i < l; i++) {
        if (one[i] !== two[i]) {
          return false;
        }
      }
  
      return true;
    }
  
    function trimSlashes(text) {
      var trim_expression = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
      return text.replace(trim_expression, '');
    }
  
    URI._parts = function() {
      return {
        protocol: null,
        username: null,
        password: null,
        hostname: null,
        urn: null,
        port: null,
        path: null,
        query: null,
        fragment: null,
        // state
        duplicateQueryParameters: URI.duplicateQueryParameters,
        escapeQuerySpace: URI.escapeQuerySpace
      };
    };
    // state: allow duplicate query parameters (a=1&a=1)
    URI.duplicateQueryParameters = false;
    // state: replaces + with %20 (space in query strings)
    URI.escapeQuerySpace = true;
    // static properties
    URI.protocol_expression = /^[a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*$/i;
    URI.idn_expression = /[^a-z0-9\.-]/i;
    URI.punycode_expression = /(xn--)/i;
    // well, 333.444.555.666 matches, but it sure ain't no IPv4 - do we care?
    URI.ip4_expression = /^\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/;
    // credits to Rich Brown
    // source: http://forums.intermapper.com/viewtopic.php?p=1096#1096
    // specification: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4291.txt
    URI.ip6_expression = /^\s*((([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}(:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,2})|:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,3})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})?:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,4})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,2}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,5})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,3}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,6})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,4}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(:(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,7})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,5}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:)))(%.+)?\s*$/;
    // expression used is "gruber revised" (@gruber v2) determined to be the
    // best solution in a regex-golf we did a couple of ages ago at
    // * http://mathiasbynens.be/demo/url-regex
    // * http://rodneyrehm.de/t/url-regex.html
    URI.find_uri_expression = /\b((?:[a-z][\w-]+:(?:\/{1,3}|[a-z0-9%])|www\d{0,3}[.]|[a-z0-9.\-]+[.][a-z]{2,4}\/)(?:[^\s()<>]+|\(([^\s()<>]+|(\([^\s()<>]+\)))*\))+(?:\(([^\s()<>]+|(\([^\s()<>]+\)))*\)|[^\s`!()\[\]{};:'".,<>?«»“”‘’]))/ig;
    URI.findUri = {
      // valid "scheme://" or "www."
      start: /\b(?:([a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*:\/\/)|www\.)/gi,
      // everything up to the next whitespace
      end: /[\s\r\n]|$/,
      // trim trailing punctuation captured by end RegExp
      trim: /[`!()\[\]{};:'".,<>?«»“”„‘’]+$/,
      // balanced parens inclusion (), [], {}, <>
      parens: /(\([^\)]*\)|\[[^\]]*\]|\{[^}]*\}|<[^>]*>)/g,
    };
    // http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes.html
    // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers#Well-known_ports
    URI.defaultPorts = {
      http: '80',
      https: '443',
      ftp: '21',
      gopher: '70',
      ws: '80',
      wss: '443'
    };
    // allowed hostname characters according to RFC 3986
    // ALPHA DIGIT "-" "." "_" "~" "!" "$" "&" "'" "(" ")" "*" "+" "," ";" "=" %encoded
    // I've never seen a (non-IDN) hostname other than: ALPHA DIGIT . -
    URI.invalid_hostname_characters = /[^a-zA-Z0-9\.-]/;
    // map DOM Elements to their URI attribute
    URI.domAttributes = {
      'a': 'href',
      'blockquote': 'cite',
      'link': 'href',
      'base': 'href',
      'script': 'src',
      'form': 'action',
      'img': 'src',
      'area': 'href',
      'iframe': 'src',
      'embed': 'src',
      'source': 'src',
      'track': 'src',
      'input': 'src', // but only if type="image"
      'audio': 'src',
      'video': 'src'
    };
    URI.getDomAttribute = function(node) {
      if (!node || !node.nodeName) {
        return undefined;
      }
  
      var nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
      // <input> should only expose src for type="image"
      if (nodeName === 'input' && node.type !== 'image') {
        return undefined;
      }
  
      return URI.domAttributes[nodeName];
    };
  
    function escapeForDumbFirefox36(value) {
      // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/91
      return escape(value);
    }
  
    // encoding / decoding according to RFC3986
    function strictEncodeURIComponent(string) {
      // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent
      return encodeURIComponent(string)
        .replace(/[!'()*]/g, escapeForDumbFirefox36)
        .replace(/\*/g, '%2A');
    }
    URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
    URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
    URI.iso8859 = function() {
      URI.encode = escape;
      URI.decode = unescape;
    };
    URI.unicode = function() {
      URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
      URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
    };
    URI.characters = {
      pathname: {
        encode: {
          // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should
          // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.
          expression: /%(24|26|2B|2C|3B|3D|3A|40)/ig,
          map: {
            // -._~!'()*
            '%24': '$',
            '%26': '&',
            '%2B': '+',
            '%2C': ',',
            '%3B': ';',
            '%3D': '=',
            '%3A': ':',
            '%40': '@'
          }
        },
        decode: {
          expression: /[\/\?#]/g,
          map: {
            '/': '%2F',
            '?': '%3F',
            '#': '%23'
          }
        }
      },
      reserved: {
        encode: {
          // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should
          // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.
          expression: /%(21|23|24|26|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|2F|3A|3B|3D|3F|40|5B|5D)/ig,
          map: {
            // gen-delims
            '%3A': ':',
            '%2F': '/',
            '%3F': '?',
            '%23': '#',
            '%5B': '[',
            '%5D': ']',
            '%40': '@',
            // sub-delims
            '%21': '!',
            '%24': '$',
            '%26': '&',
            '%27': '\'',
            '%28': '(',
            '%29': ')',
            '%2A': '*',
            '%2B': '+',
            '%2C': ',',
            '%3B': ';',
            '%3D': '='
          }
        }
      },
      urnpath: {
        // The characters under `encode` are the characters called out by RFC 2141 as being acceptable
        // for usage in a URN. RFC2141 also calls out "-", ".", and "_" as acceptable characters, but
        // these aren't encoded by encodeURIComponent, so we don't have to call them out here. Also
        // note that the colon character is not featured in the encoding map; this is because URI.js
        // gives the colons in URNs semantic meaning as the delimiters of path segements, and so it
        // should not appear unencoded in a segment itself.
        // See also the note above about RFC3986 and capitalalized hex digits.
        encode: {
          expression: /%(21|24|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|3B|3D|40)/ig,
          map: {
            '%21': '!',
            '%24': '$',
            '%27': '\'',
            '%28': '(',
            '%29': ')',
            '%2A': '*',
            '%2B': '+',
            '%2C': ',',
            '%3B': ';',
            '%3D': '=',
            '%40': '@'
          }
        },
        // These characters are the characters called out by RFC2141 as "reserved" characters that
        // should never appear in a URN, plus the colon character (see note above).
        decode: {
          expression: /[\/\?#:]/g,
          map: {
            '/': '%2F',
            '?': '%3F',
            '#': '%23',
            ':': '%3A'
          }
        }
      }
    };
    URI.encodeQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
      var escaped = URI.encode(string + '');
      if (escapeQuerySpace === undefined) {
        escapeQuerySpace = URI.escapeQuerySpace;
      }
  
      return escapeQuerySpace ? escaped.replace(/%20/g, '+') : escaped;
    };
    URI.decodeQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
      string += '';
      if (escapeQuerySpace === undefined) {
        escapeQuerySpace = URI.escapeQuerySpace;
      }
  
      try {
        return URI.decode(escapeQuerySpace ? string.replace(/\+/g, '%20') : string);
      } catch(e) {
        // we're not going to mess with weird encodings,
        // give up and return the undecoded original string
        // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/87
        // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/92
        return string;
      }
    };
    // generate encode/decode path functions
    var _parts = {'encode':'encode', 'decode':'decode'};
    var _part;
    var generateAccessor = function(_group, _part) {
      return function(string) {
        try {
          return URI[_part](string + '').replace(URI.characters[_group][_part].expression, function(c) {
            return URI.characters[_group][_part].map[c];
          });
        } catch (e) {
          // we're not going to mess with weird encodings,
          // give up and return the undecoded original string
          // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/87
          // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/92
          return string;
        }
      };
    };
  
    for (_part in _parts) {
      URI[_part + 'PathSegment'] = generateAccessor('pathname', _parts[_part]);
      URI[_part + 'UrnPathSegment'] = generateAccessor('urnpath', _parts[_part]);
    }
  
    var generateSegmentedPathFunction = function(_sep, _codingFuncName, _innerCodingFuncName) {
      return function(string) {
        // Why pass in names of functions, rather than the function objects themselves? The
        // definitions of some functions (but in particular, URI.decode) will occasionally change due
        // to URI.js having ISO8859 and Unicode modes. Passing in the name and getting it will ensure
        // that the functions we use here are "fresh".
        var actualCodingFunc;
        if (!_innerCodingFuncName) {
          actualCodingFunc = URI[_codingFuncName];
        } else {
          actualCodingFunc = function(string) {
            return URI[_codingFuncName](URI[_innerCodingFuncName](string));
          };
        }
  
        var segments = (string + '').split(_sep);
  
        for (var i = 0, length = segments.length; i < length; i++) {
          segments[i] = actualCodingFunc(segments[i]);
        }
  
        return segments.join(_sep);
      };
    };
  
    // This takes place outside the above loop because we don't want, e.g., encodeUrnPath functions.
    URI.decodePath = generateSegmentedPathFunction('/', 'decodePathSegment');
    URI.decodeUrnPath = generateSegmentedPathFunction(':', 'decodeUrnPathSegment');
    URI.recodePath = generateSegmentedPathFunction('/', 'encodePathSegment', 'decode');
    URI.recodeUrnPath = generateSegmentedPathFunction(':', 'encodeUrnPathSegment', 'decode');
  
    URI.encodeReserved = generateAccessor('reserved', 'encode');
  
    URI.parse = function(string, parts) {
      var pos;
      if (!parts) {
        parts = {};
      }
      // [protocol"://"[username[":"password]"@"]hostname[":"port]"/"?][path]["?"querystring]["#"fragment]
  
      // extract fragment
      pos = string.indexOf('#');
      if (pos > -1) {
        // escaping?
        parts.fragment = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;
        string = string.substring(0, pos);
      }
  
      // extract query
      pos = string.indexOf('?');
      if (pos > -1) {
        // escaping?
        parts.query = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;
        string = string.substring(0, pos);
      }
  
      // extract protocol
      if (string.substring(0, 2) === '//') {
        // relative-scheme
        parts.protocol = null;
        string = string.substring(2);
        // extract "user:pass@host:port"
        string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);
      } else {
        pos = string.indexOf(':');
        if (pos > -1) {
          parts.protocol = string.substring(0, pos) || null;
          if (parts.protocol && !parts.protocol.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {
            // : may be within the path
            parts.protocol = undefined;
          } else if (string.substring(pos + 1, pos + 3) === '//') {
            string = string.substring(pos + 3);
  
            // extract "user:pass@host:port"
            string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);
          } else {
            string = string.substring(pos + 1);
            parts.urn = true;
          }
        }
      }
  
      // what's left must be the path
      parts.path = string;
  
      // and we're done
      return parts;
    };
    URI.parseHost = function(string, parts) {
      // Copy chrome, IE, opera backslash-handling behavior.
      // Back slashes before the query string get converted to forward slashes
      // See: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/386fd24f49b0e9d1a8a076592a404168faeecc34/lib/url.js#L115-L124
      // See: https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=25916
      // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/pull/233
      string = string.replace(/\\/g, '/');
  
      // extract host:port
      var pos = string.indexOf('/');
      var bracketPos;
      var t;
  
      if (pos === -1) {
        pos = string.length;
      }
  
      if (string.charAt(0) === '[') {
        // IPv6 host - http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-04#section-6
        // I claim most client software breaks on IPv6 anyways. To simplify things, URI only accepts
        // IPv6+port in the format [2001:db8::1]:80 (for the time being)
        bracketPos = string.indexOf(']');
        parts.hostname = string.substring(1, bracketPos) || null;
        parts.port = string.substring(bracketPos + 2, pos) || null;
        if (parts.port === '/') {
          parts.port = null;
        }
      } else {
        var firstColon = string.indexOf(':');
        var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');
        var nextColon = string.indexOf(':', firstColon + 1);
        if (nextColon !== -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || nextColon < firstSlash)) {
          // IPv6 host contains multiple colons - but no port
          // this notation is actually not allowed by RFC 3986, but we're a liberal parser
          parts.hostname = string.substring(0, pos) || null;
          parts.port = null;
        } else {
          t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');
          parts.hostname = t[0] || null;
          parts.port = t[1] || null;
        }
      }
  
      if (parts.hostname && string.substring(pos).charAt(0) !== '/') {
        pos++;
        string = '/' + string;
      }
  
      return string.substring(pos) || '/';
    };
    URI.parseAuthority = function(string, parts) {
      string = URI.parseUserinfo(string, parts);
      return URI.parseHost(string, parts);
    };
    URI.parseUserinfo = function(string, parts) {
      // extract username:password
      var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');
      var pos = string.lastIndexOf('@', firstSlash > -1 ? firstSlash : string.length - 1);
      var t;
  
      // authority@ must come before /path
      if (pos > -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || pos < firstSlash)) {
        t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');
        parts.username = t[0] ? URI.decode(t[0]) : null;
        t.shift();
        parts.password = t[0] ? URI.decode(t.join(':')) : null;
        string = string.substring(pos + 1);
      } else {
        parts.username = null;
        parts.password = null;
      }
  
      return string;
    };
    URI.parseQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
      if (!string) {
        return {};
      }
  
      // throw out the funky business - "?"[name"="value"&"]+
      string = string.replace(/&+/g, '&').replace(/^\?*&*|&+$/g, '');
  
      if (!string) {
        return {};
      }
  
      var items = {};
      var splits = string.split('&');
      var length = splits.length;
      var v, name, value;
  
      for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        v = splits[i].split('=');
        name = URI.decodeQuery(v.shift(), escapeQuerySpace);
        // no "=" is null according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#collect-url-parameters
        value = v.length ? URI.decodeQuery(v.join('='), escapeQuerySpace) : null;
  
        if (hasOwn.call(items, name)) {
          if (typeof items[name] === 'string' || items[name] === null) {
            items[name] = [items[name]];
          }
  
          items[name].push(value);
        } else {
          items[name] = value;
        }
      }
  
      return items;
    };
  
    URI.build = function(parts) {
      var t = '';
  
      if (parts.protocol) {
        t += parts.protocol + ':';
      }
  
      if (!parts.urn && (t || parts.hostname)) {
        t += '//';
      }
  
      t += (URI.buildAuthority(parts) || '');
  
      if (typeof parts.path === 'string') {
        if (parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/' && typeof parts.hostname === 'string') {
          t += '/';
        }
  
        t += parts.path;
      }
  
      if (typeof parts.query === 'string' && parts.query) {
        t += '?' + parts.query;
      }
  
      if (typeof parts.fragment === 'string' && parts.fragment) {
        t += '#' + parts.fragment;
      }
      return t;
    };
    URI.buildHost = function(parts) {
      var t = '';
  
      if (!parts.hostname) {
        return '';
      } else if (URI.ip6_expression.test(parts.hostname)) {
        t += '[' + parts.hostname + ']';
      } else {
        t += parts.hostname;
      }
  
      if (parts.port) {
        t += ':' + parts.port;
      }
  
      return t;
    };
    URI.buildAuthority = function(parts) {
      return URI.buildUserinfo(parts) + URI.buildHost(parts);
    };
    URI.buildUserinfo = function(parts) {
      var t = '';
  
      if (parts.username) {
        t += URI.encode(parts.username);
      }
  
      if (parts.password) {
        t += ':' + URI.encode(parts.password);
      }
  
      if (t) {
        t += '@';
      }
  
      return t;
    };
    URI.buildQuery = function(data, duplicateQueryParameters, escapeQuerySpace) {
      // according to http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 or http://labs.apache.org/webarch/uri/rfc/rfc3986.html
      // being »-._~!$&'()*+,;=:@/?« %HEX and alnum are allowed
      // the RFC explicitly states ?/foo being a valid use case, no mention of parameter syntax!
      // URI.js treats the query string as being application/x-www-form-urlencoded
      // see http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type
  
      var t = '';
      var unique, key, i, length;
      for (key in data) {
        if (hasOwn.call(data, key) && key) {
          if (isArray(data[key])) {
            unique = {};
            for (i = 0, length = data[key].length; i < length; i++) {
              if (data[key][i] !== undefined && unique[data[key][i] + ''] === undefined) {
                t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key][i], escapeQuerySpace);
                if (duplicateQueryParameters !== true) {
                  unique[data[key][i] + ''] = true;
                }
              }
            }
          } else if (data[key] !== undefined) {
            t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key], escapeQuerySpace);
          }
        }
      }
  
      return t.substring(1);
    };
    URI.buildQueryParameter = function(name, value, escapeQuerySpace) {
      // http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type -- application/x-www-form-urlencoded
      // don't append "=" for null values, according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#url-parameter-serialization
      return URI.encodeQuery(name, escapeQuerySpace) + (value !== null ? '=' + URI.encodeQuery(value, escapeQuerySpace) : '');
    };
  
    URI.addQuery = function(data, name, value) {
      if (typeof name === 'object') {
        for (var key in name) {
          if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
            URI.addQuery(data, key, name[key]);
          }
        }
      } else if (typeof name === 'string') {
        if (data[name] === undefined) {
          data[name] = value;
          return;
        } else if (typeof data[name] === 'string') {
          data[name] = [data[name]];
        }
  
        if (!isArray(value)) {
          value = [value];
        }
  
        data[name] = (data[name] || []).concat(value);
      } else {
        throw new TypeError('URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');
      }
    };
    URI.removeQuery = function(data, name, value) {
      var i, length, key;
  
      if (isArray(name)) {
        for (i = 0, length = name.length; i < length; i++) {
          data[name[i]] = undefined;
        }
      } else if (getType(name) === 'RegExp') {
        for (key in data) {
          if (name.test(key)) {
            data[key] = undefined;
          }
        }
      } else if (typeof name === 'object') {
        for (key in name) {
          if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
            URI.removeQuery(data, key, name[key]);
          }
        }
      } else if (typeof name === 'string') {
        if (value !== undefined) {
          if (getType(value) === 'RegExp') {
            if (!isArray(data[name]) && value.test(data[name])) {
              data[name] = undefined;
            } else {
              data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);
            }
          } else if (data[name] === String(value) && (!isArray(value) || value.length === 1)) {
            data[name] = undefined;
          } else if (isArray(data[name])) {
            data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);
          }
        } else {
          data[name] = undefined;
        }
      } else {
        throw new TypeError('URI.removeQuery() accepts an object, string, RegExp as the first parameter');
      }
    };
    URI.hasQuery = function(data, name, value, withinArray) {
      switch (getType(name)) {
        case 'String':
          // Nothing to do here
          break;
  
        case 'RegExp':
          for (var key in data) {
            if (hasOwn.call(data, key)) {
              if (name.test(key) && (value === undefined || URI.hasQuery(data, key, value))) {
                return true;
              }
            }
          }
  
          return false;
  
        case 'Object':
          for (var _key in name) {
            if (hasOwn.call(name, _key)) {
              if (!URI.hasQuery(data, _key, name[_key])) {
                return false;
              }
            }
          }
  
          return true;
  
        default:
          throw new TypeError('URI.hasQuery() accepts a string, regular expression or object as the name parameter');
      }
  
      switch (getType(value)) {
        case 'Undefined':
          // true if exists (but may be empty)
          return name in data; // data[name] !== undefined;
  
        case 'Boolean':
          // true if exists and non-empty
          var _booly = Boolean(isArray(data[name]) ? data[name].length : data[name]);
          return value === _booly;
  
        case 'Function':
          // allow complex comparison
          return !!value(data[name], name, data);
  
        case 'Array':
          if (!isArray(data[name])) {
            return false;
          }
  
          var op = withinArray ? arrayContains : arraysEqual;
          return op(data[name], value);
  
        case 'RegExp':
          if (!isArray(data[name])) {
            return Boolean(data[name] && data[name].match(value));
          }
  
          if (!withinArray) {
            return false;
          }
  
          return arrayContains(data[name], value);
  
        case 'Number':
          value = String(value);
          /* falls through */
        case 'String':
          if (!isArray(data[name])) {
            return data[name] === value;
          }
  
          if (!withinArray) {
            return false;
          }
  
          return arrayContains(data[name], value);
  
        default:
          throw new TypeError('URI.hasQuery() accepts undefined, boolean, string, number, RegExp, Function as the value parameter');
      }
    };
  
  
    URI.joinPaths = function() {
      var input = [];
      var segments = [];
      var nonEmptySegments = 0;
  
      for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
        var url = new URI(arguments[i]);
        input.push(url);
        var _segments = url.segment();
        for (var s = 0; s < _segments.length; s++) {
          if (typeof _segments[s] === 'string') {
            segments.push(_segments[s]);
          }
  
          if (_segments[s]) {
            nonEmptySegments++;
          }
        }
      }
  
      if (!segments.length || !nonEmptySegments) {
        return new URI('');
      }
  
      var uri = new URI('').segment(segments);
  
      if (input[0].path() === '' || input[0].path().slice(0, 1) === '/') {
        uri.path('/' + uri.path());
      }
  
      return uri.normalize();
    };
  
    URI.commonPath = function(one, two) {
      var length = Math.min(one.length, two.length);
      var pos;
  
      // find first non-matching character
      for (pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {
        if (one.charAt(pos) !== two.charAt(pos)) {
          pos--;
          break;
        }
      }
  
      if (pos < 1) {
        return one.charAt(0) === two.charAt(0) && one.charAt(0) === '/' ? '/' : '';
      }
  
      // revert to last /
      if (one.charAt(pos) !== '/' || two.charAt(pos) !== '/') {
        pos = one.substring(0, pos).lastIndexOf('/');
      }
  
      return one.substring(0, pos + 1);
    };
  
    URI.withinString = function(string, callback, options) {
      options || (options = {});
      var _start = options.start || URI.findUri.start;
      var _end = options.end || URI.findUri.end;
      var _trim = options.trim || URI.findUri.trim;
      var _parens = options.parens || URI.findUri.parens;
      var _attributeOpen = /[a-z0-9-]=["']?$/i;
  
      _start.lastIndex = 0;
      while (true) {
        var match = _start.exec(string);
        if (!match) {
          break;
        }
  
        var start = match.index;
        if (options.ignoreHtml) {
          // attribut(e=["']?$)
          var attributeOpen = string.slice(Math.max(start - 3, 0), start);
          if (attributeOpen && _attributeOpen.test(attributeOpen)) {
            continue;
          }
        }
  
        var end = start + string.slice(start).search(_end);
        var slice = string.slice(start, end);
        // make sure we include well balanced parens
        var parensEnd = -1;
        while (true) {
          var parensMatch = _parens.exec(slice);
          if (!parensMatch) {
            break;
          }
  
          var parensMatchEnd = parensMatch.index + parensMatch[0].length;
          parensEnd = Math.max(parensEnd, parensMatchEnd);
        }
  
        if (parensEnd > -1) {
          slice = slice.slice(0, parensEnd) + slice.slice(parensEnd).replace(_trim, '');
        } else {
          slice = slice.replace(_trim, '');
        }
  
        if (slice.length <= match[0].length) {
          // the extract only contains the starting marker of a URI,
          // e.g. "www" or "http://"
          continue;
        }
  
        if (options.ignore && options.ignore.test(slice)) {
          continue;
        }
  
        end = start + slice.length;
        var result = callback(slice, start, end, string);
        if (result === undefined) {
          _start.lastIndex = end;
          continue;
        }
  
        result = String(result);
        string = string.slice(0, start) + result + string.slice(end);
        _start.lastIndex = start + result.length;
      }
  
      _start.lastIndex = 0;
      return string;
    };
  
    URI.ensureValidHostname = function(v) {
      // Theoretically URIs allow percent-encoding in Hostnames (according to RFC 3986)
      // they are not part of DNS and therefore ignored by URI.js
  
      if (v.match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {
        // test punycode
        if (!punycode) {
          throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-] and Punycode.js is not available');
        }
  
        if (punycode.toASCII(v).match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {
          throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
        }
      }
    };
  
    // noConflict
    URI.noConflict = function(removeAll) {
      if (removeAll) {
        var unconflicted = {
          URI: this.noConflict()
        };
  
        if (root.URITemplate && typeof root.URITemplate.noConflict === 'function') {
          unconflicted.URITemplate = root.URITemplate.noConflict();
        }
  
        if (root.IPv6 && typeof root.IPv6.noConflict === 'function') {
          unconflicted.IPv6 = root.IPv6.noConflict();
        }
  
        if (root.SecondLevelDomains && typeof root.SecondLevelDomains.noConflict === 'function') {
          unconflicted.SecondLevelDomains = root.SecondLevelDomains.noConflict();
        }
  
        return unconflicted;
      } else if (root.URI === this) {
        root.URI = _URI;
      }
  
      return this;
    };
  
    p.build = function(deferBuild) {
      if (deferBuild === true) {
        this._deferred_build = true;
      } else if (deferBuild === undefined || this._deferred_build) {
        this._string = URI.build(this._parts);
        this._deferred_build = false;
      }
  
      return this;
    };
  
    p.clone = function() {
      return new URI(this);
    };
  
    p.valueOf = p.toString = function() {
      return this.build(false)._string;
    };
  
  
    function generateSimpleAccessor(_part){
      return function(v, build) {
        if (v === undefined) {
          return this._parts[_part] || '';
        } else {
          this._parts[_part] = v || null;
          this.build(!build);
          return this;
        }
      };
    }
  
    function generatePrefixAccessor(_part, _key){
      return function(v, build) {
        if (v === undefined) {
          return this._parts[_part] || '';
        } else {
          if (v !== null) {
            v = v + '';
            if (v.charAt(0) === _key) {
              v = v.substring(1);
            }
          }
  
          this._parts[_part] = v;
          this.build(!build);
          return this;
        }
      };
    }
  
    p.protocol = generateSimpleAccessor('protocol');
    p.username = generateSimpleAccessor('username');
    p.password = generateSimpleAccessor('password');
    p.hostname = generateSimpleAccessor('hostname');
    p.port = generateSimpleAccessor('port');
    p.query = generatePrefixAccessor('query', '?');
    p.fragment = generatePrefixAccessor('fragment', '#');
  
    p.search = function(v, build) {
      var t = this.query(v, build);
      return typeof t === 'string' && t.length ? ('?' + t) : t;
    };
    p.hash = function(v, build) {
      var t = this.fragment(v, build);
      return typeof t === 'string' && t.length ? ('#' + t) : t;
    };
  
    p.pathname = function(v, build) {
      if (v === undefined || v === true) {
        var res = this._parts.path || (this._parts.hostname ? '/' : '');
        return v ? (this._parts.urn ? URI.decodeUrnPath : URI.decodePath)(res) : res;
      } else {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
          this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodeUrnPath(v) : '';
        } else {
          this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodePath(v) : '/';
        }
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.path = p.pathname;
    p.href = function(href, build) {
      var key;
  
      if (href === undefined) {
        return this.toString();
      }
  
      this._string = '';
      this._parts = URI._parts();
  
      var _URI = href instanceof URI;
      var _object = typeof href === 'object' && (href.hostname || href.path || href.pathname);
      if (href.nodeName) {
        var attribute = URI.getDomAttribute(href);
        href = href[attribute] || '';
        _object = false;
      }
  
      // window.location is reported to be an object, but it's not the sort
      // of object we're looking for:
      // * location.protocol ends with a colon
      // * location.query != object.search
      // * location.hash != object.fragment
      // simply serializing the unknown object should do the trick
      // (for location, not for everything...)
      if (!_URI && _object && href.pathname !== undefined) {
        href = href.toString();
      }
  
      if (typeof href === 'string' || href instanceof String) {
        this._parts = URI.parse(String(href), this._parts);
      } else if (_URI || _object) {
        var src = _URI ? href._parts : href;
        for (key in src) {
          if (hasOwn.call(this._parts, key)) {
            this._parts[key] = src[key];
          }
        }
      } else {
        throw new TypeError('invalid input');
      }
  
      this.build(!build);
      return this;
    };
  
    // identification accessors
    p.is = function(what) {
      var ip = false;
      var ip4 = false;
      var ip6 = false;
      var name = false;
      var sld = false;
      var idn = false;
      var punycode = false;
      var relative = !this._parts.urn;
  
      if (this._parts.hostname) {
        relative = false;
        ip4 = URI.ip4_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
        ip6 = URI.ip6_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
        ip = ip4 || ip6;
        name = !ip;
        sld = name && SLD && SLD.has(this._parts.hostname);
        idn = name && URI.idn_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
        punycode = name && URI.punycode_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
      }
  
      switch (what.toLowerCase()) {
        case 'relative':
          return relative;
  
        case 'absolute':
          return !relative;
  
        // hostname identification
        case 'domain':
        case 'name':
          return name;
  
        case 'sld':
          return sld;
  
        case 'ip':
          return ip;
  
        case 'ip4':
        case 'ipv4':
        case 'inet4':
          return ip4;
  
        case 'ip6':
        case 'ipv6':
        case 'inet6':
          return ip6;
  
        case 'idn':
          return idn;
  
        case 'url':
          return !this._parts.urn;
  
        case 'urn':
          return !!this._parts.urn;
  
        case 'punycode':
          return punycode;
      }
  
      return null;
    };
  
    // component specific input validation
    var _protocol = p.protocol;
    var _port = p.port;
    var _hostname = p.hostname;
  
    p.protocol = function(v, build) {
      if (v !== undefined) {
        if (v) {
          // accept trailing ://
          v = v.replace(/:(\/\/)?$/, '');
  
          if (!v.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {
            throw new TypeError('Protocol "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.+-] or doesn\'t start with [A-Z]');
          }
        }
      }
      return _protocol.call(this, v, build);
    };
    p.scheme = p.protocol;
    p.port = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (v !== undefined) {
        if (v === 0) {
          v = null;
        }
  
        if (v) {
          v += '';
          if (v.charAt(0) === ':') {
            v = v.substring(1);
          }
  
          if (v.match(/[^0-9]/)) {
            throw new TypeError('Port "' + v + '" contains characters other than [0-9]');
          }
        }
      }
      return _port.call(this, v, build);
    };
    p.hostname = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (v !== undefined) {
        var x = {};
        var res = URI.parseHost(v, x);
        if (res !== '/') {
          throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
        }
  
        v = x.hostname;
      }
      return _hostname.call(this, v, build);
    };
  
    // compound accessors
    p.origin = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (v === undefined) {
        var protocol = this.protocol();
        var authority = this.authority();
        if (!authority) {
          return '';
        }
  
        return (protocol ? protocol + '://' : '') + this.authority();
      } else {
        var origin = URI(v);
        this
          .protocol(origin.protocol())
          .authority(origin.authority())
          .build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.host = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (v === undefined) {
        return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildHost(this._parts) : '';
      } else {
        var res = URI.parseHost(v, this._parts);
        if (res !== '/') {
          throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
        }
  
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.authority = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (v === undefined) {
        return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildAuthority(this._parts) : '';
      } else {
        var res = URI.parseAuthority(v, this._parts);
        if (res !== '/') {
          throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
        }
  
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.userinfo = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (v === undefined) {
        var t = URI.buildUserinfo(this._parts);
        return t ? t.substring(0, t.length -1) : t;
      } else {
        if (v[v.length-1] !== '@') {
          v += '@';
        }
  
        URI.parseUserinfo(v, this._parts);
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.resource = function(v, build) {
      var parts;
  
      if (v === undefined) {
        return this.path() + this.search() + this.hash();
      }
  
      parts = URI.parse(v);
      this._parts.path = parts.path;
      this._parts.query = parts.query;
      this._parts.fragment = parts.fragment;
      this.build(!build);
      return this;
    };
  
    // fraction accessors
    p.subdomain = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      // convenience, return "www" from "www.example.org"
      if (v === undefined) {
        if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
          return '';
        }
  
        // grab domain and add another segment
        var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length - 1;
        return this._parts.hostname.substring(0, end) || '';
      } else {
        var e = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length;
        var sub = this._parts.hostname.substring(0, e);
        var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(sub));
  
        if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '.') {
          v += '.';
        }
  
        if (v) {
          URI.ensureValidHostname(v);
        }
  
        this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.domain = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (typeof v === 'boolean') {
        build = v;
        v = undefined;
      }
  
      // convenience, return "example.org" from "www.example.org"
      if (v === undefined) {
        if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
          return '';
        }
  
        // if hostname consists of 1 or 2 segments, it must be the domain
        var t = this._parts.hostname.match(/\./g);
        if (t && t.length < 2) {
          return this._parts.hostname;
        }
  
        // grab tld and add another segment
        var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.tld(build).length - 1;
        end = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.', end -1) + 1;
        return this._parts.hostname.substring(end) || '';
      } else {
        if (!v) {
          throw new TypeError('cannot set domain empty');
        }
  
        URI.ensureValidHostname(v);
  
        if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
          this._parts.hostname = v;
        } else {
          var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.domain()) + '$');
          this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
        }
  
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.tld = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (typeof v === 'boolean') {
        build = v;
        v = undefined;
      }
  
      // return "org" from "www.example.org"
      if (v === undefined) {
        if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
          return '';
        }
  
        var pos = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.');
        var tld = this._parts.hostname.substring(pos + 1);
  
        if (build !== true && SLD && SLD.list[tld.toLowerCase()]) {
          return SLD.get(this._parts.hostname) || tld;
        }
  
        return tld;
      } else {
        var replace;
  
        if (!v) {
          throw new TypeError('cannot set TLD empty');
        } else if (v.match(/[^a-zA-Z0-9-]/)) {
          if (SLD && SLD.is(v)) {
            replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + '$');
            this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
          } else {
            throw new TypeError('TLD "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9]');
          }
        } else if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
          throw new ReferenceError('cannot set TLD on non-domain host');
        } else {
          replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + '$');
          this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
        }
  
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.directory = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (v === undefined || v === true) {
        if (!this._parts.path && !this._parts.hostname) {
          return '';
        }
  
        if (this._parts.path === '/') {
          return '/';
        }
  
        var end = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length - 1;
        var res = this._parts.path.substring(0, end) || (this._parts.hostname ? '/' : '');
  
        return v ? URI.decodePath(res) : res;
  
      } else {
        var e = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length;
        var directory = this._parts.path.substring(0, e);
        var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(directory));
  
        // fully qualifier directories begin with a slash
        if (!this.is('relative')) {
          if (!v) {
            v = '/';
          }
  
          if (v.charAt(0) !== '/') {
            v = '/' + v;
          }
        }
  
        // directories always end with a slash
        if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '/') {
          v += '/';
        }
  
        v = URI.recodePath(v);
        this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.filename = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (typeof v !== 'string') {
        if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
          return '';
        }
  
        var pos = this._parts.path.lastIndexOf('/');
        var res = this._parts.path.substring(pos+1);
  
        return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;
      } else {
        var mutatedDirectory = false;
  
        if (v.charAt(0) === '/') {
          v = v.substring(1);
        }
  
        if (v.match(/\.?\//)) {
          mutatedDirectory = true;
        }
  
        var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.filename()) + '$');
        v = URI.recodePath(v);
        this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
  
        if (mutatedDirectory) {
          this.normalizePath(build);
        } else {
          this.build(!build);
        }
  
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.suffix = function(v, build) {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return v === undefined ? '' : this;
      }
  
      if (v === undefined || v === true) {
        if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
          return '';
        }
  
        var filename = this.filename();
        var pos = filename.lastIndexOf('.');
        var s, res;
  
        if (pos === -1) {
          return '';
        }
  
        // suffix may only contain alnum characters (yup, I made this up.)
        s = filename.substring(pos+1);
        res = (/^[a-z0-9%]+$/i).test(s) ? s : '';
        return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;
      } else {
        if (v.charAt(0) === '.') {
          v = v.substring(1);
        }
  
        var suffix = this.suffix();
        var replace;
  
        if (!suffix) {
          if (!v) {
            return this;
          }
  
          this._parts.path += '.' + URI.recodePath(v);
        } else if (!v) {
          replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx('.' + suffix) + '$');
        } else {
          replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(suffix) + '$');
        }
  
        if (replace) {
          v = URI.recodePath(v);
          this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
        }
  
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
    };
    p.segment = function(segment, v, build) {
      var separator = this._parts.urn ? ':' : '/';
      var path = this.path();
      var absolute = path.substring(0, 1) === '/';
      var segments = path.split(separator);
  
      if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {
        build = v;
        v = segment;
        segment = undefined;
      }
  
      if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {
        throw new Error('Bad segment "' + segment + '", must be 0-based integer');
      }
  
      if (absolute) {
        segments.shift();
      }
  
      if (segment < 0) {
        // allow negative indexes to address from the end
        segment = Math.max(segments.length + segment, 0);
      }
  
      if (v === undefined) {
        /*jshint laxbreak: true */
        return segment === undefined
          ? segments
          : segments[segment];
        /*jshint laxbreak: false */
      } else if (segment === null || segments[segment] === undefined) {
        if (isArray(v)) {
          segments = [];
          // collapse empty elements within array
          for (var i=0, l=v.length; i < l; i++) {
            if (!v[i].length && (!segments.length || !segments[segments.length -1].length)) {
              continue;
            }
  
            if (segments.length && !segments[segments.length -1].length) {
              segments.pop();
            }
  
            segments.push(trimSlashes(v[i]));
          }
        } else if (v || typeof v === 'string') {
          v = trimSlashes(v);
          if (segments[segments.length -1] === '') {
            // empty trailing elements have to be overwritten
            // to prevent results such as /foo//bar
            segments[segments.length -1] = v;
          } else {
            segments.push(v);
          }
        }
      } else {
        if (v) {
          segments[segment] = trimSlashes(v);
        } else {
          segments.splice(segment, 1);
        }
      }
  
      if (absolute) {
        segments.unshift('');
      }
  
      return this.path(segments.join(separator), build);
    };
    p.segmentCoded = function(segment, v, build) {
      var segments, i, l;
  
      if (typeof segment !== 'number') {
        build = v;
        v = segment;
        segment = undefined;
      }
  
      if (v === undefined) {
        segments = this.segment(segment, v, build);
        if (!isArray(segments)) {
          segments = segments !== undefined ? URI.decode(segments) : undefined;
        } else {
          for (i = 0, l = segments.length; i < l; i++) {
            segments[i] = URI.decode(segments[i]);
          }
        }
  
        return segments;
      }
  
      if (!isArray(v)) {
        v = (typeof v === 'string' || v instanceof String) ? URI.encode(v) : v;
      } else {
        for (i = 0, l = v.length; i < l; i++) {
          v[i] = URI.encode(v[i]);
        }
      }
  
      return this.segment(segment, v, build);
    };
  
    // mutating query string
    var q = p.query;
    p.query = function(v, build) {
      if (v === true) {
        return URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
      } else if (typeof v === 'function') {
        var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        var result = v.call(this, data);
        this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(result || data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      } else if (v !== undefined && typeof v !== 'string') {
        this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(v, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      } else {
        return q.call(this, v, build);
      }
    };
    p.setQuery = function(name, value, build) {
      var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
  
      if (typeof name === 'string' || name instanceof String) {
        data[name] = value !== undefined ? value : null;
      } else if (typeof name === 'object') {
        for (var key in name) {
          if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
            data[key] = name[key];
          }
        }
      } else {
        throw new TypeError('URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');
      }
  
      this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
      if (typeof name !== 'string') {
        build = value;
      }
  
      this.build(!build);
      return this;
    };
    p.addQuery = function(name, value, build) {
      var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
      URI.addQuery(data, name, value === undefined ? null : value);
      this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
      if (typeof name !== 'string') {
        build = value;
      }
  
      this.build(!build);
      return this;
    };
    p.removeQuery = function(name, value, build) {
      var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
      URI.removeQuery(data, name, value);
      this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
      if (typeof name !== 'string') {
        build = value;
      }
  
      this.build(!build);
      return this;
    };
    p.hasQuery = function(name, value, withinArray) {
      var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
      return URI.hasQuery(data, name, value, withinArray);
    };
    p.setSearch = p.setQuery;
    p.addSearch = p.addQuery;
    p.removeSearch = p.removeQuery;
    p.hasSearch = p.hasQuery;
  
    // sanitizing URLs
    p.normalize = function() {
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        return this
          .normalizeProtocol(false)
          .normalizePath(false)
          .normalizeQuery(false)
          .normalizeFragment(false)
          .build();
      }
  
      return this
        .normalizeProtocol(false)
        .normalizeHostname(false)
        .normalizePort(false)
        .normalizePath(false)
        .normalizeQuery(false)
        .normalizeFragment(false)
        .build();
    };
    p.normalizeProtocol = function(build) {
      if (typeof this._parts.protocol === 'string') {
        this._parts.protocol = this._parts.protocol.toLowerCase();
        this.build(!build);
      }
  
      return this;
    };
    p.normalizeHostname = function(build) {
      if (this._parts.hostname) {
        if (this.is('IDN') && punycode) {
          this._parts.hostname = punycode.toASCII(this._parts.hostname);
        } else if (this.is('IPv6') && IPv6) {
          this._parts.hostname = IPv6.best(this._parts.hostname);
        }
  
        this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.toLowerCase();
        this.build(!build);
      }
  
      return this;
    };
    p.normalizePort = function(build) {
      // remove port of it's the protocol's default
      if (typeof this._parts.protocol === 'string' && this._parts.port === URI.defaultPorts[this._parts.protocol]) {
        this._parts.port = null;
        this.build(!build);
      }
  
      return this;
    };
    p.normalizePath = function(build) {
      var _path = this._parts.path;
      if (!_path) {
        return this;
      }
  
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        this._parts.path = URI.recodeUrnPath(this._parts.path);
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
      }
  
      if (this._parts.path === '/') {
        return this;
      }
  
      _path = URI.recodePath(_path);
  
      var _was_relative;
      var _leadingParents = '';
      var _parent, _pos;
  
      // handle relative paths
      if (_path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
        _was_relative = true;
        _path = '/' + _path;
      }
  
      // handle relative files (as opposed to directories)
      if (_path.slice(-3) === '/..' || _path.slice(-2) === '/.') {
        _path += '/';
      }
  
      // resolve simples
      _path = _path
        .replace(/(\/(\.\/)+)|(\/\.$)/g, '/')
        .replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');
  
      // remember leading parents
      if (_was_relative) {
        _leadingParents = _path.substring(1).match(/^(\.\.\/)+/) || '';
        if (_leadingParents) {
          _leadingParents = _leadingParents[0];
        }
      }
  
      // resolve parents
      while (true) {
        _parent = _path.search(/\/\.\.(\/|$)/);
        if (_parent === -1) {
          // no more ../ to resolve
          break;
        } else if (_parent === 0) {
          // top level cannot be relative, skip it
          _path = _path.substring(3);
          continue;
        }
  
        _pos = _path.substring(0, _parent).lastIndexOf('/');
        if (_pos === -1) {
          _pos = _parent;
        }
        _path = _path.substring(0, _pos) + _path.substring(_parent + 3);
      }
  
      // revert to relative
      if (_was_relative && this.is('relative')) {
        _path = _leadingParents + _path.substring(1);
      }
  
      this._parts.path = _path;
      this.build(!build);
      return this;
    };
    p.normalizePathname = p.normalizePath;
    p.normalizeQuery = function(build) {
      if (typeof this._parts.query === 'string') {
        if (!this._parts.query.length) {
          this._parts.query = null;
        } else {
          this.query(URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace));
        }
  
        this.build(!build);
      }
  
      return this;
    };
    p.normalizeFragment = function(build) {
      if (!this._parts.fragment) {
        this._parts.fragment = null;
        this.build(!build);
      }
  
      return this;
    };
    p.normalizeSearch = p.normalizeQuery;
    p.normalizeHash = p.normalizeFragment;
  
    p.iso8859 = function() {
      // expect unicode input, iso8859 output
      var e = URI.encode;
      var d = URI.decode;
  
      URI.encode = escape;
      URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
      try {
        this.normalize();
      } finally {
        URI.encode = e;
        URI.decode = d;
      }
      return this;
    };
  
    p.unicode = function() {
      // expect iso8859 input, unicode output
      var e = URI.encode;
      var d = URI.decode;
  
      URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
      URI.decode = unescape;
      try {
        this.normalize();
      } finally {
        URI.encode = e;
        URI.decode = d;
      }
      return this;
    };
  
    p.readable = function() {
      var uri = this.clone();
      // removing username, password, because they shouldn't be displayed according to RFC 3986
      uri.username('').password('').normalize();
      var t = '';
      if (uri._parts.protocol) {
        t += uri._parts.protocol + '://';
      }
  
      if (uri._parts.hostname) {
        if (uri.is('punycode') && punycode) {
          t += punycode.toUnicode(uri._parts.hostname);
          if (uri._parts.port) {
            t += ':' + uri._parts.port;
          }
        } else {
          t += uri.host();
        }
      }
  
      if (uri._parts.hostname && uri._parts.path && uri._parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
        t += '/';
      }
  
      t += uri.path(true);
      if (uri._parts.query) {
        var q = '';
        for (var i = 0, qp = uri._parts.query.split('&'), l = qp.length; i < l; i++) {
          var kv = (qp[i] || '').split('=');
          q += '&' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[0], this._parts.escapeQuerySpace)
            .replace(/&/g, '%26');
  
          if (kv[1] !== undefined) {
            q += '=' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[1], this._parts.escapeQuerySpace)
              .replace(/&/g, '%26');
          }
        }
        t += '?' + q.substring(1);
      }
  
      t += URI.decodeQuery(uri.hash(), true);
      return t;
    };
  
    // resolving relative and absolute URLs
    p.absoluteTo = function(base) {
      var resolved = this.clone();
      var properties = ['protocol', 'username', 'password', 'hostname', 'port'];
      var basedir, i, p;
  
      if (this._parts.urn) {
        throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierarchical components');
      }
  
      if (!(base instanceof URI)) {
        base = new URI(base);
      }
  
      if (!resolved._parts.protocol) {
        resolved._parts.protocol = base._parts.protocol;
      }
  
      if (this._parts.hostname) {
        return resolved;
      }
  
      for (i = 0; (p = properties[i]); i++) {
        resolved._parts[p] = base._parts[p];
      }
  
      if (!resolved._parts.path) {
        resolved._parts.path = base._parts.path;
        if (!resolved._parts.query) {
          resolved._parts.query = base._parts.query;
        }
      } else {
        if (resolved._parts.path.substring(-2) === '..') {
          resolved._parts.path += '/';
        }
  
        if (resolved.path().charAt(0) !== '/') {
          basedir = base.directory();
          basedir = basedir ? basedir : base.path().indexOf('/') === 0 ? '/' : '';
          resolved._parts.path = (basedir ? (basedir + '/') : '') + resolved._parts.path;
          resolved.normalizePath();
        }
      }
  
      resolved.build();
      return resolved;
    };
    p.relativeTo = function(base) {
      var relative = this.clone().normalize();
      var relativeParts, baseParts, common, relativePath, basePath;
  
      if (relative._parts.urn) {
        throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierarchical components');
      }
  
      base = new URI(base).normalize();
      relativeParts = relative._parts;
      baseParts = base._parts;
      relativePath = relative.path();
      basePath = base.path();
  
      if (relativePath.charAt(0) !== '/') {
        throw new Error('URI is already relative');
      }
  
      if (basePath.charAt(0) !== '/') {
        throw new Error('Cannot calculate a URI relative to another relative URI');
      }
  
      if (relativeParts.protocol === baseParts.protocol) {
        relativeParts.protocol = null;
      }
  
      if (relativeParts.username !== baseParts.username || relativeParts.password !== baseParts.password) {
        return relative.build();
      }
  
      if (relativeParts.protocol !== null || relativeParts.username !== null || relativeParts.password !== null) {
        return relative.build();
      }
  
      if (relativeParts.hostname === baseParts.hostname && relativeParts.port === baseParts.port) {
        relativeParts.hostname = null;
        relativeParts.port = null;
      } else {
        return relative.build();
      }
  
      if (relativePath === basePath) {
        relativeParts.path = '';
        return relative.build();
      }
  
      // determine common sub path
      common = URI.commonPath(relativePath, basePath);
  
      // If the paths have nothing in common, return a relative URL with the absolute path.
      if (!common) {
        return relative.build();
      }
  
      var parents = baseParts.path
        .substring(common.length)
        .replace(/[^\/]*$/, '')
        .replace(/.*?\//g, '../');
  
      relativeParts.path = (parents + relativeParts.path.substring(common.length)) || './';
  
      return relative.build();
    };
  
    // comparing URIs
    p.equals = function(uri) {
      var one = this.clone();
      var two = new URI(uri);
      var one_map = {};
      var two_map = {};
      var checked = {};
      var one_query, two_query, key;
  
      one.normalize();
      two.normalize();
  
      // exact match
      if (one.toString() === two.toString()) {
        return true;
      }
  
      // extract query string
      one_query = one.query();
      two_query = two.query();
      one.query('');
      two.query('');
  
      // definitely not equal if not even non-query parts match
      if (one.toString() !== two.toString()) {
        return false;
      }
  
      // query parameters have the same length, even if they're permuted
      if (one_query.length !== two_query.length) {
        return false;
      }
  
      one_map = URI.parseQuery(one_query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
      two_map = URI.parseQuery(two_query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
  
      for (key in one_map) {
        if (hasOwn.call(one_map, key)) {
          if (!isArray(one_map[key])) {
            if (one_map[key] !== two_map[key]) {
              return false;
            }
          } else if (!arraysEqual(one_map[key], two_map[key])) {
            return false;
          }
  
          checked[key] = true;
        }
      }
  
      for (key in two_map) {
        if (hasOwn.call(two_map, key)) {
          if (!checked[key]) {
            // two contains a parameter not present in one
            return false;
          }
        }
      }
  
      return true;
    };
  
    // state
    p.duplicateQueryParameters = function(v) {
      this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters = !!v;
      return this;
    };
  
    p.escapeQuerySpace = function(v) {
      this._parts.escapeQuerySpace = !!v;
      return this;
    };
  
    return URI;
  }));
  