text: #!/usr/bin/env python
  # Copyright Daniel Roesler, under MIT license, see LICENSE at github.com/diafygi/acme-tiny
  import argparse, subprocess, json, os, sys, base64, binascii, time, hashlib, re, copy, textwrap, logging
  try:
      from urllib.request import urlopen, Request # Python 3
  except ImportError:
      from urllib2 import urlopen, Request # Python 2
  
  DEFAULT_CA = "https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org" # DEPRECATED! USE DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_URL INSTEAD
  DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_URL = "https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
  
  LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
  LOGGER.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
  LOGGER.setLevel(logging.INFO)
  
  def get_crt(account_key, csr, acme_dir, log=LOGGER, CA=DEFAULT_CA, disable_check=False, directory_url=DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_URL, contact=None, alternate_chain=False):
      directory, acct_headers, alg, jwk = None, None, None, None # global variables
  
      # helper functions - base64 encode for jose spec
      def _b64(b):
          return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b).decode('utf8').replace("=", "")
  
      # helper function - run external commands
      def _cmd(cmd_list, stdin=None, cmd_input=None, err_msg="Command Line Error"):
          proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd_list, stdin=stdin, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
          out, err = proc.communicate(cmd_input)
          if proc.returncode != 0:
              raise IOError("{0}\n{1}".format(err_msg, err))
          return out
  
      # helper function - make request and automatically parse json response
      def _do_request(url, data=None, err_msg="Error", depth=0):
          try:
              resp = urlopen(Request(url, data=data, headers={"Content-Type": "application/jose+json", "User-Agent": "acme-tiny"}))
              resp_data, code, headers = resp.read().decode("utf8"), resp.getcode(), resp.headers
          except IOError as e:
              resp_data = e.read().decode("utf8") if hasattr(e, "read") else str(e)
              code, headers = getattr(e, "code", None), {}
          try:
              resp_data = json.loads(resp_data) # try to parse json results
          except ValueError:
              pass # ignore json parsing errors
          if depth < 100 and code == 400 and resp_data['type'] == "urn:ietf:params:acme:error:badNonce":
              raise IndexError(resp_data) # allow 100 retrys for bad nonces
          if code not in [200, 201, 204]:
              raise ValueError("{0}:\nUrl: {1}\nData: {2}\nResponse Code: {3}\nResponse: {4}".format(err_msg, url, data, code, resp_data))
          return resp_data, code, headers
  
      def _prepare_data(url, payload):
          payload64 = "" if payload is None else _b64(json.dumps(payload).encode('utf8'))
          new_nonce = _do_request(directory['newNonce'])[2]['Replay-Nonce']
          protected = {"url": url, "alg": alg, "nonce": new_nonce}
          protected.update({"jwk": jwk} if acct_headers is None else {"kid": acct_headers['Location']})
          protected64 = _b64(json.dumps(protected).encode('utf8'))
          protected_input = "{0}.{1}".format(protected64, payload64).encode('utf8')
          out = _cmd(["openssl", "dgst", "-sha256", "-sign", account_key], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, cmd_input=protected_input, err_msg="OpenSSL Error")
          return json.dumps({"protected": protected64, "payload": payload64, "signature": _b64(out)})
  
      # helper function - make signed requests
      def _send_signed_request(url, payload, err_msg, depth=0, download_cert=False):
          data = _prepare_data(url, payload)
          try:
              if alternate_chain and download_cert:
                  resp_data, code, headers = _do_request(url, data=data.encode('utf8'), err_msg=err_msg, depth=depth)
                  links = headers.get('link', []).split(',')
                  alternate_links = [link.strip().replace('<', '').replace('>;rel="alternate"', '') for link in links if 'rel="alternate"' in link] 
                  try:
                      alt_link = alternate_links[0] # It is possible to have more than 1 alternate link, currently only 1 is available for LetsEncrypt.
                      data = _prepare_data(alt_link, payload)
                      return _do_request(alt_link, data=data.encode('utf8'), err_msg=err_msg, depth=depth)
                  except Exception as e:
                      raise ValueError(err_msg)
              else:
                  return _do_request(url, data=data.encode('utf8'), err_msg=err_msg, depth=depth)
          except IndexError: # retry bad nonces (they raise IndexError)
              return _send_signed_request(url, payload, err_msg, depth=(depth + 1), download_cert=download_cert)
  
      # helper function - poll until complete
      def _poll_until_not(url, pending_statuses, err_msg):
          result, t0 = None, time.time()
          while result is None or result['status'] in pending_statuses:
              assert (time.time() - t0 < 3600), "Polling timeout" # 1 hour timeout
              time.sleep(0 if result is None else 2)
              result, _, _ = _send_signed_request(url, None, err_msg)
          return result
  
      # parse account key to get public key
      log.info("Parsing account key...")
      out = _cmd(["openssl", "rsa", "-in", account_key, "-noout", "-text"], err_msg="OpenSSL Error")
      pub_pattern = r"modulus:[\s]+?00:([a-f0-9\:\s]+?)\npublicExponent: ([0-9]+)"
      pub_hex, pub_exp = re.search(pub_pattern, out.decode('utf8'), re.MULTILINE|re.DOTALL).groups()
      pub_exp = "{0:x}".format(int(pub_exp))
      pub_exp = "0{0}".format(pub_exp) if len(pub_exp) % 2 else pub_exp
      alg = "RS256"
      jwk = {
          "e": _b64(binascii.unhexlify(pub_exp.encode("utf-8"))),
          "kty": "RSA",
          "n": _b64(binascii.unhexlify(re.sub(r"(\s|:)", "", pub_hex).encode("utf-8"))),
      }
      accountkey_json = json.dumps(jwk, sort_keys=True, separators=(',', ':'))
      thumbprint = _b64(hashlib.sha256(accountkey_json.encode('utf8')).digest())
  
      # find domains
      log.info("Parsing CSR...")
      out = _cmd(["openssl", "req", "-in", csr, "-noout", "-text"], err_msg="Error loading {0}".format(csr))
      domains = set([])
      common_name = re.search(r"Subject:.*? CN\s?=\s?([^\s,;/]+)", out.decode('utf8'))
      if common_name is not None:
          domains.add(common_name.group(1))
      subject_alt_names = re.search(r"X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: (?:critical)?\n +([^\n]+)\n", out.decode('utf8'), re.MULTILINE|re.DOTALL)
      if subject_alt_names is not None:
          for san in subject_alt_names.group(1).split(", "):
              if san.startswith("DNS:"):
                  domains.add(san[4:])
      log.info("Found domains: {0}".format(", ".join(domains)))
  
      # get the ACME directory of urls
      log.info("Getting directory...")
      directory_url = CA + "/directory" if CA != DEFAULT_CA else directory_url # backwards compatibility with deprecated CA kwarg
      directory, _, _ = _do_request(directory_url, err_msg="Error getting directory")
      log.info("Directory found!")
  
      # create account, update contact details (if any), and set the global key identifier
      log.info("Registering account...")
      reg_payload = {"termsOfServiceAgreed": True}
      account, code, acct_headers = _send_signed_request(directory['newAccount'], reg_payload, "Error registering")
      log.info("Registered!" if code == 201 else "Already registered!")
      if contact is not None:
          account, _, _ = _send_signed_request(acct_headers['Location'], {"contact": contact}, "Error updating contact details")
          log.info("Updated contact details:\n{0}".format("\n".join(account['contact'])))
  
      # create a new order
      log.info("Creating new order...")
      order_payload = {"identifiers": [{"type": "dns", "value": d} for d in domains]}
      order, _, order_headers = _send_signed_request(directory['newOrder'], order_payload, "Error creating new order")
      log.info("Order created!")
  
      # get the authorizations that need to be completed
      for auth_url in order['authorizations']:
          authorization, _, _ = _send_signed_request(auth_url, None, "Error getting challenges")
          domain = authorization['identifier']['value']
          log.info("Verifying {0}...".format(domain))
  
          # find the http-01 challenge and write the challenge file
          challenge = [c for c in authorization['challenges'] if c['type'] == "http-01"][0]
          token = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9_\-]", "_", challenge['token'])
          keyauthorization = "{0}.{1}".format(token, thumbprint)
          wellknown_path = os.path.join(acme_dir, token)
          with open(wellknown_path, "w") as wellknown_file:
              wellknown_file.write(keyauthorization)
  
          # check that the file is in place
          try:
              wellknown_url = "http://{0}/.well-known/acme-challenge/{1}".format(domain, token)
              assert (disable_check or _do_request(wellknown_url)[0] == keyauthorization)
          except (AssertionError, ValueError) as e:
              raise ValueError("Wrote file to {0}, but couldn't download {1}: {2}".format(wellknown_path, wellknown_url, e))
  
          # say the challenge is done
          _send_signed_request(challenge['url'], {}, "Error submitting challenges: {0}".format(domain))
          authorization = _poll_until_not(auth_url, ["pending"], "Error checking challenge status for {0}".format(domain))
          if authorization['status'] != "valid":
              raise ValueError("Challenge did not pass for {0}: {1}".format(domain, authorization))
          os.remove(wellknown_path)
          log.info("{0} verified!".format(domain))
  
      # finalize the order with the csr
      log.info("Signing certificate...")
      csr_der = _cmd(["openssl", "req", "-in", csr, "-outform", "DER"], err_msg="DER Export Error")
      _send_signed_request(order['finalize'], {"csr": _b64(csr_der)}, "Error finalizing order")
  
      # poll the order to monitor when it's done
      order = _poll_until_not(order_headers['Location'], ["pending", "processing"], "Error checking order status")
      if order['status'] != "valid":
          raise ValueError("Order failed: {0}".format(order))
  
      # download the certificate
      certificate_pem, _, _ = _send_signed_request(order['certificate'], None, "Certificate download failed", download_cert=True)
      log.info("Certificate signed!")
      return certificate_pem
  
  def main(argv=None):
      parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
          description=textwrap.dedent("""\
              This script automates the process of getting a signed TLS certificate from Let's Encrypt using
              the ACME protocol. It will need to be run on your server and have access to your private
              account key, so PLEASE READ THROUGH IT! It's only ~200 lines, so it won't take long.
  
              Example Usage:
              python acme_tiny.py --account-key ./account.key --csr ./domain.csr --acme-dir /usr/share/nginx/html/.well-known/acme-challenge/ > signed_chain.crt
  
              Example Crontab Renewal (once per month):
              0 0 1 * * python /path/to/acme_tiny.py --account-key /path/to/account.key --csr /path/to/domain.csr --acme-dir /usr/share/nginx/html/.well-known/acme-challenge/ > /path/to/signed_chain.crt 2>> /var/log/acme_tiny.log
              """)
      )
      parser.add_argument("--account-key", required=True, help="path to your Let's Encrypt account private key")
      parser.add_argument("--csr", required=True, help="path to your certificate signing request")
      parser.add_argument("--acme-dir", required=True, help="path to the .well-known/acme-challenge/ directory")
      parser.add_argument("--quiet", action="store_const", const=logging.ERROR, help="suppress output except for errors")
      parser.add_argument("--disable-check", default=False, action="store_true", help="disable checking if the challenge file is hosted correctly before telling the CA")
      parser.add_argument("--directory-url", default=DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_URL, help="certificate authority directory url, default is Let's Encrypt")
      parser.add_argument("--ca", default=DEFAULT_CA, help="DEPRECATED! USE --directory-url INSTEAD!")
      parser.add_argument("--contact", metavar="CONTACT", default=None, nargs="*", help="Contact details (e.g. mailto:aaa@bbb.com) for your account-key")
      parser.add_argument("--alternate-chain", dest="alternate_chain", action="store_true", help="Download certificate signed with an alternate chain")
      parser.set_defaults(alternate_chain=False)
  
      args = parser.parse_args(argv)
      LOGGER.setLevel(args.quiet or LOGGER.level)
      signed_crt = get_crt(args.account_key, args.csr, args.acme_dir, log=LOGGER, CA=args.ca, disable_check=args.disable_check, directory_url=args.directory_url, contact=args.contact, alternate_chain=args.alternate_chain)
      sys.stdout.write(signed_crt)
  
  if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
      main(sys.argv[1:])
  