text: /* Capstone Disassembly Engine */
  /* By Nguyen Anh Quynh <aquynh@gmail.com>, 2013-2015 */
  #if defined (WIN32) || defined (WIN64) || defined (_WIN32) || defined (_WIN64)
  #pragma warning(disable:4996)			// disable MSVC's warning on strcpy()
  #pragma warning(disable:28719)		// disable MSVC's warning on strcpy()
  #endif
  #if defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_OSXKERNEL)
  #include <libkern/libkern.h>
  #else
  #include <stddef.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #endif
  
  #include <string.h>
  #include <capstone/capstone.h>
  
  #include "utils.h"
  #include "MCRegisterInfo.h"
  
  #if defined(_KERNEL_MODE)
  #include "windows\winkernel_mm.h"
  #endif
  
  // Issue #681: Windows kernel does not support formatting float point
  #if defined(_KERNEL_MODE) && !defined(CAPSTONE_DIET)
  #if defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_ARM) || defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_ARM64) || defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_M68K)
  #define CAPSTONE_STR_INTERNAL(x) #x
  #define CAPSTONE_STR(x) CAPSTONE_STR_INTERNAL(x)
  #define CAPSTONE_MSVC_WRANING_PREFIX __FILE__ "("CAPSTONE_STR(__LINE__)") : warning message : "
  
  #pragma message(CAPSTONE_MSVC_WRANING_PREFIX "Windows driver does not support full features for selected architecture(s). Define CAPSTONE_DIET to compile Capstone with only supported features. See issue #681 for details.")
  
  #undef CAPSTONE_MSVC_WRANING_PREFIX
  #undef CAPSTONE_STR
  #undef CAPSTONE_STR_INTERNAL
  #endif
  #endif	// defined(_KERNEL_MODE) && !defined(CAPSTONE_DIET)
  
  #if !defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_OSXKERNEL) && !defined(CAPSTONE_DIET) && !defined(_KERNEL_MODE)
  #define INSN_CACHE_SIZE 32
  #else
  // reduce stack variable size for kernel/firmware
  #define INSN_CACHE_SIZE 8
  #endif
  
  // default SKIPDATA mnemonic
  #ifndef CAPSTONE_DIET
  #define SKIPDATA_MNEM ".byte"
  #else // No printing is available in diet mode
  #define SKIPDATA_MNEM NULL
  #endif
  
  cs_err (*arch_init[MAX_ARCH])(cs_struct *) = { NULL };
  cs_err (*arch_option[MAX_ARCH]) (cs_struct *, cs_opt_type, size_t value) = { NULL };
  void (*arch_destroy[MAX_ARCH]) (cs_struct *) = { NULL };
  
  extern void ARM_enable(void);
  extern void AArch64_enable(void);
  extern void M680X_enable(void);
  extern void M68K_enable(void);
  extern void Mips_enable(void);
  extern void X86_enable(void);
  extern void PPC_enable(void);
  extern void Sparc_enable(void);
  extern void SystemZ_enable(void);
  extern void XCore_enable(void);
  extern void TMS320C64x_enable(void);
  
  static void archs_enable(void)
  {
  	static bool initialized = false;
  
  	if (initialized)
  		return;
  
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_ARM
  	ARM_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_ARM64
  	AArch64_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_M680X
  	M680X_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_M68K
  	M68K_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_MIPS
  	Mips_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_POWERPC
  	PPC_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_SPARC
  	Sparc_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_SYSZ
  	SystemZ_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_X86
  	X86_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_XCORE
  	XCore_enable();
  #endif
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_HAS_TMS320C64X
  	TMS320C64x_enable();
  #endif
  
  
  	initialized = true;
  }
  
  unsigned int all_arch = 0;
  
  #if defined(CAPSTONE_USE_SYS_DYN_MEM)
  #if !defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_OSXKERNEL) && !defined(_KERNEL_MODE)
  // default
  cs_malloc_t cs_mem_malloc = malloc;
  cs_calloc_t cs_mem_calloc = calloc;
  cs_realloc_t cs_mem_realloc = realloc;
  cs_free_t cs_mem_free = free;
  #if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
  cs_vsnprintf_t cs_vsnprintf = _vsnprintf;
  #else
  cs_vsnprintf_t cs_vsnprintf = vsnprintf;
  #endif  // defined(_WIN32_WCE)
  
  #elif defined(_KERNEL_MODE)
  // Windows driver
  cs_malloc_t cs_mem_malloc = cs_winkernel_malloc;
  cs_calloc_t cs_mem_calloc = cs_winkernel_calloc;
  cs_realloc_t cs_mem_realloc = cs_winkernel_realloc;
  cs_free_t cs_mem_free = cs_winkernel_free;
  cs_vsnprintf_t cs_vsnprintf = cs_winkernel_vsnprintf;
  
  #else
  // OSX kernel
  extern void* kern_os_malloc(size_t size);
  extern void kern_os_free(void* addr);
  extern void* kern_os_realloc(void* addr, size_t nsize);
  
  static void* cs_kern_os_calloc(size_t num, size_t size)
  {
  	return kern_os_malloc(num * size); // malloc bzeroes the buffer
  }
  
  cs_malloc_t cs_mem_malloc = kern_os_malloc;
  cs_calloc_t cs_mem_calloc = cs_kern_os_calloc;
  cs_realloc_t cs_mem_realloc = kern_os_realloc;
  cs_free_t cs_mem_free = kern_os_free;
  cs_vsnprintf_t cs_vsnprintf = vsnprintf;
  
  #endif  // !defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_OSXKERNEL) && !defined(_KERNEL_MODE)
  #else
  // User-defined
  cs_malloc_t cs_mem_malloc = NULL;
  cs_calloc_t cs_mem_calloc = NULL;
  cs_realloc_t cs_mem_realloc = NULL;
  cs_free_t cs_mem_free = NULL;
  cs_vsnprintf_t cs_vsnprintf = NULL;
  
  #endif  // defined(CAPSTONE_USE_SYS_DYN_MEM)
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  unsigned int CAPSTONE_API cs_version(int *major, int *minor)
  {
  	archs_enable();
  
  	if (major != NULL && minor != NULL) {
  		*major = CS_API_MAJOR;
  		*minor = CS_API_MINOR;
  	}
  
  	return (CS_API_MAJOR << 8) + CS_API_MINOR;
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  bool CAPSTONE_API cs_support(int query)
  {
  	archs_enable();
  
  	if (query == CS_ARCH_ALL)
  		return all_arch == ((1 << CS_ARCH_ARM) | (1 << CS_ARCH_ARM64) |
  				(1 << CS_ARCH_MIPS) | (1 << CS_ARCH_X86) |
  				(1 << CS_ARCH_PPC) | (1 << CS_ARCH_SPARC) |
  				(1 << CS_ARCH_SYSZ) | (1 << CS_ARCH_XCORE) |
  				(1 << CS_ARCH_M68K) | (1 << CS_ARCH_TMS320C64X) |
  				(1 << CS_ARCH_M680X));
  
  	if ((unsigned int)query < CS_ARCH_MAX)
  		return all_arch & (1 << query);
  
  	if (query == CS_SUPPORT_DIET) {
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_DIET
  		return true;
  #else
  		return false;
  #endif
  	}
  
  	if (query == CS_SUPPORT_X86_REDUCE) {
  #if defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_X86) && defined(CAPSTONE_X86_REDUCE)
  		return true;
  #else
  		return false;
  #endif
  	}
  
  	// unsupported query
  	return false;
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  cs_err CAPSTONE_API cs_errno(csh handle)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *ud;
  	if (!handle)
  		return CS_ERR_CSH;
  
  	ud = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)handle;
  
  	return ud->errnum;
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  const char * CAPSTONE_API cs_strerror(cs_err code)
  {
  	switch(code) {
  		default:
  			return "Unknown error code";
  		case CS_ERR_OK:
  			return "OK (CS_ERR_OK)";
  		case CS_ERR_MEM:
  			return "Out of memory (CS_ERR_MEM)";
  		case CS_ERR_ARCH:
  			return "Invalid/unsupported architecture(CS_ERR_ARCH)";
  		case CS_ERR_HANDLE:
  			return "Invalid handle (CS_ERR_HANDLE)";
  		case CS_ERR_CSH:
  			return "Invalid csh (CS_ERR_CSH)";
  		case CS_ERR_MODE:
  			return "Invalid mode (CS_ERR_MODE)";
  		case CS_ERR_OPTION:
  			return "Invalid option (CS_ERR_OPTION)";
  		case CS_ERR_DETAIL:
  			return "Details are unavailable (CS_ERR_DETAIL)";
  		case CS_ERR_MEMSETUP:
  			return "Dynamic memory management uninitialized (CS_ERR_MEMSETUP)";
  		case CS_ERR_VERSION:
  			return "Different API version between core & binding (CS_ERR_VERSION)";
  		case CS_ERR_DIET:
  			return "Information irrelevant in diet engine (CS_ERR_DIET)";
  		case CS_ERR_SKIPDATA:
  			return "Information irrelevant for 'data' instruction in SKIPDATA mode (CS_ERR_SKIPDATA)";
  		case CS_ERR_X86_ATT:
  			return "AT&T syntax is unavailable (CS_ERR_X86_ATT)";
  		case CS_ERR_X86_INTEL:
  			return "INTEL syntax is unavailable (CS_ERR_X86_INTEL)";
  		case CS_ERR_X86_MASM:
  			return "MASM syntax is unavailable (CS_ERR_X86_MASM)";
  	}
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  cs_err CAPSTONE_API cs_open(cs_arch arch, cs_mode mode, csh *handle)
  {
  	cs_err err;
  	struct cs_struct *ud;
  	if (!cs_mem_malloc || !cs_mem_calloc || !cs_mem_realloc || !cs_mem_free || !cs_vsnprintf)
  		// Error: before cs_open(), dynamic memory management must be initialized
  		// with cs_option(CS_OPT_MEM)
  		return CS_ERR_MEMSETUP;
  
  	archs_enable();
  
  	if (arch < CS_ARCH_MAX && arch_init[arch]) {
  		ud = cs_mem_calloc(1, sizeof(*ud));
  		if (!ud) {
  			// memory insufficient
  			return CS_ERR_MEM;
  		}
  
  		ud->errnum = CS_ERR_OK;
  		ud->arch = arch;
  		ud->mode = mode;
  		ud->big_endian = (mode & CS_MODE_BIG_ENDIAN) != 0;
  		// by default, do not break instruction into details
  		ud->detail = CS_OPT_OFF;
  
  		// default skipdata setup
  		ud->skipdata_setup.mnemonic = SKIPDATA_MNEM;
  
  		err = arch_init[ud->arch](ud);
  		if (err) {
  			cs_mem_free(ud);
  			*handle = 0;
  			return err;
  		}
  
  		*handle = (uintptr_t)ud;
  
  		return CS_ERR_OK;
  	} else {
  		*handle = 0;
  		return CS_ERR_ARCH;
  	}
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  cs_err CAPSTONE_API cs_close(csh *handle)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *ud;
  	struct insn_mnem *next, *tmp;
  
  	if (*handle == 0)
  		// invalid handle
  		return CS_ERR_CSH;
  
  	ud = (struct cs_struct *)(*handle);
  
  	if (ud->printer_info)
  		cs_mem_free(ud->printer_info);
  
  	// free the linked list of customized mnemonic
  	tmp = ud->mnem_list;
  	while(tmp) {
  		next = tmp->next;
  		cs_mem_free(tmp);
  		tmp = next;
  	}
  
  	cs_mem_free(ud->insn_cache);
  
  	memset(ud, 0, sizeof(*ud));
  	cs_mem_free(ud);
  
  	// invalidate this handle by ZERO out its value.
  	// this is to make sure it is unusable after cs_close()
  	*handle = 0;
  
  	return CS_ERR_OK;
  }
  
  // fill insn with mnemonic & operands info
  static void fill_insn(struct cs_struct *handle, cs_insn *insn, char *buffer, MCInst *mci,
  		PostPrinter_t postprinter, const uint8_t *code)
  {
  #ifndef CAPSTONE_DIET
  	char *sp, *mnem;
  #endif
  	uint16_t copy_size = MIN(sizeof(insn->bytes), insn->size);
  
  	// fill the instruction bytes.
  	// we might skip some redundant bytes in front in the case of X86
  	memcpy(insn->bytes, code + insn->size - copy_size, copy_size);
  	insn->size = copy_size;
  
  	// alias instruction might have ID saved in OpcodePub
  	if (MCInst_getOpcodePub(mci))
  		insn->id = MCInst_getOpcodePub(mci);
  
  	// post printer handles some corner cases (hacky)
  	if (postprinter)
  		postprinter((csh)handle, insn, buffer, mci);
  
  #ifndef CAPSTONE_DIET
  	// fill in mnemonic & operands
  	// find first space or tab
  	mnem = insn->mnemonic;
  	for (sp = buffer; *sp; sp++) {
  		if (*sp == ' '|| *sp == '\t')
  			break;
  		if (*sp == '|')	// lock|rep prefix for x86
  			*sp = ' ';
  		// copy to @mnemonic
  		*mnem = *sp;
  		mnem++;
  	}
  
  	*mnem = '\0';
  
  	// we might have customized mnemonic
  	if (handle->mnem_list) {
  		struct insn_mnem *tmp = handle->mnem_list;
  		while(tmp) {
  			if (tmp->insn.id == insn->id) {
  				// found this instruction, so copy its mnemonic
  				(void)strncpy(insn->mnemonic, tmp->insn.mnemonic, sizeof(insn->mnemonic) - 1);
  				insn->mnemonic[sizeof(insn->mnemonic) - 1] = '\0';
  				break;
  			}
  			tmp = tmp->next;
  		}
  	}
  
  	// copy @op_str
  	if (*sp) {
  		// find the next non-space char
  		sp++;
  		for (; ((*sp == ' ') || (*sp == '\t')); sp++);
  		strncpy(insn->op_str, sp, sizeof(insn->op_str) - 1);
  		insn->op_str[sizeof(insn->op_str) - 1] = '\0';
  	} else
  		insn->op_str[0] = '\0';
  #endif
  }
  
  // how many bytes will we skip when encountering data (CS_OPT_SKIPDATA)?
  // this very much depends on instruction alignment requirement of each arch.
  static uint8_t skipdata_size(cs_struct *handle)
  {
  	switch(handle->arch) {
  		default:
  			// should never reach
  			return (uint8_t)-1;
  		case CS_ARCH_ARM:
  			// skip 2 bytes on Thumb mode.
  			if (handle->mode & CS_MODE_THUMB)
  				return 2;
  			// otherwise, skip 4 bytes
  			return 4;
  		case CS_ARCH_ARM64:
  		case CS_ARCH_MIPS:
  		case CS_ARCH_PPC:
  		case CS_ARCH_SPARC:
  			// skip 4 bytes
  			return 4;
  		case CS_ARCH_SYSZ:
  			// SystemZ instruction's length can be 2, 4 or 6 bytes,
  			// so we just skip 2 bytes
  			return 2;
  		case CS_ARCH_X86:
  			// X86 has no restriction on instruction alignment
  			return 1;
  		case CS_ARCH_XCORE:
  			// XCore instruction's length can be 2 or 4 bytes,
  			// so we just skip 2 bytes
  			return 2;
  		case CS_ARCH_M68K:
  			// M68K has 2 bytes instruction alignment but contain multibyte instruction so we skip 2 bytes
  			return 2;
  		case CS_ARCH_TMS320C64X:
  			// TMS320C64x alignment is 4.
  			return 4;
  		case CS_ARCH_M680X:
  			// M680X alignment is 1.
  			return 1;
  	}
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  cs_err CAPSTONE_API cs_option(csh ud, cs_opt_type type, size_t value)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  	cs_opt_mnem *opt;
  
  	archs_enable();
  
  	// cs_option() can be called with NULL handle just for CS_OPT_MEM
  	// This is supposed to be executed before all other APIs (even cs_open())
  	if (type == CS_OPT_MEM) {
  		cs_opt_mem *mem = (cs_opt_mem *)value;
  
  		cs_mem_malloc = mem->malloc;
  		cs_mem_calloc = mem->calloc;
  		cs_mem_realloc = mem->realloc;
  		cs_mem_free = mem->free;
  		cs_vsnprintf = mem->vsnprintf;
  
  		return CS_ERR_OK;
  	}
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  	if (!handle)
  		return CS_ERR_CSH;
  
  	switch(type) {
  		default:
  			break;
  
  		case CS_OPT_UNSIGNED:
  			handle->imm_unsigned = (cs_opt_value)value;
  			return CS_ERR_OK;
  
  		case CS_OPT_DETAIL:
  			handle->detail = (cs_opt_value)value;
  			return CS_ERR_OK;
  
  		case CS_OPT_SKIPDATA:
  			handle->skipdata = (value == CS_OPT_ON);
  			if (handle->skipdata) {
  				if (handle->skipdata_size == 0) {
  					// set the default skipdata size
  					handle->skipdata_size = skipdata_size(handle);
  				}
  			}
  			return CS_ERR_OK;
  
  		case CS_OPT_SKIPDATA_SETUP:
  			if (value)
  				handle->skipdata_setup = *((cs_opt_skipdata *)value);
  			return CS_ERR_OK;
  
  		case CS_OPT_MNEMONIC:
  			opt = (cs_opt_mnem *)value;
  			if (opt->id) {
  				if (opt->mnemonic) {
  					struct insn_mnem *tmp;
  
  					// add new instruction, or replace existing instruction
  					// 1. find if we already had this insn in the linked list
  					tmp = handle->mnem_list;
  					while(tmp) {
  						if (tmp->insn.id == opt->id) {
  							// found this instruction, so replace its mnemonic
  							(void)strncpy(tmp->insn.mnemonic, opt->mnemonic, sizeof(tmp->insn.mnemonic) - 1);
  							tmp->insn.mnemonic[sizeof(tmp->insn.mnemonic) - 1] = '\0';
  							break;
  						}
  						tmp = tmp->next;
  					}
  
  					// 2. add this instruction if we have not had it yet
  					if (!tmp) {
  						tmp = cs_mem_malloc(sizeof(*tmp));
  						tmp->insn.id = opt->id;
  						(void)strncpy(tmp->insn.mnemonic, opt->mnemonic, sizeof(tmp->insn.mnemonic) - 1);
  						tmp->insn.mnemonic[sizeof(tmp->insn.mnemonic) - 1] = '\0';
  						// this new instruction is heading the list
  						tmp->next = handle->mnem_list;
  						handle->mnem_list = tmp;
  					}
  					return CS_ERR_OK;
  				} else {
  					struct insn_mnem *prev, *tmp;
  
  					// we want to delete an existing instruction
  					// iterate the list to find the instruction to remove it
  					tmp = handle->mnem_list;
  					prev = tmp;
  					while(tmp) {
  						if (tmp->insn.id == opt->id) {
  							// delete this instruction
  							if (tmp == prev) {
  								// head of the list
  								handle->mnem_list = tmp->next;
  							} else {
  								prev->next = tmp->next;
  							}
  							cs_mem_free(tmp);
  							break;
  						}
  						prev = tmp;
  						tmp = tmp->next;
  					}
  				}
  			}
  			return CS_ERR_OK;
  	}
  
  	return arch_option[handle->arch](handle, type, value);
  }
  
  // generate @op_str for data instruction of SKIPDATA
  #ifndef CAPSTONE_DIET
  static void skipdata_opstr(char *opstr, const uint8_t *buffer, size_t size)
  {
  	char *p = opstr;
  	int len;
  	size_t i;
  	size_t available = sizeof(((cs_insn*)NULL)->op_str);
  
  	if (!size) {
  		opstr[0] = '\0';
  		return;
  	}
  
  	len = cs_snprintf(p, available, "0x%02x", buffer[0]);
  	p+= len;
  	available -= len;
  
  	for(i = 1; i < size; i++) {
  		len = cs_snprintf(p, available, ", 0x%02x", buffer[i]);
  		if (len < 0) {
  			break;
  		}
  		if ((size_t)len > available - 1) {
  			break;
  		}
  		p+= len;
  		available -= len;
  	}
  }
  #endif
  
  // dynamicly allocate memory to contain disasm insn
  // NOTE: caller must free() the allocated memory itself to avoid memory leaking
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  size_t CAPSTONE_API cs_disasm(csh ud, const uint8_t *buffer, size_t size, uint64_t offset, size_t count, cs_insn **insn)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  	MCInst mci;
  	uint16_t insn_size;
  	size_t c = 0, i;
  	unsigned int f = 0;	// index of the next instruction in the cache
  	cs_insn *insn_cache;	// cache contains disassembled instructions
  	void *total = NULL;
  	size_t total_size = 0;	// total size of output buffer containing all insns
  	bool r;
  	void *tmp;
  	size_t skipdata_bytes;
  	uint64_t offset_org; // save all the original info of the buffer
  	size_t size_org;
  	const uint8_t *buffer_org;
  	unsigned int cache_size = INSN_CACHE_SIZE;
  	size_t next_offset;
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  	if (!handle) {
  		// FIXME: how to handle this case:
  		// handle->errnum = CS_ERR_HANDLE;
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	handle->errnum = CS_ERR_OK;
  
  	// reset IT block of ARM structure
  	if (handle->arch == CS_ARCH_ARM)
  		handle->ITBlock.size = 0;
  
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_USE_SYS_DYN_MEM
  	if (count > 0 && count <= INSN_CACHE_SIZE)
  		cache_size = (unsigned int) count;
  #endif
  
  	// save the original offset for SKIPDATA
  	buffer_org = buffer;
  	offset_org = offset;
  	size_org = size;
  
  	total_size = sizeof(cs_insn) * cache_size;
  	total = cs_mem_malloc(total_size);
  	if (total == NULL) {
  		// insufficient memory
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_MEM;
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	insn_cache = total;
  
  	while (size > 0) {
  		MCInst_Init(&mci);
  		mci.csh = handle;
  
  		// relative branches need to know the address & size of current insn
  		mci.address = offset;
  
  		if (handle->detail) {
  			// allocate memory for @detail pointer
  			insn_cache->detail = cs_mem_malloc(sizeof(cs_detail));
  		} else {
  			insn_cache->detail = NULL;
  		}
  
  		// save all the information for non-detailed mode
  		mci.flat_insn = insn_cache;
  		mci.flat_insn->address = offset;
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_DIET
  		// zero out mnemonic & op_str
  		mci.flat_insn->mnemonic[0] = '\0';
  		mci.flat_insn->op_str[0] = '\0';
  #endif
  
  		r = handle->disasm(ud, buffer, size, &mci, &insn_size, offset, handle->getinsn_info);
  		if (r) {
  			SStream ss;
  			SStream_Init(&ss);
  
  			mci.flat_insn->size = insn_size;
  
  			// map internal instruction opcode to public insn ID
  			handle->insn_id(handle, insn_cache, mci.Opcode);
  
  			handle->printer(&mci, &ss, handle->printer_info);
  			fill_insn(handle, insn_cache, ss.buffer, &mci, handle->post_printer, buffer);
  
  			// adjust for pseudo opcode (X86)
  			if (handle->arch == CS_ARCH_X86)
  				insn_cache->id += mci.popcode_adjust;
  
  			next_offset = insn_size;
  		} else	{
  			// encounter a broken instruction
  
  			// free memory of @detail pointer
  			if (handle->detail) {
  				cs_mem_free(insn_cache->detail);
  			}
  
  			// if there is no request to skip data, or remaining data is too small,
  			// then bail out
  			if (!handle->skipdata || handle->skipdata_size > size)
  				break;
  
  			if (handle->skipdata_setup.callback) {
  				skipdata_bytes = handle->skipdata_setup.callback(buffer_org, size_org,
  						(size_t)(offset - offset_org), handle->skipdata_setup.user_data);
  				if (skipdata_bytes > size)
  					// remaining data is not enough
  					break;
  
  				if (!skipdata_bytes)
  					// user requested not to skip data, so bail out
  					break;
  			} else
  				skipdata_bytes = handle->skipdata_size;
  
  			// we have to skip some amount of data, depending on arch & mode
  			insn_cache->id = 0;	// invalid ID for this "data" instruction
  			insn_cache->address = offset;
  			insn_cache->size = (uint16_t)skipdata_bytes;
  			memcpy(insn_cache->bytes, buffer, skipdata_bytes);
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_DIET
  			insn_cache->mnemonic[0] = '\0';
  			insn_cache->op_str[0] = '\0';
  #else
  			strncpy(insn_cache->mnemonic, handle->skipdata_setup.mnemonic,
  					sizeof(insn_cache->mnemonic) - 1);
  			skipdata_opstr(insn_cache->op_str, buffer, skipdata_bytes);
  #endif
  			insn_cache->detail = NULL;
  
  			next_offset = skipdata_bytes;
  		}
  
  		// one more instruction entering the cache
  		f++;
  
  		// one more instruction disassembled
  		c++;
  		if (count > 0 && c == count)
  			// already got requested number of instructions
  			break;
  
  		if (f == cache_size) {
  			// full cache, so expand the cache to contain incoming insns
  			cache_size = cache_size * 8 / 5; // * 1.6 ~ golden ratio
  			total_size += (sizeof(cs_insn) * cache_size);
  			tmp = cs_mem_realloc(total, total_size);
  			if (tmp == NULL) {	// insufficient memory
  				if (handle->detail) {
  					insn_cache = (cs_insn *)total;
  					for (i = 0; i < c; i++, insn_cache++)
  						cs_mem_free(insn_cache->detail);
  				}
  
  				cs_mem_free(total);
  				*insn = NULL;
  				handle->errnum = CS_ERR_MEM;
  				return 0;
  			}
  
  			total = tmp;
  			// continue to fill in the cache after the last instruction
  			insn_cache = (cs_insn *)((char *)total + sizeof(cs_insn) * c);
  
  			// reset f back to 0, so we fill in the cache from begining
  			f = 0;
  		} else
  			insn_cache++;
  
  		buffer += next_offset;
  		size -= next_offset;
  		offset += next_offset;
  	}
  
  	if (!c) {
  		// we did not disassemble any instruction
  		cs_mem_free(total);
  		total = NULL;
  	} else if (f != cache_size) {
  		// total did not fully use the last cache, so downsize it
  		tmp = cs_mem_realloc(total, total_size - (cache_size - f) * sizeof(*insn_cache));
  		if (tmp == NULL) {	// insufficient memory
  			// free all detail pointers
  			if (handle->detail) {
  				insn_cache = (cs_insn *)total;
  				for (i = 0; i < c; i++, insn_cache++)
  					cs_mem_free(insn_cache->detail);
  			}
  
  			cs_mem_free(total);
  			*insn = NULL;
  
  			handle->errnum = CS_ERR_MEM;
  			return 0;
  		}
  
  		total = tmp;
  	}
  
  	*insn = total;
  
  	return c;
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  CAPSTONE_DEPRECATED
  size_t CAPSTONE_API cs_disasm_ex(csh ud, const uint8_t *buffer, size_t size, uint64_t offset, size_t count, cs_insn **insn)
  {
  	return cs_disasm(ud, buffer, size, offset, count, insn);
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  void CAPSTONE_API cs_free(cs_insn *insn, size_t count)
  {
  	size_t i;
  
  	// free all detail pointers
  	for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
  		cs_mem_free(insn[i].detail);
  
  	// then free pointer to cs_insn array
  	cs_mem_free(insn);
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  cs_insn * CAPSTONE_API cs_malloc(csh ud)
  {
  	cs_insn *insn;
  	struct cs_struct *handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	insn = cs_mem_malloc(sizeof(cs_insn));
  	if (!insn) {
  		// insufficient memory
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_MEM;
  		return NULL;
  	} else {
  		if (handle->detail) {
  			// allocate memory for @detail pointer
  			insn->detail = cs_mem_malloc(sizeof(cs_detail));
  			if (insn->detail == NULL) {	// insufficient memory
  				cs_mem_free(insn);
  				handle->errnum = CS_ERR_MEM;
  				return NULL;
  			}
  		} else
  			insn->detail = NULL;
  	}
  
  	return insn;
  }
  
  // iterator for instruction "single-stepping"
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  bool CAPSTONE_API cs_disasm_iter(csh ud, const uint8_t **code, size_t *size,
  		uint64_t *address, cs_insn *insn)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  	uint16_t insn_size;
  	MCInst mci;
  	bool r;
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  	if (!handle) {
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	handle->errnum = CS_ERR_OK;
  
  	MCInst_Init(&mci);
  	mci.csh = handle;
  
  	// relative branches need to know the address & size of current insn
  	mci.address = *address;
  
  	// save all the information for non-detailed mode
  	mci.flat_insn = insn;
  	mci.flat_insn->address = *address;
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_DIET
  	// zero out mnemonic & op_str
  	mci.flat_insn->mnemonic[0] = '\0';
  	mci.flat_insn->op_str[0] = '\0';
  #endif
  
  	r = handle->disasm(ud, *code, *size, &mci, &insn_size, *address, handle->getinsn_info);
  	if (r) {
  		SStream ss;
  		SStream_Init(&ss);
  
  		mci.flat_insn->size = insn_size;
  
  		// map internal instruction opcode to public insn ID
  		handle->insn_id(handle, insn, mci.Opcode);
  
  		handle->printer(&mci, &ss, handle->printer_info);
  
  		fill_insn(handle, insn, ss.buffer, &mci, handle->post_printer, *code);
  
  		// adjust for pseudo opcode (X86)
  		if (handle->arch == CS_ARCH_X86)
  			insn->id += mci.popcode_adjust;
  
  		*code += insn_size;
  		*size -= insn_size;
  		*address += insn_size;
  	} else { 	// encounter a broken instruction
  		size_t skipdata_bytes;
  
  		// if there is no request to skip data, or remaining data is too small,
  		// then bail out
  		if (!handle->skipdata || handle->skipdata_size > *size)
  			return false;
  
  		if (handle->skipdata_setup.callback) {
  			skipdata_bytes = handle->skipdata_setup.callback(*code, *size,
  					0, handle->skipdata_setup.user_data);
  			if (skipdata_bytes > *size)
  				// remaining data is not enough
  				return false;
  
  			if (!skipdata_bytes)
  				// user requested not to skip data, so bail out
  				return false;
  		} else
  			skipdata_bytes = handle->skipdata_size;
  
  		// we have to skip some amount of data, depending on arch & mode
  		insn->id = 0;	// invalid ID for this "data" instruction
  		insn->address = *address;
  		insn->size = (uint16_t)skipdata_bytes;
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_DIET
  		insn->mnemonic[0] = '\0';
  		insn->op_str[0] = '\0';
  #else
  		memcpy(insn->bytes, *code, skipdata_bytes);
  		strncpy(insn->mnemonic, handle->skipdata_setup.mnemonic,
  				sizeof(insn->mnemonic) - 1);
  		skipdata_opstr(insn->op_str, *code, skipdata_bytes);
  #endif
  
  		*code += skipdata_bytes;
  		*size -= skipdata_bytes;
  		*address += skipdata_bytes;
  	}
  
  	return true;
  }
  
  // return friendly name of regiser in a string
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  const char * CAPSTONE_API cs_reg_name(csh ud, unsigned int reg)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	if (!handle || handle->reg_name == NULL) {
  		return NULL;
  	}
  
  	return handle->reg_name(ud, reg);
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  const char * CAPSTONE_API cs_insn_name(csh ud, unsigned int insn)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	if (!handle || handle->insn_name == NULL) {
  		return NULL;
  	}
  
  	return handle->insn_name(ud, insn);
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  const char * CAPSTONE_API cs_group_name(csh ud, unsigned int group)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	if (!handle || handle->group_name == NULL) {
  		return NULL;
  	}
  
  	return handle->group_name(ud, group);
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  bool CAPSTONE_API cs_insn_group(csh ud, const cs_insn *insn, unsigned int group_id)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  	if (!ud)
  		return false;
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	if (!handle->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->id) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_SKIPDATA;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	return arr_exist8(insn->detail->groups, insn->detail->groups_count, group_id);
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  bool CAPSTONE_API cs_reg_read(csh ud, const cs_insn *insn, unsigned int reg_id)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  	if (!ud)
  		return false;
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	if (!handle->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->id) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_SKIPDATA;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	return arr_exist(insn->detail->regs_read, insn->detail->regs_read_count, reg_id);
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  bool CAPSTONE_API cs_reg_write(csh ud, const cs_insn *insn, unsigned int reg_id)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  	if (!ud)
  		return false;
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	if (!handle->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->id) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_SKIPDATA;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return false;
  	}
  
  	return arr_exist(insn->detail->regs_write, insn->detail->regs_write_count, reg_id);
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  int CAPSTONE_API cs_op_count(csh ud, const cs_insn *insn, unsigned int op_type)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  	unsigned int count = 0, i;
  	if (!ud)
  		return -1;
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	if (!handle->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->id) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_SKIPDATA;
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	handle->errnum = CS_ERR_OK;
  
  	switch (handle->arch) {
  		default:
  			handle->errnum = CS_ERR_HANDLE;
  			return -1;
  		case CS_ARCH_ARM:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->arm.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->arm.operands[i].type == (arm_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_ARM64:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->arm64.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->arm64.operands[i].type == (arm64_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_X86:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->x86.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->x86.operands[i].type == (x86_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_MIPS:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->mips.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->mips.operands[i].type == (mips_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_PPC:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->ppc.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->ppc.operands[i].type == (ppc_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_SPARC:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->sparc.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->sparc.operands[i].type == (sparc_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_SYSZ:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->sysz.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->sysz.operands[i].type == (sysz_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_XCORE:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->xcore.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->xcore.operands[i].type == (xcore_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_M68K:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->m68k.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->m68k.operands[i].type == (m68k_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_TMS320C64X:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->tms320c64x.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->tms320c64x.operands[i].type == (tms320c64x_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_M680X:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->m680x.op_count; i++)
  				if (insn->detail->m680x.operands[i].type == (m680x_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  			break;
  	}
  
  	return count;
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  int CAPSTONE_API cs_op_index(csh ud, const cs_insn *insn, unsigned int op_type,
  		unsigned int post)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  	unsigned int count = 0, i;
  	if (!ud)
  		return -1;
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  	if (!handle->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->id) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_SKIPDATA;
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	handle->errnum = CS_ERR_OK;
  
  	switch (handle->arch) {
  		default:
  			handle->errnum = CS_ERR_HANDLE;
  			return -1;
  		case CS_ARCH_ARM:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->arm.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->arm.operands[i].type == (arm_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_ARM64:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->arm64.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->arm64.operands[i].type == (arm64_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_X86:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->x86.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->x86.operands[i].type == (x86_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_MIPS:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->mips.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->mips.operands[i].type == (mips_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_PPC:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->ppc.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->ppc.operands[i].type == (ppc_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_SPARC:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->sparc.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->sparc.operands[i].type == (sparc_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_SYSZ:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->sysz.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->sysz.operands[i].type == (sysz_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_XCORE:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->xcore.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->xcore.operands[i].type == (xcore_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_M68K:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->m68k.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->m68k.operands[i].type == (m68k_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_TMS320C64X:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->tms320c64x.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->tms320c64x.operands[i].type == (tms320c64x_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  		case CS_ARCH_M680X:
  			for (i = 0; i < insn->detail->m680x.op_count; i++) {
  				if (insn->detail->m680x.operands[i].type == (m680x_op_type)op_type)
  					count++;
  				if (count == post)
  					return i;
  			}
  			break;
  	}
  
  	return -1;
  }
  
  CAPSTONE_EXPORT
  cs_err CAPSTONE_API cs_regs_access(csh ud, const cs_insn *insn,
  		cs_regs regs_read, uint8_t *regs_read_count,
  		cs_regs regs_write, uint8_t *regs_write_count)
  {
  	struct cs_struct *handle;
  
  	if (!ud)
  		return -1;
  
  	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
  
  #ifdef CAPSTONE_DIET
  	// This API does not work in DIET mode
  	handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DIET;
  	return CS_ERR_DIET;
  #else
  	if (!handle->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->id) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_SKIPDATA;
  		return CS_ERR_SKIPDATA;
  	}
  
  	if (!insn->detail) {
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  		return CS_ERR_DETAIL;
  	}
  
  	if (handle->reg_access) {
  		handle->reg_access(insn, regs_read, regs_read_count, regs_write, regs_write_count);
  	} else {
  		// this arch is unsupported yet
  		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_ARCH;
  		return CS_ERR_ARCH;
  	}
  
  	return CS_ERR_OK;
  #endif
  }
  