text: """
  A module for reading dvi files output by TeX. Several limitations make
  this not (currently) useful as a general-purpose dvi preprocessor, but
  it is currently used by the pdf backend for processing usetex text.
  
  Interface::
  
    with Dvi(filename, 72) as dvi:
        # iterate over pages:
        for page in dvi:
            w, h, d = page.width, page.height, page.descent
            for x, y, font, glyph, width in page.text:
                fontname = font.texname
                pointsize = font.size
                ...
            for x, y, height, width in page.boxes:
                ...
  """
  
  from collections import namedtuple
  import enum
  from functools import lru_cache, partial, wraps
  import logging
  import os
  from pathlib import Path
  import re
  import struct
  import sys
  import textwrap
  
  import numpy as np
  
  from matplotlib import _api, cbook, rcParams
  
  _log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
  
  # Many dvi related files are looked for by external processes, require
  # additional parsing, and are used many times per rendering, which is why they
  # are cached using lru_cache().
  
  # Dvi is a bytecode format documented in
  # http://mirrors.ctan.org/systems/knuth/dist/texware/dvitype.web
  # http://texdoc.net/texmf-dist/doc/generic/knuth/texware/dvitype.pdf
  #
  # The file consists of a preamble, some number of pages, a postamble,
  # and a finale. Different opcodes are allowed in different contexts,
  # so the Dvi object has a parser state:
  #
  #   pre:       expecting the preamble
  #   outer:     between pages (followed by a page or the postamble,
  #              also e.g. font definitions are allowed)
  #   page:      processing a page
  #   post_post: state after the postamble (our current implementation
  #              just stops reading)
  #   finale:    the finale (unimplemented in our current implementation)
  
  _dvistate = enum.Enum('DviState', 'pre outer inpage post_post finale')
  
  # The marks on a page consist of text and boxes. A page also has dimensions.
  Page = namedtuple('Page', 'text boxes height width descent')
  Text = namedtuple('Text', 'x y font glyph width')
  Box = namedtuple('Box', 'x y height width')
  
  
  # Opcode argument parsing
  #
  # Each of the following functions takes a Dvi object and delta,
  # which is the difference between the opcode and the minimum opcode
  # with the same meaning. Dvi opcodes often encode the number of
  # argument bytes in this delta.
  
  def _arg_raw(dvi, delta):
      """Return *delta* without reading anything more from the dvi file."""
      return delta
  
  
  def _arg(nbytes, signed, dvi, _):
      """
      Read *nbytes* bytes, returning the bytes interpreted as a signed integer
      if *signed* is true, unsigned otherwise.
      """
      return dvi._arg(nbytes, signed)
  
  
  def _arg_slen(dvi, delta):
      """
      Signed, length *delta*
  
      Read *delta* bytes, returning None if *delta* is zero, and the bytes
      interpreted as a signed integer otherwise.
      """
      if delta == 0:
          return None
      return dvi._arg(delta, True)
  
  
  def _arg_slen1(dvi, delta):
      """
      Signed, length *delta*+1
  
      Read *delta*+1 bytes, returning the bytes interpreted as signed.
      """
      return dvi._arg(delta+1, True)
  
  
  def _arg_ulen1(dvi, delta):
      """
      Unsigned length *delta*+1
  
      Read *delta*+1 bytes, returning the bytes interpreted as unsigned.
      """
      return dvi._arg(delta+1, False)
  
  
  def _arg_olen1(dvi, delta):
      """
      Optionally signed, length *delta*+1
  
      Read *delta*+1 bytes, returning the bytes interpreted as
      unsigned integer for 0<=*delta*<3 and signed if *delta*==3.
      """
      return dvi._arg(delta + 1, delta == 3)
  
  
  _arg_mapping = dict(raw=_arg_raw,
                      u1=partial(_arg, 1, False),
                      u4=partial(_arg, 4, False),
                      s4=partial(_arg, 4, True),
                      slen=_arg_slen,
                      olen1=_arg_olen1,
                      slen1=_arg_slen1,
                      ulen1=_arg_ulen1)
  
  
  def _dispatch(table, min, max=None, state=None, args=('raw',)):
      """
      Decorator for dispatch by opcode. Sets the values in *table*
      from *min* to *max* to this method, adds a check that the Dvi state
      matches *state* if not None, reads arguments from the file according
      to *args*.
  
      *table*
          the dispatch table to be filled in
  
      *min*
          minimum opcode for calling this function
  
      *max*
          maximum opcode for calling this function, None if only *min* is allowed
  
      *state*
          state of the Dvi object in which these opcodes are allowed
  
      *args*
          sequence of argument specifications:
  
          ``'raw'``: opcode minus minimum
          ``'u1'``: read one unsigned byte
          ``'u4'``: read four bytes, treat as an unsigned number
          ``'s4'``: read four bytes, treat as a signed number
          ``'slen'``: read (opcode - minimum) bytes, treat as signed
          ``'slen1'``: read (opcode - minimum + 1) bytes, treat as signed
          ``'ulen1'``: read (opcode - minimum + 1) bytes, treat as unsigned
          ``'olen1'``: read (opcode - minimum + 1) bytes, treat as unsigned
                       if under four bytes, signed if four bytes
      """
      def decorate(method):
          get_args = [_arg_mapping[x] for x in args]
  
          @wraps(method)
          def wrapper(self, byte):
              if state is not None and self.state != state:
                  raise ValueError("state precondition failed")
              return method(self, *[f(self, byte-min) for f in get_args])
          if max is None:
              table[min] = wrapper
          else:
              for i in range(min, max+1):
                  assert table[i] is None
                  table[i] = wrapper
          return wrapper
      return decorate
  
  
  class Dvi:
      """
      A reader for a dvi ("device-independent") file, as produced by TeX.
      The current implementation can only iterate through pages in order,
      and does not even attempt to verify the postamble.
  
      This class can be used as a context manager to close the underlying
      file upon exit. Pages can be read via iteration. Here is an overly
      simple way to extract text without trying to detect whitespace::
  
          >>> with matplotlib.dviread.Dvi('input.dvi', 72) as dvi:
          ...     for page in dvi:
          ...         print(''.join(chr(t.glyph) for t in page.text))
      """
      # dispatch table
      _dtable = [None] * 256
      _dispatch = partial(_dispatch, _dtable)
  
      def __init__(self, filename, dpi):
          """
          Read the data from the file named *filename* and convert
          TeX's internal units to units of *dpi* per inch.
          *dpi* only sets the units and does not limit the resolution.
          Use None to return TeX's internal units.
          """
          _log.debug('Dvi: %s', filename)
          self.file = open(filename, 'rb')
          self.dpi = dpi
          self.fonts = {}
          self.state = _dvistate.pre
          self.baseline = self._get_baseline(filename)
  
      def _get_baseline(self, filename):
          if dict.__getitem__(rcParams, 'text.latex.preview'):
              baseline = Path(filename).with_suffix(".baseline")
              if baseline.exists():
                  height, depth, width = baseline.read_bytes().split()
                  return float(depth)
          return None
  
      def __enter__(self):
          """Context manager enter method, does nothing."""
          return self
  
      def __exit__(self, etype, evalue, etrace):
          """
          Context manager exit method, closes the underlying file if it is open.
          """
          self.close()
  
      def __iter__(self):
          """
          Iterate through the pages of the file.
  
          Yields
          ------
          Page
              Details of all the text and box objects on the page.
              The Page tuple contains lists of Text and Box tuples and
              the page dimensions, and the Text and Box tuples contain
              coordinates transformed into a standard Cartesian
              coordinate system at the dpi value given when initializing.
              The coordinates are floating point numbers, but otherwise
              precision is not lost and coordinate values are not clipped to
              integers.
          """
          while self._read():
              yield self._output()
  
      def close(self):
          """Close the underlying file if it is open."""
          if not self.file.closed:
              self.file.close()
  
      def _output(self):
          """
          Output the text and boxes belonging to the most recent page.
          page = dvi._output()
          """
          minx, miny, maxx, maxy = np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf, -np.inf
          maxy_pure = -np.inf
          for elt in self.text + self.boxes:
              if isinstance(elt, Box):
                  x, y, h, w = elt
                  e = 0           # zero depth
              else:               # glyph
                  x, y, font, g, w = elt
                  h, e = font._height_depth_of(g)
              minx = min(minx, x)
              miny = min(miny, y - h)
              maxx = max(maxx, x + w)
              maxy = max(maxy, y + e)
              maxy_pure = max(maxy_pure, y)
          if self._baseline_v is not None:
              maxy_pure = self._baseline_v  # This should normally be the case.
              self._baseline_v = None
  
          if not self.text and not self.boxes:  # Avoid infs/nans from inf+/-inf.
              return Page(text=[], boxes=[], width=0, height=0, descent=0)
  
          if self.dpi is None:
              # special case for ease of debugging: output raw dvi coordinates
              return Page(text=self.text, boxes=self.boxes,
                          width=maxx-minx, height=maxy_pure-miny,
                          descent=maxy-maxy_pure)
  
          # convert from TeX's "scaled points" to dpi units
          d = self.dpi / (72.27 * 2**16)
          if self.baseline is None:
              descent = (maxy - maxy_pure) * d
          else:
              descent = self.baseline
  
          text = [Text((x-minx)*d, (maxy-y)*d - descent, f, g, w*d)
                  for (x, y, f, g, w) in self.text]
          boxes = [Box((x-minx)*d, (maxy-y)*d - descent, h*d, w*d)
                   for (x, y, h, w) in self.boxes]
  
          return Page(text=text, boxes=boxes, width=(maxx-minx)*d,
                      height=(maxy_pure-miny)*d, descent=descent)
  
      def _read(self):
          """
          Read one page from the file. Return True if successful,
          False if there were no more pages.
          """
          # Pages appear to start with the sequence
          #   bop (begin of page)
          #   xxx comment
          #   down
          #   push
          #     down
          #     <push, push, xxx, right, xxx, pop, pop>  # if using xcolor
          #     down
          #     push
          #       down (possibly multiple)
          #       push  <=  here, v is the baseline position.
          #         etc.
          # (dviasm is useful to explore this structure.)
          # Thus, we use the vertical position at the first time the stack depth
          # reaches 3, while at least three "downs" have been executed, as the
          # baseline (the "down" count is necessary to handle xcolor).
          downs = 0
          self._baseline_v = None
          while True:
              byte = self.file.read(1)[0]
              self._dtable[byte](self, byte)
              downs += self._dtable[byte].__name__ == "_down"
              if (self._baseline_v is None
                      and len(getattr(self, "stack", [])) == 3
                      and downs >= 4):
                  self._baseline_v = self.v
              if byte == 140:                         # end of page
                  return True
              if self.state is _dvistate.post_post:   # end of file
                  self.close()
                  return False
  
      def _arg(self, nbytes, signed=False):
          """
          Read and return an integer argument *nbytes* long.
          Signedness is determined by the *signed* keyword.
          """
          buf = self.file.read(nbytes)
          value = buf[0]
          if signed and value >= 0x80:
              value = value - 0x100
          for b in buf[1:]:
              value = 0x100*value + b
          return value
  
      @_dispatch(min=0, max=127, state=_dvistate.inpage)
      def _set_char_immediate(self, char):
          self._put_char_real(char)
          self.h += self.fonts[self.f]._width_of(char)
  
      @_dispatch(min=128, max=131, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('olen1',))
      def _set_char(self, char):
          self._put_char_real(char)
          self.h += self.fonts[self.f]._width_of(char)
  
      @_dispatch(132, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('s4', 's4'))
      def _set_rule(self, a, b):
          self._put_rule_real(a, b)
          self.h += b
  
      @_dispatch(min=133, max=136, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('olen1',))
      def _put_char(self, char):
          self._put_char_real(char)
  
      def _put_char_real(self, char):
          font = self.fonts[self.f]
          if font._vf is None:
              self.text.append(Text(self.h, self.v, font, char,
                                    font._width_of(char)))
          else:
              scale = font._scale
              for x, y, f, g, w in font._vf[char].text:
                  newf = DviFont(scale=_mul2012(scale, f._scale),
                                 tfm=f._tfm, texname=f.texname, vf=f._vf)
                  self.text.append(Text(self.h + _mul2012(x, scale),
                                        self.v + _mul2012(y, scale),
                                        newf, g, newf._width_of(g)))
              self.boxes.extend([Box(self.h + _mul2012(x, scale),
                                     self.v + _mul2012(y, scale),
                                     _mul2012(a, scale), _mul2012(b, scale))
                                 for x, y, a, b in font._vf[char].boxes])
  
      @_dispatch(137, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('s4', 's4'))
      def _put_rule(self, a, b):
          self._put_rule_real(a, b)
  
      def _put_rule_real(self, a, b):
          if a > 0 and b > 0:
              self.boxes.append(Box(self.h, self.v, a, b))
  
      @_dispatch(138)
      def _nop(self, _):
          pass
  
      @_dispatch(139, state=_dvistate.outer, args=('s4',)*11)
      def _bop(self, c0, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, p):
          self.state = _dvistate.inpage
          self.h, self.v, self.w, self.x, self.y, self.z = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
          self.stack = []
          self.text = []          # list of Text objects
          self.boxes = []         # list of Box objects
  
      @_dispatch(140, state=_dvistate.inpage)
      def _eop(self, _):
          self.state = _dvistate.outer
          del self.h, self.v, self.w, self.x, self.y, self.z, self.stack
  
      @_dispatch(141, state=_dvistate.inpage)
      def _push(self, _):
          self.stack.append((self.h, self.v, self.w, self.x, self.y, self.z))
  
      @_dispatch(142, state=_dvistate.inpage)
      def _pop(self, _):
          self.h, self.v, self.w, self.x, self.y, self.z = self.stack.pop()
  
      @_dispatch(min=143, max=146, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('slen1',))
      def _right(self, b):
          self.h += b
  
      @_dispatch(min=147, max=151, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('slen',))
      def _right_w(self, new_w):
          if new_w is not None:
              self.w = new_w
          self.h += self.w
  
      @_dispatch(min=152, max=156, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('slen',))
      def _right_x(self, new_x):
          if new_x is not None:
              self.x = new_x
          self.h += self.x
  
      @_dispatch(min=157, max=160, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('slen1',))
      def _down(self, a):
          self.v += a
  
      @_dispatch(min=161, max=165, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('slen',))
      def _down_y(self, new_y):
          if new_y is not None:
              self.y = new_y
          self.v += self.y
  
      @_dispatch(min=166, max=170, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('slen',))
      def _down_z(self, new_z):
          if new_z is not None:
              self.z = new_z
          self.v += self.z
  
      @_dispatch(min=171, max=234, state=_dvistate.inpage)
      def _fnt_num_immediate(self, k):
          self.f = k
  
      @_dispatch(min=235, max=238, state=_dvistate.inpage, args=('olen1',))
      def _fnt_num(self, new_f):
          self.f = new_f
  
      @_dispatch(min=239, max=242, args=('ulen1',))
      def _xxx(self, datalen):
          special = self.file.read(datalen)
          _log.debug(
              'Dvi._xxx: encountered special: %s',
              ''.join([chr(ch) if 32 <= ch < 127 else '<%02x>' % ch
                       for ch in special]))
  
      @_dispatch(min=243, max=246, args=('olen1', 'u4', 'u4', 'u4', 'u1', 'u1'))
      def _fnt_def(self, k, c, s, d, a, l):
          self._fnt_def_real(k, c, s, d, a, l)
  
      def _fnt_def_real(self, k, c, s, d, a, l):
          n = self.file.read(a + l)
          fontname = n[-l:].decode('ascii')
          tfm = _tfmfile(fontname)
          if tfm is None:
              raise FileNotFoundError("missing font metrics file: %s" % fontname)
          if c != 0 and tfm.checksum != 0 and c != tfm.checksum:
              raise ValueError('tfm checksum mismatch: %s' % n)
  
          vf = _vffile(fontname)
  
          self.fonts[k] = DviFont(scale=s, tfm=tfm, texname=n, vf=vf)
  
      @_dispatch(247, state=_dvistate.pre, args=('u1', 'u4', 'u4', 'u4', 'u1'))
      def _pre(self, i, num, den, mag, k):
          self.file.read(k)  # comment in the dvi file
          if i != 2:
              raise ValueError("Unknown dvi format %d" % i)
          if num != 25400000 or den != 7227 * 2**16:
              raise ValueError("Nonstandard units in dvi file")
              # meaning: TeX always uses those exact values, so it
              # should be enough for us to support those
              # (There are 72.27 pt to an inch so 7227 pt =
              # 7227 * 2**16 sp to 100 in. The numerator is multiplied
              # by 10^5 to get units of 10**-7 meters.)
          if mag != 1000:
              raise ValueError("Nonstandard magnification in dvi file")
              # meaning: LaTeX seems to frown on setting \mag, so
              # I think we can assume this is constant
          self.state = _dvistate.outer
  
      @_dispatch(248, state=_dvistate.outer)
      def _post(self, _):
          self.state = _dvistate.post_post
          # TODO: actually read the postamble and finale?
          # currently post_post just triggers closing the file
  
      @_dispatch(249)
      def _post_post(self, _):
          raise NotImplementedError
  
      @_dispatch(min=250, max=255)
      def _malformed(self, offset):
          raise ValueError(f"unknown command: byte {250 + offset}")
  
  
  class DviFont:
      """
      Encapsulation of a font that a DVI file can refer to.
  
      This class holds a font's texname and size, supports comparison,
      and knows the widths of glyphs in the same units as the AFM file.
      There are also internal attributes (for use by dviread.py) that
      are *not* used for comparison.
  
      The size is in Adobe points (converted from TeX points).
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      scale : float
          Factor by which the font is scaled from its natural size.
      tfm : Tfm
          TeX font metrics for this font
      texname : bytes
         Name of the font as used internally by TeX and friends, as an ASCII
         bytestring.  This is usually very different from any external font
         names; `PsfontsMap` can be used to find the external name of the font.
      vf : Vf
         A TeX "virtual font" file, or None if this font is not virtual.
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      texname : bytes
      size : float
         Size of the font in Adobe points, converted from the slightly
         smaller TeX points.
      widths : list
         Widths of glyphs in glyph-space units, typically 1/1000ths of
         the point size.
  
      """
      __slots__ = ('texname', 'size', 'widths', '_scale', '_vf', '_tfm')
  
      def __init__(self, scale, tfm, texname, vf):
          _api.check_isinstance(bytes, texname=texname)
          self._scale = scale
          self._tfm = tfm
          self.texname = texname
          self._vf = vf
          self.size = scale * (72.0 / (72.27 * 2**16))
          try:
              nchars = max(tfm.width) + 1
          except ValueError:
              nchars = 0
          self.widths = [(1000*tfm.width.get(char, 0)) >> 20
                         for char in range(nchars)]
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          return (type(self) == type(other)
                  and self.texname == other.texname and self.size == other.size)
  
      def __ne__(self, other):
          return not self.__eq__(other)
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "<{}: {}>".format(type(self).__name__, self.texname)
  
      def _width_of(self, char):
          """Width of char in dvi units."""
          width = self._tfm.width.get(char, None)
          if width is not None:
              return _mul2012(width, self._scale)
          _log.debug('No width for char %d in font %s.', char, self.texname)
          return 0
  
      def _height_depth_of(self, char):
          """Height and depth of char in dvi units."""
          result = []
          for metric, name in ((self._tfm.height, "height"),
                               (self._tfm.depth, "depth")):
              value = metric.get(char, None)
              if value is None:
                  _log.debug('No %s for char %d in font %s',
                             name, char, self.texname)
                  result.append(0)
              else:
                  result.append(_mul2012(value, self._scale))
          # cmsyXX (symbols font) glyph 0 ("minus") has a nonzero descent
          # so that TeX aligns equations properly
          # (https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/526103/),
          # but we actually care about the rasterization depth to align
          # the dvipng-generated images.
          if re.match(br'^cmsy\d+$', self.texname) and char == 0:
              result[-1] = 0
          return result
  
  
  class Vf(Dvi):
      r"""
      A virtual font (\*.vf file) containing subroutines for dvi files.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filename : str or path-like
  
      Notes
      -----
      The virtual font format is a derivative of dvi:
      http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/knuth/virtual-fonts
      This class reuses some of the machinery of `Dvi`
      but replaces the `_read` loop and dispatch mechanism.
  
      Examples
      --------
      ::
  
          vf = Vf(filename)
          glyph = vf[code]
          glyph.text, glyph.boxes, glyph.width
      """
  
      def __init__(self, filename):
          super().__init__(filename, 0)
          try:
              self._first_font = None
              self._chars = {}
              self._read()
          finally:
              self.close()
  
      def __getitem__(self, code):
          return self._chars[code]
  
      def _read(self):
          """
          Read one page from the file. Return True if successful,
          False if there were no more pages.
          """
          packet_char, packet_ends = None, None
          packet_len, packet_width = None, None
          while True:
              byte = self.file.read(1)[0]
              # If we are in a packet, execute the dvi instructions
              if self.state is _dvistate.inpage:
                  byte_at = self.file.tell()-1
                  if byte_at == packet_ends:
                      self._finalize_packet(packet_char, packet_width)
                      packet_len, packet_char, packet_width = None, None, None
                      # fall through to out-of-packet code
                  elif byte_at > packet_ends:
                      raise ValueError("Packet length mismatch in vf file")
                  else:
                      if byte in (139, 140) or byte >= 243:
                          raise ValueError(
                              "Inappropriate opcode %d in vf file" % byte)
                      Dvi._dtable[byte](self, byte)
                      continue
  
              # We are outside a packet
              if byte < 242:          # a short packet (length given by byte)
                  packet_len = byte
                  packet_char, packet_width = self._arg(1), self._arg(3)
                  packet_ends = self._init_packet(byte)
                  self.state = _dvistate.inpage
              elif byte == 242:       # a long packet
                  packet_len, packet_char, packet_width = \
                              [self._arg(x) for x in (4, 4, 4)]
                  self._init_packet(packet_len)
              elif 243 <= byte <= 246:
                  k = self._arg(byte - 242, byte == 246)
                  c, s, d, a, l = [self._arg(x) for x in (4, 4, 4, 1, 1)]
                  self._fnt_def_real(k, c, s, d, a, l)
                  if self._first_font is None:
                      self._first_font = k
              elif byte == 247:       # preamble
                  i, k = self._arg(1), self._arg(1)
                  x = self.file.read(k)
                  cs, ds = self._arg(4), self._arg(4)
                  self._pre(i, x, cs, ds)
              elif byte == 248:       # postamble (just some number of 248s)
                  break
              else:
                  raise ValueError("Unknown vf opcode %d" % byte)
  
      def _init_packet(self, pl):
          if self.state != _dvistate.outer:
              raise ValueError("Misplaced packet in vf file")
          self.h, self.v, self.w, self.x, self.y, self.z = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
          self.stack, self.text, self.boxes = [], [], []
          self.f = self._first_font
          return self.file.tell() + pl
  
      def _finalize_packet(self, packet_char, packet_width):
          self._chars[packet_char] = Page(
              text=self.text, boxes=self.boxes, width=packet_width,
              height=None, descent=None)
          self.state = _dvistate.outer
  
      def _pre(self, i, x, cs, ds):
          if self.state is not _dvistate.pre:
              raise ValueError("pre command in middle of vf file")
          if i != 202:
              raise ValueError("Unknown vf format %d" % i)
          if len(x):
              _log.debug('vf file comment: %s', x)
          self.state = _dvistate.outer
          # cs = checksum, ds = design size
  
  
  def _fix2comp(num):
      """Convert from two's complement to negative."""
      assert 0 <= num < 2**32
      if num & 2**31:
          return num - 2**32
      else:
          return num
  
  
  def _mul2012(num1, num2):
      """Multiply two numbers in 20.12 fixed point format."""
      # Separated into a function because >> has surprising precedence
      return (num1*num2) >> 20
  
  
  class Tfm:
      """
      A TeX Font Metric file.
  
      This implementation covers only the bare minimum needed by the Dvi class.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filename : str or path-like
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      checksum : int
         Used for verifying against the dvi file.
      design_size : int
         Design size of the font (unknown units)
      width, height, depth : dict
         Dimensions of each character, need to be scaled by the factor
         specified in the dvi file. These are dicts because indexing may
         not start from 0.
      """
      __slots__ = ('checksum', 'design_size', 'width', 'height', 'depth')
  
      def __init__(self, filename):
          _log.debug('opening tfm file %s', filename)
          with open(filename, 'rb') as file:
              header1 = file.read(24)
              lh, bc, ec, nw, nh, nd = \
                  struct.unpack('!6H', header1[2:14])
              _log.debug('lh=%d, bc=%d, ec=%d, nw=%d, nh=%d, nd=%d',
                         lh, bc, ec, nw, nh, nd)
              header2 = file.read(4*lh)
              self.checksum, self.design_size = \
                  struct.unpack('!2I', header2[:8])
              # there is also encoding information etc.
              char_info = file.read(4*(ec-bc+1))
              widths = file.read(4*nw)
              heights = file.read(4*nh)
              depths = file.read(4*nd)
  
          self.width, self.height, self.depth = {}, {}, {}
          widths, heights, depths = \
              [struct.unpack('!%dI' % (len(x)/4), x)
               for x in (widths, heights, depths)]
          for idx, char in enumerate(range(bc, ec+1)):
              byte0 = char_info[4*idx]
              byte1 = char_info[4*idx+1]
              self.width[char] = _fix2comp(widths[byte0])
              self.height[char] = _fix2comp(heights[byte1 >> 4])
              self.depth[char] = _fix2comp(depths[byte1 & 0xf])
  
  
  PsFont = namedtuple('PsFont', 'texname psname effects encoding filename')
  
  
  class PsfontsMap:
      """
      A psfonts.map formatted file, mapping TeX fonts to PS fonts.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filename : str or path-like
  
      Notes
      -----
      For historical reasons, TeX knows many Type-1 fonts by different
      names than the outside world. (For one thing, the names have to
      fit in eight characters.) Also, TeX's native fonts are not Type-1
      but Metafont, which is nontrivial to convert to PostScript except
      as a bitmap. While high-quality conversions to Type-1 format exist
      and are shipped with modern TeX distributions, we need to know
      which Type-1 fonts are the counterparts of which native fonts. For
      these reasons a mapping is needed from internal font names to font
      file names.
  
      A texmf tree typically includes mapping files called e.g.
      :file:`psfonts.map`, :file:`pdftex.map`, or :file:`dvipdfm.map`.
      The file :file:`psfonts.map` is used by :program:`dvips`,
      :file:`pdftex.map` by :program:`pdfTeX`, and :file:`dvipdfm.map`
      by :program:`dvipdfm`. :file:`psfonts.map` might avoid embedding
      the 35 PostScript fonts (i.e., have no filename for them, as in
      the Times-Bold example above), while the pdf-related files perhaps
      only avoid the "Base 14" pdf fonts. But the user may have
      configured these files differently.
  
      Examples
      --------
      >>> map = PsfontsMap(find_tex_file('pdftex.map'))
      >>> entry = map[b'ptmbo8r']
      >>> entry.texname
      b'ptmbo8r'
      >>> entry.psname
      b'Times-Bold'
      >>> entry.encoding
      '/usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/base/8r.enc'
      >>> entry.effects
      {'slant': 0.16700000000000001}
      >>> entry.filename
      """
      __slots__ = ('_font', '_filename')
  
      # Create a filename -> PsfontsMap cache, so that calling
      # `PsfontsMap(filename)` with the same filename a second time immediately
      # returns the same object.
      @lru_cache()
      def __new__(cls, filename):
          self = object.__new__(cls)
          self._font = {}
          self._filename = os.fsdecode(filename)
          with open(filename, 'rb') as file:
              self._parse(file)
          return self
  
      def __getitem__(self, texname):
          assert isinstance(texname, bytes)
          try:
              result = self._font[texname]
          except KeyError:
              fmt = ('A PostScript file for the font whose TeX name is "{0}" '
                     'could not be found in the file "{1}". The dviread module '
                     'can only handle fonts that have an associated PostScript '
                     'font file. '
                     'This problem can often be solved by installing '
                     'a suitable PostScript font package in your (TeX) '
                     'package manager.')
              msg = fmt.format(texname.decode('ascii'), self._filename)
              msg = textwrap.fill(msg, break_on_hyphens=False,
                                  break_long_words=False)
              _log.info(msg)
              raise
          fn, enc = result.filename, result.encoding
          if fn is not None and not fn.startswith(b'/'):
              fn = find_tex_file(fn)
          if enc is not None and not enc.startswith(b'/'):
              enc = find_tex_file(result.encoding)
          return result._replace(filename=fn, encoding=enc)
  
      def _parse(self, file):
          """
          Parse the font mapping file.
  
          The format is, AFAIK: texname fontname [effects and filenames]
          Effects are PostScript snippets like ".177 SlantFont",
          filenames begin with one or two less-than signs. A filename
          ending in enc is an encoding file, other filenames are font
          files. This can be overridden with a left bracket: <[foobar
          indicates an encoding file named foobar.
  
          There is some difference between <foo.pfb and <<bar.pfb in
          subsetting, but I have no example of << in my TeX installation.
          """
          # If the map file specifies multiple encodings for a font, we
          # follow pdfTeX in choosing the last one specified. Such
          # entries are probably mistakes but they have occurred.
          # http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/10826/
          # http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.tex.pdftex/4914
  
          empty_re = re.compile(br'%|\s*$')
          word_re = re.compile(
              br'''(?x) (?:
                   "<\[ (?P<enc1>  [^"]+    )" | # quoted encoding marked by [
                   "<   (?P<enc2>  [^"]+.enc)" | # quoted encoding, ends in .enc
                   "<<? (?P<file1> [^"]+    )" | # quoted font file name
                   "    (?P<eff1>  [^"]+    )" | # quoted effects or font name
                   <\[  (?P<enc3>  \S+      )  | # encoding marked by [
                   <    (?P<enc4>  \S+  .enc)  | # encoding, ends in .enc
                   <<?  (?P<file2> \S+      )  | # font file name
                        (?P<eff2>  \S+      )    # effects or font name
              )''')
          effects_re = re.compile(
              br'''(?x) (?P<slant> -?[0-9]*(?:\.[0-9]+)) \s* SlantFont
                      | (?P<extend>-?[0-9]*(?:\.[0-9]+)) \s* ExtendFont''')
  
          lines = (line.strip()
                   for line in file
                   if not empty_re.match(line))
          for line in lines:
              effects, encoding, filename = b'', None, None
              words = word_re.finditer(line)
  
              # The named groups are mutually exclusive and are
              # referenced below at an estimated order of probability of
              # occurrence based on looking at my copy of pdftex.map.
              # The font names are probably unquoted:
              w = next(words)
              texname = w.group('eff2') or w.group('eff1')
              w = next(words)
              psname = w.group('eff2') or w.group('eff1')
  
              for w in words:
                  # Any effects are almost always quoted:
                  eff = w.group('eff1') or w.group('eff2')
                  if eff:
                      effects = eff
                      continue
                  # Encoding files usually have the .enc suffix
                  # and almost never need quoting:
                  enc = (w.group('enc4') or w.group('enc3') or
                         w.group('enc2') or w.group('enc1'))
                  if enc:
                      if encoding is not None:
                          _log.debug('Multiple encodings for %s = %s',
                                     texname, psname)
                      encoding = enc
                      continue
                  # File names are probably unquoted:
                  filename = w.group('file2') or w.group('file1')
  
              effects_dict = {}
              for match in effects_re.finditer(effects):
                  slant = match.group('slant')
                  if slant:
                      effects_dict['slant'] = float(slant)
                  else:
                      effects_dict['extend'] = float(match.group('extend'))
  
              self._font[texname] = PsFont(
                  texname=texname, psname=psname, effects=effects_dict,
                  encoding=encoding, filename=filename)
  
  
  @_api.deprecated("3.3")
  class Encoding:
      r"""
      Parse a \*.enc file referenced from a psfonts.map style file.
  
      The format this class understands is a very limited subset of PostScript.
  
      Usage (subject to change)::
  
        for name in Encoding(filename):
            whatever(name)
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filename : str or path-like
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      encoding : list
          List of character names
      """
      __slots__ = ('encoding',)
  
      def __init__(self, filename):
          with open(filename, 'rb') as file:
              _log.debug('Parsing TeX encoding %s', filename)
              self.encoding = self._parse(file)
              _log.debug('Result: %s', self.encoding)
  
      def __iter__(self):
          yield from self.encoding
  
      @staticmethod
      def _parse(file):
          lines = (line.split(b'%', 1)[0].strip() for line in file)
          data = b''.join(lines)
          beginning = data.find(b'[')
          if beginning < 0:
              raise ValueError("Cannot locate beginning of encoding in {}"
                               .format(file))
          data = data[beginning:]
          end = data.find(b']')
          if end < 0:
              raise ValueError("Cannot locate end of encoding in {}"
                               .format(file))
          data = data[:end]
          return re.findall(br'/([^][{}<>\s]+)', data)
  
  
  # Note: this function should ultimately replace the Encoding class, which
  # appears to be mostly broken: because it uses b''.join(), there is no
  # whitespace left between glyph names (only slashes) so the final re.findall
  # returns a single string with all glyph names.  However this does not appear
  # to bother backend_pdf, so that needs to be investigated more.  (The fixed
  # version below is necessary for textpath/backend_svg, though.)
  def _parse_enc(path):
      r"""
      Parses a \*.enc file referenced from a psfonts.map style file.
      The format this class understands is a very limited subset of PostScript.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      path : os.PathLike
  
      Returns
      -------
      list
          The nth entry of the list is the PostScript glyph name of the nth
          glyph.
      """
      no_comments = re.sub("%.*", "", Path(path).read_text(encoding="ascii"))
      array = re.search(r"(?s)\[(.*)\]", no_comments).group(1)
      lines = [line for line in array.split() if line]
      if all(line.startswith("/") for line in lines):
          return [line[1:] for line in lines]
      else:
          raise ValueError(
              "Failed to parse {} as Postscript encoding".format(path))
  
  
  @lru_cache()
  def find_tex_file(filename, format=None):
      """
      Find a file in the texmf tree.
  
      Calls :program:`kpsewhich` which is an interface to the kpathsea
      library [1]_. Most existing TeX distributions on Unix-like systems use
      kpathsea. It is also available as part of MikTeX, a popular
      distribution on Windows.
  
      *If the file is not found, an empty string is returned*.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filename : str or path-like
      format : str or bytes
          Used as the value of the ``--format`` option to :program:`kpsewhich`.
          Could be e.g. 'tfm' or 'vf' to limit the search to that type of files.
  
      References
      ----------
      .. [1] `Kpathsea documentation <http://www.tug.org/kpathsea/>`_
          The library that :program:`kpsewhich` is part of.
      """
  
      # we expect these to always be ascii encoded, but use utf-8
      # out of caution
      if isinstance(filename, bytes):
          filename = filename.decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
      if isinstance(format, bytes):
          format = format.decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
  
      if os.name == 'nt':
          # On Windows only, kpathsea can use utf-8 for cmd args and output.
          # The `command_line_encoding` environment variable is set to force it
          # to always use utf-8 encoding.  See Matplotlib issue #11848.
          kwargs = {'env': {**os.environ, 'command_line_encoding': 'utf-8'},
                    'encoding': 'utf-8'}
      else:  # On POSIX, run through the equivalent of os.fsdecode().
          kwargs = {'encoding': sys.getfilesystemencoding(),
                    'errors': 'surrogatescape'}
  
      cmd = ['kpsewhich']
      if format is not None:
          cmd += ['--format=' + format]
      cmd += [filename]
      try:
          result = cbook._check_and_log_subprocess(cmd, _log, **kwargs)
      except (FileNotFoundError, RuntimeError):
          return ''
      return result.rstrip('\n')
  
  
  @lru_cache()
  def _fontfile(cls, suffix, texname):
      filename = find_tex_file(texname + suffix)
      return cls(filename) if filename else None
  
  
  _tfmfile = partial(_fontfile, Tfm, ".tfm")
  _vffile = partial(_fontfile, Vf, ".vf")
  
  
  if __name__ == '__main__':
      from argparse import ArgumentParser
      import itertools
  
      parser = ArgumentParser()
      parser.add_argument("filename")
      parser.add_argument("dpi", nargs="?", type=float, default=None)
      args = parser.parse_args()
      with Dvi(args.filename, args.dpi) as dvi:
          fontmap = PsfontsMap(find_tex_file('pdftex.map'))
          for page in dvi:
              print('=== new page ===')
              for font, group in itertools.groupby(
                      page.text, lambda text: text.font):
                  print('font', font.texname, 'scaled', font._scale / 2 ** 20)
                  for text in group:
                      print(text.x, text.y, text.glyph,
                            chr(text.glyph) if chr(text.glyph).isprintable()
                            else ".",
                            text.width)
              for x, y, w, h in page.boxes:
                  print(x, y, 'BOX', w, h)
  