text: # Copyright 2014 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  
  """Client for discovery based APIs.
  
  A client library for Google's discovery based APIs.
  """
  from __future__ import absolute_import
  import classroom.six.six as six
  from classroom.six.six.moves import zip
  
  __author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
  __all__ = [
      'build',
      'build_from_document',
      'fix_method_name',
      'key2param',
      ]
  
  from classroom.six.six import BytesIO
  from classroom.six.six.moves import http_client
  from classroom.six.six.moves.urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse, urljoin, \
    urlunparse, parse_qsl
  
  # Standard library imports
  import copy
  try:
    from email.generator import BytesGenerator
  except ImportError:
    from email.generator import Generator as BytesGenerator
  from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
  from email.mime.nonmultipart import MIMENonMultipart
  import json
  import keyword
  import logging
  import mimetypes
  import os
  import re
  
  # Third-party imports
  import classroom.httplib2 as httplib2
  import classroom.uritemplate as uritemplate
  
  # Local imports
  from classroom.googleapiclient import _auth
  from classroom.googleapiclient import mimeparse
  from classroom.googleapiclient.errors import HttpError
  from classroom.googleapiclient.errors import InvalidJsonError
  from classroom.googleapiclient.errors import MediaUploadSizeError
  from classroom.googleapiclient.errors import UnacceptableMimeTypeError
  from classroom.googleapiclient.errors import UnknownApiNameOrVersion
  from classroom.googleapiclient.errors import UnknownFileType
  from classroom.googleapiclient.http import build_http
  from classroom.googleapiclient.http import BatchHttpRequest
  from classroom.googleapiclient.http import HttpMock
  from classroom.googleapiclient.http import HttpMockSequence
  from classroom.googleapiclient.http import HttpRequest
  from classroom.googleapiclient.http import MediaFileUpload
  from classroom.googleapiclient.http import MediaUpload
  from classroom.googleapiclient.model import JsonModel
  from classroom.googleapiclient.model import MediaModel
  from classroom.googleapiclient.model import RawModel
  from classroom.googleapiclient.schema import Schemas
  
  from classroom.googleapiclient._helpers import _add_query_parameter
  from classroom.googleapiclient._helpers import positional
  
  
  # The client library requires a version of httplib2 that supports RETRIES.
  httplib2.RETRIES = 1
  
  logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
  
  URITEMPLATE = re.compile('{[^}]*}')
  VARNAME = re.compile('[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+')
  DISCOVERY_URI = ('https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/'
                   '{api}/{apiVersion}/rest')
  V1_DISCOVERY_URI = DISCOVERY_URI
  V2_DISCOVERY_URI = ('https://{api}.googleapis.com/$discovery/rest?'
                      'version={apiVersion}')
  DEFAULT_METHOD_DOC = 'A description of how to use this function'
  HTTP_PAYLOAD_METHODS = frozenset(['PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH'])
  
  _MEDIA_SIZE_BIT_SHIFTS = {'KB': 10, 'MB': 20, 'GB': 30, 'TB': 40}
  BODY_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE = {
      'description': 'The request body.',
      'type': 'object',
      'required': True,
  }
  MEDIA_BODY_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE = {
      'description': ('The filename of the media request body, or an instance '
                      'of a MediaUpload object.'),
      'type': 'string',
      'required': False,
  }
  MEDIA_MIME_TYPE_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE = {
      'description': ('The MIME type of the media request body, or an instance '
                      'of a MediaUpload object.'),
      'type': 'string',
      'required': False,
  }
  _PAGE_TOKEN_NAMES = ('pageToken', 'nextPageToken')
  
  # Parameters accepted by the stack, but not visible via discovery.
  # TODO(dhermes): Remove 'userip' in 'v2'.
  STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS = frozenset(['trace', 'pp', 'userip', 'strict'])
  STACK_QUERY_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE = {'type': 'string', 'location': 'query'}
  
  # Library-specific reserved words beyond Python keywords.
  RESERVED_WORDS = frozenset(['body'])
  
  # patch _write_lines to avoid munging '\r' into '\n'
  # ( https://bugs.python.org/issue18886 https://bugs.python.org/issue19003 )
  class _BytesGenerator(BytesGenerator):
    _write_lines = BytesGenerator.write
  
  def fix_method_name(name):
    """Fix method names to avoid reserved word conflicts.
  
    Args:
      name: string, method name.
  
    Returns:
      The name with an '_' appended if the name is a reserved word.
    """
    if keyword.iskeyword(name) or name in RESERVED_WORDS:
      return name + '_'
    else:
      return name
  
  
  def key2param(key):
    """Converts key names into parameter names.
  
    For example, converting "max-results" -> "max_results"
  
    Args:
      key: string, the method key name.
  
    Returns:
      A safe method name based on the key name.
    """
    result = []
    key = list(key)
    if not key[0].isalpha():
      result.append('x')
    for c in key:
      if c.isalnum():
        result.append(c)
      else:
        result.append('_')
  
    return ''.join(result)
  
  
  @positional(2)
  def build(serviceName,
            version,
            http=None,
            discoveryServiceUrl=DISCOVERY_URI,
            developerKey=None,
            model=None,
            requestBuilder=HttpRequest,
            credentials=None,
            cache_discovery=True,
            cache=None):
    """Construct a Resource for interacting with an API.
  
    Construct a Resource object for interacting with an API. The serviceName and
    version are the names from the Discovery service.
  
    Args:
      serviceName: string, name of the service.
      version: string, the version of the service.
      http: httplib2.Http, An instance of httplib2.Http or something that acts
        like it that HTTP requests will be made through.
      discoveryServiceUrl: string, a URI Template that points to the location of
        the discovery service. It should have two parameters {api} and
        {apiVersion} that when filled in produce an absolute URI to the discovery
        document for that service.
      developerKey: string, key obtained from
        https://code.google.com/apis/console.
      model: googleapiclient.Model, converts to and from the wire format.
      requestBuilder: googleapiclient.http.HttpRequest, encapsulator for an HTTP
        request.
      credentials: oauth2client.Credentials or
        google.auth.credentials.Credentials, credentials to be used for
        authentication.
      cache_discovery: Boolean, whether or not to cache the discovery doc.
      cache: googleapiclient.discovery_cache.base.CacheBase, an optional
        cache object for the discovery documents.
  
    Returns:
      A Resource object with methods for interacting with the service.
    """
    params = {
        'api': serviceName,
        'apiVersion': version
        }
  
    if http is None:
      discovery_http = build_http()
    else:
      discovery_http = http
  
    for discovery_url in (discoveryServiceUrl, V2_DISCOVERY_URI,):
      requested_url = uritemplate.expand(discovery_url, params)
  
      try:
        content = _retrieve_discovery_doc(
          requested_url, discovery_http, cache_discovery, cache)
        return build_from_document(content, base=discovery_url, http=http,
            developerKey=developerKey, model=model, requestBuilder=requestBuilder,
            credentials=credentials)
      except HttpError as e:
        if e.resp.status == http_client.NOT_FOUND:
          continue
        else:
          raise e
  
    raise UnknownApiNameOrVersion(
          "name: %s  version: %s" % (serviceName, version))
  
  
  def _retrieve_discovery_doc(url, http, cache_discovery, cache=None):
    """Retrieves the discovery_doc from cache or the internet.
  
    Args:
      url: string, the URL of the discovery document.
      http: httplib2.Http, An instance of httplib2.Http or something that acts
        like it through which HTTP requests will be made.
      cache_discovery: Boolean, whether or not to cache the discovery doc.
      cache: googleapiclient.discovery_cache.base.Cache, an optional cache
        object for the discovery documents.
  
    Returns:
      A unicode string representation of the discovery document.
    """
    if cache_discovery:
      from . import discovery_cache
      from .discovery_cache import base
      if cache is None:
        cache = discovery_cache.autodetect()
      if cache:
        content = cache.get(url)
        if content:
          return content
  
    actual_url = url
    # REMOTE_ADDR is defined by the CGI spec [RFC3875] as the environment
    # variable that contains the network address of the client sending the
    # request. If it exists then add that to the request for the discovery
    # document to avoid exceeding the quota on discovery requests.
    if 'REMOTE_ADDR' in os.environ:
      actual_url = _add_query_parameter(url, 'userIp', os.environ['REMOTE_ADDR'])
    logger.info('URL being requested: GET %s', actual_url)
  
    resp, content = http.request(actual_url)
  
    if resp.status >= 400:
      raise HttpError(resp, content, uri=actual_url)
  
    try:
      content = content.decode('utf-8')
    except AttributeError:
      pass
  
    try:
      service = json.loads(content)
    except ValueError as e:
      logger.error('Failed to parse as JSON: ' + content)
      raise InvalidJsonError()
    if cache_discovery and cache:
      cache.set(url, content)
    return content
  
  
  @positional(1)
  def build_from_document(
      service,
      base=None,
      future=None,
      http=None,
      developerKey=None,
      model=None,
      requestBuilder=HttpRequest,
      credentials=None):
    """Create a Resource for interacting with an API.
  
    Same as `build()`, but constructs the Resource object from a discovery
    document that is it given, as opposed to retrieving one over HTTP.
  
    Args:
      service: string or object, the JSON discovery document describing the API.
        The value passed in may either be the JSON string or the deserialized
        JSON.
      base: string, base URI for all HTTP requests, usually the discovery URI.
        This parameter is no longer used as rootUrl and servicePath are included
        within the discovery document. (deprecated)
      future: string, discovery document with future capabilities (deprecated).
      http: httplib2.Http, An instance of httplib2.Http or something that acts
        like it that HTTP requests will be made through.
      developerKey: string, Key for controlling API usage, generated
        from the API Console.
      model: Model class instance that serializes and de-serializes requests and
        responses.
      requestBuilder: Takes an http request and packages it up to be executed.
      credentials: oauth2client.Credentials or
        google.auth.credentials.Credentials, credentials to be used for
        authentication.
  
    Returns:
      A Resource object with methods for interacting with the service.
    """
  
    if http is not None and credentials is not None:
      raise ValueError('Arguments http and credentials are mutually exclusive.')
  
    if isinstance(service, six.string_types):
      service = json.loads(service)
  
    if  'rootUrl' not in service and (isinstance(http, (HttpMock,
                                                        HttpMockSequence))):
        logger.error("You are using HttpMock or HttpMockSequence without" +
                     "having the service discovery doc in cache. Try calling " +
                     "build() without mocking once first to populate the " +
                     "cache.")
        raise InvalidJsonError()
  
    base = urljoin(service['rootUrl'], service['servicePath'])
    schema = Schemas(service)
  
    # If the http client is not specified, then we must construct an http client
    # to make requests. If the service has scopes, then we also need to setup
    # authentication.
    if http is None:
      # Does the service require scopes?
      scopes = list(
        service.get('auth', {}).get('oauth2', {}).get('scopes', {}).keys())
  
      # If so, then the we need to setup authentication if no developerKey is
      # specified.
      if scopes and not developerKey:
        # If the user didn't pass in credentials, attempt to acquire application
        # default credentials.
        if credentials is None:
          credentials = _auth.default_credentials()
  
        # The credentials need to be scoped.
        credentials = _auth.with_scopes(credentials, scopes)
  
        # Create an authorized http instance
        http = _auth.authorized_http(credentials)
  
      # If the service doesn't require scopes then there is no need for
      # authentication.
      else:
        http = build_http()
  
    if model is None:
      features = service.get('features', [])
      model = JsonModel('dataWrapper' in features)
  
    return Resource(http=http, baseUrl=base, model=model,
                    developerKey=developerKey, requestBuilder=requestBuilder,
                    resourceDesc=service, rootDesc=service, schema=schema)
  
  
  def _cast(value, schema_type):
    """Convert value to a string based on JSON Schema type.
  
    See http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-zyp-json-schema-03 for more details on
    JSON Schema.
  
    Args:
      value: any, the value to convert
      schema_type: string, the type that value should be interpreted as
  
    Returns:
      A string representation of 'value' based on the schema_type.
    """
    if schema_type == 'string':
      if type(value) == type('') or type(value) == type(u''):
        return value
      else:
        return str(value)
    elif schema_type == 'integer':
      return str(int(value))
    elif schema_type == 'number':
      return str(float(value))
    elif schema_type == 'boolean':
      return str(bool(value)).lower()
    else:
      if type(value) == type('') or type(value) == type(u''):
        return value
      else:
        return str(value)
  
  
  def _media_size_to_long(maxSize):
    """Convert a string media size, such as 10GB or 3TB into an integer.
  
    Args:
      maxSize: string, size as a string, such as 2MB or 7GB.
  
    Returns:
      The size as an integer value.
    """
    if len(maxSize) < 2:
      return 0
    units = maxSize[-2:].upper()
    bit_shift = _MEDIA_SIZE_BIT_SHIFTS.get(units)
    if bit_shift is not None:
      return int(maxSize[:-2]) << bit_shift
    else:
      return int(maxSize)
  
  
  def _media_path_url_from_info(root_desc, path_url):
    """Creates an absolute media path URL.
  
    Constructed using the API root URI and service path from the discovery
    document and the relative path for the API method.
  
    Args:
      root_desc: Dictionary; the entire original deserialized discovery document.
      path_url: String; the relative URL for the API method. Relative to the API
          root, which is specified in the discovery document.
  
    Returns:
      String; the absolute URI for media upload for the API method.
    """
    return '%(root)supload/%(service_path)s%(path)s' % {
        'root': root_desc['rootUrl'],
        'service_path': root_desc['servicePath'],
        'path': path_url,
    }
  
  
  def _fix_up_parameters(method_desc, root_desc, http_method, schema):
    """Updates parameters of an API method with values specific to this library.
  
    Specifically, adds whatever global parameters are specified by the API to the
    parameters for the individual method. Also adds parameters which don't
    appear in the discovery document, but are available to all discovery based
    APIs (these are listed in STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS).
  
    SIDE EFFECTS: This updates the parameters dictionary object in the method
    description.
  
    Args:
      method_desc: Dictionary with metadata describing an API method. Value comes
          from the dictionary of methods stored in the 'methods' key in the
          deserialized discovery document.
      root_desc: Dictionary; the entire original deserialized discovery document.
      http_method: String; the HTTP method used to call the API method described
          in method_desc.
      schema: Object, mapping of schema names to schema descriptions.
  
    Returns:
      The updated Dictionary stored in the 'parameters' key of the method
          description dictionary.
    """
    parameters = method_desc.setdefault('parameters', {})
  
    # Add in the parameters common to all methods.
    for name, description in six.iteritems(root_desc.get('parameters', {})):
      parameters[name] = description
  
    # Add in undocumented query parameters.
    for name in STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS:
      parameters[name] = STACK_QUERY_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE.copy()
  
    # Add 'body' (our own reserved word) to parameters if the method supports
    # a request payload.
    if http_method in HTTP_PAYLOAD_METHODS and 'request' in method_desc:
      body = BODY_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE.copy()
      body.update(method_desc['request'])
      # Make body optional for requests with no parameters.
      if not _methodProperties(method_desc, schema, 'request'):
        body['required'] = False
      parameters['body'] = body
  
    return parameters
  
  
  def _fix_up_media_upload(method_desc, root_desc, path_url, parameters):
    """Adds 'media_body' and 'media_mime_type' parameters if supported by method.
  
    SIDE EFFECTS: If the method supports media upload and has a required body,
    sets body to be optional (required=False) instead. Also, if there is a
    'mediaUpload' in the method description, adds 'media_upload' key to
    parameters.
  
    Args:
      method_desc: Dictionary with metadata describing an API method. Value comes
          from the dictionary of methods stored in the 'methods' key in the
          deserialized discovery document.
      root_desc: Dictionary; the entire original deserialized discovery document.
      path_url: String; the relative URL for the API method. Relative to the API
          root, which is specified in the discovery document.
      parameters: A dictionary describing method parameters for method described
          in method_desc.
  
    Returns:
      Triple (accept, max_size, media_path_url) where:
        - accept is a list of strings representing what content types are
          accepted for media upload. Defaults to empty list if not in the
          discovery document.
        - max_size is a long representing the max size in bytes allowed for a
          media upload. Defaults to 0L if not in the discovery document.
        - media_path_url is a String; the absolute URI for media upload for the
          API method. Constructed using the API root URI and service path from
          the discovery document and the relative path for the API method. If
          media upload is not supported, this is None.
    """
    media_upload = method_desc.get('mediaUpload', {})
    accept = media_upload.get('accept', [])
    max_size = _media_size_to_long(media_upload.get('maxSize', ''))
    media_path_url = None
  
    if media_upload:
      media_path_url = _media_path_url_from_info(root_desc, path_url)
      parameters['media_body'] = MEDIA_BODY_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE.copy()
      parameters['media_mime_type'] = MEDIA_MIME_TYPE_PARAMETER_DEFAULT_VALUE.copy()
      if 'body' in parameters:
        parameters['body']['required'] = False
  
    return accept, max_size, media_path_url
  
  
  def _fix_up_method_description(method_desc, root_desc, schema):
    """Updates a method description in a discovery document.
  
    SIDE EFFECTS: Changes the parameters dictionary in the method description with
    extra parameters which are used locally.
  
    Args:
      method_desc: Dictionary with metadata describing an API method. Value comes
          from the dictionary of methods stored in the 'methods' key in the
          deserialized discovery document.
      root_desc: Dictionary; the entire original deserialized discovery document.
      schema: Object, mapping of schema names to schema descriptions.
  
    Returns:
      Tuple (path_url, http_method, method_id, accept, max_size, media_path_url)
      where:
        - path_url is a String; the relative URL for the API method. Relative to
          the API root, which is specified in the discovery document.
        - http_method is a String; the HTTP method used to call the API method
          described in the method description.
        - method_id is a String; the name of the RPC method associated with the
          API method, and is in the method description in the 'id' key.
        - accept is a list of strings representing what content types are
          accepted for media upload. Defaults to empty list if not in the
          discovery document.
        - max_size is a long representing the max size in bytes allowed for a
          media upload. Defaults to 0L if not in the discovery document.
        - media_path_url is a String; the absolute URI for media upload for the
          API method. Constructed using the API root URI and service path from
          the discovery document and the relative path for the API method. If
          media upload is not supported, this is None.
    """
    path_url = method_desc['path']
    http_method = method_desc['httpMethod']
    method_id = method_desc['id']
  
    parameters = _fix_up_parameters(method_desc, root_desc, http_method, schema)
    # Order is important. `_fix_up_media_upload` needs `method_desc` to have a
    # 'parameters' key and needs to know if there is a 'body' parameter because it
    # also sets a 'media_body' parameter.
    accept, max_size, media_path_url = _fix_up_media_upload(
        method_desc, root_desc, path_url, parameters)
  
    return path_url, http_method, method_id, accept, max_size, media_path_url
  
  
  def _urljoin(base, url):
    """Custom urljoin replacement supporting : before / in url."""
    # In general, it's unsafe to simply join base and url. However, for
    # the case of discovery documents, we know:
    #  * base will never contain params, query, or fragment
    #  * url will never contain a scheme or net_loc.
    # In general, this means we can safely join on /; we just need to
    # ensure we end up with precisely one / joining base and url. The
    # exception here is the case of media uploads, where url will be an
    # absolute url.
    if url.startswith('http://') or url.startswith('https://'):
      return urljoin(base, url)
    new_base = base if base.endswith('/') else base + '/'
    new_url = url[1:] if url.startswith('/') else url
    return new_base + new_url
  
  
  # TODO(dhermes): Convert this class to ResourceMethod and make it callable
  class ResourceMethodParameters(object):
    """Represents the parameters associated with a method.
  
    Attributes:
      argmap: Map from method parameter name (string) to query parameter name
          (string).
      required_params: List of required parameters (represented by parameter
          name as string).
      repeated_params: List of repeated parameters (represented by parameter
          name as string).
      pattern_params: Map from method parameter name (string) to regular
          expression (as a string). If the pattern is set for a parameter, the
          value for that parameter must match the regular expression.
      query_params: List of parameters (represented by parameter name as string)
          that will be used in the query string.
      path_params: Set of parameters (represented by parameter name as string)
          that will be used in the base URL path.
      param_types: Map from method parameter name (string) to parameter type. Type
          can be any valid JSON schema type; valid values are 'any', 'array',
          'boolean', 'integer', 'number', 'object', or 'string'. Reference:
          http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-zyp-json-schema-03#section-5.1
      enum_params: Map from method parameter name (string) to list of strings,
         where each list of strings is the list of acceptable enum values.
    """
  
    def __init__(self, method_desc):
      """Constructor for ResourceMethodParameters.
  
      Sets default values and defers to set_parameters to populate.
  
      Args:
        method_desc: Dictionary with metadata describing an API method. Value
            comes from the dictionary of methods stored in the 'methods' key in
            the deserialized discovery document.
      """
      self.argmap = {}
      self.required_params = []
      self.repeated_params = []
      self.pattern_params = {}
      self.query_params = []
      # TODO(dhermes): Change path_params to a list if the extra URITEMPLATE
      #                parsing is gotten rid of.
      self.path_params = set()
      self.param_types = {}
      self.enum_params = {}
  
      self.set_parameters(method_desc)
  
    def set_parameters(self, method_desc):
      """Populates maps and lists based on method description.
  
      Iterates through each parameter for the method and parses the values from
      the parameter dictionary.
  
      Args:
        method_desc: Dictionary with metadata describing an API method. Value
            comes from the dictionary of methods stored in the 'methods' key in
            the deserialized discovery document.
      """
      for arg, desc in six.iteritems(method_desc.get('parameters', {})):
        param = key2param(arg)
        self.argmap[param] = arg
  
        if desc.get('pattern'):
          self.pattern_params[param] = desc['pattern']
        if desc.get('enum'):
          self.enum_params[param] = desc['enum']
        if desc.get('required'):
          self.required_params.append(param)
        if desc.get('repeated'):
          self.repeated_params.append(param)
        if desc.get('location') == 'query':
          self.query_params.append(param)
        if desc.get('location') == 'path':
          self.path_params.add(param)
        self.param_types[param] = desc.get('type', 'string')
  
      # TODO(dhermes): Determine if this is still necessary. Discovery based APIs
      #                should have all path parameters already marked with
      #                'location: path'.
      for match in URITEMPLATE.finditer(method_desc['path']):
        for namematch in VARNAME.finditer(match.group(0)):
          name = key2param(namematch.group(0))
          self.path_params.add(name)
          if name in self.query_params:
            self.query_params.remove(name)
  
  
  def createMethod(methodName, methodDesc, rootDesc, schema):
    """Creates a method for attaching to a Resource.
  
    Args:
      methodName: string, name of the method to use.
      methodDesc: object, fragment of deserialized discovery document that
        describes the method.
      rootDesc: object, the entire deserialized discovery document.
      schema: object, mapping of schema names to schema descriptions.
    """
    methodName = fix_method_name(methodName)
    (pathUrl, httpMethod, methodId, accept,
     maxSize, mediaPathUrl) = _fix_up_method_description(methodDesc, rootDesc, schema)
  
    parameters = ResourceMethodParameters(methodDesc)
  
    def method(self, **kwargs):
      # Don't bother with doc string, it will be over-written by createMethod.
  
      for name in six.iterkeys(kwargs):
        if name not in parameters.argmap:
          raise TypeError('Got an unexpected keyword argument "%s"' % name)
  
      # Remove args that have a value of None.
      keys = list(kwargs.keys())
      for name in keys:
        if kwargs[name] is None:
          del kwargs[name]
  
      for name in parameters.required_params:
        if name not in kwargs:
          # temporary workaround for non-paging methods incorrectly requiring
          # page token parameter (cf. drive.changes.watch vs. drive.changes.list)
          if name not in _PAGE_TOKEN_NAMES or _findPageTokenName(
              _methodProperties(methodDesc, schema, 'response')):
            raise TypeError('Missing required parameter "%s"' % name)
  
      for name, regex in six.iteritems(parameters.pattern_params):
        if name in kwargs:
          if isinstance(kwargs[name], six.string_types):
            pvalues = [kwargs[name]]
          else:
            pvalues = kwargs[name]
          for pvalue in pvalues:
            if re.match(regex, pvalue) is None:
              raise TypeError(
                  'Parameter "%s" value "%s" does not match the pattern "%s"' %
                  (name, pvalue, regex))
  
      for name, enums in six.iteritems(parameters.enum_params):
        if name in kwargs:
          # We need to handle the case of a repeated enum
          # name differently, since we want to handle both
          # arg='value' and arg=['value1', 'value2']
          if (name in parameters.repeated_params and
              not isinstance(kwargs[name], six.string_types)):
            values = kwargs[name]
          else:
            values = [kwargs[name]]
          for value in values:
            if value not in enums:
              raise TypeError(
                  'Parameter "%s" value "%s" is not an allowed value in "%s"' %
                  (name, value, str(enums)))
  
      actual_query_params = {}
      actual_path_params = {}
      for key, value in six.iteritems(kwargs):
        to_type = parameters.param_types.get(key, 'string')
        # For repeated parameters we cast each member of the list.
        if key in parameters.repeated_params and type(value) == type([]):
          cast_value = [_cast(x, to_type) for x in value]
        else:
          cast_value = _cast(value, to_type)
        if key in parameters.query_params:
          actual_query_params[parameters.argmap[key]] = cast_value
        if key in parameters.path_params:
          actual_path_params[parameters.argmap[key]] = cast_value
      body_value = kwargs.get('body', None)
      media_filename = kwargs.get('media_body', None)
      media_mime_type = kwargs.get('media_mime_type', None)
  
      if self._developerKey:
        actual_query_params['key'] = self._developerKey
  
      model = self._model
      if methodName.endswith('_media'):
        model = MediaModel()
      elif 'response' not in methodDesc:
        model = RawModel()
  
      headers = {}
      headers, params, query, body = model.request(headers,
          actual_path_params, actual_query_params, body_value)
  
      expanded_url = uritemplate.expand(pathUrl, params)
      url = _urljoin(self._baseUrl, expanded_url + query)
  
      resumable = None
      multipart_boundary = ''
  
      if media_filename:
        # Ensure we end up with a valid MediaUpload object.
        if isinstance(media_filename, six.string_types):
          if media_mime_type is None:
            logger.warning(
                'media_mime_type argument not specified: trying to auto-detect for %s',
                media_filename)
            media_mime_type, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(media_filename)
          if media_mime_type is None:
            raise UnknownFileType(media_filename)
          if not mimeparse.best_match([media_mime_type], ','.join(accept)):
            raise UnacceptableMimeTypeError(media_mime_type)
          media_upload = MediaFileUpload(media_filename,
                                         mimetype=media_mime_type)
        elif isinstance(media_filename, MediaUpload):
          media_upload = media_filename
        else:
          raise TypeError('media_filename must be str or MediaUpload.')
  
        # Check the maxSize
        if media_upload.size() is not None and media_upload.size() > maxSize > 0:
          raise MediaUploadSizeError("Media larger than: %s" % maxSize)
  
        # Use the media path uri for media uploads
        expanded_url = uritemplate.expand(mediaPathUrl, params)
        url = _urljoin(self._baseUrl, expanded_url + query)
        if media_upload.resumable():
          url = _add_query_parameter(url, 'uploadType', 'resumable')
  
        if media_upload.resumable():
          # This is all we need to do for resumable, if the body exists it gets
          # sent in the first request, otherwise an empty body is sent.
          resumable = media_upload
        else:
          # A non-resumable upload
          if body is None:
            # This is a simple media upload
            headers['content-type'] = media_upload.mimetype()
            body = media_upload.getbytes(0, media_upload.size())
            url = _add_query_parameter(url, 'uploadType', 'media')
          else:
            # This is a multipart/related upload.
            msgRoot = MIMEMultipart('related')
            # msgRoot should not write out it's own headers
            setattr(msgRoot, '_write_headers', lambda self: None)
  
            # attach the body as one part
            msg = MIMENonMultipart(*headers['content-type'].split('/'))
            msg.set_payload(body)
            msgRoot.attach(msg)
  
            # attach the media as the second part
            msg = MIMENonMultipart(*media_upload.mimetype().split('/'))
            msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = 'binary'
  
            payload = media_upload.getbytes(0, media_upload.size())
            msg.set_payload(payload)
            msgRoot.attach(msg)
            # encode the body: note that we can't use `as_string`, because
            # it plays games with `From ` lines.
            fp = BytesIO()
            g = _BytesGenerator(fp, mangle_from_=False)
            g.flatten(msgRoot, unixfrom=False)
            body = fp.getvalue()
  
            multipart_boundary = msgRoot.get_boundary()
            headers['content-type'] = ('multipart/related; '
                                       'boundary="%s"') % multipart_boundary
            url = _add_query_parameter(url, 'uploadType', 'multipart')
  
      logger.info('URL being requested: %s %s' % (httpMethod,url))
      return self._requestBuilder(self._http,
                                  model.response,
                                  url,
                                  method=httpMethod,
                                  body=body,
                                  headers=headers,
                                  methodId=methodId,
                                  resumable=resumable)
  
    docs = [methodDesc.get('description', DEFAULT_METHOD_DOC), '\n\n']
    if len(parameters.argmap) > 0:
      docs.append('Args:\n')
  
    # Skip undocumented params and params common to all methods.
    skip_parameters = list(rootDesc.get('parameters', {}).keys())
    skip_parameters.extend(STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS)
  
    all_args = list(parameters.argmap.keys())
    args_ordered = [key2param(s) for s in methodDesc.get('parameterOrder', [])]
  
    # Move body to the front of the line.
    if 'body' in all_args:
      args_ordered.append('body')
  
    for name in all_args:
      if name not in args_ordered:
        args_ordered.append(name)
  
    for arg in args_ordered:
      if arg in skip_parameters:
        continue
  
      repeated = ''
      if arg in parameters.repeated_params:
        repeated = ' (repeated)'
      required = ''
      if arg in parameters.required_params:
        required = ' (required)'
      paramdesc = methodDesc['parameters'][parameters.argmap[arg]]
      paramdoc = paramdesc.get('description', 'A parameter')
      if '$ref' in paramdesc:
        docs.append(
            ('  %s: object, %s%s%s\n    The object takes the'
            ' form of:\n\n%s\n\n') % (arg, paramdoc, required, repeated,
              schema.prettyPrintByName(paramdesc['$ref'])))
      else:
        paramtype = paramdesc.get('type', 'string')
        docs.append('  %s: %s, %s%s%s\n' % (arg, paramtype, paramdoc, required,
                                            repeated))
      enum = paramdesc.get('enum', [])
      enumDesc = paramdesc.get('enumDescriptions', [])
      if enum and enumDesc:
        docs.append('    Allowed values\n')
        for (name, desc) in zip(enum, enumDesc):
          docs.append('      %s - %s\n' % (name, desc))
    if 'response' in methodDesc:
      if methodName.endswith('_media'):
        docs.append('\nReturns:\n  The media object as a string.\n\n    ')
      else:
        docs.append('\nReturns:\n  An object of the form:\n\n    ')
        docs.append(schema.prettyPrintSchema(methodDesc['response']))
  
    setattr(method, '__doc__', ''.join(docs))
    return (methodName, method)
  
  
  def createNextMethod(methodName,
                       pageTokenName='pageToken',
                       nextPageTokenName='nextPageToken',
                       isPageTokenParameter=True):
    """Creates any _next methods for attaching to a Resource.
  
    The _next methods allow for easy iteration through list() responses.
  
    Args:
      methodName: string, name of the method to use.
      pageTokenName: string, name of request page token field.
      nextPageTokenName: string, name of response page token field.
      isPageTokenParameter: Boolean, True if request page token is a query
          parameter, False if request page token is a field of the request body.
    """
    methodName = fix_method_name(methodName)
  
    def methodNext(self, previous_request, previous_response):
      """Retrieves the next page of results.
  
  Args:
    previous_request: The request for the previous page. (required)
    previous_response: The response from the request for the previous page. (required)
  
  Returns:
    A request object that you can call 'execute()' on to request the next
    page. Returns None if there are no more items in the collection.
      """
      # Retrieve nextPageToken from previous_response
      # Use as pageToken in previous_request to create new request.
  
      nextPageToken = previous_response.get(nextPageTokenName, None)
      if not nextPageToken:
        return None
  
      request = copy.copy(previous_request)
  
      if isPageTokenParameter:
          # Replace pageToken value in URI
          request.uri = _add_query_parameter(
              request.uri, pageTokenName, nextPageToken)
          logger.info('Next page request URL: %s %s' % (methodName, request.uri))
      else:
          # Replace pageToken value in request body
          model = self._model
          body = model.deserialize(request.body)
          body[pageTokenName] = nextPageToken
          request.body = model.serialize(body)
          logger.info('Next page request body: %s %s' % (methodName, body))
  
      return request
  
    return (methodName, methodNext)
  
  
  class Resource(object):
    """A class for interacting with a resource."""
  
    def __init__(self, http, baseUrl, model, requestBuilder, developerKey,
                 resourceDesc, rootDesc, schema):
      """Build a Resource from the API description.
  
      Args:
        http: httplib2.Http, Object to make http requests with.
        baseUrl: string, base URL for the API. All requests are relative to this
            URI.
        model: googleapiclient.Model, converts to and from the wire format.
        requestBuilder: class or callable that instantiates an
            googleapiclient.HttpRequest object.
        developerKey: string, key obtained from
            https://code.google.com/apis/console
        resourceDesc: object, section of deserialized discovery document that
            describes a resource. Note that the top level discovery document
            is considered a resource.
        rootDesc: object, the entire deserialized discovery document.
        schema: object, mapping of schema names to schema descriptions.
      """
      self._dynamic_attrs = []
  
      self._http = http
      self._baseUrl = baseUrl
      self._model = model
      self._developerKey = developerKey
      self._requestBuilder = requestBuilder
      self._resourceDesc = resourceDesc
      self._rootDesc = rootDesc
      self._schema = schema
  
      self._set_service_methods()
  
    def _set_dynamic_attr(self, attr_name, value):
      """Sets an instance attribute and tracks it in a list of dynamic attributes.
  
      Args:
        attr_name: string; The name of the attribute to be set
        value: The value being set on the object and tracked in the dynamic cache.
      """
      self._dynamic_attrs.append(attr_name)
      self.__dict__[attr_name] = value
  
    def __getstate__(self):
      """Trim the state down to something that can be pickled.
  
      Uses the fact that the instance variable _dynamic_attrs holds attrs that
      will be wiped and restored on pickle serialization.
      """
      state_dict = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
      for dynamic_attr in self._dynamic_attrs:
        del state_dict[dynamic_attr]
      del state_dict['_dynamic_attrs']
      return state_dict
  
    def __setstate__(self, state):
      """Reconstitute the state of the object from being pickled.
  
      Uses the fact that the instance variable _dynamic_attrs holds attrs that
      will be wiped and restored on pickle serialization.
      """
      self.__dict__.update(state)
      self._dynamic_attrs = []
      self._set_service_methods()
  
    def _set_service_methods(self):
      self._add_basic_methods(self._resourceDesc, self._rootDesc, self._schema)
      self._add_nested_resources(self._resourceDesc, self._rootDesc, self._schema)
      self._add_next_methods(self._resourceDesc, self._schema)
  
    def _add_basic_methods(self, resourceDesc, rootDesc, schema):
      # If this is the root Resource, add a new_batch_http_request() method.
      if resourceDesc == rootDesc:
        batch_uri = '%s%s' % (
          rootDesc['rootUrl'], rootDesc.get('batchPath', 'batch'))
        def new_batch_http_request(callback=None):
          """Create a BatchHttpRequest object based on the discovery document.
  
          Args:
            callback: callable, A callback to be called for each response, of the
              form callback(id, response, exception). The first parameter is the
              request id, and the second is the deserialized response object. The
              third is an apiclient.errors.HttpError exception object if an HTTP
              error occurred while processing the request, or None if no error
              occurred.
  
          Returns:
            A BatchHttpRequest object based on the discovery document.
          """
          return BatchHttpRequest(callback=callback, batch_uri=batch_uri)
        self._set_dynamic_attr('new_batch_http_request', new_batch_http_request)
  
      # Add basic methods to Resource
      if 'methods' in resourceDesc:
        for methodName, methodDesc in six.iteritems(resourceDesc['methods']):
          fixedMethodName, method = createMethod(
              methodName, methodDesc, rootDesc, schema)
          self._set_dynamic_attr(fixedMethodName,
                                 method.__get__(self, self.__class__))
          # Add in _media methods. The functionality of the attached method will
          # change when it sees that the method name ends in _media.
          if methodDesc.get('supportsMediaDownload', False):
            fixedMethodName, method = createMethod(
                methodName + '_media', methodDesc, rootDesc, schema)
            self._set_dynamic_attr(fixedMethodName,
                                   method.__get__(self, self.__class__))
  
    def _add_nested_resources(self, resourceDesc, rootDesc, schema):
      # Add in nested resources
      if 'resources' in resourceDesc:
  
        def createResourceMethod(methodName, methodDesc):
          """Create a method on the Resource to access a nested Resource.
  
          Args:
            methodName: string, name of the method to use.
            methodDesc: object, fragment of deserialized discovery document that
              describes the method.
          """
          methodName = fix_method_name(methodName)
  
          def methodResource(self):
            return Resource(http=self._http, baseUrl=self._baseUrl,
                            model=self._model, developerKey=self._developerKey,
                            requestBuilder=self._requestBuilder,
                            resourceDesc=methodDesc, rootDesc=rootDesc,
                            schema=schema)
  
          setattr(methodResource, '__doc__', 'A collection resource.')
          setattr(methodResource, '__is_resource__', True)
  
          return (methodName, methodResource)
  
        for methodName, methodDesc in six.iteritems(resourceDesc['resources']):
          fixedMethodName, method = createResourceMethod(methodName, methodDesc)
          self._set_dynamic_attr(fixedMethodName,
                                 method.__get__(self, self.__class__))
  
    def _add_next_methods(self, resourceDesc, schema):
      # Add _next() methods if and only if one of the names 'pageToken' or
      # 'nextPageToken' occurs among the fields of both the method's response
      # type either the method's request (query parameters) or request body.
      if 'methods' not in resourceDesc:
        return
      for methodName, methodDesc in six.iteritems(resourceDesc['methods']):
        nextPageTokenName = _findPageTokenName(
            _methodProperties(methodDesc, schema, 'response'))
        if not nextPageTokenName:
          continue
        isPageTokenParameter = True
        pageTokenName = _findPageTokenName(methodDesc.get('parameters', {}))
        if not pageTokenName:
          isPageTokenParameter = False
          pageTokenName = _findPageTokenName(
              _methodProperties(methodDesc, schema, 'request'))
        if not pageTokenName:
          continue
        fixedMethodName, method = createNextMethod(
            methodName + '_next', pageTokenName, nextPageTokenName,
            isPageTokenParameter)
        self._set_dynamic_attr(fixedMethodName,
                               method.__get__(self, self.__class__))
  
  
  def _findPageTokenName(fields):
    """Search field names for one like a page token.
  
    Args:
      fields: container of string, names of fields.
  
    Returns:
      First name that is either 'pageToken' or 'nextPageToken' if one exists,
      otherwise None.
    """
    return next((tokenName for tokenName in _PAGE_TOKEN_NAMES
                if tokenName in fields), None)
  
  def _methodProperties(methodDesc, schema, name):
    """Get properties of a field in a method description.
  
    Args:
      methodDesc: object, fragment of deserialized discovery document that
        describes the method.
      schema: object, mapping of schema names to schema descriptions.
      name: string, name of top-level field in method description.
  
    Returns:
      Object representing fragment of deserialized discovery document
      corresponding to 'properties' field of object corresponding to named field
      in method description, if it exists, otherwise empty dict.
    """
    desc = methodDesc.get(name, {})
    if '$ref' in desc:
      desc = schema.get(desc['$ref'], {})
    return desc.get('properties', {})
  