text: # Copyright (c) 2016 Uber Technologies, Inc.
  #
  # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  # of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  # in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
  # to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  # copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
  # furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
  #
  # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
  # all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  #
  # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
  # IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
  # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  # AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
  # LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
  # OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
  # THE SOFTWARE.
  
  from __future__ import absolute_import
  from __future__ import division
  from __future__ import print_function
  from __future__ import unicode_literals
  
  from json import dumps
  from requests import Request
  
  try:
      from urllib.parse import quote
      from urllib.parse import urlencode
      from urllib.parse import urljoin
  except ImportError:
      from urllib import quote
      from urllib import urlencode
      from urlparse import urljoin
  
  from uber_rides.utils.handlers import error_handler
  from uber_rides.utils import http
  
  
  def generate_data(method, args):
      """Assign arguments to body or URL of an HTTP request.
  
      Parameters
          method (str)
              HTTP Method. (e.g. 'POST')
          args (dict)
              Dictionary of data to attach to each Request.
              e.g. {'latitude': 37.561, 'longitude': -122.742}
  
      Returns
          (str or dict)
              Either params containing the dictionary of arguments
              or data containing arugments in JSON-formatted string.
      """
      data = {}
      params = {}
  
      if method in http.BODY_METHODS:
          data = dumps(args)
      else:
          params = args
      return data, params
  
  
  def generate_prepared_request(method, url, headers, data, params, handlers):
      """Add handlers and prepare a Request.
  
      Parameters
          method (str)
              HTTP Method. (e.g. 'POST')
          headers (dict)
              Headers to send.
          data (JSON-formatted str)
              Body to attach to the request.
          params (dict)
              Dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL.
          handlers (list)
              List of callback hooks, for error handling.
  
      Returns
          (requests.PreparedRequest)
              The fully mutable PreparedRequest object,
              containing the exact bytes to send to the server.
      """
      request = Request(
          method=method,
          url=url,
          headers=headers,
          data=data,
          params=params,
      )
  
      handlers.append(error_handler)
  
      for handler in handlers:
          request.register_hook('response', handler)
  
      return request.prepare()
  
  
  def build_url(host, path, params=None):
      """Build a URL.
  
      This method encodes the parameters and adds them
      to the end of the base URL, then adds scheme and hostname.
  
      Parameters
          host (str)
              Base URL of the Uber Server that handles API calls.
          path (str)
              Target path to add to the host (e.g. 'v1/products').
          params (dict)
              Optional dictionary of parameters to add to the URL.
  
      Returns
          (str)
              The fully formed URL.
      """
      path = quote(path)
      params = params or {}
  
      if params:
          path = '/{}?{}'.format(path, urlencode(params))
      else:
          path = '/{}'.format(path)
  
      if not host.startswith(http.URL_SCHEME):
          host = '{}{}'.format(http.URL_SCHEME, host)
  
      return urljoin(host, path)
  