text: #
  #   Parse tree nodes
  #
  
  from __future__ import absolute_import
  
  import cython
  cython.declare(sys=object, os=object, copy=object,
                 Builtin=object, error=object, warning=object, Naming=object, PyrexTypes=object,
                 py_object_type=object, ModuleScope=object, LocalScope=object, ClosureScope=object,
                 StructOrUnionScope=object, PyClassScope=object,
                 CppClassScope=object, UtilityCode=object, EncodedString=object,
                 error_type=object, _py_int_types=object)
  
  import sys, os, copy
  from itertools import chain
  
  from . import Builtin
  from .Errors import error, warning, InternalError, CompileError
  from . import Naming
  from . import PyrexTypes
  from . import TypeSlots
  from .PyrexTypes import py_object_type, error_type
  from .Symtab import (ModuleScope, LocalScope, ClosureScope,
                       StructOrUnionScope, PyClassScope, CppClassScope, TemplateScope,
                       punycodify_name)
  from .Code import UtilityCode
  from .StringEncoding import EncodedString
  from . import Future
  from . import Options
  from . import DebugFlags
  from .Pythran import has_np_pythran, pythran_type, is_pythran_buffer
  from ..Utils import add_metaclass
  
  
  if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
      _py_int_types = int
  else:
      _py_int_types = (int, long)
  
  
  def relative_position(pos):
      return (pos[0].get_filenametable_entry(), pos[1])
  
  
  def embed_position(pos, docstring):
      if not Options.embed_pos_in_docstring:
          return docstring
      pos_line = u'File: %s (starting at line %s)' % relative_position(pos)
      if docstring is None:
          # unicode string
          return EncodedString(pos_line)
  
      # make sure we can encode the filename in the docstring encoding
      # otherwise make the docstring a unicode string
      encoding = docstring.encoding
      if encoding is not None:
          try:
              pos_line.encode(encoding)
          except UnicodeEncodeError:
              encoding = None
  
      if not docstring:
          # reuse the string encoding of the original docstring
          doc = EncodedString(pos_line)
      else:
          doc = EncodedString(pos_line + u'\n' + docstring)
      doc.encoding = encoding
      return doc
  
  def write_func_call(func, codewriter_class):
      def f(*args, **kwds):
          if len(args) > 1 and isinstance(args[1], codewriter_class):
              # here we annotate the code with this function call
              # but only if new code is generated
              node, code = args[:2]
              marker = '                    /* %s -> %s.%s %s */' % (
                  ' ' * code.call_level,
                  node.__class__.__name__,
                  func.__name__,
                  node.pos[1:])
              pristine = code.buffer.stream.tell()
              code.putln(marker)
              start = code.buffer.stream.tell()
              code.call_level += 4
              res = func(*args, **kwds)
              code.call_level -= 4
              if start == code.buffer.stream.tell():
                  # no code written => undo writing marker
                  code.buffer.stream.truncate(pristine)
              else:
                  marker = marker.replace('->', '<-', 1)
                  code.putln(marker)
              return res
          else:
              return func(*args, **kwds)
      return f
  
  
  class VerboseCodeWriter(type):
      # Set this as a metaclass to trace function calls in code.
      # This slows down code generation and makes much larger files.
      def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
          from types import FunctionType
          from .Code import CCodeWriter
          attrs = dict(attrs)
          for mname, m in attrs.items():
              if isinstance(m, FunctionType):
                  attrs[mname] = write_func_call(m, CCodeWriter)
          return super(VerboseCodeWriter, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
  
  
  class CheckAnalysers(type):
      """Metaclass to check that type analysis functions return a node.
      """
      methods = set(['analyse_types',
                     'analyse_expressions',
                     'analyse_target_types'])
  
      def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
          from types import FunctionType
          def check(name, func):
              def call(*args, **kwargs):
                  retval = func(*args, **kwargs)
                  if retval is None:
                      print('%s %s %s' % (name, args, kwargs))
                  return retval
              return call
  
          attrs = dict(attrs)
          for mname, m in attrs.items():
              if isinstance(m, FunctionType) and mname in cls.methods:
                  attrs[mname] = check(mname, m)
          return super(CheckAnalysers, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
  
  
  def _with_metaclass(cls):
      if DebugFlags.debug_trace_code_generation:
          return add_metaclass(VerboseCodeWriter)(cls)
      #return add_metaclass(CheckAnalysers)(cls)
      return cls
  
  
  @_with_metaclass
  class Node(object):
      #  pos         (string, int, int)   Source file position
      #  is_name     boolean              Is a NameNode
      #  is_literal  boolean              Is a ConstNode
  
      is_name = 0
      is_none = 0
      is_nonecheck = 0
      is_literal = 0
      is_terminator = 0
      is_wrapper = False  # is a DefNode wrapper for a C function
      temps = None
  
      # All descendants should set child_attrs to a list of the attributes
      # containing nodes considered "children" in the tree. Each such attribute
      # can either contain a single node or a list of nodes. See Visitor.py.
      child_attrs = None
  
      # Subset of attributes that are evaluated in the outer scope (e.g. function default arguments).
      outer_attrs = None
  
      cf_state = None
  
      # This may be an additional (or 'actual') type that will be checked when
      # this node is coerced to another type. This could be useful to set when
      # the actual type to which it can coerce is known, but you want to leave
      # the type a py_object_type
      coercion_type = None
  
      def __init__(self, pos, **kw):
          self.pos = pos
          self.__dict__.update(kw)
  
      gil_message = "Operation"
  
      nogil_check = None
      in_nogil_context = False  # For use only during code generation.
  
      def gil_error(self, env=None):
          error(self.pos, "%s not allowed without gil" % self.gil_message)
  
      cpp_message = "Operation"
  
      def cpp_check(self, env):
          if not env.is_cpp():
              self.cpp_error()
  
      def cpp_error(self):
          error(self.pos, "%s only allowed in c++" % self.cpp_message)
  
      def clone_node(self):
          """Clone the node. This is defined as a shallow copy, except for member lists
             amongst the child attributes (from get_child_accessors) which are also
             copied. Lists containing child nodes are thus seen as a way for the node
             to hold multiple children directly; the list is not treated as a separate
             level in the tree."""
          result = copy.copy(self)
          for attrname in result.child_attrs:
              value = getattr(result, attrname)
              if isinstance(value, list):
                  setattr(result, attrname, [x for x in value])
          return result
  
  
      #
      #  There are 3 phases of parse tree processing, applied in order to
      #  all the statements in a given scope-block:
      #
      #  (0) analyse_declarations
      #        Make symbol table entries for all declarations at the current
      #        level, both explicit (def, cdef, etc.) and implicit (assignment
      #        to an otherwise undeclared name).
      #
      #  (1) analyse_expressions
      #         Determine the result types of expressions and fill in the
      #         'type' attribute of each ExprNode. Insert coercion nodes into the
      #         tree where needed to convert to and from Python objects.
      #         Allocate temporary locals for intermediate results. Fill
      #         in the 'result_code' attribute of each ExprNode with a C code
      #         fragment.
      #
      #  (2) generate_code
      #         Emit C code for all declarations, statements and expressions.
      #         Recursively applies the 3 processing phases to the bodies of
      #         functions.
      #
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          pass
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          raise InternalError("analyse_expressions not implemented for %s" % \
              self.__class__.__name__)
  
      def generate_code(self, code):
          raise InternalError("generate_code not implemented for %s" % \
              self.__class__.__name__)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          # mro does the wrong thing
          if isinstance(self, BlockNode):
              self.body.annotate(code)
  
      def end_pos(self):
          try:
              return self._end_pos
          except AttributeError:
              pos = self.pos
              if not self.child_attrs:
                  self._end_pos = pos
                  return pos
              for attr in self.child_attrs:
                  child = getattr(self, attr)
                  # Sometimes lists, sometimes nodes
                  if child is None:
                      pass
                  elif isinstance(child, list):
                      for c in child:
                          pos = max(pos, c.end_pos())
                  else:
                      pos = max(pos, child.end_pos())
              self._end_pos = pos
              return pos
  
      def dump(self, level=0, filter_out=("pos",), cutoff=100, encountered=None):
          """Debug helper method that returns a recursive string representation of this node.
          """
          if cutoff == 0:
              return "<...nesting level cutoff...>"
          if encountered is None:
              encountered = set()
          if id(self) in encountered:
              return "<%s (0x%x) -- already output>" % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self))
          encountered.add(id(self))
  
          def dump_child(x, level):
              if isinstance(x, Node):
                  return x.dump(level, filter_out, cutoff-1, encountered)
              elif isinstance(x, list):
                  return "[%s]" % ", ".join([dump_child(item, level) for item in x])
              else:
                  return repr(x)
  
          attrs = [(key, value) for key, value in self.__dict__.items() if key not in filter_out]
          if len(attrs) == 0:
              return "<%s (0x%x)>" % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self))
          else:
              indent = "  " * level
              res = "<%s (0x%x)\n" % (self.__class__.__name__, id(self))
              for key, value in attrs:
                  res += "%s  %s: %s\n" % (indent, key, dump_child(value, level + 1))
              res += "%s>" % indent
              return res
  
      def dump_pos(self, mark_column=False, marker='(#)'):
          """Debug helper method that returns the source code context of this node as a string.
          """
          if not self.pos:
              return u''
          source_desc, line, col = self.pos
          contents = source_desc.get_lines(encoding='ASCII', error_handling='ignore')
          # line numbers start at 1
          lines = contents[max(0, line-3):line]
          current = lines[-1]
          if mark_column:
              current = current[:col] + marker + current[col:]
          lines[-1] = current.rstrip() + u'             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<\n'
          lines += contents[line:line+2]
          return u'"%s":%d:%d\n%s\n' % (
              source_desc.get_escaped_description(), line, col, u''.join(lines))
  
  class CompilerDirectivesNode(Node):
      """
      Sets compiler directives for the children nodes
      """
      #  directives     {string:value}  A dictionary holding the right value for
      #                                 *all* possible directives.
      #  body           Node
      child_attrs = ["body"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          old = env.directives
          env.directives = self.directives
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
          env.directives = old
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          old = env.directives
          env.directives = self.directives
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          env.directives = old
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          env_old = env.directives
          code_old = code.globalstate.directives
          code.globalstate.directives = self.directives
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          env.directives = env_old
          code.globalstate.directives = code_old
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          old = code.globalstate.directives
          code.globalstate.directives = self.directives
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.globalstate.directives = old
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          old = code.globalstate.directives
          code.globalstate.directives = self.directives
          self.body.annotate(code)
          code.globalstate.directives = old
  
  class BlockNode(object):
      #  Mixin class for nodes representing a declaration block.
  
      def generate_cached_builtins_decls(self, env, code):
          entries = env.global_scope().undeclared_cached_builtins
          for entry in entries:
              code.globalstate.add_cached_builtin_decl(entry)
          del entries[:]
  
      def generate_lambda_definitions(self, env, code):
          for node in env.lambda_defs:
              node.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
  class StatListNode(Node):
      # stats     a list of StatNode
  
      child_attrs = ["stats"]
  
      @staticmethod
      def create_analysed(pos, env, *args, **kw):
          node = StatListNode(pos, *args, **kw)
          return node  # No node-specific analysis needed
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          #print "StatListNode.analyse_declarations" ###
          for stat in self.stats:
              stat.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          #print "StatListNode.analyse_expressions" ###
          self.stats = [stat.analyse_expressions(env)
                        for stat in self.stats]
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          #print "StatListNode.generate_function_definitions" ###
          for stat in self.stats:
              stat.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          #print "StatListNode.generate_execution_code" ###
          for stat in self.stats:
              code.mark_pos(stat.pos)
              stat.generate_execution_code(code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          for stat in self.stats:
              stat.annotate(code)
  
  
  class StatNode(Node):
      #
      #  Code generation for statements is split into the following subphases:
      #
      #  (1) generate_function_definitions
      #        Emit C code for the definitions of any structs,
      #        unions, enums and functions defined in the current
      #        scope-block.
      #
      #  (2) generate_execution_code
      #        Emit C code for executable statements.
      #
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          pass
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          raise InternalError("generate_execution_code not implemented for %s" % \
              self.__class__.__name__)
  
  
  class CDefExternNode(StatNode):
      #  include_file       string or None
      #  verbatim_include   string or None
      #  body               StatListNode
  
      child_attrs = ["body"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          old_cinclude_flag = env.in_cinclude
          env.in_cinclude = 1
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
          env.in_cinclude = old_cinclude_flag
  
          if self.include_file or self.verbatim_include:
              # Determine whether include should be late
              stats = self.body.stats
              if not env.directives['preliminary_late_includes_cy28']:
                  late = False
              elif not stats:
                  # Special case: empty 'cdef extern' blocks are early
                  late = False
              else:
                  late = all(isinstance(node, CVarDefNode) for node in stats)
              env.add_include_file(self.include_file, self.verbatim_include, late)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.body.annotate(code)
  
  
  class CDeclaratorNode(Node):
      # Part of a C declaration.
      #
      # Processing during analyse_declarations phase:
      #
      #   analyse
      #      Returns (name, type) pair where name is the
      #      CNameDeclaratorNode of the name being declared
      #      and type is the type it is being declared as.
      #
      #  calling_convention  string   Calling convention of CFuncDeclaratorNode
      #                               for which this is a base
  
      child_attrs = []
  
      calling_convention = ""
  
      def analyse_templates(self):
          # Only C++ functions have templates.
          return None
  
  
  class CNameDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
      #  name    string             The Cython name being declared
      #  cname   string or None     C name, if specified
      #  default ExprNode or None   the value assigned on declaration
  
      child_attrs = ['default']
  
      default = None
  
      def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty=0, visibility=None, in_pxd=False):
          if nonempty and self.name == '':
              # May have mistaken the name for the type.
              if base_type.is_ptr or base_type.is_array or base_type.is_buffer:
                  error(self.pos, "Missing argument name")
              elif base_type.is_void:
                  error(self.pos, "Use spam() rather than spam(void) to declare a function with no arguments.")
              else:
                  self.name = base_type.declaration_code("", for_display=1, pyrex=1)
                  base_type = py_object_type
  
          if base_type.is_fused and env.fused_to_specific:
              base_type = base_type.specialize(env.fused_to_specific)
  
          self.type = base_type
          return self, base_type
  
  
  class CPtrDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
      # base     CDeclaratorNode
  
      child_attrs = ["base"]
  
      def analyse_templates(self):
          return self.base.analyse_templates()
  
      def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty=0, visibility=None, in_pxd=False):
          if base_type.is_pyobject:
              error(self.pos, "Pointer base type cannot be a Python object")
          ptr_type = PyrexTypes.c_ptr_type(base_type)
          return self.base.analyse(ptr_type, env, nonempty=nonempty, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=in_pxd)
  
  
  class CReferenceDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
      # base     CDeclaratorNode
  
      child_attrs = ["base"]
  
      def analyse_templates(self):
          return self.base.analyse_templates()
  
      def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty=0, visibility=None, in_pxd=False):
          if base_type.is_pyobject:
              error(self.pos, "Reference base type cannot be a Python object")
          ref_type = PyrexTypes.c_ref_type(base_type)
          return self.base.analyse(ref_type, env, nonempty=nonempty, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=in_pxd)
  
  
  class CArrayDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
      # base        CDeclaratorNode
      # dimension   ExprNode
  
      child_attrs = ["base", "dimension"]
  
      def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty=0, visibility=None, in_pxd=False):
          if (base_type.is_cpp_class and base_type.is_template_type()) or base_type.is_cfunction:
              from .ExprNodes import TupleNode
              if isinstance(self.dimension, TupleNode):
                  args = self.dimension.args
              else:
                  args = self.dimension,
              values = [v.analyse_as_type(env) for v in args]
              if None in values:
                  ix = values.index(None)
                  error(args[ix].pos, "Template parameter not a type")
                  base_type = error_type
              else:
                  base_type = base_type.specialize_here(self.pos, values)
              return self.base.analyse(base_type, env, nonempty=nonempty, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=in_pxd)
          if self.dimension:
              self.dimension = self.dimension.analyse_const_expression(env)
              if not self.dimension.type.is_int:
                  error(self.dimension.pos, "Array dimension not integer")
              size = self.dimension.get_constant_c_result_code()
              if size is not None:
                  try:
                      size = int(size)
                  except ValueError:
                      # runtime constant?
                      pass
          else:
              size = None
          if not base_type.is_complete():
              error(self.pos, "Array element type '%s' is incomplete" % base_type)
          if base_type.is_pyobject:
              error(self.pos, "Array element cannot be a Python object")
          if base_type.is_cfunction:
              error(self.pos, "Array element cannot be a function")
          array_type = PyrexTypes.c_array_type(base_type, size)
          return self.base.analyse(array_type, env, nonempty=nonempty, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=in_pxd)
  
  
  class CFuncDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
      # base             CDeclaratorNode
      # args             [CArgDeclNode]
      # templates        [TemplatePlaceholderType]
      # has_varargs      boolean
      # exception_value  ConstNode
      # exception_check  boolean    True if PyErr_Occurred check needed
      # nogil            boolean    Can be called without gil
      # with_gil         boolean    Acquire gil around function body
      # is_const_method  boolean    Whether this is a const method
  
      child_attrs = ["base", "args", "exception_value"]
  
      overridable = 0
      optional_arg_count = 0
      is_const_method = 0
      templates = None
  
      def analyse_templates(self):
          if isinstance(self.base, CArrayDeclaratorNode):
              from .ExprNodes import TupleNode, NameNode
              template_node = self.base.dimension
              if isinstance(template_node, TupleNode):
                  template_nodes = template_node.args
              elif isinstance(template_node, NameNode):
                  template_nodes = [template_node]
              else:
                  error(template_node.pos, "Template arguments must be a list of names")
                  return None
              self.templates = []
              for template in template_nodes:
                  if isinstance(template, NameNode):
                      self.templates.append(PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(template.name))
                  else:
                      error(template.pos, "Template arguments must be a list of names")
              self.base = self.base.base
              return self.templates
          else:
              return None
  
      def analyse(self, return_type, env, nonempty=0, directive_locals=None, visibility=None, in_pxd=False):
          if directive_locals is None:
              directive_locals = {}
          if nonempty:
              nonempty -= 1
          func_type_args = []
          for i, arg_node in enumerate(self.args):
              name_declarator, type = arg_node.analyse(
                  env, nonempty=nonempty,
                  is_self_arg=(i == 0 and env.is_c_class_scope and 'staticmethod' not in env.directives))
              name = name_declarator.name
              if name in directive_locals:
                  type_node = directive_locals[name]
                  other_type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
                  if other_type is None:
                      error(type_node.pos, "Not a type")
                  elif (type is not PyrexTypes.py_object_type
                        and not type.same_as(other_type)):
                      error(self.base.pos, "Signature does not agree with previous declaration")
                      error(type_node.pos, "Previous declaration here")
                  else:
                      type = other_type
              if name_declarator.cname:
                  error(self.pos, "Function argument cannot have C name specification")
              if i == 0 and env.is_c_class_scope and type.is_unspecified:
                  # fix the type of self
                  type = env.parent_type
              # Turn *[] argument into **
              if type.is_array:
                  type = PyrexTypes.c_ptr_type(type.base_type)
              # Catch attempted C-style func(void) decl
              if type.is_void:
                  error(arg_node.pos, "Use spam() rather than spam(void) to declare a function with no arguments.")
              func_type_args.append(
                  PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg(name, type, arg_node.pos))
              if arg_node.default:
                  self.optional_arg_count += 1
              elif self.optional_arg_count:
                  error(self.pos, "Non-default argument follows default argument")
  
          exc_val = None
          exc_check = 0
          if self.exception_check == '+':
              env.add_include_file('ios')         # for std::ios_base::failure
              env.add_include_file('new')         # for std::bad_alloc
              env.add_include_file('stdexcept')
              env.add_include_file('typeinfo')    # for std::bad_cast
          if (return_type.is_pyobject
                  and (self.exception_value or self.exception_check)
                  and self.exception_check != '+'):
              error(self.pos, "Exception clause not allowed for function returning Python object")
          else:
              if self.exception_value is None and self.exception_check and self.exception_check != '+':
                  # Use an explicit exception return value to speed up exception checks.
                  # Even if it is not declared, we can use the default exception value of the return type,
                  # unless the function is some kind of external function that we do not control.
                  if return_type.exception_value is not None and (visibility != 'extern' and not in_pxd):
                      # Extension types are more difficult because the signature must match the base type signature.
                      if not env.is_c_class_scope:
                          from .ExprNodes import ConstNode
                          self.exception_value = ConstNode(
                              self.pos, value=return_type.exception_value, type=return_type)
              if self.exception_value:
                  if self.exception_check == '+':
                      self.exception_value = self.exception_value.analyse_const_expression(env)
                      exc_val_type = self.exception_value.type
                      if (not exc_val_type.is_error
                              and not exc_val_type.is_pyobject
                              and not (exc_val_type.is_cfunction
                                       and not exc_val_type.return_type.is_pyobject
                                       and not exc_val_type.args)
                              and not (exc_val_type == PyrexTypes.c_char_type
                                       and self.exception_value.value == '*')):
                          error(self.exception_value.pos,
                                "Exception value must be a Python exception or cdef function with no arguments or *.")
                      exc_val = self.exception_value
                  else:
                      self.exception_value = self.exception_value.analyse_types(env).coerce_to(
                          return_type, env).analyse_const_expression(env)
                      exc_val = self.exception_value.get_constant_c_result_code()
                      if exc_val is None:
                          error(self.exception_value.pos, "Exception value must be constant")
                      if not return_type.assignable_from(self.exception_value.type):
                          error(self.exception_value.pos,
                                "Exception value incompatible with function return type")
                      if (visibility != 'extern'
                              and (return_type.is_int or return_type.is_float)
                              and self.exception_value.has_constant_result()):
                          try:
                              type_default_value = float(return_type.default_value)
                          except ValueError:
                              pass
                          else:
                              if self.exception_value.constant_result == type_default_value:
                                  warning(self.pos, "Ambiguous exception value, same as default return value: %r" %
                                          self.exception_value.constant_result)
              exc_check = self.exception_check
          if return_type.is_cfunction:
              error(self.pos, "Function cannot return a function")
          func_type = PyrexTypes.CFuncType(
              return_type, func_type_args, self.has_varargs,
              optional_arg_count=self.optional_arg_count,
              exception_value=exc_val, exception_check=exc_check,
              calling_convention=self.base.calling_convention,
              nogil=self.nogil, with_gil=self.with_gil, is_overridable=self.overridable,
              is_const_method=self.is_const_method,
              templates=self.templates)
  
          if self.optional_arg_count:
              if func_type.is_fused:
                  # This is a bit of a hack... When we need to create specialized CFuncTypes
                  # on the fly because the cdef is defined in a pxd, we need to declare the specialized optional arg
                  # struct
                  def declare_opt_arg_struct(func_type, fused_cname):
                      self.declare_optional_arg_struct(func_type, env, fused_cname)
  
                  func_type.declare_opt_arg_struct = declare_opt_arg_struct
              else:
                  self.declare_optional_arg_struct(func_type, env)
  
          callspec = env.directives['callspec']
          if callspec:
              current = func_type.calling_convention
              if current and current != callspec:
                  error(self.pos, "cannot have both '%s' and '%s' "
                        "calling conventions" % (current, callspec))
              func_type.calling_convention = callspec
          return self.base.analyse(func_type, env, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=in_pxd)
  
      def declare_optional_arg_struct(self, func_type, env, fused_cname=None):
          """
          Declares the optional argument struct (the struct used to hold the
          values for optional arguments). For fused cdef functions, this is
          deferred as analyse_declarations is called only once (on the fused
          cdef function).
          """
          scope = StructOrUnionScope()
          arg_count_member = '%sn' % Naming.pyrex_prefix
          scope.declare_var(arg_count_member, PyrexTypes.c_int_type, self.pos)
  
          for arg in func_type.args[len(func_type.args) - self.optional_arg_count:]:
              scope.declare_var(arg.name, arg.type, arg.pos, allow_pyobject=True, allow_memoryview=True)
  
          struct_cname = env.mangle(Naming.opt_arg_prefix, self.base.name)
  
          if fused_cname is not None:
              struct_cname = PyrexTypes.get_fused_cname(fused_cname, struct_cname)
  
          op_args_struct = env.global_scope().declare_struct_or_union(
              name=struct_cname,
              kind='struct',
              scope=scope,
              typedef_flag=0,
              pos=self.pos,
              cname=struct_cname)
  
          op_args_struct.defined_in_pxd = 1
          op_args_struct.used = 1
  
          func_type.op_arg_struct = PyrexTypes.c_ptr_type(op_args_struct.type)
  
  
  class CConstDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
      # base     CDeclaratorNode
  
      child_attrs = ["base"]
  
      def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty=0, visibility=None, in_pxd=False):
          if base_type.is_pyobject:
              error(self.pos,
                    "Const base type cannot be a Python object")
          const = PyrexTypes.c_const_type(base_type)
          return self.base.analyse(const, env, nonempty=nonempty, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=in_pxd)
  
  
  class CArgDeclNode(Node):
      # Item in a function declaration argument list.
      #
      # base_type      CBaseTypeNode
      # declarator     CDeclaratorNode
      # not_none       boolean            Tagged with 'not None'
      # or_none        boolean            Tagged with 'or None'
      # accept_none    boolean            Resolved boolean for not_none/or_none
      # default        ExprNode or None
      # default_value  PyObjectConst      constant for default value
      # annotation     ExprNode or None   Py3 function arg annotation
      # is_self_arg    boolean            Is the "self" arg of an extension type method
      # is_type_arg    boolean            Is the "class" arg of an extension type classmethod
      # kw_only        boolean            Is a keyword-only argument
      # is_dynamic     boolean            Non-literal arg stored inside CyFunction
      # pos_only       boolean            Is a positional-only argument
      #
      # name_cstring                         property that converts the name to a cstring taking care of unicode
      #                                      and quoting it
  
      child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarator", "default", "annotation"]
      outer_attrs = ["default", "annotation"]
  
      is_self_arg = 0
      is_type_arg = 0
      is_generic = 1
      kw_only = 0
      pos_only = 0
      not_none = 0
      or_none = 0
      type = None
      name_declarator = None
      default_value = None
      annotation = None
      is_dynamic = 0
  
      @property
      def name_cstring(self):
          return self.name.as_c_string_literal()
  
      def analyse(self, env, nonempty=0, is_self_arg=False):
          if is_self_arg:
              self.base_type.is_self_arg = self.is_self_arg = True
          if self.type is None:
              # The parser may misinterpret names as types. We fix that here.
              if isinstance(self.declarator, CNameDeclaratorNode) and self.declarator.name == '':
                  if nonempty:
                      if self.base_type.is_basic_c_type:
                          # char, short, long called "int"
                          type = self.base_type.analyse(env, could_be_name=True)
                          arg_name = type.empty_declaration_code()
                      else:
                          arg_name = self.base_type.name
                      self.declarator.name = EncodedString(arg_name)
                      self.base_type.name = None
                      self.base_type.is_basic_c_type = False
                  could_be_name = True
              else:
                  could_be_name = False
              self.base_type.is_arg = True
              base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env, could_be_name=could_be_name)
              if hasattr(self.base_type, 'arg_name') and self.base_type.arg_name:
                  self.declarator.name = self.base_type.arg_name
  
              # The parser is unable to resolve the ambiguity of [] as part of the
              # type (e.g. in buffers) or empty declarator (as with arrays).
              # This is only arises for empty multi-dimensional arrays.
              if (base_type.is_array
                      and isinstance(self.base_type, TemplatedTypeNode)
                      and isinstance(self.declarator, CArrayDeclaratorNode)):
                  declarator = self.declarator
                  while isinstance(declarator.base, CArrayDeclaratorNode):
                      declarator = declarator.base
                  declarator.base = self.base_type.array_declarator
                  base_type = base_type.base_type
  
              # inject type declaration from annotations
              # this is called without 'env' by AdjustDefByDirectives transform before declaration analysis
              if (self.annotation and env and env.directives['annotation_typing']
                      # CSimpleBaseTypeNode has a name attribute; CAnalysedBaseTypeNode
                      # (and maybe other options) doesn't
                      and getattr(self.base_type, "name", None) is None):
                  arg_type = self.inject_type_from_annotations(env)
                  if arg_type is not None:
                      base_type = arg_type
              return self.declarator.analyse(base_type, env, nonempty=nonempty)
          else:
              return self.name_declarator, self.type
  
      def inject_type_from_annotations(self, env):
          annotation = self.annotation
          if not annotation:
              return None
          base_type, arg_type = annotation.analyse_type_annotation(env, assigned_value=self.default)
          if base_type is not None:
              self.base_type = base_type
          return arg_type
  
      def calculate_default_value_code(self, code):
          if self.default_value is None:
              if self.default:
                  if self.default.is_literal:
                      # will not output any code, just assign the result_code
                      self.default.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                      return self.type.cast_code(self.default.result())
                  self.default_value = code.get_argument_default_const(self.type)
          return self.default_value
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          if self.default:
              self.default.annotate(code)
  
      def generate_assignment_code(self, code, target=None, overloaded_assignment=False):
          default = self.default
          if default is None or default.is_literal:
              return
          if target is None:
              target = self.calculate_default_value_code(code)
          default.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          default.make_owned_reference(code)
          result = default.result() if overloaded_assignment else default.result_as(self.type)
          code.putln("%s = %s;" % (target, result))
          code.put_giveref(default.result(), self.type)
          default.generate_post_assignment_code(code)
          default.free_temps(code)
  
  
  class CBaseTypeNode(Node):
      # Abstract base class for C base type nodes.
      #
      # Processing during analyse_declarations phase:
      #
      #   analyse
      #     Returns the type.
  
      def analyse_as_type(self, env):
          return self.analyse(env)
  
  
  class CAnalysedBaseTypeNode(Node):
      # type            type
  
      child_attrs = []
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=False):
          return self.type
  
  
  class CSimpleBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
      # name             string
      # module_path      [string]     Qualifying name components
      # is_basic_c_type  boolean
      # signed           boolean
      # longness         integer
      # complex          boolean
      # is_self_arg      boolean      Is self argument of C method
      # ##is_type_arg      boolean      Is type argument of class method
  
      child_attrs = []
      arg_name = None   # in case the argument name was interpreted as a type
      module_path = []
      is_basic_c_type = False
      complex = False
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=False):
          # Return type descriptor.
          #print "CSimpleBaseTypeNode.analyse: is_self_arg =", self.is_self_arg ###
          type = None
          if self.is_basic_c_type:
              type = PyrexTypes.simple_c_type(self.signed, self.longness, self.name)
              if not type:
                  error(self.pos, "Unrecognised type modifier combination")
          elif self.name == "object" and not self.module_path:
              type = py_object_type
          elif self.name is None:
              if self.is_self_arg and env.is_c_class_scope:
                  #print "CSimpleBaseTypeNode.analyse: defaulting to parent type" ###
                  type = env.parent_type
              ## elif self.is_type_arg and env.is_c_class_scope:
              ##     type = Builtin.type_type
              else:
                  type = py_object_type
          else:
              if self.module_path:
                  # Maybe it's a nested C++ class.
                  scope = env
                  for item in self.module_path:
                      entry = scope.lookup(item)
                      if entry is not None and entry.is_cpp_class:
                          scope = entry.type.scope
                      else:
                          scope = None
                          break
  
                  if scope is None:
                      # Maybe it's a cimport.
                      scope = env.find_imported_module(self.module_path, self.pos)
                      if scope:
                          scope.fused_to_specific = env.fused_to_specific
              else:
                  scope = env
  
              if scope:
                  if scope.is_c_class_scope:
                      scope = scope.global_scope()
  
                  type = scope.lookup_type(self.name)
                  if type is not None:
                      pass
                  elif could_be_name:
                      if self.is_self_arg and env.is_c_class_scope:
                          type = env.parent_type
                      ## elif self.is_type_arg and env.is_c_class_scope:
                      ##     type = Builtin.type_type
                      else:
                          type = py_object_type
                      self.arg_name = EncodedString(self.name)
                  else:
                      if self.templates:
                          if not self.name in self.templates:
                              error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a type identifier" % self.name)
                          type = PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(self.name)
                      else:
                          error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a type identifier" % self.name)
          if self.complex:
              if not type.is_numeric or type.is_complex:
                  error(self.pos, "can only complexify c numeric types")
              type = PyrexTypes.CComplexType(type)
              type.create_declaration_utility_code(env)
          elif type is Builtin.complex_type:
              # Special case: optimise builtin complex type into C's
              # double complex.  The parser cannot do this (as for the
              # normal scalar types) as the user may have redeclared the
              # 'complex' type.  Testing for the exact type here works.
              type = PyrexTypes.c_double_complex_type
              type.create_declaration_utility_code(env)
              self.complex = True
          if type:
              return type
          else:
              return PyrexTypes.error_type
  
  class MemoryViewSliceTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
  
      name = 'memoryview'
      child_attrs = ['base_type_node', 'axes']
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=False):
  
          base_type = self.base_type_node.analyse(env)
          if base_type.is_error: return base_type
  
          from . import MemoryView
  
          try:
              axes_specs = MemoryView.get_axes_specs(env, self.axes)
          except CompileError as e:
              error(e.position, e.message_only)
              self.type = PyrexTypes.ErrorType()
              return self.type
  
          if not MemoryView.validate_axes(self.pos, axes_specs):
              self.type = error_type
          else:
              self.type = PyrexTypes.MemoryViewSliceType(base_type, axes_specs)
              self.type.validate_memslice_dtype(self.pos)
              self.use_memview_utilities(env)
  
          return self.type
  
      def use_memview_utilities(self, env):
          from . import MemoryView
          env.use_utility_code(MemoryView.view_utility_code)
  
  
  class CNestedBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
      # For C++ classes that live inside other C++ classes.
  
      # name             string
      # base_type        CBaseTypeNode
  
      child_attrs = ['base_type']
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=None):
          base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env)
          if base_type is PyrexTypes.error_type:
              return PyrexTypes.error_type
          if not base_type.is_cpp_class:
              error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a valid type scope" % base_type)
              return PyrexTypes.error_type
          type_entry = base_type.scope.lookup_here(self.name)
          if not type_entry or not type_entry.is_type:
              error(self.pos, "'%s.%s' is not a type identifier" % (base_type, self.name))
              return PyrexTypes.error_type
          return type_entry.type
  
  
  class TemplatedTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
      #  After parsing:
      #  positional_args  [ExprNode]        List of positional arguments
      #  keyword_args     DictNode          Keyword arguments
      #  base_type_node   CBaseTypeNode
  
      #  After analysis:
      #  type             PyrexTypes.BufferType or PyrexTypes.CppClassType  ...containing the right options
  
      child_attrs = ["base_type_node", "positional_args",
                     "keyword_args", "dtype_node"]
  
      dtype_node = None
  
      name = None
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=False, base_type=None):
          if base_type is None:
              base_type = self.base_type_node.analyse(env)
          if base_type.is_error: return base_type
  
          if base_type.is_cpp_class and base_type.is_template_type():
              # Templated class
              if self.keyword_args and self.keyword_args.key_value_pairs:
                  error(self.pos, "c++ templates cannot take keyword arguments")
                  self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
              else:
                  template_types = []
                  for template_node in self.positional_args:
                      type = template_node.analyse_as_type(env)
                      if type is None:
                          error(template_node.pos, "unknown type in template argument")
                          type = error_type
                      template_types.append(type)
                  self.type = base_type.specialize_here(self.pos, template_types)
  
          elif base_type.is_pyobject:
              # Buffer
              from . import Buffer
  
              options = Buffer.analyse_buffer_options(
                  self.pos,
                  env,
                  self.positional_args,
                  self.keyword_args,
                  base_type.buffer_defaults)
  
              if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
                  # Py 2.x enforces byte strings as keyword arguments ...
                  options = dict([(name.encode('ASCII'), value)
                                  for name, value in options.items()])
  
              self.type = PyrexTypes.BufferType(base_type, **options)
              if has_np_pythran(env) and is_pythran_buffer(self.type):
                  self.type = PyrexTypes.PythranExpr(pythran_type(self.type), self.type)
  
          else:
              # Array
              empty_declarator = CNameDeclaratorNode(self.pos, name="", cname=None)
              if len(self.positional_args) > 1 or self.keyword_args.key_value_pairs:
                  error(self.pos, "invalid array declaration")
                  self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
              else:
                  # It would be nice to merge this class with CArrayDeclaratorNode,
                  # but arrays are part of the declaration, not the type...
                  if not self.positional_args:
                      dimension = None
                  else:
                      dimension = self.positional_args[0]
                  self.array_declarator = CArrayDeclaratorNode(
                      self.pos,
                      base=empty_declarator,
                      dimension=dimension)
                  self.type = self.array_declarator.analyse(base_type, env)[1]
  
          if self.type.is_fused and env.fused_to_specific:
              self.type = self.type.specialize(env.fused_to_specific)
  
          return self.type
  
  
  class CComplexBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
      # base_type   CBaseTypeNode
      # declarator  CDeclaratorNode
  
      child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarator"]
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=False):
          base = self.base_type.analyse(env, could_be_name)
          _, type = self.declarator.analyse(base, env)
          return type
  
  
  class CTupleBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
      # components [CBaseTypeNode]
  
      child_attrs = ["components"]
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=False):
          component_types = []
          for c in self.components:
              type = c.analyse(env)
              if type.is_pyobject:
                  error(c.pos, "Tuple types can't (yet) contain Python objects.")
                  return error_type
              component_types.append(type)
          entry = env.declare_tuple_type(self.pos, component_types)
          entry.used = True
          return entry.type
  
  
  class FusedTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
      """
      Represents a fused type in a ctypedef statement:
  
          ctypedef cython.fused_type(int, long, long long) integral
  
      name            str                     name of this fused type
      types           [CSimpleBaseTypeNode]   is the list of types to be fused
      """
  
      child_attrs = []
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          type = self.analyse(env)
          entry = env.declare_typedef(self.name, type, self.pos)
  
          # Omit the typedef declaration that self.declarator would produce
          entry.in_cinclude = True
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=False):
          types = []
          for type_node in self.types:
              type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
  
              if not type:
                  error(type_node.pos, "Not a type")
                  continue
  
              if type in types:
                  error(type_node.pos, "Type specified multiple times")
              else:
                  types.append(type)
  
          # if len(self.types) == 1:
          #     return types[0]
  
          return PyrexTypes.FusedType(types, name=self.name)
  
  
  class CConstOrVolatileTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
      # base_type     CBaseTypeNode
      # is_const      boolean
      # is_volatile   boolean
  
      child_attrs = ["base_type"]
  
      def analyse(self, env, could_be_name=False):
          base = self.base_type.analyse(env, could_be_name)
          if base.is_pyobject:
              error(self.pos,
                    "Const/volatile base type cannot be a Python object")
          return PyrexTypes.c_const_or_volatile_type(base, self.is_const, self.is_volatile)
  
  
  class CVarDefNode(StatNode):
      #  C variable definition or forward/extern function declaration.
      #
      #  visibility    'private' or 'public' or 'extern'
      #  base_type     CBaseTypeNode
      #  declarators   [CDeclaratorNode]
      #  in_pxd        boolean
      #  api           boolean
      #  overridable   boolean        whether it is a cpdef
      #  modifiers     ['inline']
  
      #  decorators    [cython.locals(...)] or None
      #  directive_locals { string : NameNode } locals defined by cython.locals(...)
  
      child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarators"]
  
      decorators = None
      directive_locals = None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env, dest_scope=None):
          if self.directive_locals is None:
              self.directive_locals = {}
          if not dest_scope:
              dest_scope = env
          self.dest_scope = dest_scope
  
          if self.declarators:
              templates = self.declarators[0].analyse_templates()
          else:
              templates = None
          if templates is not None:
              if self.visibility != 'extern':
                  error(self.pos, "Only extern functions allowed")
              if len(self.declarators) > 1:
                  error(self.declarators[1].pos, "Can't multiply declare template types")
              env = TemplateScope('func_template', env)
              env.directives = env.outer_scope.directives
              for template_param in templates:
                  env.declare_type(template_param.name, template_param, self.pos)
  
          base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env)
  
          if base_type.is_fused and not self.in_pxd and (env.is_c_class_scope or
                                                         env.is_module_scope):
              error(self.pos, "Fused types not allowed here")
              return error_type
  
          self.entry = None
          visibility = self.visibility
  
          for declarator in self.declarators:
  
              if (len(self.declarators) > 1
                      and not isinstance(declarator, CNameDeclaratorNode)
                      and env.directives['warn.multiple_declarators']):
                  warning(
                      declarator.pos,
                      "Non-trivial type declarators in shared declaration (e.g. mix of pointers and values). "
                      "Each pointer declaration should be on its own line.", 1)
  
              create_extern_wrapper = (self.overridable
                                       and self.visibility == 'extern'
                                       and env.is_module_scope)
              if create_extern_wrapper:
                  declarator.overridable = False
              if isinstance(declarator, CFuncDeclaratorNode):
                  name_declarator, type = declarator.analyse(
                      base_type, env, directive_locals=self.directive_locals, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=self.in_pxd)
              else:
                  name_declarator, type = declarator.analyse(
                      base_type, env, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=self.in_pxd)
              if not type.is_complete():
                  if not (self.visibility == 'extern' and type.is_array or type.is_memoryviewslice):
                      error(declarator.pos, "Variable type '%s' is incomplete" % type)
              if self.visibility == 'extern' and type.is_pyobject:
                  error(declarator.pos, "Python object cannot be declared extern")
              name = name_declarator.name
              cname = name_declarator.cname
              if name == '':
                  error(declarator.pos, "Missing name in declaration.")
                  return
              if type.is_reference and self.visibility != 'extern':
                  error(declarator.pos, "C++ references cannot be declared; use a pointer instead")
              if type.is_cfunction:
                  if 'staticmethod' in env.directives:
                      type.is_static_method = True
                  self.entry = dest_scope.declare_cfunction(
                      name, type, declarator.pos,
                      cname=cname, visibility=self.visibility, in_pxd=self.in_pxd,
                      api=self.api, modifiers=self.modifiers, overridable=self.overridable)
                  if self.entry is not None:
                      self.entry.directive_locals = copy.copy(self.directive_locals)
                  if create_extern_wrapper:
                      self.entry.type.create_to_py_utility_code(env)
                      self.entry.create_wrapper = True
              else:
                  if self.directive_locals:
                      error(self.pos, "Decorators can only be followed by functions")
                  self.entry = dest_scope.declare_var(
                      name, type, declarator.pos,
                      cname=cname, visibility=visibility, in_pxd=self.in_pxd,
                      api=self.api, is_cdef=1)
                  if Options.docstrings:
                      self.entry.doc = embed_position(self.pos, self.doc)
  
  
  class CStructOrUnionDefNode(StatNode):
      #  name          string
      #  cname         string or None
      #  kind          "struct" or "union"
      #  typedef_flag  boolean
      #  visibility    "public" or "private"
      #  api           boolean
      #  in_pxd        boolean
      #  attributes    [CVarDefNode] or None
      #  entry         Entry
      #  packed        boolean
  
      child_attrs = ["attributes"]
  
      def declare(self, env, scope=None):
          self.entry = env.declare_struct_or_union(
              self.name, self.kind, scope, self.typedef_flag, self.pos,
              self.cname, visibility=self.visibility, api=self.api,
              packed=self.packed)
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          scope = None
          if self.attributes is not None:
              scope = StructOrUnionScope(self.name)
          self.declare(env, scope)
          if self.attributes is not None:
              if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
                  self.entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
              for attr in self.attributes:
                  attr.analyse_declarations(env, scope)
              if self.visibility != 'extern':
                  for attr in scope.var_entries:
                      type = attr.type
                      while type.is_array:
                          type = type.base_type
                      if type == self.entry.type:
                          error(attr.pos, "Struct cannot contain itself as a member.")
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
  
  class CppClassNode(CStructOrUnionDefNode, BlockNode):
  
      #  name          string
      #  cname         string or None
      #  visibility    "extern"
      #  in_pxd        boolean
      #  attributes    [CVarDefNode] or None
      #  entry         Entry
      #  base_classes  [CBaseTypeNode]
      #  templates     [(string, bool)] or None
      #  decorators    [DecoratorNode] or None
  
      decorators = None
  
      def declare(self, env):
          if self.templates is None:
              template_types = None
          else:
              template_types = [PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(template_name, not required)
                                for template_name, required in self.templates]
              num_optional_templates = sum(not required for _, required in self.templates)
              if num_optional_templates and not all(required for _, required in self.templates[:-num_optional_templates]):
                  error(self.pos, "Required template parameters must precede optional template parameters.")
          self.entry = env.declare_cpp_class(
              self.name, None, self.pos, self.cname,
              base_classes=[], visibility=self.visibility, templates=template_types)
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          if self.templates is None:
              template_types = template_names = None
          else:
              template_names = [template_name for template_name, _ in self.templates]
              template_types = [PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(template_name, not required)
                                for template_name, required in self.templates]
          scope = None
          if self.attributes is not None:
              scope = CppClassScope(self.name, env, templates=template_names)
          def base_ok(base_class):
              if base_class.is_cpp_class or base_class.is_struct:
                  return True
              else:
                  error(self.pos, "Base class '%s' not a struct or class." % base_class)
          base_class_types = filter(base_ok, [b.analyse(scope or env) for b in self.base_classes])
          self.entry = env.declare_cpp_class(
              self.name, scope, self.pos,
              self.cname, base_class_types, visibility=self.visibility, templates=template_types)
          if self.entry is None:
              return
          self.entry.is_cpp_class = 1
          if scope is not None:
              scope.type = self.entry.type
          defined_funcs = []
          def func_attributes(attributes):
              for attr in attributes:
                  if isinstance(attr, CFuncDefNode):
                      yield attr
                  elif isinstance(attr, CompilerDirectivesNode):
                      for sub_attr in func_attributes(attr.body.stats):
                          yield sub_attr
          if self.attributes is not None:
              if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
                  self.entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
              for attr in self.attributes:
                  declare = getattr(attr, 'declare', None)
                  if declare:
                      attr.declare(scope)
                  attr.analyse_declarations(scope)
              for func in func_attributes(self.attributes):
                  defined_funcs.append(func)
                  if self.templates is not None:
                      func.template_declaration = "template <typename %s>" % ", typename ".join(template_names)
          self.body = StatListNode(self.pos, stats=defined_funcs)
          self.scope = scope
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(self.entry.type.scope)
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(self.entry.type.scope, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.body.annotate(code)
  
  
  class CEnumDefNode(StatNode):
      #  name           string or None
      #  cname          string or None
      #  items          [CEnumDefItemNode]
      #  typedef_flag   boolean
      #  visibility     "public" or "private" or "extern"
      #  api            boolean
      #  in_pxd         boolean
      #  create_wrapper boolean
      #  entry          Entry
  
      child_attrs = ["items"]
  
      def declare(self, env):
           self.entry = env.declare_enum(
               self.name, self.pos,
               cname=self.cname, typedef_flag=self.typedef_flag,
               visibility=self.visibility, api=self.api,
               create_wrapper=self.create_wrapper)
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          if self.items is not None:
              if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
                  self.entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
              for item in self.items:
                  item.analyse_declarations(env, self.entry)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          if self.visibility == 'public' or self.api:
              code.mark_pos(self.pos)
              temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
              for item in self.entry.enum_values:
                  code.putln("%s = PyInt_FromLong(%s); %s" % (
                      temp,
                      item.cname,
                      code.error_goto_if_null(temp, item.pos)))
                  code.put_gotref(temp, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
                  code.putln('if (PyDict_SetItemString(%s, "%s", %s) < 0) %s' % (
                      Naming.moddict_cname,
                      item.name,
                      temp,
                      code.error_goto(item.pos)))
                  code.put_decref_clear(temp, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
              code.funcstate.release_temp(temp)
  
  
  class CEnumDefItemNode(StatNode):
      #  name     string
      #  cname    string or None
      #  value    ExprNode or None
  
      child_attrs = ["value"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env, enum_entry):
          if self.value:
              self.value = self.value.analyse_const_expression(env)
              if not self.value.type.is_int:
                  self.value = self.value.coerce_to(PyrexTypes.c_int_type, env)
                  self.value = self.value.analyse_const_expression(env)
          entry = env.declare_const(
              self.name, enum_entry.type,
              self.value, self.pos, cname=self.cname,
              visibility=enum_entry.visibility, api=enum_entry.api,
              create_wrapper=enum_entry.create_wrapper and enum_entry.name is None)
          enum_entry.enum_values.append(entry)
          if enum_entry.name:
              enum_entry.type.values.append(entry.name)
  
  
  class CTypeDefNode(StatNode):
      #  base_type    CBaseTypeNode
      #  declarator   CDeclaratorNode
      #  visibility   "public" or "private"
      #  api          boolean
      #  in_pxd       boolean
  
      child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarator"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          base = self.base_type.analyse(env)
          name_declarator, type = self.declarator.analyse(
              base, env, visibility=self.visibility, in_pxd=self.in_pxd)
          name = name_declarator.name
          cname = name_declarator.cname
  
          entry = env.declare_typedef(
              name, type, self.pos,
              cname=cname, visibility=self.visibility, api=self.api)
  
          if type.is_fused:
              entry.in_cinclude = True
  
          if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
              entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
  
  class FuncDefNode(StatNode, BlockNode):
      #  Base class for function definition nodes.
      #
      #  return_type     PyrexType
      #  #filename        string        C name of filename string const
      #  entry           Symtab.Entry
      #  needs_closure   boolean        Whether or not this function has inner functions/classes/yield
      #  needs_outer_scope boolean      Whether or not this function requires outer scope
      #  pymethdef_required boolean     Force Python method struct generation
      #  directive_locals { string : ExprNode } locals defined by cython.locals(...)
      #  directive_returns [ExprNode] type defined by cython.returns(...)
      #  star_arg      PyArgDeclNode or None  * argument
      #  starstar_arg  PyArgDeclNode or None  ** argument
      #
      #  is_async_def  boolean          is a Coroutine function
      #
      #  has_fused_arguments  boolean
      #       Whether this cdef function has fused parameters. This is needed
      #       by AnalyseDeclarationsTransform, so it can replace CFuncDefNodes
      #       with fused argument types with a FusedCFuncDefNode
  
      py_func = None
      needs_closure = False
      needs_outer_scope = False
      pymethdef_required = False
      is_generator = False
      is_generator_body = False
      is_async_def = False
      modifiers = []
      has_fused_arguments = False
      star_arg = None
      starstar_arg = None
      is_cyfunction = False
      code_object = None
      return_type_annotation = None
  
      def analyse_default_values(self, env):
          default_seen = 0
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.default:
                  default_seen = 1
                  if arg.is_generic:
                      arg.default = arg.default.analyse_types(env)
                      arg.default = arg.default.coerce_to(arg.type, env)
                  else:
                      error(arg.pos, "This argument cannot have a default value")
                      arg.default = None
              elif arg.kw_only:
                  default_seen = 1
              elif default_seen:
                  error(arg.pos, "Non-default argument following default argument")
  
      def analyse_annotations(self, env):
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.annotation:
                  arg.annotation = arg.annotation.analyse_types(env)
          if self.return_type_annotation:
              self.return_type_annotation = self.return_type_annotation.analyse_types(env)
  
      def align_argument_type(self, env, arg):
          # @cython.locals()
          directive_locals = self.directive_locals
          orig_type = arg.type
          if arg.name in directive_locals:
              type_node = directive_locals[arg.name]
              other_type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
          elif isinstance(arg, CArgDeclNode) and arg.annotation and env.directives['annotation_typing']:
              type_node = arg.annotation
              other_type = arg.inject_type_from_annotations(env)
              if other_type is None:
                  return arg
          else:
              return arg
          if other_type is None:
              error(type_node.pos, "Not a type")
          elif orig_type is not py_object_type and not orig_type.same_as(other_type):
              error(arg.base_type.pos, "Signature does not agree with previous declaration")
              error(type_node.pos, "Previous declaration here")
          else:
              arg.type = other_type
          return arg
  
      def need_gil_acquisition(self, lenv):
          return 0
  
      def create_local_scope(self, env):
          genv = env
          while genv.is_py_class_scope or genv.is_c_class_scope:
              genv = genv.outer_scope
          if self.needs_closure:
              lenv = ClosureScope(name=self.entry.name,
                                  outer_scope=genv,
                                  parent_scope=env,
                                  scope_name=self.entry.cname)
          else:
              lenv = LocalScope(name=self.entry.name,
                                outer_scope=genv,
                                parent_scope=env)
          lenv.return_type = self.return_type
          type = self.entry.type
          if type.is_cfunction:
              lenv.nogil = type.nogil and not type.with_gil
          self.local_scope = lenv
          lenv.directives = env.directives
          return lenv
  
      def generate_function_body(self, env, code):
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          from . import Buffer
  
          if self.entry.is_cgetter:
              # no code to generate
              return
  
          if self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
              from . import MemoryView
  
          lenv = self.local_scope
          if lenv.is_closure_scope and not lenv.is_passthrough:
              outer_scope_cname = "%s->%s" % (Naming.cur_scope_cname,
                                              Naming.outer_scope_cname)
          else:
              outer_scope_cname = Naming.outer_scope_cname
          lenv.mangle_closure_cnames(outer_scope_cname)
          # Generate closure function definitions
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(lenv, code)
          # generate lambda function definitions
          self.generate_lambda_definitions(lenv, code)
  
          is_getbuffer_slot = (self.entry.name == "__getbuffer__" and
                               self.entry.scope.is_c_class_scope)
          is_releasebuffer_slot = (self.entry.name == "__releasebuffer__" and
                                   self.entry.scope.is_c_class_scope)
          is_buffer_slot = is_getbuffer_slot or is_releasebuffer_slot
          if is_buffer_slot:
              if 'cython_unused' not in self.modifiers:
                  self.modifiers = self.modifiers + ['cython_unused']
  
          preprocessor_guard = self.get_preprocessor_guard()
  
          profile = code.globalstate.directives['profile']
          linetrace = code.globalstate.directives['linetrace']
          if profile or linetrace:
              if linetrace:
                  code.use_fast_gil_utility_code()
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                  UtilityCode.load_cached("Profile", "Profile.c"))
  
          # Generate C code for header and body of function
          code.enter_cfunc_scope(lenv)
          code.return_from_error_cleanup_label = code.new_label()
          code.funcstate.gil_owned = not lenv.nogil
  
          # ----- Top-level constants used by this function
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          self.generate_cached_builtins_decls(lenv, code)
          # ----- Function header
          code.putln("")
  
          if preprocessor_guard:
              code.putln(preprocessor_guard)
  
          with_pymethdef = (self.needs_assignment_synthesis(env, code) or
                            self.pymethdef_required)
          if self.py_func:
              self.py_func.generate_function_header(
                  code, with_pymethdef=with_pymethdef, proto_only=True)
          self.generate_function_header(code, with_pymethdef=with_pymethdef)
          # ----- Local variable declarations
          # Find function scope
          cenv = env
          while cenv.is_py_class_scope or cenv.is_c_class_scope:
              cenv = cenv.outer_scope
          if self.needs_closure:
              code.put(lenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(Naming.cur_scope_cname))
              code.putln(";")
          elif self.needs_outer_scope:
              if lenv.is_passthrough:
                  code.put(lenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(Naming.cur_scope_cname))
                  code.putln(";")
              code.put(cenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(Naming.outer_scope_cname))
              code.putln(";")
          self.generate_argument_declarations(lenv, code)
  
          for entry in lenv.var_entries:
              if not (entry.in_closure or entry.is_arg):
                  code.put_var_declaration(entry)
  
          # Initialize the return variable __pyx_r
          init = ""
          if not self.return_type.is_void:
              if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
                  init = " = NULL"
              elif self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
                  init = ' = ' + MemoryView.memslice_entry_init
  
              code.putln("%s%s;" % (
                  self.return_type.declaration_code(Naming.retval_cname),
                  init))
  
          tempvardecl_code = code.insertion_point()
          self.generate_keyword_list(code)
  
          # ----- GIL acquisition
          acquire_gil = self.acquire_gil
  
          # See if we need to acquire the GIL for variable declarations, or for
          # refnanny only
  
          # Closures are not currently possible for cdef nogil functions,
          # but check them anyway
          have_object_args = self.needs_closure or self.needs_outer_scope
          for arg in lenv.arg_entries:
              if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                  have_object_args = True
                  break
  
          used_buffer_entries = [entry for entry in lenv.buffer_entries if entry.used]
  
          acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only = (
              lenv.nogil and lenv.has_with_gil_block and
              (have_object_args or used_buffer_entries))
  
          acquire_gil_for_refnanny_only = (
              lenv.nogil and lenv.has_with_gil_block and not
              acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only)
  
          use_refnanny = not lenv.nogil or lenv.has_with_gil_block
  
          if acquire_gil or acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only:
              code.put_ensure_gil()
              code.funcstate.gil_owned = True
          elif lenv.nogil and lenv.has_with_gil_block:
              code.declare_gilstate()
  
          if profile or linetrace:
              if not self.is_generator:
                  # generators are traced when iterated, not at creation
                  tempvardecl_code.put_trace_declarations()
                  code_object = self.code_object.calculate_result_code(code) if self.code_object else None
                  code.put_trace_frame_init(code_object)
  
          # ----- Special check for getbuffer
          if is_getbuffer_slot:
              self.getbuffer_check(code)
  
          # ----- set up refnanny
          if use_refnanny:
              tempvardecl_code.put_declare_refcount_context()
              code.put_setup_refcount_context(
                  self.entry.name, acquire_gil=acquire_gil_for_refnanny_only)
  
          # ----- Automatic lead-ins for certain special functions
          if is_getbuffer_slot:
              self.getbuffer_init(code)
          # ----- Create closure scope object
          if self.needs_closure:
              tp_slot = TypeSlots.ConstructorSlot("tp_new", '__new__')
              slot_func_cname = TypeSlots.get_slot_function(lenv.scope_class.type.scope, tp_slot)
              if not slot_func_cname:
                  slot_func_cname = '%s->tp_new' % lenv.scope_class.type.typeptr_cname
              code.putln("%s = (%s)%s(%s, %s, NULL);" % (
                  Naming.cur_scope_cname,
                  lenv.scope_class.type.empty_declaration_code(),
                  slot_func_cname,
                  lenv.scope_class.type.typeptr_cname,
                  Naming.empty_tuple))
              code.putln("if (unlikely(!%s)) {" % Naming.cur_scope_cname)
              # Scope unconditionally DECREFed on return.
              code.putln("%s = %s;" % (
                  Naming.cur_scope_cname,
                  lenv.scope_class.type.cast_code("Py_None")))
              code.put_incref("Py_None", py_object_type)
              code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
              code.putln("} else {")
              code.put_gotref(Naming.cur_scope_cname, lenv.scope_class.type)
              code.putln("}")
              # Note that it is unsafe to decref the scope at this point.
          if self.needs_outer_scope:
              if self.is_cyfunction:
                  code.putln("%s = (%s) __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClosure(%s);" % (
                      outer_scope_cname,
                      cenv.scope_class.type.empty_declaration_code(),
                      Naming.self_cname))
              else:
                  code.putln("%s = (%s) %s;" % (
                      outer_scope_cname,
                      cenv.scope_class.type.empty_declaration_code(),
                      Naming.self_cname))
              if lenv.is_passthrough:
                  code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.cur_scope_cname, outer_scope_cname))
              elif self.needs_closure:
                  # inner closures own a reference to their outer parent
                  code.put_incref(outer_scope_cname, cenv.scope_class.type)
                  code.put_giveref(outer_scope_cname, cenv.scope_class.type)
          # ----- Trace function call
          if profile or linetrace:
              # this looks a bit late, but if we don't get here due to a
              # fatal error before hand, it's not really worth tracing
              if not self.is_generator:
                  # generators are traced when iterated, not at creation
                  if self.is_wrapper:
                      trace_name = self.entry.name + " (wrapper)"
                  else:
                      trace_name = self.entry.name
                  code.put_trace_call(
                      trace_name, self.pos, nogil=not code.funcstate.gil_owned)
              code.funcstate.can_trace = True
          # ----- Fetch arguments
          self.generate_argument_parsing_code(env, code)
          # If an argument is assigned to in the body, we must
          # incref it to properly keep track of refcounts.
          is_cdef = isinstance(self, CFuncDefNode)
          for entry in lenv.arg_entries:
              if not entry.type.is_memoryviewslice:
                  if (acquire_gil or entry.cf_is_reassigned) and not entry.in_closure:
                      code.put_var_incref(entry)
              # Note: defaults are always incref-ed. For def functions, we
              #       we acquire arguments from object conversion, so we have
              #       new references. If we are a cdef function, we need to
              #       incref our arguments
              elif is_cdef and entry.cf_is_reassigned:
                  code.put_var_incref_memoryviewslice(entry,
                                      have_gil=code.funcstate.gil_owned)
          for entry in lenv.var_entries:
              if entry.is_arg and entry.cf_is_reassigned and not entry.in_closure:
                  if entry.xdecref_cleanup:
                      code.put_var_xincref(entry)
                  else:
                      code.put_var_incref(entry)
  
          # ----- Initialise local buffer auxiliary variables
          for entry in lenv.var_entries + lenv.arg_entries:
              if entry.type.is_buffer and entry.buffer_aux.buflocal_nd_var.used:
                  Buffer.put_init_vars(entry, code)
  
          # ----- Check and convert arguments
          self.generate_argument_type_tests(code)
          # ----- Acquire buffer arguments
          for entry in lenv.arg_entries:
              if entry.type.is_buffer:
                  Buffer.put_acquire_arg_buffer(entry, code, self.pos)
  
          if acquire_gil_for_var_decls_only:
              code.put_release_ensured_gil()
              code.funcstate.gil_owned = False
  
          # -------------------------
          # ----- Function body -----
          # -------------------------
          self.generate_function_body(env, code)
  
          code.mark_pos(self.pos, trace=False)
          code.putln("")
          code.putln("/* function exit code */")
  
          # ----- Default return value
          if not self.body.is_terminator:
              if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
                  #if self.return_type.is_extension_type:
                  #    lhs = "(PyObject *)%s" % Naming.retval_cname
                  #else:
                  lhs = Naming.retval_cname
                  code.put_init_to_py_none(lhs, self.return_type)
              else:
                  val = self.return_type.default_value
                  if val:
                      code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.retval_cname, val))
                  elif not self.return_type.is_void:
                      code.putln("__Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(&%s);" % Naming.retval_cname)
          # ----- Error cleanup
          if code.error_label in code.labels_used:
              if not self.body.is_terminator:
                  code.put_goto(code.return_label)
              code.put_label(code.error_label)
              for cname, type in code.funcstate.all_managed_temps():
                  code.put_xdecref(cname, type, have_gil=not lenv.nogil)
  
              # Clean up buffers -- this calls a Python function
              # so need to save and restore error state
              buffers_present = len(used_buffer_entries) > 0
              #memslice_entries = [e for e in lenv.entries.values() if e.type.is_memoryviewslice]
              if buffers_present:
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
                  code.putln("{ PyObject *__pyx_type, *__pyx_value, *__pyx_tb;")
                  code.putln("__Pyx_PyThreadState_declare")
                  code.putln("__Pyx_PyThreadState_assign")
                  code.putln("__Pyx_ErrFetch(&__pyx_type, &__pyx_value, &__pyx_tb);")
                  for entry in used_buffer_entries:
                      Buffer.put_release_buffer_code(code, entry)
                      #code.putln("%s = 0;" % entry.cname)
                  code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestore(__pyx_type, __pyx_value, __pyx_tb);}")
  
              if self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
                  MemoryView.put_init_entry(Naming.retval_cname, code)
                  err_val = Naming.retval_cname
              else:
                  err_val = self.error_value()
  
              exc_check = self.caller_will_check_exceptions()
              if err_val is not None or exc_check:
                  # TODO: Fix exception tracing (though currently unused by cProfile).
                  # code.globalstate.use_utility_code(get_exception_tuple_utility_code)
                  # code.put_trace_exception()
  
                  if lenv.nogil and not lenv.has_with_gil_block:
                      code.putln("{")
                      code.put_ensure_gil()
  
                  code.put_add_traceback(self.entry.qualified_name)
  
                  if lenv.nogil and not lenv.has_with_gil_block:
                      code.put_release_ensured_gil()
                      code.putln("}")
              else:
                  warning(self.entry.pos,
                          "Unraisable exception in function '%s'." %
                          self.entry.qualified_name, 0)
                  code.put_unraisable(self.entry.qualified_name, lenv.nogil)
              default_retval = self.return_type.default_value
              if err_val is None and default_retval:
                  err_val = default_retval
              if err_val is not None:
                  if err_val != Naming.retval_cname:
                      code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.retval_cname, err_val))
              elif not self.return_type.is_void:
                  code.putln("__Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(&%s);" % Naming.retval_cname)
  
              if is_getbuffer_slot:
                  self.getbuffer_error_cleanup(code)
  
              # If we are using the non-error cleanup section we should
              # jump past it if we have an error. The if-test below determine
              # whether this section is used.
              if buffers_present or is_getbuffer_slot or self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
                  code.put_goto(code.return_from_error_cleanup_label)
  
          # ----- Non-error return cleanup
          code.put_label(code.return_label)
          for entry in used_buffer_entries:
              Buffer.put_release_buffer_code(code, entry)
          if is_getbuffer_slot:
              self.getbuffer_normal_cleanup(code)
  
          if self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
              # See if our return value is uninitialized on non-error return
              # from . import MemoryView
              # MemoryView.err_if_nogil_initialized_check(self.pos, env)
              cond = code.unlikely(self.return_type.error_condition(Naming.retval_cname))
              code.putln(
                  'if (%s) {' % cond)
              if env.nogil:
                  code.put_ensure_gil()
              code.putln(
                  'PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Memoryview return value is not initialized");')
              if env.nogil:
                  code.put_release_ensured_gil()
              code.putln(
                  '}')
  
          # ----- Return cleanup for both error and no-error return
          code.put_label(code.return_from_error_cleanup_label)
  
          for entry in lenv.var_entries:
              if not entry.used or entry.in_closure:
                  continue
  
              if entry.type.is_pyobject:
                  if entry.is_arg and not entry.cf_is_reassigned:
                      continue
              # FIXME ideally use entry.xdecref_cleanup but this currently isn't reliable
              code.put_var_xdecref(entry, have_gil=not lenv.nogil)
  
          # Decref any increfed args
          for entry in lenv.arg_entries:
              if entry.type.is_memoryviewslice:
                  # decref slices of def functions and acquired slices from cdef
                  # functions, but not borrowed slices from cdef functions.
                  if is_cdef and not entry.cf_is_reassigned:
                      continue
              else:
                  if entry.in_closure:
                      continue
                  if not acquire_gil and not entry.cf_is_reassigned:
                      continue
  
              # FIXME use entry.xdecref_cleanup - del arg seems to be the problem
              code.put_var_xdecref(entry, have_gil=not lenv.nogil)
          if self.needs_closure:
              code.put_decref(Naming.cur_scope_cname, lenv.scope_class.type)
  
          # ----- Return
          # This code is duplicated in ModuleNode.generate_module_init_func
          if not lenv.nogil:
              default_retval = self.return_type.default_value
              err_val = self.error_value()
              if err_val is None and default_retval:
                  err_val = default_retval  # FIXME: why is err_val not used?
              code.put_xgiveref(Naming.retval_cname, self.return_type)
  
          if self.entry.is_special and self.entry.name == "__hash__":
              # Returning -1 for __hash__ is supposed to signal an error
              # We do as Python instances and coerce -1 into -2.
              code.putln("if (unlikely(%s == -1) && !PyErr_Occurred()) %s = -2;" % (
                  Naming.retval_cname, Naming.retval_cname))
  
          if profile or linetrace:
              code.funcstate.can_trace = False
              if not self.is_generator:
                  # generators are traced when iterated, not at creation
                  if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
                      code.put_trace_return(
                          Naming.retval_cname, nogil=not code.funcstate.gil_owned)
                  else:
                      code.put_trace_return(
                          "Py_None", nogil=not code.funcstate.gil_owned)
  
          if not lenv.nogil:
              # GIL holding function
              code.put_finish_refcount_context()
  
          if acquire_gil or (lenv.nogil and lenv.has_with_gil_block):
              # release the GIL (note that with-gil blocks acquire it on exit in their EnsureGILNode)
              code.put_release_ensured_gil()
              code.funcstate.gil_owned = False
  
          if not self.return_type.is_void:
              code.putln("return %s;" % Naming.retval_cname)
  
          code.putln("}")
  
          if preprocessor_guard:
              code.putln("#endif /*!(%s)*/" % preprocessor_guard)
  
          # ----- Go back and insert temp variable declarations
          tempvardecl_code.put_temp_declarations(code.funcstate)
  
          # ----- Python version
          code.exit_cfunc_scope()
          if self.py_func:
              self.py_func.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.generate_wrapper_functions(code)
  
      def declare_argument(self, env, arg):
          if arg.type.is_void:
              error(arg.pos, "Invalid use of 'void'")
          elif not arg.type.is_complete() and not (arg.type.is_array or arg.type.is_memoryviewslice):
              error(arg.pos, "Argument type '%s' is incomplete" % arg.type)
          entry = env.declare_arg(arg.name, arg.type, arg.pos)
          if arg.annotation:
              entry.annotation = arg.annotation.expr
          return entry
  
      def generate_arg_type_test(self, arg, code):
          # Generate type test for one argument.
          if arg.type.typeobj_is_available():
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                  UtilityCode.load_cached("ArgTypeTest", "FunctionArguments.c"))
              typeptr_cname = arg.type.typeptr_cname
              arg_code = "((PyObject *)%s)" % arg.entry.cname
              code.putln(
                  'if (unlikely(!__Pyx_ArgTypeTest(%s, %s, %d, %s, %s))) %s' % (
                      arg_code,
                      typeptr_cname,
                      arg.accept_none,
                      arg.name_cstring,
                      arg.type.is_builtin_type and arg.type.require_exact,
                      code.error_goto(arg.pos)))
          else:
              error(arg.pos, "Cannot test type of extern C class without type object name specification")
  
      def generate_arg_none_check(self, arg, code):
          # Generate None check for one argument.
          if arg.type.is_memoryviewslice:
              cname = "%s.memview" % arg.entry.cname
          else:
              cname = arg.entry.cname
  
          code.putln('if (unlikely(((PyObject *)%s) == Py_None)) {' % cname)
          code.putln('''PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Argument '%%.%ds' must not be None", %s); %s''' % (
              max(200, len(arg.name_cstring)), arg.name_cstring,
              code.error_goto(arg.pos)))
          code.putln('}')
  
      def generate_wrapper_functions(self, code):
          pass
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          # Evaluate and store argument default values
          for arg in self.args:
              if not arg.is_dynamic:
                  arg.generate_assignment_code(code)
  
      #
      # Special code for the __getbuffer__ function
      #
      def _get_py_buffer_info(self):
          py_buffer = self.local_scope.arg_entries[1]
          try:
              # Check builtin definition of struct Py_buffer
              obj_type = py_buffer.type.base_type.scope.entries['obj'].type
          except (AttributeError, KeyError):
              # User code redeclared struct Py_buffer
              obj_type = None
          return py_buffer, obj_type
  
      # Old Python 3 used to support write-locks on buffer-like objects by
      # calling PyObject_GetBuffer() with a view==NULL parameter. This obscure
      # feature is obsolete, it was almost never used (only one instance in
      # `Modules/posixmodule.c` in Python 3.1) and it is now officially removed
      # (see bpo-14203). We add an extra check here to prevent legacy code from
      # from trying to use the feature and prevent segmentation faults.
      def getbuffer_check(self, code):
          py_buffer, _ = self._get_py_buffer_info()
          view = py_buffer.cname
          code.putln("if (%s == NULL) {" % view)
          code.putln("PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError, "
                     "\"PyObject_GetBuffer: view==NULL argument is obsolete\");")
          code.putln("return -1;")
          code.putln("}")
  
      def getbuffer_init(self, code):
          py_buffer, obj_type = self._get_py_buffer_info()
          view = py_buffer.cname
          if obj_type and obj_type.is_pyobject:
              code.put_init_to_py_none("%s->obj" % view, obj_type)
              code.put_giveref("%s->obj" % view, obj_type) # Do not refnanny object within structs
          else:
              code.putln("%s->obj = NULL;" % view)
  
      def getbuffer_error_cleanup(self, code):
          py_buffer, obj_type = self._get_py_buffer_info()
          view = py_buffer.cname
          if obj_type and obj_type.is_pyobject:
              code.putln("if (%s->obj != NULL) {" % view)
              code.put_gotref("%s->obj" % view, obj_type)
              code.put_decref_clear("%s->obj" % view, obj_type)
              code.putln("}")
          else:
              code.putln("Py_CLEAR(%s->obj);" % view)
  
      def getbuffer_normal_cleanup(self, code):
          py_buffer, obj_type = self._get_py_buffer_info()
          view = py_buffer.cname
          if obj_type and obj_type.is_pyobject:
              code.putln("if (%s->obj == Py_None) {" % view)
              code.put_gotref("%s->obj" % view, obj_type)
              code.put_decref_clear("%s->obj" % view, obj_type)
              code.putln("}")
  
      def get_preprocessor_guard(self):
          if not self.entry.is_special:
              return None
          name = self.entry.name
          slot = TypeSlots.method_name_to_slot.get(name)
          if not slot:
              return None
          if name == '__long__' and not self.entry.scope.lookup_here('__int__'):
              return None
          if name in ("__getbuffer__", "__releasebuffer__") and self.entry.scope.is_c_class_scope:
              return None
          return slot.preprocessor_guard_code()
  
  
  class CFuncDefNode(FuncDefNode):
      #  C function definition.
      #
      #  modifiers     ['inline']
      #  visibility    'private' or 'public' or 'extern'
      #  base_type     CBaseTypeNode
      #  declarator    CDeclaratorNode
      #  cfunc_declarator  the CFuncDeclarator of this function
      #                    (this is also available through declarator or a
      #                     base thereof)
      #  body          StatListNode
      #  api           boolean
      #  decorators    [DecoratorNode]        list of decorators
      #
      #  with_gil      boolean    Acquire GIL around body
      #  type          CFuncType
      #  py_func       wrapper for calling from Python
      #  overridable   whether or not this is a cpdef function
      #  inline_in_pxd whether this is an inline function in a pxd file
      #  template_declaration  String or None   Used for c++ class methods
      #  is_const_method whether this is a const method
      #  is_static_method whether this is a static method
      #  is_c_class_method whether this is a cclass method
  
      child_attrs = ["base_type", "declarator", "body", "py_func_stat", "decorators"]
      outer_attrs = ["decorators", "py_func_stat"]
  
      inline_in_pxd = False
      decorators = None
      directive_locals = None
      directive_returns = None
      override = None
      template_declaration = None
      is_const_method = False
      py_func_stat = None
  
      def unqualified_name(self):
          return self.entry.name
  
      @property
      def code_object(self):
          # share the CodeObject with the cpdef wrapper (if available)
          return self.py_func.code_object if self.py_func else None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          is_property = 0
          if self.decorators:
              for decorator in self.decorators:
                  func = decorator.decorator
                  if func.is_name:
                      if func.name == 'property':
                          is_property = 1
                      elif func.name == 'staticmethod':
                          pass
                      else:
                          error(self.pos, "Cannot handle %s decorators yet" % func.name)
                  else:
                      error(self.pos,
                            "Cannot handle %s decorators yet" % type(func).__name__)
  
          self.is_c_class_method = env.is_c_class_scope
          if self.directive_locals is None:
              self.directive_locals = {}
          self.directive_locals.update(env.directives.get('locals', {}))
          if self.directive_returns is not None:
              base_type = self.directive_returns.analyse_as_type(env)
              if base_type is None:
                  error(self.directive_returns.pos, "Not a type")
                  base_type = PyrexTypes.error_type
          else:
              base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env)
          self.is_static_method = 'staticmethod' in env.directives and not env.lookup_here('staticmethod')
          # The 2 here is because we need both function and argument names.
          if isinstance(self.declarator, CFuncDeclaratorNode):
              name_declarator, typ = self.declarator.analyse(
                  base_type, env, nonempty=2 * (self.body is not None),
                  directive_locals=self.directive_locals, visibility=self.visibility)
          else:
              name_declarator, typ = self.declarator.analyse(
                  base_type, env, nonempty=2 * (self.body is not None), visibility=self.visibility)
          if not typ.is_cfunction:
              error(self.pos, "Suite attached to non-function declaration")
          # Remember the actual type according to the function header
          # written here, because the type in the symbol table entry
          # may be different if we're overriding a C method inherited
          # from the base type of an extension type.
          self.type = typ
          typ.is_overridable = self.overridable
          declarator = self.declarator
          while not hasattr(declarator, 'args'):
              declarator = declarator.base
  
          self.cfunc_declarator = declarator
          self.args = declarator.args
  
          opt_arg_count = self.cfunc_declarator.optional_arg_count
          if (self.visibility == 'public' or self.api) and opt_arg_count:
              error(self.cfunc_declarator.pos,
                    "Function with optional arguments may not be declared public or api")
  
          if typ.exception_check == '+' and self.visibility != 'extern':
              warning(self.cfunc_declarator.pos,
                      "Only extern functions can throw C++ exceptions.")
  
          for formal_arg, type_arg in zip(self.args, typ.args):
              self.align_argument_type(env, type_arg)
              formal_arg.type = type_arg.type
              formal_arg.name = type_arg.name
              formal_arg.cname = type_arg.cname
  
              self._validate_type_visibility(type_arg.type, type_arg.pos, env)
  
              if type_arg.type.is_fused:
                  self.has_fused_arguments = True
  
              if type_arg.type.is_buffer and 'inline' in self.modifiers:
                  warning(formal_arg.pos, "Buffer unpacking not optimized away.", 1)
  
              if type_arg.type.is_buffer or type_arg.type.is_pythran_expr:
                  if self.type.nogil:
                      error(formal_arg.pos,
                            "Buffer may not be acquired without the GIL. Consider using memoryview slices instead.")
                  elif 'inline' in self.modifiers:
                      warning(formal_arg.pos, "Buffer unpacking not optimized away.", 1)
  
          self._validate_type_visibility(typ.return_type, self.pos, env)
  
          name = name_declarator.name
          cname = name_declarator.cname
  
          typ.is_const_method = self.is_const_method
          typ.is_static_method = self.is_static_method
  
          self.entry = env.declare_cfunction(
              name, typ, self.pos,
              cname=cname, visibility=self.visibility, api=self.api,
              defining=self.body is not None, modifiers=self.modifiers,
              overridable=self.overridable)
          if is_property:
              self.entry.is_property = 1
              env.property_entries.append(self.entry)
              env.cfunc_entries.remove(self.entry)
          self.entry.inline_func_in_pxd = self.inline_in_pxd
          self.return_type = typ.return_type
          if self.return_type.is_array and self.visibility != 'extern':
              error(self.pos, "Function cannot return an array")
          if self.return_type.is_cpp_class:
              self.return_type.check_nullary_constructor(self.pos, "used as a return value")
  
          if self.overridable and not env.is_module_scope and not self.is_static_method:
              if len(self.args) < 1 or not self.args[0].type.is_pyobject:
                  # An error will be produced in the cdef function
                  self.overridable = False
  
          self.declare_cpdef_wrapper(env)
          self.create_local_scope(env)
  
      def declare_cpdef_wrapper(self, env):
          if self.overridable:
              if self.is_static_method:
                  # TODO(robertwb): Finish this up, perhaps via more function refactoring.
                  error(self.pos, "static cpdef methods not yet supported")
              name = self.entry.name
              py_func_body = self.call_self_node(is_module_scope=env.is_module_scope)
              if self.is_static_method:
                  from .ExprNodes import NameNode
                  decorators = [DecoratorNode(self.pos, decorator=NameNode(self.pos, name='staticmethod'))]
                  decorators[0].decorator.analyse_types(env)
              else:
                  decorators = []
              self.py_func = DefNode(pos=self.pos,
                                     name=self.entry.name,
                                     args=self.args,
                                     star_arg=None,
                                     starstar_arg=None,
                                     doc=self.doc,
                                     body=py_func_body,
                                     decorators=decorators,
                                     is_wrapper=1)
              self.py_func.is_module_scope = env.is_module_scope
              self.py_func.analyse_declarations(env)
              self.py_func.entry.is_overridable = True
              self.py_func_stat = StatListNode(self.pos, stats=[self.py_func])
              self.py_func.type = PyrexTypes.py_object_type
              self.entry.as_variable = self.py_func.entry
              self.entry.used = self.entry.as_variable.used = True
              # Reset scope entry the above cfunction
              env.entries[name] = self.entry
              if (not self.entry.is_final_cmethod and
                      (not env.is_module_scope or Options.lookup_module_cpdef)):
                  self.override = OverrideCheckNode(self.pos, py_func=self.py_func)
                  self.body = StatListNode(self.pos, stats=[self.override, self.body])
  
      def _validate_type_visibility(self, type, pos, env):
          """
          Ensure that types used in cdef functions are public or api, or
          defined in a C header.
          """
          public_or_api = (self.visibility == 'public' or self.api)
          entry = getattr(type, 'entry', None)
          if public_or_api and entry and env.is_module_scope:
              if not (entry.visibility in ('public', 'extern') or
                      entry.api or entry.in_cinclude):
                  error(pos, "Function declared public or api may not have private types")
  
      def call_self_node(self, omit_optional_args=0, is_module_scope=0):
          from . import ExprNodes
          args = self.type.args
          if omit_optional_args:
              args = args[:len(args) - self.type.optional_arg_count]
          arg_names = [arg.name for arg in args]
          if is_module_scope:
              cfunc = ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=self.entry.name)
              call_arg_names = arg_names
              skip_dispatch = Options.lookup_module_cpdef
          elif self.type.is_static_method:
              class_entry = self.entry.scope.parent_type.entry
              class_node = ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=class_entry.name)
              class_node.entry = class_entry
              cfunc = ExprNodes.AttributeNode(self.pos, obj=class_node, attribute=self.entry.name)
              # Calling static c(p)def methods on an instance disallowed.
              # TODO(robertwb): Support by passing self to check for override?
              skip_dispatch = True
          else:
              type_entry = self.type.args[0].type.entry
              type_arg = ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=type_entry.name)
              type_arg.entry = type_entry
              cfunc = ExprNodes.AttributeNode(self.pos, obj=type_arg, attribute=self.entry.name)
          skip_dispatch = not is_module_scope or Options.lookup_module_cpdef
          c_call = ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode(
              self.pos,
              function=cfunc,
              args=[ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=n) for n in arg_names],
              wrapper_call=skip_dispatch)
          return ReturnStatNode(pos=self.pos, return_type=PyrexTypes.py_object_type, value=c_call)
  
      def declare_arguments(self, env):
          for arg in self.type.args:
              if not arg.name:
                  error(arg.pos, "Missing argument name")
              self.declare_argument(env, arg)
  
      def need_gil_acquisition(self, lenv):
          return self.type.with_gil
  
      def nogil_check(self, env):
          type = self.type
          with_gil = type.with_gil
          if type.nogil and not with_gil:
              if type.return_type.is_pyobject:
                  error(self.pos,
                        "Function with Python return type cannot be declared nogil")
              for entry in self.local_scope.var_entries:
                  if entry.type.is_pyobject and not entry.in_with_gil_block:
                      error(self.pos, "Function declared nogil has Python locals or temporaries")
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.local_scope.directives = env.directives
          if self.py_func_stat is not None:
              # this will also analyse the default values and the function name assignment
              self.py_func_stat = self.py_func_stat.analyse_expressions(env)
          elif self.py_func is not None:
              # this will also analyse the default values
              self.py_func = self.py_func.analyse_expressions(env)
          else:
              self.analyse_default_values(env)
              self.analyse_annotations(env)
          self.acquire_gil = self.need_gil_acquisition(self.local_scope)
          return self
  
      def needs_assignment_synthesis(self, env, code=None):
          return False
  
      def generate_function_header(self, code, with_pymethdef, with_opt_args=1, with_dispatch=1, cname=None):
          scope = self.local_scope
          arg_decls = []
          type = self.type
          for arg in type.args[:len(type.args)-type.optional_arg_count]:
              arg_decl = arg.declaration_code()
              entry = scope.lookup(arg.name)
              if not entry.cf_used:
                  arg_decl = 'CYTHON_UNUSED %s' % arg_decl
              arg_decls.append(arg_decl)
          if with_dispatch and self.overridable:
              dispatch_arg = PyrexTypes.c_int_type.declaration_code(
                  Naming.skip_dispatch_cname)
              if self.override:
                  arg_decls.append(dispatch_arg)
              else:
                  arg_decls.append('CYTHON_UNUSED %s' % dispatch_arg)
          if type.optional_arg_count and with_opt_args:
              arg_decls.append(type.op_arg_struct.declaration_code(Naming.optional_args_cname))
          if type.has_varargs:
              arg_decls.append("...")
          if not arg_decls:
              arg_decls = ["void"]
          if cname is None:
              cname = self.entry.func_cname
          entity = type.function_header_code(cname, ', '.join(arg_decls))
          if self.entry.visibility == 'private' and '::' not in cname:
              storage_class = "static "
          else:
              storage_class = ""
          dll_linkage = None
          modifiers = code.build_function_modifiers(self.entry.func_modifiers)
  
          header = self.return_type.declaration_code(entity, dll_linkage=dll_linkage)
          #print (storage_class, modifiers, header)
          needs_proto = self.is_c_class_method
          if self.template_declaration:
              if needs_proto:
                  code.globalstate.parts['module_declarations'].putln(self.template_declaration)
              code.putln(self.template_declaration)
          if needs_proto:
              code.globalstate.parts['module_declarations'].putln(
                  "%s%s%s; /* proto*/" % (storage_class, modifiers, header))
          code.putln("%s%s%s {" % (storage_class, modifiers, header))
  
      def generate_argument_declarations(self, env, code):
          scope = self.local_scope
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.default:
                  entry = scope.lookup(arg.name)
                  if self.override or entry.cf_used:
                      result = arg.calculate_default_value_code(code)
                      code.putln('%s = %s;' % (
                          arg.type.declaration_code(arg.cname), result))
  
      def generate_keyword_list(self, code):
          pass
  
      def generate_argument_parsing_code(self, env, code):
          i = 0
          used = 0
          scope = self.local_scope
          if self.type.optional_arg_count:
              code.putln('if (%s) {' % Naming.optional_args_cname)
              for arg in self.args:
                  if arg.default:
                      entry = scope.lookup(arg.name)
                      if self.override or entry.cf_used:
                          code.putln('if (%s->%sn > %s) {' %
                                     (Naming.optional_args_cname,
                                      Naming.pyrex_prefix, i))
                          declarator = arg.declarator
                          while not hasattr(declarator, 'name'):
                              declarator = declarator.base
                          code.putln('%s = %s->%s;' %
                                     (arg.cname, Naming.optional_args_cname,
                                      self.type.opt_arg_cname(declarator.name)))
                          used += 1
                      i += 1
              for _ in range(used):
                  code.putln('}')
              code.putln('}')
  
          # Move arguments into closure if required
          def put_into_closure(entry):
              if entry.in_closure and not arg.default:
                  code.putln('%s = %s;' % (entry.cname, entry.original_cname))
                  code.put_var_incref(entry)
                  code.put_var_giveref(entry)
          for arg in self.args:
              put_into_closure(scope.lookup_here(arg.name))
  
  
      def generate_argument_conversion_code(self, code):
          pass
  
      def generate_argument_type_tests(self, code):
          # Generate type tests for args whose type in a parent
          # class is a supertype of the declared type.
          for arg in self.type.args:
              if arg.needs_type_test:
                  self.generate_arg_type_test(arg, code)
              elif arg.type.is_pyobject and not arg.accept_none:
                  self.generate_arg_none_check(arg, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          if code.globalstate.directives['linetrace']:
              code.mark_pos(self.pos)
              code.putln("")  # generate line tracing code
          super(CFuncDefNode, self).generate_execution_code(code)
          if self.py_func_stat:
              self.py_func_stat.generate_execution_code(code)
  
      def error_value(self):
          if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
              return "0"
          else:
              #return None
              return self.entry.type.exception_value
  
      def caller_will_check_exceptions(self):
          return self.entry.type.exception_check
  
      def generate_wrapper_functions(self, code):
          # If the C signature of a function has changed, we need to generate
          # wrappers to put in the slots here.
          k = 0
          entry = self.entry
          func_type = entry.type
          while entry.prev_entry is not None:
              k += 1
              entry = entry.prev_entry
              entry.func_cname = "%s%swrap_%s" % (self.entry.func_cname, Naming.pyrex_prefix, k)
              code.putln()
              self.generate_function_header(
                  code, 0,
                  with_dispatch=entry.type.is_overridable,
                  with_opt_args=entry.type.optional_arg_count,
                  cname=entry.func_cname)
              if not self.return_type.is_void:
                  code.put('return ')
              args = self.type.args
              arglist = [arg.cname for arg in args[:len(args)-self.type.optional_arg_count]]
              if entry.type.is_overridable:
                  arglist.append(Naming.skip_dispatch_cname)
              elif func_type.is_overridable:
                  arglist.append('0')
              if entry.type.optional_arg_count:
                  arglist.append(Naming.optional_args_cname)
              elif func_type.optional_arg_count:
                  arglist.append('NULL')
              code.putln('%s(%s);' % (self.entry.func_cname, ', '.join(arglist)))
              code.putln('}')
  
  
  class PyArgDeclNode(Node):
      # Argument which must be a Python object (used
      # for * and ** arguments).
      #
      # name        string
      # entry       Symtab.Entry
      # annotation  ExprNode or None   Py3 argument annotation
      child_attrs = []
      is_self_arg = False
      is_type_arg = False
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.entry.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
  
  class DecoratorNode(Node):
      # A decorator
      #
      # decorator    NameNode or CallNode or AttributeNode
      child_attrs = ['decorator']
  
  
  class DefNode(FuncDefNode):
      # A Python function definition.
      #
      # name          string                 the Python name of the function
      # lambda_name   string                 the internal name of a lambda 'function'
      # decorators    [DecoratorNode]        list of decorators
      # args          [CArgDeclNode]         formal arguments
      # doc           EncodedString or None
      # body          StatListNode
      # return_type_annotation
      #               ExprNode or None       the Py3 return type annotation
      #
      #  The following subnode is constructed internally
      #  when the def statement is inside a Python class definition.
      #
      #  fused_py_func        DefNode     The original fused cpdef DefNode
      #                                   (in case this is a specialization)
      #  specialized_cpdefs   [DefNode]   list of specialized cpdef DefNodes
      #  py_cfunc_node  PyCFunctionNode/InnerFunctionNode   The PyCFunction to create and assign
      #
      # decorator_indirection IndirectionNode Used to remove __Pyx_Method_ClassMethod for fused functions
  
      child_attrs = ["args", "star_arg", "starstar_arg", "body", "decorators", "return_type_annotation"]
      outer_attrs = ["decorators", "return_type_annotation"]
  
      is_staticmethod = False
      is_classmethod = False
  
      lambda_name = None
      reqd_kw_flags_cname = "0"
      is_wrapper = 0
      no_assignment_synthesis = 0
      decorators = None
      return_type_annotation = None
      entry = None
      acquire_gil = 0
      self_in_stararg = 0
      py_cfunc_node = None
      requires_classobj = False
      defaults_struct = None # Dynamic kwrds structure name
      doc = None
  
      fused_py_func = False
      specialized_cpdefs = None
      py_wrapper = None
      py_wrapper_required = True
      func_cname = None
  
      defaults_getter = None
  
      def __init__(self, pos, **kwds):
          FuncDefNode.__init__(self, pos, **kwds)
          p = k = rk = r = 0
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.pos_only:
                  p += 1
              if arg.kw_only:
                  k += 1
                  if not arg.default:
                      rk += 1
              if not arg.default:
                  r += 1
          self.num_posonly_args = p
          self.num_kwonly_args = k
          self.num_required_kw_args = rk
          self.num_required_args = r
  
      def as_cfunction(self, cfunc=None, scope=None, overridable=True, returns=None, except_val=None, modifiers=None,
                       nogil=False, with_gil=False):
          if self.star_arg:
              error(self.star_arg.pos, "cdef function cannot have star argument")
          if self.starstar_arg:
              error(self.starstar_arg.pos, "cdef function cannot have starstar argument")
          exception_value, exception_check = except_val or (None, False)
  
          if cfunc is None:
              cfunc_args = []
              for formal_arg in self.args:
                  name_declarator, type = formal_arg.analyse(scope, nonempty=1)
                  cfunc_args.append(PyrexTypes.CFuncTypeArg(name=name_declarator.name,
                                                            cname=None,
                                                            annotation=formal_arg.annotation,
                                                            type=py_object_type,
                                                            pos=formal_arg.pos))
              cfunc_type = PyrexTypes.CFuncType(return_type=py_object_type,
                                                args=cfunc_args,
                                                has_varargs=False,
                                                exception_value=None,
                                                exception_check=exception_check,
                                                nogil=nogil,
                                                with_gil=with_gil,
                                                is_overridable=overridable)
              cfunc = CVarDefNode(self.pos, type=cfunc_type)
          else:
              if scope is None:
                  scope = cfunc.scope
              cfunc_type = cfunc.type
              if len(self.args) != len(cfunc_type.args) or cfunc_type.has_varargs:
                  error(self.pos, "wrong number of arguments")
                  error(cfunc.pos, "previous declaration here")
              for i, (formal_arg, type_arg) in enumerate(zip(self.args, cfunc_type.args)):
                  name_declarator, type = formal_arg.analyse(scope, nonempty=1,
                                                             is_self_arg=(i == 0 and scope.is_c_class_scope))
                  if type is None or type is PyrexTypes.py_object_type:
                      formal_arg.type = type_arg.type
                      formal_arg.name_declarator = name_declarator
  
          if exception_value is None and cfunc_type.exception_value is not None:
              from .ExprNodes import ConstNode
              exception_value = ConstNode(
                  self.pos, value=cfunc_type.exception_value, type=cfunc_type.return_type)
          declarator = CFuncDeclaratorNode(self.pos,
                                           base=CNameDeclaratorNode(self.pos, name=self.name, cname=None),
                                           args=self.args,
                                           has_varargs=False,
                                           exception_check=cfunc_type.exception_check,
                                           exception_value=exception_value,
                                           with_gil=cfunc_type.with_gil,
                                           nogil=cfunc_type.nogil)
          return CFuncDefNode(self.pos,
                              modifiers=modifiers or [],
                              base_type=CAnalysedBaseTypeNode(self.pos, type=cfunc_type.return_type),
                              declarator=declarator,
                              body=self.body,
                              doc=self.doc,
                              overridable=cfunc_type.is_overridable,
                              type=cfunc_type,
                              with_gil=cfunc_type.with_gil,
                              nogil=cfunc_type.nogil,
                              visibility='private',
                              api=False,
                              directive_locals=getattr(cfunc, 'directive_locals', {}),
                              directive_returns=returns)
  
      def is_cdef_func_compatible(self):
          """Determines if the function's signature is compatible with a
          cdef function.  This can be used before calling
          .as_cfunction() to see if that will be successful.
          """
          if self.needs_closure:
              return False
          if self.star_arg or self.starstar_arg:
              return False
          return True
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          if self.decorators:
              for decorator in self.decorators:
                  func = decorator.decorator
                  if func.is_name:
                      self.is_classmethod |= func.name == 'classmethod'
                      self.is_staticmethod |= func.name == 'staticmethod'
  
          if self.is_classmethod and env.lookup_here('classmethod'):
              # classmethod() was overridden - not much we can do here ...
              self.is_classmethod = False
          if self.is_staticmethod and env.lookup_here('staticmethod'):
              # staticmethod() was overridden - not much we can do here ...
              self.is_staticmethod = False
  
          if self.name == '__new__' and env.is_py_class_scope:
              self.is_staticmethod = 1
  
          self.analyse_argument_types(env)
          if self.name == '<lambda>':
              self.declare_lambda_function(env)
          else:
              self.declare_pyfunction(env)
  
          self.analyse_signature(env)
          self.return_type = self.entry.signature.return_type()
          # if a signature annotation provides a more specific return object type, use it
          if self.return_type is py_object_type and self.return_type_annotation:
              if env.directives['annotation_typing'] and not self.entry.is_special:
                  _, return_type = self.return_type_annotation.analyse_type_annotation(env)
                  if return_type and return_type.is_pyobject:
                      self.return_type = return_type
  
          self.create_local_scope(env)
  
          self.py_wrapper = DefNodeWrapper(
              self.pos,
              target=self,
              name=self.entry.name,
              args=self.args,
              star_arg=self.star_arg,
              starstar_arg=self.starstar_arg,
              return_type=self.return_type)
          self.py_wrapper.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_argument_types(self, env):
          self.directive_locals = env.directives.get('locals', {})
          allow_none_for_extension_args = env.directives['allow_none_for_extension_args']
  
          f2s = env.fused_to_specific
          env.fused_to_specific = None
  
          for arg in self.args:
              if hasattr(arg, 'name'):
                  name_declarator = None
              else:
                  base_type = arg.base_type.analyse(env)
                  # If we hare in pythran mode and we got a buffer supported by
                  # Pythran, we change this node to a fused type
                  if has_np_pythran(env) and base_type.is_pythran_expr:
                      base_type = PyrexTypes.FusedType([
                          base_type,
                          #PyrexTypes.PythranExpr(pythran_type(self.type, "numpy_texpr")),
                          base_type.org_buffer])
                  name_declarator, type = \
                      arg.declarator.analyse(base_type, env)
                  arg.name = name_declarator.name
                  arg.type = type
  
              self.align_argument_type(env, arg)
              if name_declarator and name_declarator.cname:
                  error(self.pos, "Python function argument cannot have C name specification")
              arg.type = arg.type.as_argument_type()
              arg.hdr_type = None
              arg.needs_conversion = 0
              arg.needs_type_test = 0
              arg.is_generic = 1
              if arg.type.is_pyobject or arg.type.is_buffer or arg.type.is_memoryviewslice:
                  if arg.or_none:
                      arg.accept_none = True
                  elif arg.not_none:
                      arg.accept_none = False
                  elif (arg.type.is_extension_type or arg.type.is_builtin_type
                          or arg.type.is_buffer or arg.type.is_memoryviewslice):
                      if arg.default and arg.default.constant_result is None:
                          # special case: def func(MyType obj = None)
                          arg.accept_none = True
                      else:
                          # default depends on compiler directive
                          arg.accept_none = allow_none_for_extension_args
                  else:
                      # probably just a plain 'object'
                      arg.accept_none = True
              else:
                  arg.accept_none = True # won't be used, but must be there
                  if arg.not_none:
                      error(arg.pos, "Only Python type arguments can have 'not None'")
                  if arg.or_none:
                      error(arg.pos, "Only Python type arguments can have 'or None'")
  
              if arg.type.is_fused:
                  self.has_fused_arguments = True
          env.fused_to_specific = f2s
  
          if has_np_pythran(env):
              self.np_args_idx = [i for i,a in enumerate(self.args) if a.type.is_numpy_buffer]
          else:
              self.np_args_idx = []
  
      def analyse_signature(self, env):
          if self.entry.is_special:
              if self.decorators:
                  error(self.pos, "special functions of cdef classes cannot have decorators")
              self.entry.trivial_signature = len(self.args) == 1 and not (self.star_arg or self.starstar_arg)
          elif not (self.star_arg or self.starstar_arg) and (
                  not env.directives['always_allow_keywords']
                  or all([arg.pos_only for arg in self.args])):
              # Use the simpler calling signature for zero- and one-argument pos-only functions.
              if self.entry.signature is TypeSlots.pyfunction_signature:
                  if len(self.args) == 0:
                      self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.pyfunction_noargs
                  elif len(self.args) == 1:
                      if self.args[0].default is None and not self.args[0].kw_only:
                          self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.pyfunction_onearg
              elif self.entry.signature is TypeSlots.pymethod_signature:
                  if len(self.args) == 1:
                      self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.unaryfunc
                  elif len(self.args) == 2:
                      if self.args[1].default is None and not self.args[1].kw_only:
                          self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.ibinaryfunc
  
          sig = self.entry.signature
          nfixed = sig.num_fixed_args()
          if (sig is TypeSlots.pymethod_signature and nfixed == 1
                 and len(self.args) == 0 and self.star_arg):
              # this is the only case where a diverging number of
              # arguments is not an error - when we have no explicit
              # 'self' parameter as in method(*args)
              sig = self.entry.signature = TypeSlots.pyfunction_signature # self is not 'really' used
              self.self_in_stararg = 1
              nfixed = 0
  
          if self.is_staticmethod and env.is_c_class_scope:
              nfixed = 0
              self.self_in_stararg = True  # FIXME: why for staticmethods?
  
              self.entry.signature = sig = copy.copy(sig)
              sig.fixed_arg_format = "*"
              sig.is_staticmethod = True
              sig.has_generic_args = True
  
          if ((self.is_classmethod or self.is_staticmethod) and
                  self.has_fused_arguments and env.is_c_class_scope):
              del self.decorator_indirection.stats[:]
  
          for i in range(min(nfixed, len(self.args))):
              arg = self.args[i]
              arg.is_generic = 0
              if sig.is_self_arg(i) and not self.is_staticmethod:
                  if self.is_classmethod:
                      arg.is_type_arg = 1
                      arg.hdr_type = arg.type = Builtin.type_type
                  else:
                      arg.is_self_arg = 1
                      arg.hdr_type = arg.type = env.parent_type
                  arg.needs_conversion = 0
              else:
                  arg.hdr_type = sig.fixed_arg_type(i)
                  if not arg.type.same_as(arg.hdr_type):
                      if arg.hdr_type.is_pyobject and arg.type.is_pyobject:
                          arg.needs_type_test = 1
                      else:
                          arg.needs_conversion = 1
              if arg.needs_conversion:
                  arg.hdr_cname = punycodify_name(Naming.arg_prefix + arg.name)
              else:
                  arg.hdr_cname = punycodify_name(Naming.var_prefix + arg.name)
  
          if nfixed > len(self.args):
              self.bad_signature()
              return
          elif nfixed < len(self.args):
              if not sig.has_generic_args:
                  self.bad_signature()
              for arg in self.args:
                  if arg.is_generic and (arg.type.is_extension_type or arg.type.is_builtin_type):
                      arg.needs_type_test = 1
  
          # Decide whether to use METH_FASTCALL
          # 1. If we use METH_NOARGS or METH_O, keep that. We can only change
          #    METH_VARARGS to METH_FASTCALL
          # 2. Special methods like __call__ always use the METH_VARGARGS
          #    calling convention
          mf = sig.method_flags()
          if mf and TypeSlots.method_varargs in mf and not self.entry.is_special:
              # 3. If the function uses the full args tuple, it's more
              #    efficient to use METH_VARARGS. This happens when the function
              #    takes *args but no other positional arguments (apart from
              #    possibly self). We don't do the analogous check for keyword
              #    arguments since the kwargs dict is copied anyway.
              if self.star_arg:
                  uses_args_tuple = True
                  for arg in self.args:
                      if (arg.is_generic and not arg.kw_only and
                              not arg.is_self_arg and not arg.is_type_arg):
                          # Other positional argument
                          uses_args_tuple = False
              else:
                  uses_args_tuple = False
  
              if not uses_args_tuple:
                  sig = self.entry.signature = sig.with_fastcall()
  
      def bad_signature(self):
          sig = self.entry.signature
          expected_str = "%d" % sig.num_fixed_args()
          if sig.has_generic_args:
              expected_str += " or more"
          name = self.name
          if name.startswith("__") and name.endswith("__"):
              desc = "Special method"
          else:
              desc = "Method"
          error(self.pos, "%s %s has wrong number of arguments (%d declared, %s expected)" % (
              desc, self.name, len(self.args), expected_str))
  
      def declare_pyfunction(self, env):
          #print "DefNode.declare_pyfunction:", self.name, "in", env ###
          name = self.name
          entry = env.lookup_here(name)
          if entry:
              if entry.is_final_cmethod and not env.parent_type.is_final_type:
                  error(self.pos, "Only final types can have final Python (def/cpdef) methods")
              if entry.type.is_cfunction and not entry.is_builtin_cmethod and not self.is_wrapper:
                  warning(self.pos, "Overriding cdef method with def method.", 5)
          entry = env.declare_pyfunction(name, self.pos, allow_redefine=not self.is_wrapper)
          self.entry = entry
          prefix = env.next_id(env.scope_prefix)
          self.entry.pyfunc_cname = punycodify_name(Naming.pyfunc_prefix + prefix + name)
          if Options.docstrings:
              entry.doc = embed_position(self.pos, self.doc)
              entry.doc_cname = punycodify_name(Naming.funcdoc_prefix + prefix + name)
              if entry.is_special:
                  if entry.name in TypeSlots.invisible or not entry.doc or (
                          entry.name in '__getattr__' and env.directives['fast_getattr']):
                      entry.wrapperbase_cname = None
                  else:
                      entry.wrapperbase_cname = punycodify_name(Naming.wrapperbase_prefix + prefix + name)
          else:
              entry.doc = None
  
      def declare_lambda_function(self, env):
          entry = env.declare_lambda_function(self.lambda_name, self.pos)
          entry.doc = None
          self.entry = entry
          self.entry.pyfunc_cname = entry.cname
  
      def declare_arguments(self, env):
          for arg in self.args:
              if not arg.name:
                  error(arg.pos, "Missing argument name")
              if arg.needs_conversion:
                  arg.entry = env.declare_var(arg.name, arg.type, arg.pos)
                  if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                      arg.entry.init = "0"
              else:
                  arg.entry = self.declare_argument(env, arg)
              arg.entry.is_arg = 1
              arg.entry.used = 1
              arg.entry.is_self_arg = arg.is_self_arg
          self.declare_python_arg(env, self.star_arg)
          self.declare_python_arg(env, self.starstar_arg)
  
      def declare_python_arg(self, env, arg):
          if arg:
              if env.directives['infer_types'] != False:
                  type = PyrexTypes.unspecified_type
              else:
                  type = py_object_type
              entry = env.declare_var(arg.name, type, arg.pos)
              entry.is_arg = 1
              entry.used = 1
              entry.init = "0"
              entry.xdecref_cleanup = 1
              arg.entry = entry
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.local_scope.directives = env.directives
          self.analyse_default_values(env)
          self.analyse_annotations(env)
  
          if not self.needs_assignment_synthesis(env) and self.decorators:
              for decorator in self.decorators[::-1]:
                  decorator.decorator = decorator.decorator.analyse_expressions(env)
  
          self.py_wrapper.prepare_argument_coercion(env)
          return self
  
      def needs_assignment_synthesis(self, env, code=None):
          if self.is_staticmethod:
              return True
          if self.specialized_cpdefs or self.entry.is_fused_specialized:
              return False
          if self.no_assignment_synthesis:
              return False
          if self.entry.is_special:
              return False
          if self.entry.is_anonymous:
              return True
          if env.is_module_scope or env.is_c_class_scope:
              if code is None:
                  return self.local_scope.directives['binding']
              else:
                  return code.globalstate.directives['binding']
          return env.is_py_class_scope or env.is_closure_scope
  
      def error_value(self):
          return self.entry.signature.error_value
  
      def caller_will_check_exceptions(self):
          return self.entry.signature.exception_check
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          if self.defaults_getter:
              # defaults getter must never live in class scopes, it's always a module function
              self.defaults_getter.generate_function_definitions(env.global_scope(), code)
  
          # Before closure cnames are mangled
          if self.py_wrapper_required:
              # func_cname might be modified by @cname
              self.py_wrapper.func_cname = self.entry.func_cname
              self.py_wrapper.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          FuncDefNode.generate_function_definitions(self, env, code)
  
      def generate_function_header(self, code, with_pymethdef, proto_only=0):
          if proto_only:
              if self.py_wrapper_required:
                  self.py_wrapper.generate_function_header(
                      code, with_pymethdef, True)
              return
          arg_code_list = []
          if self.entry.signature.has_dummy_arg:
              self_arg = 'PyObject *%s' % Naming.self_cname
              if not self.needs_outer_scope:
                  self_arg = 'CYTHON_UNUSED ' + self_arg
              arg_code_list.append(self_arg)
  
          def arg_decl_code(arg):
              entry = arg.entry
              if entry.in_closure:
                  cname = entry.original_cname
              else:
                  cname = entry.cname
              decl = entry.type.declaration_code(cname)
              if not entry.cf_used:
                  decl = 'CYTHON_UNUSED ' + decl
              return decl
  
          for arg in self.args:
              arg_code_list.append(arg_decl_code(arg))
          if self.star_arg:
              arg_code_list.append(arg_decl_code(self.star_arg))
          if self.starstar_arg:
              arg_code_list.append(arg_decl_code(self.starstar_arg))
          if arg_code_list:
              arg_code = ', '.join(arg_code_list)
          else:
              arg_code = 'void'  # No arguments
          dc = self.return_type.declaration_code(self.entry.pyfunc_cname)
  
          decls_code = code.globalstate['decls']
          preprocessor_guard = self.get_preprocessor_guard()
          if preprocessor_guard:
              decls_code.putln(preprocessor_guard)
          decls_code.putln(
              "static %s(%s); /* proto */" % (dc, arg_code))
          if preprocessor_guard:
              decls_code.putln("#endif")
          code.putln("static %s(%s) {" % (dc, arg_code))
  
      def generate_argument_declarations(self, env, code):
          pass
  
      def generate_keyword_list(self, code):
          pass
  
      def generate_argument_parsing_code(self, env, code):
          # Move arguments into closure if required
          def put_into_closure(entry):
              if entry.in_closure:
                  code.putln('%s = %s;' % (entry.cname, entry.original_cname))
                  if entry.xdecref_cleanup:
                      # mostly applies to the starstar arg - this can sometimes be NULL
                      # so must be xincrefed instead
                      code.put_var_xincref(entry)
                      code.put_var_xgiveref(entry)
                  else:
                      code.put_var_incref(entry)
                      code.put_var_giveref(entry)
          for arg in self.args:
              put_into_closure(arg.entry)
          for arg in self.star_arg, self.starstar_arg:
              if arg:
                  put_into_closure(arg.entry)
  
      def generate_argument_type_tests(self, code):
          pass
  
  
  class DefNodeWrapper(FuncDefNode):
      # DefNode python wrapper code generator
  
      defnode = None
      target = None # Target DefNode
  
      def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
          FuncDefNode.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
          self.num_posonly_args = self.target.num_posonly_args
          self.num_kwonly_args = self.target.num_kwonly_args
          self.num_required_kw_args = self.target.num_required_kw_args
          self.num_required_args = self.target.num_required_args
          self.self_in_stararg = self.target.self_in_stararg
          self.signature = None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          target_entry = self.target.entry
          name = self.name
          prefix = env.next_id(env.scope_prefix)
          target_entry.func_cname = punycodify_name(Naming.pywrap_prefix + prefix + name)
          target_entry.pymethdef_cname = punycodify_name(Naming.pymethdef_prefix + prefix + name)
  
          self.signature = target_entry.signature
  
          self.np_args_idx = self.target.np_args_idx
  
      def prepare_argument_coercion(self, env):
          # This is only really required for Cython utility code at this time,
          # everything else can be done during code generation.  But we expand
          # all utility code here, simply because we cannot easily distinguish
          # different code types.
          for arg in self.args:
              if not arg.type.is_pyobject:
                  if not arg.type.create_from_py_utility_code(env):
                      pass # will fail later
              elif arg.hdr_type and not arg.hdr_type.is_pyobject:
                  if not arg.hdr_type.create_to_py_utility_code(env):
                      pass # will fail later
  
          if self.starstar_arg and not self.starstar_arg.entry.cf_used:
              # we will set the kwargs argument to NULL instead of a new dict
              # and must therefore correct the control flow state
              entry = self.starstar_arg.entry
              entry.xdecref_cleanup = 1
              for ass in entry.cf_assignments:
                  if not ass.is_arg and ass.lhs.is_name:
                      ass.lhs.cf_maybe_null = True
  
      def signature_has_nongeneric_args(self):
          argcount = len(self.args)
          if argcount == 0 or (
                  argcount == 1 and (self.args[0].is_self_arg or
                                     self.args[0].is_type_arg)):
              return 0
          return 1
  
      def signature_has_generic_args(self):
          return self.signature.has_generic_args
  
      def generate_function_body(self, code):
          args = []
          if self.signature.has_dummy_arg:
              args.append(Naming.self_cname)
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.hdr_type and not (arg.type.is_memoryviewslice or
                                       arg.type.is_struct or
                                       arg.type.is_complex):
                  args.append(arg.type.cast_code(arg.entry.cname))
              else:
                  args.append(arg.entry.cname)
          if self.star_arg:
              args.append(self.star_arg.entry.cname)
          if self.starstar_arg:
              args.append(self.starstar_arg.entry.cname)
          args = ', '.join(args)
          if not self.return_type.is_void:
              code.put('%s = ' % Naming.retval_cname)
          code.putln('%s(%s);' % (
              self.target.entry.pyfunc_cname, args))
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          lenv = self.target.local_scope
          # Generate C code for header and body of function
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.putln("")
          code.putln("/* Python wrapper */")
          preprocessor_guard = self.target.get_preprocessor_guard()
          if preprocessor_guard:
              code.putln(preprocessor_guard)
  
          code.enter_cfunc_scope(lenv)
          code.return_from_error_cleanup_label = code.new_label()
  
          with_pymethdef = (self.target.needs_assignment_synthesis(env, code) or
                            self.target.pymethdef_required)
          self.generate_function_header(code, with_pymethdef)
          self.generate_argument_declarations(lenv, code)
          tempvardecl_code = code.insertion_point()
  
          if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
              retval_init = ' = 0'
          else:
              retval_init = ''
          if not self.return_type.is_void:
              code.putln('%s%s;' % (
                  self.return_type.declaration_code(Naming.retval_cname),
                  retval_init))
          code.put_declare_refcount_context()
          code.put_setup_refcount_context(EncodedString('%s (wrapper)' % self.name))
  
          self.generate_argument_parsing_code(lenv, code)
          self.generate_argument_type_tests(code)
          self.generate_function_body(code)
  
          # ----- Go back and insert temp variable declarations
          tempvardecl_code.put_temp_declarations(code.funcstate)
  
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.putln("")
          code.putln("/* function exit code */")
  
          # ----- Error cleanup
          if code.error_label in code.labels_used:
              code.put_goto(code.return_label)
              code.put_label(code.error_label)
              for cname, type in code.funcstate.all_managed_temps():
                  code.put_xdecref(cname, type)
              err_val = self.error_value()
              if err_val is not None:
                  code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.retval_cname, err_val))
  
          # ----- Non-error return cleanup
          code.put_label(code.return_label)
          for entry in lenv.var_entries:
              if entry.is_arg and entry.type.is_pyobject:
                  if entry.xdecref_cleanup:
                      code.put_var_xdecref(entry)
                  else:
                      code.put_var_decref(entry)
  
          code.put_finish_refcount_context()
          if not self.return_type.is_void:
              code.putln("return %s;" % Naming.retval_cname)
          code.putln('}')
          code.exit_cfunc_scope()
          if preprocessor_guard:
              code.putln("#endif /*!(%s)*/" % preprocessor_guard)
  
      def generate_function_header(self, code, with_pymethdef, proto_only=0):
          arg_code_list = []
          sig = self.signature
  
          if sig.has_dummy_arg or self.self_in_stararg:
              arg_code = "PyObject *%s" % Naming.self_cname
              if not sig.has_dummy_arg:
                  arg_code = 'CYTHON_UNUSED ' + arg_code
              arg_code_list.append(arg_code)
  
          for arg in self.args:
              if not arg.is_generic:
                  if arg.is_self_arg or arg.is_type_arg:
                      arg_code_list.append("PyObject *%s" % arg.hdr_cname)
                  else:
                      arg_code_list.append(
                          arg.hdr_type.declaration_code(arg.hdr_cname))
          entry = self.target.entry
          if not entry.is_special and sig.method_flags() == [TypeSlots.method_noargs]:
              arg_code_list.append("CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *unused")
          if entry.scope.is_c_class_scope and entry.name == "__ipow__":
              arg_code_list.append("CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *unused")
          if sig.has_generic_args:
              varargs_args = "PyObject *%s, PyObject *%s" % (
                      Naming.args_cname, Naming.kwds_cname)
              if sig.use_fastcall:
                  fastcall_args = "PyObject *const *%s, Py_ssize_t %s, PyObject *%s" % (
                          Naming.args_cname, Naming.nargs_cname, Naming.kwds_cname)
                  arg_code_list.append(
                      "\n#if CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL\n%s\n#else\n%s\n#endif\n" % (
                          fastcall_args, varargs_args))
              else:
                  arg_code_list.append(varargs_args)
          arg_code = ", ".join(arg_code_list)
  
          # Prevent warning: unused function '__pyx_pw_5numpy_7ndarray_1__getbuffer__'
          mf = ""
          if (entry.name in ("__getbuffer__", "__releasebuffer__")
                  and entry.scope.is_c_class_scope):
              mf = "CYTHON_UNUSED "
              with_pymethdef = False
  
          dc = self.return_type.declaration_code(entry.func_cname)
          header = "static %s%s(%s)" % (mf, dc, arg_code)
          code.putln("%s; /*proto*/" % header)
  
          if proto_only:
              if self.target.fused_py_func:
                  # If we are the specialized version of the cpdef, we still
                  # want the prototype for the "fused cpdef", in case we're
                  # checking to see if our method was overridden in Python
                  self.target.fused_py_func.generate_function_header(
                      code, with_pymethdef, proto_only=True)
              return
  
          if (Options.docstrings and entry.doc and
                  not self.target.fused_py_func and
                  not entry.scope.is_property_scope and
                  (not entry.is_special or entry.wrapperbase_cname)):
              # h_code = code.globalstate['h_code']
              docstr = entry.doc
  
              if docstr.is_unicode:
                  docstr = docstr.as_utf8_string()
  
              if not (entry.is_special and entry.name in ('__getbuffer__', '__releasebuffer__')):
                  code.putln('PyDoc_STRVAR(%s, %s);' % (
                      entry.doc_cname,
                      docstr.as_c_string_literal()))
  
              if entry.is_special:
                  code.putln('#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON')
                  code.putln(
                      "struct wrapperbase %s;" % entry.wrapperbase_cname)
                  code.putln('#endif')
  
          if with_pymethdef or self.target.fused_py_func:
              code.put(
                  "static PyMethodDef %s = " % entry.pymethdef_cname)
              code.put_pymethoddef(self.target.entry, ";", allow_skip=False)
          code.putln("%s {" % header)
  
      def generate_argument_declarations(self, env, code):
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.is_generic:
                  if arg.needs_conversion:
                      code.putln("PyObject *%s = 0;" % arg.hdr_cname)
                  else:
                      code.put_var_declaration(arg.entry)
          for entry in env.var_entries:
              if entry.is_arg:
                  code.put_var_declaration(entry)
  
          # Assign nargs variable as len(args), but avoid an "unused" warning in the few cases where we don't need it.
          if self.signature_has_generic_args():
              nargs_code = "CYTHON_UNUSED const Py_ssize_t %s = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(%s);" % (
                          Naming.nargs_cname, Naming.args_cname)
              if self.signature.use_fastcall:
                  code.putln("#if !CYTHON_METH_FASTCALL")
                  code.putln(nargs_code)
                  code.putln("#endif")
              else:
                  code.putln(nargs_code)
  
          # Array containing the values of keyword arguments when using METH_FASTCALL.
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
              UtilityCode.load_cached("fastcall", "FunctionArguments.c"))
          code.putln('CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *const *%s = __Pyx_KwValues_%s(%s, %s);' % (
              Naming.kwvalues_cname, self.signature.fastvar, Naming.args_cname, Naming.nargs_cname))
  
      def generate_argument_parsing_code(self, env, code):
          # Generate fast equivalent of PyArg_ParseTuple call for
          # generic arguments, if any, including args/kwargs
          old_error_label = code.new_error_label()
          our_error_label = code.error_label
          end_label = code.new_label("argument_unpacking_done")
  
          has_kwonly_args = self.num_kwonly_args > 0
          has_star_or_kw_args = self.star_arg is not None \
              or self.starstar_arg is not None or has_kwonly_args
  
          for arg in self.args:
              if not arg.type.is_pyobject:
                  if not arg.type.create_from_py_utility_code(env):
                      pass  # will fail later
  
          if not self.signature_has_generic_args():
              if has_star_or_kw_args:
                  error(self.pos, "This method cannot have * or keyword arguments")
              self.generate_argument_conversion_code(code)
  
          elif not self.signature_has_nongeneric_args():
              # func(*args) or func(**kw) or func(*args, **kw)
              # possibly with a "self" argument but no other non-star
              # arguments
              self.generate_stararg_copy_code(code)
  
          else:
              self.generate_tuple_and_keyword_parsing_code(self.args, end_label, code)
  
          code.error_label = old_error_label
          if code.label_used(our_error_label):
              if not code.label_used(end_label):
                  code.put_goto(end_label)
              code.put_label(our_error_label)
              if has_star_or_kw_args:
                  self.generate_arg_decref(self.star_arg, code)
                  if self.starstar_arg:
                      if self.starstar_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup:
                          code.put_var_xdecref_clear(self.starstar_arg.entry)
                      else:
                          code.put_var_decref_clear(self.starstar_arg.entry)
              code.put_add_traceback(self.target.entry.qualified_name)
              code.put_finish_refcount_context()
              code.putln("return %s;" % self.error_value())
          if code.label_used(end_label):
              code.put_label(end_label)
  
      def generate_arg_xdecref(self, arg, code):
          if arg:
              code.put_var_xdecref_clear(arg.entry)
  
      def generate_arg_decref(self, arg, code):
          if arg:
              code.put_var_decref_clear(arg.entry)
  
      def generate_stararg_copy_code(self, code):
          if not self.star_arg:
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                  UtilityCode.load_cached("RaiseArgTupleInvalid", "FunctionArguments.c"))
              code.putln("if (unlikely(%s > 0)) {" % Naming.nargs_cname)
              code.put('__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("%s", 1, 0, 0, %s); return %s;' % (
                  self.name, Naming.nargs_cname, self.error_value()))
              code.putln("}")
  
          if self.starstar_arg:
              if self.star_arg or not self.starstar_arg.entry.cf_used:
                  kwarg_check = "unlikely(%s)" % Naming.kwds_cname
              else:
                  kwarg_check = "%s" % Naming.kwds_cname
          else:
              kwarg_check = "unlikely(%s) && __Pyx_NumKwargs_%s(%s)" % (
                  Naming.kwds_cname, self.signature.fastvar, Naming.kwds_cname)
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
              UtilityCode.load_cached("KeywordStringCheck", "FunctionArguments.c"))
          code.putln(
              "if (%s && unlikely(!__Pyx_CheckKeywordStrings(%s, \"%s\", %d))) return %s;" % (
                  kwarg_check, Naming.kwds_cname, self.name,
                  bool(self.starstar_arg), self.error_value()))
  
          if self.starstar_arg and self.starstar_arg.entry.cf_used:
              code.putln("if (%s) {" % kwarg_check)
              code.putln("%s = __Pyx_KwargsAsDict_%s(%s, %s);" % (
                  self.starstar_arg.entry.cname,
                  self.signature.fastvar,
                  Naming.kwds_cname,
                  Naming.kwvalues_cname))
              code.putln("if (unlikely(!%s)) return %s;" % (
                  self.starstar_arg.entry.cname, self.error_value()))
              code.put_gotref(self.starstar_arg.entry.cname, py_object_type)
              code.putln("} else {")
              allow_null = all(ref.node.allow_null for ref in self.starstar_arg.entry.cf_references)
              if allow_null:
                  code.putln("%s = NULL;" % (self.starstar_arg.entry.cname,))
              else:
                  code.putln("%s = PyDict_New();" % (self.starstar_arg.entry.cname,))
                  code.putln("if (unlikely(!%s)) return %s;" % (
                      self.starstar_arg.entry.cname, self.error_value()))
                  code.put_var_gotref(self.starstar_arg.entry)
              self.starstar_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = allow_null
              code.putln("}")
  
          if self.self_in_stararg and not self.target.is_staticmethod:
              assert not self.signature.use_fastcall
              # need to create a new tuple with 'self' inserted as first item
              code.put("%s = PyTuple_New(%s + 1); if (unlikely(!%s)) " % (
                  self.star_arg.entry.cname,
                  Naming.nargs_cname,
                  self.star_arg.entry.cname))
              if self.starstar_arg and self.starstar_arg.entry.cf_used:
                  code.putln("{")
                  code.put_var_xdecref_clear(self.starstar_arg.entry)
                  code.putln("return %s;" % self.error_value())
                  code.putln("}")
              else:
                  code.putln("return %s;" % self.error_value())
              code.put_var_gotref(self.star_arg.entry)
              code.put_incref(Naming.self_cname, py_object_type)
              code.put_giveref(Naming.self_cname, py_object_type)
              code.putln("PyTuple_SET_ITEM(%s, 0, %s);" % (
                  self.star_arg.entry.cname, Naming.self_cname))
              temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type, manage_ref=False)
              code.putln("for (%s=0; %s < %s; %s++) {" % (
                  temp, temp, Naming.nargs_cname, temp))
              code.putln("PyObject* item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%s, %s);" % (
                  Naming.args_cname, temp))
              code.put_incref("item", py_object_type)
              code.put_giveref("item", py_object_type)
              code.putln("PyTuple_SET_ITEM(%s, %s+1, item);" % (
                  self.star_arg.entry.cname, temp))
              code.putln("}")
              code.funcstate.release_temp(temp)
              self.star_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0
          elif self.star_arg:
              assert not self.signature.use_fastcall
              code.put_incref(Naming.args_cname, py_object_type)
              code.putln("%s = %s;" % (
                  self.star_arg.entry.cname,
                  Naming.args_cname))
              self.star_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0
  
      def generate_tuple_and_keyword_parsing_code(self, args, success_label, code):
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
              UtilityCode.load_cached("fastcall", "FunctionArguments.c"))
  
          self_name_csafe = self.name.as_c_string_literal()
  
          argtuple_error_label = code.new_label("argtuple_error")
  
          positional_args = []
          required_kw_only_args = []
          optional_kw_only_args = []
          num_pos_only_args = 0
          for arg in args:
              if arg.is_generic:
                  if arg.default:
                      if not arg.is_self_arg and not arg.is_type_arg:
                          if arg.kw_only:
                              optional_kw_only_args.append(arg)
                          else:
                              positional_args.append(arg)
                  elif arg.kw_only:
                      required_kw_only_args.append(arg)
                  elif not arg.is_self_arg and not arg.is_type_arg:
                      positional_args.append(arg)
                  if arg.pos_only:
                      num_pos_only_args += 1
  
          # sort required kw-only args before optional ones to avoid special
          # cases in the unpacking code
          kw_only_args = required_kw_only_args + optional_kw_only_args
  
          min_positional_args = self.num_required_args - self.num_required_kw_args
          if len(args) > 0 and (args[0].is_self_arg or args[0].is_type_arg):
              min_positional_args -= 1
          max_positional_args = len(positional_args)
          has_fixed_positional_count = not self.star_arg and \
              min_positional_args == max_positional_args
          has_kw_only_args = bool(kw_only_args)
  
          if self.starstar_arg or self.star_arg:
              self.generate_stararg_init_code(max_positional_args, code)
  
          code.putln('{')
          all_args = tuple(positional_args) + tuple(kw_only_args)
          non_posonly_args = [arg for arg in all_args if not arg.pos_only]
          non_pos_args_id = ','.join(
              ['&%s' % code.intern_identifier(arg.name) for arg in non_posonly_args] + ['0'])
          code.putln("#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API")
          code.putln("PyObject **%s[] = {%s};" % (
              Naming.pykwdlist_cname,
              non_pos_args_id))
          code.putln("#else")
          code.putln("static PyObject **%s[] = {%s};" % (
              Naming.pykwdlist_cname,
              non_pos_args_id))
          code.putln("#endif")
  
          # Before being converted and assigned to the target variables,
          # borrowed references to all unpacked argument values are
          # collected into a local PyObject* array called "values",
          # regardless if they were taken from default arguments,
          # positional arguments or keyword arguments.  Note that
          # C-typed default arguments are handled at conversion time,
          # so their array value is NULL in the end if no argument
          # was passed for them.
          self.generate_argument_values_setup_code(all_args, code)
  
          # If all args are positional-only, we can raise an error
          # straight away if we receive a non-empty kw-dict.
          # This requires a PyDict_Size call.  This call is wasteful
          # for functions which do accept kw-args, so we do not generate
          # the PyDict_Size call unless all args are positional-only.
          accept_kwd_args = non_posonly_args or self.starstar_arg
          if accept_kwd_args:
              kw_unpacking_condition = Naming.kwds_cname
          else:
              kw_unpacking_condition = "%s && __Pyx_NumKwargs_%s(%s) > 0" % (
                  Naming.kwds_cname, self.signature.fastvar, Naming.kwds_cname)
  
          if self.num_required_kw_args > 0:
              kw_unpacking_condition = "likely(%s)" % kw_unpacking_condition
  
          # --- optimised code when we receive keyword arguments
          code.putln("if (%s) {" % kw_unpacking_condition)
  
          if accept_kwd_args:
              self.generate_keyword_unpacking_code(
                  min_positional_args, max_positional_args,
                  has_fixed_positional_count, has_kw_only_args, all_args, argtuple_error_label, code)
          else:
              # Here we do not accept kw-args but we are passed a non-empty kw-dict.
              # We call ParseOptionalKeywords which will raise an appropriate error if
              # the kw-args dict passed is non-empty (which it will be, since kw_unpacking_condition is true)
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                  UtilityCode.load_cached("ParseKeywords", "FunctionArguments.c"))
              code.putln('if (likely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s) < 0)) %s' % (
                  Naming.kwds_cname,
                  Naming.kwvalues_cname,
                  Naming.pykwdlist_cname,
                  self.starstar_arg.entry.cname if self.starstar_arg else 0,
                  'values',
                  0,
                  self_name_csafe,
                  code.error_goto(self.pos)))
  
          # --- optimised code when we do not receive any keyword arguments
          if (self.num_required_kw_args and min_positional_args > 0) or min_positional_args == max_positional_args:
              # Python raises arg tuple related errors first, so we must
              # check the length here
              if min_positional_args == max_positional_args and not self.star_arg:
                  compare = '!='
              else:
                  compare = '<'
              code.putln('} else if (unlikely(%s %s %d)) {' % (
                  Naming.nargs_cname, compare, min_positional_args))
              code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
  
          if self.num_required_kw_args:
              # pure error case: keywords required but not passed
              if max_positional_args > min_positional_args and not self.star_arg:
                  code.putln('} else if (unlikely(%s > %d)) {' % (
                      Naming.nargs_cname, max_positional_args))
                  code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
              code.putln('} else {')
              for i, arg in enumerate(kw_only_args):
                  if not arg.default:
                      pystring_cname = code.intern_identifier(arg.name)
                      # required keyword-only argument missing
                      code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                          UtilityCode.load_cached("RaiseKeywordRequired", "FunctionArguments.c"))
                      code.put('__Pyx_RaiseKeywordRequired("%s", %s); ' % (
                          self.name,
                          pystring_cname))
                      code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
                      break
  
          else:
              # optimised tuple unpacking code
              code.putln('} else {')
              if min_positional_args == max_positional_args:
                  # parse the exact number of positional arguments from
                  # the args tuple
                  for i, arg in enumerate(positional_args):
                      code.putln("values[%d] = __Pyx_Arg_%s(%s, %d);" % (
                              i, self.signature.fastvar, Naming.args_cname, i))
              else:
                  # parse the positional arguments from the variable length
                  # args tuple and reject illegal argument tuple sizes
                  code.putln('switch (%s) {' % Naming.nargs_cname)
                  if self.star_arg:
                      code.putln('default:')
                  reversed_args = list(enumerate(positional_args))[::-1]
                  for i, arg in reversed_args:
                      if i >= min_positional_args-1:
                          if i != reversed_args[0][0]:
                              code.putln('CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;')
                          code.put('case %2d: ' % (i+1))
                      code.putln("values[%d] = __Pyx_Arg_%s(%s, %d);" % (
                              i, self.signature.fastvar, Naming.args_cname, i))
                  if min_positional_args == 0:
                      code.putln('CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;')
                      code.put('case  0: ')
                  code.putln('break;')
                  if self.star_arg:
                      if min_positional_args:
                          for i in range(min_positional_args-1, -1, -1):
                              code.putln('case %2d:' % i)
                          code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
                  else:
                      code.put('default: ')
                      code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
                  code.putln('}')
  
          code.putln('}') # end of the conditional unpacking blocks
  
          # Convert arg values to their final type and assign them.
          # Also inject non-Python default arguments, which do cannot
          # live in the values[] array.
          for i, arg in enumerate(all_args):
              self.generate_arg_assignment(arg, "values[%d]" % i, code)
  
          code.putln('}') # end of the whole argument unpacking block
  
          if code.label_used(argtuple_error_label):
              code.put_goto(success_label)
              code.put_label(argtuple_error_label)
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                  UtilityCode.load_cached("RaiseArgTupleInvalid", "FunctionArguments.c"))
              code.put('__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(%s, %d, %d, %d, %s); ' % (
                  self_name_csafe, has_fixed_positional_count,
                  min_positional_args, max_positional_args,
                  Naming.nargs_cname))
              code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
  
      def generate_arg_assignment(self, arg, item, code):
          if arg.type.is_pyobject:
              # Python default arguments were already stored in 'item' at the very beginning
              if arg.is_generic:
                  item = PyrexTypes.typecast(arg.type, PyrexTypes.py_object_type, item)
              entry = arg.entry
              code.putln("%s = %s;" % (entry.cname, item))
          else:
              if arg.type.from_py_function:
                  if arg.default:
                      # C-typed default arguments must be handled here
                      code.putln('if (%s) {' % item)
                  code.putln(arg.type.from_py_call_code(
                      item, arg.entry.cname, arg.pos, code))
                  if arg.default:
                      code.putln('} else {')
                      code.putln("%s = %s;" % (
                          arg.entry.cname,
                          arg.calculate_default_value_code(code)))
                      if arg.type.is_memoryviewslice:
                          code.put_var_incref_memoryviewslice(arg.entry, have_gil=True)
                      code.putln('}')
              else:
                  error(arg.pos, "Cannot convert Python object argument to type '%s'" % arg.type)
  
      def generate_stararg_init_code(self, max_positional_args, code):
          if self.starstar_arg:
              self.starstar_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0
              code.putln('%s = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!%s)) return %s;' % (
                  self.starstar_arg.entry.cname,
                  self.starstar_arg.entry.cname,
                  self.error_value()))
              code.put_var_gotref(self.starstar_arg.entry)
          if self.star_arg:
              self.star_arg.entry.xdecref_cleanup = 0
              if max_positional_args == 0:
                  # If there are no positional arguments, use the args tuple
                  # directly
                  assert not self.signature.use_fastcall
                  code.put_incref(Naming.args_cname, py_object_type)
                  code.putln("%s = %s;" % (self.star_arg.entry.cname, Naming.args_cname))
              else:
                  # It is possible that this is a slice of "negative" length,
                  # as in args[5:3]. That's not a problem, the function below
                  # handles that efficiently and returns the empty tuple.
                  code.putln('%s = __Pyx_ArgsSlice_%s(%s, %d, %s);' % (
                      self.star_arg.entry.cname, self.signature.fastvar,
                      Naming.args_cname, max_positional_args, Naming.nargs_cname))
                  code.putln("if (unlikely(!%s)) {" %
                             self.star_arg.entry.type.nullcheck_string(self.star_arg.entry.cname))
                  if self.starstar_arg:
                      code.put_var_decref_clear(self.starstar_arg.entry)
                  code.put_finish_refcount_context()
                  code.putln('return %s;' % self.error_value())
                  code.putln('}')
                  code.put_var_gotref(self.star_arg.entry)
  
      def generate_argument_values_setup_code(self, args, code):
          max_args = len(args)
          # the 'values' array collects borrowed references to arguments
          # before doing any type coercion etc.
          code.putln("PyObject* values[%d] = {%s};" % (
              max_args, ','.join('0'*max_args)))
  
          if self.target.defaults_struct:
              code.putln('%s *%s = __Pyx_CyFunction_Defaults(%s, %s);' % (
                  self.target.defaults_struct, Naming.dynamic_args_cname,
                  self.target.defaults_struct, Naming.self_cname))
  
          # assign borrowed Python default values to the values array,
          # so that they can be overwritten by received arguments below
          for i, arg in enumerate(args):
              if arg.default and arg.type.is_pyobject:
                  default_value = arg.calculate_default_value_code(code)
                  code.putln('values[%d] = %s;' % (i, arg.type.as_pyobject(default_value)))
  
      def generate_keyword_unpacking_code(self, min_positional_args, max_positional_args,
                                          has_fixed_positional_count,
                                          has_kw_only_args, all_args, argtuple_error_label, code):
          # First we count how many arguments must be passed as positional
          num_required_posonly_args = num_pos_only_args = 0
          for i, arg in enumerate(all_args):
              if arg.pos_only:
                  num_pos_only_args += 1
                  if not arg.default:
                      num_required_posonly_args += 1
  
          code.putln('Py_ssize_t kw_args;')
          # copy the values from the args tuple and check that it's not too long
          code.putln('switch (%s) {' % Naming.nargs_cname)
          if self.star_arg:
              code.putln('default:')
  
          for i in range(max_positional_args-1, num_required_posonly_args-1, -1):
              code.put('case %2d: ' % (i+1))
              code.putln("values[%d] = __Pyx_Arg_%s(%s, %d);" % (
                  i, self.signature.fastvar, Naming.args_cname, i))
              code.putln('CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;')
          if num_required_posonly_args > 0:
              code.put('case %2d: ' % num_required_posonly_args)
              for i in range(num_required_posonly_args-1, -1, -1):
                  code.putln("values[%d] = __Pyx_Arg_%s(%s, %d);" % (
                      i, self.signature.fastvar, Naming.args_cname, i))
              code.putln('break;')
          for i in range(num_required_posonly_args-2, -1, -1):
              code.put('case %2d: ' % (i+1))
              code.putln('CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;')
  
          code.put('case  0: ')
          if num_required_posonly_args == 0:
              code.putln('break;')
          else:
              # catch-all for not enough pos-only args passed
              code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
          if not self.star_arg:
              code.put('default: ') # more arguments than allowed
              code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
          code.putln('}')
  
          # The code above is very often (but not always) the same as
          # the optimised non-kwargs tuple unpacking code, so we keep
          # the code block above at the very top, before the following
          # 'external' PyDict_Size() call, to make it easy for the C
          # compiler to merge the two separate tuple unpacking
          # implementations into one when they turn out to be identical.
  
          # If we received kwargs, fill up the positional/required
          # arguments with values from the kw dict
          self_name_csafe = self.name.as_c_string_literal()
  
          code.putln('kw_args = __Pyx_NumKwargs_%s(%s);' % (
                  self.signature.fastvar, Naming.kwds_cname))
          if self.num_required_args or max_positional_args > 0:
              last_required_arg = -1
              for i, arg in enumerate(all_args):
                  if not arg.default:
                      last_required_arg = i
              if last_required_arg < max_positional_args:
                  last_required_arg = max_positional_args-1
              if max_positional_args > num_pos_only_args:
                  code.putln('switch (%s) {' % Naming.nargs_cname)
              for i, arg in enumerate(all_args[num_pos_only_args:last_required_arg+1], num_pos_only_args):
                  if max_positional_args > num_pos_only_args and i <= max_positional_args:
                      if i != num_pos_only_args:
                          code.putln('CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;')
                      if self.star_arg and i == max_positional_args:
                          code.putln('default:')
                      else:
                          code.putln('case %2d:' % i)
                  pystring_cname = code.intern_identifier(arg.name)
                  if arg.default:
                      if arg.kw_only:
                          # optional kw-only args are handled separately below
                          continue
                      code.putln('if (kw_args > 0) {')
                      # don't overwrite default argument
                      code.putln('PyObject* value = __Pyx_GetKwValue_%s(%s, %s, %s);' % (
                          self.signature.fastvar, Naming.kwds_cname, Naming.kwvalues_cname, pystring_cname))
                      code.putln('if (value) { values[%d] = value; kw_args--; }' % i)
                      code.putln('else if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) %s' % code.error_goto(self.pos))
                      code.putln('}')
                  else:
                      code.putln('if (likely((values[%d] = __Pyx_GetKwValue_%s(%s, %s, %s)) != 0)) kw_args--;' % (
                          i, self.signature.fastvar, Naming.kwds_cname, Naming.kwvalues_cname, pystring_cname))
                      code.putln('else if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) %s' % code.error_goto(self.pos))
                      if i < min_positional_args:
                          if i == 0:
                              # special case: we know arg 0 is missing
                              code.put('else ')
                              code.put_goto(argtuple_error_label)
                          else:
                              # print the correct number of values (args or
                              # kwargs) that were passed into positional
                              # arguments up to this point
                              code.putln('else {')
                              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                                  UtilityCode.load_cached("RaiseArgTupleInvalid", "FunctionArguments.c"))
                              code.put('__Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(%s, %d, %d, %d, %d); ' % (
                                  self_name_csafe, has_fixed_positional_count,
                                  min_positional_args, max_positional_args, i))
                              code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
                              code.putln('}')
                      elif arg.kw_only:
                          code.putln('else {')
                          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                              UtilityCode.load_cached("RaiseKeywordRequired", "FunctionArguments.c"))
                          code.put('__Pyx_RaiseKeywordRequired(%s, %s); ' % (
                              self_name_csafe, pystring_cname))
                          code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
                          code.putln('}')
              if max_positional_args > num_pos_only_args:
                  code.putln('}')
  
          if has_kw_only_args:
              # unpack optional keyword-only arguments separately because
              # checking for interned strings in a dict is faster than iterating
              self.generate_optional_kwonly_args_unpacking_code(all_args, code)
  
          code.putln('if (unlikely(kw_args > 0)) {')
          # non-positional/-required kw args left in dict: default args,
          # kw-only args, **kwargs or error
          #
          # This is sort of a catch-all: except for checking required
          # arguments, this will always do the right thing for unpacking
          # keyword arguments, so that we can concentrate on optimising
          # common cases above.
          #
          # ParseOptionalKeywords() needs to know how many of the arguments
          # that could be passed as keywords have in fact been passed as
          # positional args.
          if num_pos_only_args > 0:
              # There are positional-only arguments which we don't want to count,
              # since they cannot be keyword arguments.  Subtract the number of
              # pos-only arguments from the number of positional arguments we got.
              # If we get a negative number then none of the keyword arguments were
              # passed as positional args.
              code.putln('const Py_ssize_t kwd_pos_args = (unlikely(%s < %d)) ? 0 : %s - %d;' % (
                  Naming.nargs_cname, num_pos_only_args,
                  Naming.nargs_cname, num_pos_only_args,
              ))
          elif max_positional_args > 0:
              code.putln('const Py_ssize_t kwd_pos_args = %s;' % Naming.nargs_cname)
  
          if max_positional_args == 0:
              pos_arg_count = "0"
          elif self.star_arg:
              # If there is a *arg, the number of used positional args could be larger than
              # the number of possible keyword arguments.  But ParseOptionalKeywords() uses the
              # number of positional args as an index into the keyword argument name array,
              # if this is larger than the number of kwd args we get a segfault.  So round
              # this down to max_positional_args - num_pos_only_args (= num possible kwd args).
              code.putln("const Py_ssize_t used_pos_args = (kwd_pos_args < %d) ? kwd_pos_args : %d;" % (
                  max_positional_args - num_pos_only_args, max_positional_args - num_pos_only_args))
              pos_arg_count = "used_pos_args"
          else:
              pos_arg_count = "kwd_pos_args"
          if num_pos_only_args < len(all_args):
              values_array = 'values + %d' % num_pos_only_args
          else:
              values_array = 'values'
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
              UtilityCode.load_cached("ParseKeywords", "FunctionArguments.c"))
          code.putln('if (unlikely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s) < 0)) %s' % (
              Naming.kwds_cname,
              Naming.kwvalues_cname,
              Naming.pykwdlist_cname,
              self.starstar_arg and self.starstar_arg.entry.cname or '0',
              values_array,
              pos_arg_count,
              self_name_csafe,
              code.error_goto(self.pos)))
          code.putln('}')
  
      def generate_optional_kwonly_args_unpacking_code(self, all_args, code):
          optional_args = []
          first_optional_arg = -1
          num_posonly_args = 0
          for i, arg in enumerate(all_args):
              if arg.pos_only:
                  num_posonly_args += 1
              if not arg.kw_only or not arg.default:
                  continue
              if not optional_args:
                  first_optional_arg = i
              optional_args.append(arg.name)
          if num_posonly_args > 0:
              posonly_correction = '-%d' % num_posonly_args
          else:
              posonly_correction = ''
          if optional_args:
              if len(optional_args) > 1:
                  # if we receive more than the named kwargs, we either have **kwargs
                  # (in which case we must iterate anyway) or it's an error (which we
                  # also handle during iteration) => skip this part if there are more
                  code.putln('if (kw_args > 0 && %s(kw_args <= %d)) {' % (
                      not self.starstar_arg and 'likely' or '',
                      len(optional_args)))
                  code.putln('Py_ssize_t index;')
                  # not unrolling the loop here reduces the C code overhead
                  code.putln('for (index = %d; index < %d && kw_args > 0; index++) {' % (
                      first_optional_arg, first_optional_arg + len(optional_args)))
              else:
                  code.putln('if (kw_args == 1) {')
                  code.putln('const Py_ssize_t index = %d;' % first_optional_arg)
              code.putln('PyObject* value = __Pyx_GetKwValue_%s(%s, %s, *%s[index%s]);' % (
                  self.signature.fastvar,
                  Naming.kwds_cname,
                  Naming.kwvalues_cname,
                  Naming.pykwdlist_cname,
                  posonly_correction))
              code.putln('if (value) { values[index] = value; kw_args--; }')
              code.putln('else if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) %s' % code.error_goto(self.pos))
              if len(optional_args) > 1:
                  code.putln('}')
              code.putln('}')
  
      def generate_argument_conversion_code(self, code):
          # Generate code to convert arguments from signature type to
          # declared type, if needed.  Also copies signature arguments
          # into closure fields.
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.needs_conversion:
                  self.generate_arg_conversion(arg, code)
  
      def generate_arg_conversion(self, arg, code):
          # Generate conversion code for one argument.
          old_type = arg.hdr_type
          new_type = arg.type
          if old_type.is_pyobject:
              if arg.default:
                  code.putln("if (%s) {" % arg.hdr_cname)
              else:
                  code.putln("assert(%s); {" % arg.hdr_cname)
              self.generate_arg_conversion_from_pyobject(arg, code)
              code.putln("}")
          elif new_type.is_pyobject:
              self.generate_arg_conversion_to_pyobject(arg, code)
          else:
              if new_type.assignable_from(old_type):
                  code.putln("%s = %s;" % (arg.entry.cname, arg.hdr_cname))
              else:
                  error(arg.pos, "Cannot convert 1 argument from '%s' to '%s'" % (old_type, new_type))
  
      def generate_arg_conversion_from_pyobject(self, arg, code):
          new_type = arg.type
          # copied from CoerceFromPyTypeNode
          if new_type.from_py_function:
              code.putln(new_type.from_py_call_code(
                  arg.hdr_cname,
                  arg.entry.cname,
                  arg.pos,
                  code,
              ))
          else:
              error(arg.pos, "Cannot convert Python object argument to type '%s'" % new_type)
  
      def generate_arg_conversion_to_pyobject(self, arg, code):
          old_type = arg.hdr_type
          func = old_type.to_py_function
          if func:
              code.putln("%s = %s(%s); %s" % (
                  arg.entry.cname,
                  func,
                  arg.hdr_cname,
                  code.error_goto_if_null(arg.entry.cname, arg.pos)))
              code.put_var_gotref(arg.entry)
          else:
              error(arg.pos, "Cannot convert argument of type '%s' to Python object" % old_type)
  
      def generate_argument_type_tests(self, code):
          # Generate type tests for args whose signature
          # type is PyObject * and whose declared type is
          # a subtype thereof.
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.needs_type_test:
                  self.generate_arg_type_test(arg, code)
              elif not arg.accept_none and (arg.type.is_pyobject or
                                            arg.type.is_buffer or
                                            arg.type.is_memoryviewslice):
                  self.generate_arg_none_check(arg, code)
  
      def error_value(self):
          return self.signature.error_value
  
  
  class GeneratorDefNode(DefNode):
      # Generator function node that creates a new generator instance when called.
      #
      # gbody          GeneratorBodyDefNode   the function implementing the generator
      #
  
      is_generator = True
      is_coroutine = False
      is_iterable_coroutine = False
      is_asyncgen = False
      gen_type_name = 'Generator'
      needs_closure = True
  
      child_attrs = DefNode.child_attrs + ["gbody"]
  
      def __init__(self, pos, **kwargs):
          # XXX: don't actually needs a body
          kwargs['body'] = StatListNode(pos, stats=[], is_terminator=True)
          super(GeneratorDefNode, self).__init__(pos, **kwargs)
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          super(GeneratorDefNode, self).analyse_declarations(env)
          self.gbody.local_scope = self.local_scope
          self.gbody.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def generate_function_body(self, env, code):
          body_cname = self.gbody.entry.func_cname
          name = code.intern_identifier(self.name)
          qualname = code.intern_identifier(self.qualname)
          module_name = code.intern_identifier(self.module_name)
  
          code.putln('{')
          code.putln('__pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = __Pyx_%s_New('
                     '(__pyx_coroutine_body_t) %s, %s, (PyObject *) %s, %s, %s, %s); %s' % (
                         self.gen_type_name,
                         body_cname, self.code_object.calculate_result_code(code) if self.code_object else 'NULL',
                         Naming.cur_scope_cname, name, qualname, module_name,
                         code.error_goto_if_null('gen', self.pos)))
          code.put_decref(Naming.cur_scope_cname, py_object_type)
          if self.requires_classobj:
              classobj_cname = 'gen->classobj'
              code.putln('%s = __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(%s);' % (
                  classobj_cname, Naming.self_cname))
              code.put_incref(classobj_cname, py_object_type)
              code.put_giveref(classobj_cname, py_object_type)
          code.put_finish_refcount_context()
          code.putln('return (PyObject *) gen;')
          code.putln('}')
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          env.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached(self.gen_type_name, "Coroutine.c"))
          self.gbody.generate_function_header(code, proto=True)
          super(GeneratorDefNode, self).generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.gbody.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
  
  class AsyncDefNode(GeneratorDefNode):
      gen_type_name = 'Coroutine'
      is_coroutine = True
  
  
  class IterableAsyncDefNode(AsyncDefNode):
      gen_type_name = 'IterableCoroutine'
      is_iterable_coroutine = True
  
  
  class AsyncGenNode(AsyncDefNode):
      gen_type_name = 'AsyncGen'
      is_asyncgen = True
  
  
  class GeneratorBodyDefNode(DefNode):
      # Main code body of a generator implemented as a DefNode.
      #
  
      is_generator_body = True
      is_inlined = False
      is_async_gen_body = False
      inlined_comprehension_type = None  # container type for inlined comprehensions
  
      def __init__(self, pos=None, name=None, body=None, is_async_gen_body=False):
          super(GeneratorBodyDefNode, self).__init__(
              pos=pos, body=body, name=name, is_async_gen_body=is_async_gen_body,
              doc=None, args=[], star_arg=None, starstar_arg=None)
  
      def declare_generator_body(self, env):
          prefix = env.next_id(env.scope_prefix)
          name = env.next_id('generator')
          cname = Naming.genbody_prefix + prefix + name
          entry = env.declare_var(None, py_object_type, self.pos,
                                  cname=cname, visibility='private')
          entry.func_cname = cname
          entry.qualified_name = EncodedString(self.name)
          self.entry = entry
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.analyse_argument_types(env)
          self.declare_generator_body(env)
  
      def generate_function_header(self, code, proto=False):
          header = "static PyObject *%s(__pyx_CoroutineObject *%s, CYTHON_UNUSED PyThreadState *%s, PyObject *%s)" % (
              self.entry.func_cname,
              Naming.generator_cname,
              Naming.local_tstate_cname,
              Naming.sent_value_cname)
          if proto:
              code.putln('%s; /* proto */' % header)
          else:
              code.putln('%s /* generator body */\n{' % header)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          lenv = self.local_scope
  
          # Generate closure function definitions
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(lenv, code)
  
          # Generate C code for header and body of function
          code.enter_cfunc_scope(lenv)
          code.return_from_error_cleanup_label = code.new_label()
  
          # ----- Top-level constants used by this function
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          self.generate_cached_builtins_decls(lenv, code)
          # ----- Function header
          code.putln("")
          self.generate_function_header(code)
          closure_init_code = code.insertion_point()
          # ----- Local variables
          code.putln("PyObject *%s = NULL;" % Naming.retval_cname)
          tempvardecl_code = code.insertion_point()
          code.put_declare_refcount_context()
          code.put_setup_refcount_context(self.entry.name or self.entry.qualified_name)
          profile = code.globalstate.directives['profile']
          linetrace = code.globalstate.directives['linetrace']
          if profile or linetrace:
              tempvardecl_code.put_trace_declarations()
              code.funcstate.can_trace = True
              code_object = self.code_object.calculate_result_code(code) if self.code_object else None
              code.put_trace_frame_init(code_object)
  
          # ----- Resume switch point.
          code.funcstate.init_closure_temps(lenv.scope_class.type.scope)
          resume_code = code.insertion_point()
          first_run_label = code.new_label('first_run')
          code.use_label(first_run_label)
          code.put_label(first_run_label)
          code.putln('%s' %
                     (code.error_goto_if_null(Naming.sent_value_cname, self.pos)))
  
          # ----- prepare target container for inlined comprehension
          if self.is_inlined and self.inlined_comprehension_type is not None:
              target_type = self.inlined_comprehension_type
              if target_type is Builtin.list_type:
                  comp_init = 'PyList_New(0)'
              elif target_type is Builtin.set_type:
                  comp_init = 'PySet_New(NULL)'
              elif target_type is Builtin.dict_type:
                  comp_init = 'PyDict_New()'
              else:
                  raise InternalError(
                      "invalid type of inlined comprehension: %s" % target_type)
              code.putln("%s = %s; %s" % (
                  Naming.retval_cname, comp_init,
                  code.error_goto_if_null(Naming.retval_cname, self.pos)))
              code.put_gotref(Naming.retval_cname, py_object_type)
  
          # ----- Function body
          self.generate_function_body(env, code)
          # ----- Closure initialization
          if lenv.scope_class.type.scope.var_entries:
              closure_init_code.putln('%s = %s;' % (
                  lenv.scope_class.type.declaration_code(Naming.cur_scope_cname),
                  lenv.scope_class.type.cast_code('%s->closure' %
                                                  Naming.generator_cname)))
              # FIXME: this silences a potential "unused" warning => try to avoid unused closures in more cases
              code.putln("CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(%s);" % Naming.cur_scope_cname)
  
          if profile or linetrace:
              code.funcstate.can_trace = False
  
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.putln("")
          code.putln("/* function exit code */")
  
          # on normal generator termination, we do not take the exception propagation
          # path: no traceback info is required and not creating it is much faster
          if not self.is_inlined and not self.body.is_terminator:
              if self.is_async_gen_body:
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                      UtilityCode.load_cached("StopAsyncIteration", "Coroutine.c"))
              code.putln('PyErr_SetNone(%s);' % (
                  '__Pyx_PyExc_StopAsyncIteration' if self.is_async_gen_body else 'PyExc_StopIteration'))
          # ----- Error cleanup
          if code.label_used(code.error_label):
              if not self.body.is_terminator:
                  code.put_goto(code.return_label)
              code.put_label(code.error_label)
              if self.is_inlined and self.inlined_comprehension_type is not None:
                  code.put_xdecref_clear(Naming.retval_cname, py_object_type)
              if Future.generator_stop in env.global_scope().context.future_directives:
                  # PEP 479: turn accidental StopIteration exceptions into a RuntimeError
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("pep479", "Coroutine.c"))
                  code.putln("__Pyx_Generator_Replace_StopIteration(%d);" % bool(self.is_async_gen_body))
              for cname, type in code.funcstate.all_managed_temps():
                  code.put_xdecref(cname, type)
              code.put_add_traceback(self.entry.qualified_name)
  
          # ----- Non-error return cleanup
          code.put_label(code.return_label)
          if self.is_inlined:
              code.put_xgiveref(Naming.retval_cname, py_object_type)
          else:
              code.put_xdecref_clear(Naming.retval_cname, py_object_type)
          # For Py3.7, clearing is already done below.
          code.putln("#if !CYTHON_USE_EXC_INFO_STACK")
          code.putln("__Pyx_Coroutine_ResetAndClearException(%s);" % Naming.generator_cname)
          code.putln("#endif")
          code.putln('%s->resume_label = -1;' % Naming.generator_cname)
          # clean up as early as possible to help breaking any reference cycles
          code.putln('__Pyx_Coroutine_clear((PyObject*)%s);' % Naming.generator_cname)
          if profile or linetrace:
              code.put_trace_return(Naming.retval_cname,
                                    nogil=not code.funcstate.gil_owned)
          code.put_finish_refcount_context()
          code.putln("return %s;" % Naming.retval_cname)
          code.putln("}")
  
          # ----- Go back and insert temp variable declarations
          tempvardecl_code.put_temp_declarations(code.funcstate)
          # ----- Generator resume code
          if profile or linetrace:
              resume_code.put_trace_call(self.entry.qualified_name, self.pos,
                                         nogil=not code.funcstate.gil_owned)
          resume_code.putln("switch (%s->resume_label) {" % (
                         Naming.generator_cname))
  
          resume_code.putln("case 0: goto %s;" % first_run_label)
  
          for i, label in code.yield_labels:
              resume_code.putln("case %d: goto %s;" % (i, label))
          resume_code.putln("default: /* CPython raises the right error here */")
          if profile or linetrace:
              resume_code.put_trace_return("Py_None",
                                           nogil=not code.funcstate.gil_owned)
          resume_code.put_finish_refcount_context()
          resume_code.putln("return NULL;")
          resume_code.putln("}")
  
          code.exit_cfunc_scope()
  
  
  class OverrideCheckNode(StatNode):
      # A Node for dispatching to the def method if it
      # is overridden.
      #
      #  py_func
      #
      #  args
      #  func_temp
      #  body
  
      child_attrs = ['body']
  
      body = None
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.args = env.arg_entries
          if self.py_func.is_module_scope:
              first_arg = 0
          else:
              first_arg = 1
          from . import ExprNodes
          self.func_node = ExprNodes.RawCNameExprNode(self.pos, py_object_type)
          call_node = ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode(
              self.pos, function=self.func_node,
              args=[ExprNodes.NameNode(self.pos, name=arg.name)
                    for arg in self.args[first_arg:]])
          if env.return_type.is_void or env.return_type.is_returncode:
              self.body = StatListNode(self.pos, stats=[
                  ExprStatNode(self.pos, expr=call_node),
                  ReturnStatNode(self.pos, value=None)])
          else:
              self.body = ReturnStatNode(self.pos, value=call_node)
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          interned_attr_cname = code.intern_identifier(self.py_func.entry.name)
          # Check to see if we are an extension type
          if self.py_func.is_module_scope:
              self_arg = "((PyObject *)%s)" % Naming.module_cname
          else:
              self_arg = "((PyObject *)%s)" % self.args[0].cname
          code.putln("/* Check if called by wrapper */")
          code.putln("if (unlikely(%s)) ;" % Naming.skip_dispatch_cname)
          code.putln("/* Check if overridden in Python */")
          if self.py_func.is_module_scope:
              code.putln("else {")
          else:
              code.putln("else if (unlikely((Py_TYPE(%s)->tp_dictoffset != 0)"
                         " || (Py_TYPE(%s)->tp_flags & (Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)))) {" % (
                  self_arg, self_arg))
  
          code.putln("#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS")
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
              UtilityCode.load_cached("PyDictVersioning", "ObjectHandling.c"))
          # TODO: remove the object dict version check by 'inlining' the getattr implementation for methods.
          # This would allow checking the dict versions around _PyType_Lookup() if it returns a descriptor,
          # and would (tada!) make this check a pure type based thing instead of supporting only a single
          # instance at a time.
          code.putln("static PY_UINT64_T %s = __PYX_DICT_VERSION_INIT, %s = __PYX_DICT_VERSION_INIT;" % (
              Naming.tp_dict_version_temp, Naming.obj_dict_version_temp))
          code.putln("if (unlikely(!__Pyx_object_dict_version_matches(%s, %s, %s))) {" % (
              self_arg, Naming.tp_dict_version_temp, Naming.obj_dict_version_temp))
          code.putln("PY_UINT64_T %s = __Pyx_get_tp_dict_version(%s);" % (
              Naming.type_dict_guard_temp, self_arg))
          code.putln("#endif")
  
          func_node_temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
          self.func_node.set_cname(func_node_temp)
          # need to get attribute manually--scope would return cdef method
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
              UtilityCode.load_cached("PyObjectGetAttrStr", "ObjectHandling.c"))
          err = code.error_goto_if_null(func_node_temp, self.pos)
          code.putln("%s = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(%s, %s); %s" % (
              func_node_temp, self_arg, interned_attr_cname, err))
          code.put_gotref(func_node_temp, py_object_type)
  
          is_builtin_function_or_method = "PyCFunction_Check(%s)" % func_node_temp
          is_overridden = "(PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(%s) != (PyCFunction)(void*)%s)" % (
              func_node_temp, self.py_func.entry.func_cname)
          code.putln("if (!%s || %s) {" % (is_builtin_function_or_method, is_overridden))
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.putln("}")
  
          # NOTE: it's not 100% sure that we catch the exact versions here that were used for the lookup,
          # but it is very unlikely that the versions change during lookup, and the type dict safe guard
          # should increase the chance of detecting such a case.
          code.putln("#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS")
          code.putln("%s = __Pyx_get_tp_dict_version(%s);" % (
              Naming.tp_dict_version_temp, self_arg))
          code.putln("%s = __Pyx_get_object_dict_version(%s);" % (
              Naming.obj_dict_version_temp, self_arg))
          # Safety check that the type dict didn't change during the lookup.  Since CPython looks up the
          # attribute (descriptor) first in the type dict and then in the instance dict or through the
          # descriptor, the only really far-away lookup when we get here is one in the type dict. So we
          # double check the type dict version before and afterwards to guard against later changes of
          # the type dict during the lookup process.
          code.putln("if (unlikely(%s != %s)) {" % (
              Naming.type_dict_guard_temp, Naming.tp_dict_version_temp))
          code.putln("%s = %s = __PYX_DICT_VERSION_INIT;" % (
              Naming.tp_dict_version_temp, Naming.obj_dict_version_temp))
          code.putln("}")
          code.putln("#endif")
  
          code.put_decref_clear(func_node_temp, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
          code.funcstate.release_temp(func_node_temp)
  
          code.putln("#if CYTHON_USE_DICT_VERSIONS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS")
          code.putln("}")
          code.putln("#endif")
  
          code.putln("}")
  
  
  class ClassDefNode(StatNode, BlockNode):
      pass
  
  
  class PyClassDefNode(ClassDefNode):
      #  A Python class definition.
      #
      #  name     EncodedString   Name of the class
      #  doc      string or None  The class docstring
      #  body     StatNode        Attribute definition code
      #  entry    Symtab.Entry
      #  scope    PyClassScope
      #  decorators    [DecoratorNode]        list of decorators or None
      #
      #  The following subnodes are constructed internally:
      #
      #  doc_node NameNode   '__doc__' name that is made available to the class body
      #  dict     DictNode   Class dictionary or Py3 namespace
      #  classobj ClassNode  Class object
      #  target   NameNode   Variable to assign class object to
  
      child_attrs = ["doc_node", "body", "dict", "metaclass", "mkw", "bases", "class_result",
                     "target", "class_cell", "decorators"]
      decorators = None
      class_result = None
      is_py3_style_class = False  # Python3 style class (kwargs)
      metaclass = None
      mkw = None
      doc_node = None
  
      def __init__(self, pos, name, bases, doc, body, decorators=None,
                   keyword_args=None, force_py3_semantics=False):
          StatNode.__init__(self, pos)
          self.name = name
          self.doc = doc
          self.body = body
          self.decorators = decorators
          self.bases = bases
          from . import ExprNodes
          if self.doc and Options.docstrings:
              doc = embed_position(self.pos, self.doc)
              doc_node = ExprNodes.StringNode(pos, value=doc)
              self.doc_node = ExprNodes.NameNode(name=EncodedString('__doc__'), type=py_object_type, pos=pos)
          else:
              doc_node = None
  
          allow_py2_metaclass = not force_py3_semantics
          if keyword_args:
              allow_py2_metaclass = False
              self.is_py3_style_class = True
              if keyword_args.is_dict_literal:
                  if keyword_args.key_value_pairs:
                      for i, item in list(enumerate(keyword_args.key_value_pairs))[::-1]:
                          if item.key.value == 'metaclass':
                              if self.metaclass is not None:
                                  error(item.pos, "keyword argument 'metaclass' passed multiple times")
                              # special case: we already know the metaclass,
                              # so we don't need to do the "build kwargs,
                              # find metaclass" dance at runtime
                              self.metaclass = item.value
                              del keyword_args.key_value_pairs[i]
                      self.mkw = keyword_args
                  else:
                      assert self.metaclass is not None
              else:
                  # MergedDictNode
                  self.mkw = ExprNodes.ProxyNode(keyword_args)
  
          if force_py3_semantics or self.bases or self.mkw or self.metaclass:
              if self.metaclass is None:
                  if keyword_args and not keyword_args.is_dict_literal:
                      # **kwargs may contain 'metaclass' arg
                      mkdict = self.mkw
                  else:
                      mkdict = None
                  if (not mkdict and
                          self.bases.is_sequence_constructor and
                          not self.bases.args):
                      pass  # no base classes => no inherited metaclass
                  else:
                      self.metaclass = ExprNodes.PyClassMetaclassNode(
                          pos, class_def_node=self)
                  needs_metaclass_calculation = False
              else:
                  needs_metaclass_calculation = True
  
              self.dict = ExprNodes.PyClassNamespaceNode(
                  pos, name=name, doc=doc_node, class_def_node=self)
              self.classobj = ExprNodes.Py3ClassNode(
                  pos, name=name, class_def_node=self, doc=doc_node,
                  calculate_metaclass=needs_metaclass_calculation,
                  allow_py2_metaclass=allow_py2_metaclass)
          else:
              # no bases, no metaclass => old style class creation
              self.dict = ExprNodes.DictNode(pos, key_value_pairs=[])
              self.classobj = ExprNodes.ClassNode(
                  pos, name=name, class_def_node=self, doc=doc_node)
  
          self.target = ExprNodes.NameNode(pos, name=name)
          self.class_cell = ExprNodes.ClassCellInjectorNode(self.pos)
  
      def as_cclass(self):
          """
          Return this node as if it were declared as an extension class
          """
          if self.is_py3_style_class:
              error(self.classobj.pos, "Python3 style class could not be represented as C class")
              return
  
          from . import ExprNodes
          return CClassDefNode(self.pos,
                               visibility='private',
                               module_name=None,
                               class_name=self.name,
                               bases=self.bases or ExprNodes.TupleNode(self.pos, args=[]),
                               decorators=self.decorators,
                               body=self.body,
                               in_pxd=False,
                               doc=self.doc)
  
      def create_scope(self, env):
          genv = env
          while genv.is_py_class_scope or genv.is_c_class_scope:
              genv = genv.outer_scope
          cenv = self.scope = PyClassScope(name=self.name, outer_scope=genv)
          return cenv
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          class_result = self.classobj
          if self.decorators:
              from .ExprNodes import SimpleCallNode
              for decorator in self.decorators[::-1]:
                  class_result = SimpleCallNode(
                      decorator.pos,
                      function=decorator.decorator,
                      args=[class_result])
              self.decorators = None
          self.class_result = class_result
          if self.bases:
              self.bases.analyse_declarations(env)
          if self.mkw:
              self.mkw.analyse_declarations(env)
          self.class_result.analyse_declarations(env)
          self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
          cenv = self.create_scope(env)
          cenv.directives = env.directives
          cenv.class_obj_cname = self.target.entry.cname
          if self.doc_node:
              self.doc_node.analyse_target_declaration(cenv)
          self.body.analyse_declarations(cenv)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          if self.bases:
              self.bases = self.bases.analyse_expressions(env)
          if self.mkw:
              self.mkw = self.mkw.analyse_expressions(env)
          if self.metaclass:
              self.metaclass = self.metaclass.analyse_expressions(env)
          self.dict = self.dict.analyse_expressions(env)
          self.class_result = self.class_result.analyse_expressions(env)
          cenv = self.scope
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(cenv)
          self.target.analyse_target_expression(env, self.classobj)
          self.class_cell = self.class_cell.analyse_expressions(cenv)
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.generate_lambda_definitions(self.scope, code)
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(self.scope, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.pyclass_stack.append(self)
          cenv = self.scope
          if self.bases:
              self.bases.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          if self.mkw:
              self.mkw.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          if self.metaclass:
              self.metaclass.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          self.dict.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          cenv.namespace_cname = cenv.class_obj_cname = self.dict.result()
  
          class_cell = self.class_cell
          if class_cell is not None and not class_cell.is_active:
              class_cell = None
  
          if class_cell is not None:
              class_cell.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          self.class_result.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          if class_cell is not None:
              class_cell.generate_injection_code(
                  code, self.class_result.result())
          if class_cell is not None:
              class_cell.generate_disposal_code(code)
              class_cell.free_temps(code)
  
          cenv.namespace_cname = cenv.class_obj_cname = self.classobj.result()
          self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.class_result, code)
          self.dict.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.dict.free_temps(code)
          if self.metaclass:
              self.metaclass.generate_disposal_code(code)
              self.metaclass.free_temps(code)
          if self.mkw:
              self.mkw.generate_disposal_code(code)
              self.mkw.free_temps(code)
          if self.bases:
              self.bases.generate_disposal_code(code)
              self.bases.free_temps(code)
          code.pyclass_stack.pop()
  
  
  class CClassDefNode(ClassDefNode):
      #  An extension type definition.
      #
      #  visibility         'private' or 'public' or 'extern'
      #  typedef_flag       boolean
      #  api                boolean
      #  module_name        string or None    For import of extern type objects
      #  class_name         string            Unqualified name of class
      #  as_name            string or None    Name to declare as in this scope
      #  bases              TupleNode         Base class(es)
      #  objstruct_name     string or None    Specified C name of object struct
      #  typeobj_name       string or None    Specified C name of type object
      #  check_size         'warn', 'error', 'ignore'     What to do if tp_basicsize does not match
      #  in_pxd             boolean           Is in a .pxd file
      #  decorators         [DecoratorNode]   list of decorators or None
      #  doc                string or None
      #  body               StatNode or None
      #  entry              Symtab.Entry
      #  base_type          PyExtensionType or None
      #  buffer_defaults_node DictNode or None Declares defaults for a buffer
      #  buffer_defaults_pos
  
      child_attrs = ["body"]
      buffer_defaults_node = None
      buffer_defaults_pos = None
      typedef_flag = False
      api = False
      objstruct_name = None
      typeobj_name = None
      check_size = None
      decorators = None
      shadow = False
  
      @property
      def punycode_class_name(self):
          return punycodify_name(self.class_name)
  
      def buffer_defaults(self, env):
          if not hasattr(self, '_buffer_defaults'):
              from . import Buffer
              if self.buffer_defaults_node:
                  self._buffer_defaults = Buffer.analyse_buffer_options(
                      self.buffer_defaults_pos,
                      env, [], self.buffer_defaults_node,
                      need_complete=False)
              else:
                  self._buffer_defaults = None
          return self._buffer_defaults
  
      def declare(self, env):
          if self.module_name and self.visibility != 'extern':
              module_path = self.module_name.split(".")
              home_scope = env.find_imported_module(module_path, self.pos)
              if not home_scope:
                  return None
          else:
              home_scope = env
  
          self.entry = home_scope.declare_c_class(
              name=self.class_name,
              pos=self.pos,
              defining=0,
              implementing=0,
              module_name=self.module_name,
              base_type=None,
              objstruct_cname=self.objstruct_name,
              typeobj_cname=self.typeobj_name,
              visibility=self.visibility,
              typedef_flag=self.typedef_flag,
              check_size = self.check_size,
              api=self.api,
              buffer_defaults=self.buffer_defaults(env),
              shadow=self.shadow)
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          #print "CClassDefNode.analyse_declarations:", self.class_name
          #print "...visibility =", self.visibility
          #print "...module_name =", self.module_name
  
          if env.in_cinclude and not self.objstruct_name:
              error(self.pos, "Object struct name specification required for C class defined in 'extern from' block")
          if self.decorators:
              error(self.pos, "Decorators not allowed on cdef classes (used on type '%s')" % self.class_name)
          self.base_type = None
          # Now that module imports are cached, we need to
          # import the modules for extern classes.
          if self.module_name:
              self.module = None
              for module in env.cimported_modules:
                  if module.name == self.module_name:
                      self.module = module
              if self.module is None:
                  self.module = ModuleScope(self.module_name, None, env.context)
                  self.module.has_extern_class = 1
                  env.add_imported_module(self.module)
  
          if self.bases.args:
              base = self.bases.args[0]
              base_type = base.analyse_as_type(env)
              if base_type in (PyrexTypes.c_int_type, PyrexTypes.c_long_type, PyrexTypes.c_float_type):
                  # Use the Python rather than C variant of these types.
                  base_type = env.lookup(base_type.sign_and_name()).type
              if base_type is None:
                  error(base.pos, "First base of '%s' is not an extension type" % self.class_name)
              elif base_type == PyrexTypes.py_object_type:
                  base_class_scope = None
              elif not base_type.is_extension_type and \
                       not (base_type.is_builtin_type and base_type.objstruct_cname):
                  error(base.pos, "'%s' is not an extension type" % base_type)
              elif not base_type.is_complete():
                  error(base.pos, "Base class '%s' of type '%s' is incomplete" % (
                      base_type.name, self.class_name))
              elif base_type.scope and base_type.scope.directives and \
                       base_type.is_final_type:
                  error(base.pos, "Base class '%s' of type '%s' is final" % (
                      base_type, self.class_name))
              elif base_type.is_builtin_type and \
                       base_type.name in ('tuple', 'str', 'bytes'):
                  error(base.pos, "inheritance from PyVarObject types like '%s' is not currently supported"
                        % base_type.name)
              else:
                  self.base_type = base_type
              if env.directives.get('freelist', 0) > 0 and base_type != PyrexTypes.py_object_type:
                  warning(self.pos, "freelists cannot be used on subtypes, only the base class can manage them", 1)
  
          has_body = self.body is not None
          if has_body and self.base_type and not self.base_type.scope:
              # To properly initialize inherited attributes, the base type must
              # be analysed before this type.
              self.base_type.defered_declarations.append(lambda : self.analyse_declarations(env))
              return
  
          if self.module_name and self.visibility != 'extern':
              module_path = self.module_name.split(".")
              home_scope = env.find_imported_module(module_path, self.pos)
              if not home_scope:
                  return
          else:
              home_scope = env
  
          if self.visibility == 'extern':
              if (self.module_name == '__builtin__' and
                      self.class_name in Builtin.builtin_types and
                      env.qualified_name[:8] != 'cpython.'): # allow overloaded names for cimporting from cpython
                  warning(self.pos, "%s already a builtin Cython type" % self.class_name, 1)
  
          self.entry = home_scope.declare_c_class(
              name=self.class_name,
              pos=self.pos,
              defining=has_body and self.in_pxd,
              implementing=has_body and not self.in_pxd,
              module_name=self.module_name,
              base_type=self.base_type,
              objstruct_cname=self.objstruct_name,
              typeobj_cname=self.typeobj_name,
              check_size=self.check_size,
              visibility=self.visibility,
              typedef_flag=self.typedef_flag,
              api=self.api,
              buffer_defaults=self.buffer_defaults(env),
              shadow=self.shadow)
  
          if self.shadow:
              home_scope.lookup(self.class_name).as_variable = self.entry
          if home_scope is not env and self.visibility == 'extern':
              env.add_imported_entry(self.class_name, self.entry, self.pos)
          self.scope = scope = self.entry.type.scope
          if scope is not None:
              scope.directives = env.directives
  
          if self.doc and Options.docstrings:
              scope.doc = embed_position(self.pos, self.doc)
  
          if has_body:
              self.body.analyse_declarations(scope)
              dict_entry = self.scope.lookup_here("__dict__")
              if dict_entry and dict_entry.is_variable and (not scope.defined and not scope.implemented):
                  dict_entry.getter_cname = self.scope.mangle_internal("__dict__getter")
                  self.scope.declare_property("__dict__", dict_entry.doc, dict_entry.pos)
              if self.in_pxd:
                  scope.defined = 1
              else:
                  scope.implemented = 1
  
          if len(self.bases.args) > 1:
              if not has_body or self.in_pxd:
                  error(self.bases.args[1].pos, "Only declare first base in declaration.")
              # At runtime, we check that the other bases are heap types
              # and that a __dict__ is added if required.
              for other_base in self.bases.args[1:]:
                  if other_base.analyse_as_type(env):
                      error(other_base.pos, "Only one extension type base class allowed.")
              self.entry.type.early_init = 0
              from . import ExprNodes
              self.type_init_args = ExprNodes.TupleNode(
                  self.pos,
                  args=[ExprNodes.IdentifierStringNode(self.pos, value=self.class_name),
                        self.bases,
                        ExprNodes.DictNode(self.pos, key_value_pairs=[])])
          elif self.base_type:
              self.entry.type.early_init = self.base_type.is_external or self.base_type.early_init
              self.type_init_args = None
          else:
              self.entry.type.early_init = 1
              self.type_init_args = None
  
          env.allocate_vtable_names(self.entry)
  
          for thunk in self.entry.type.defered_declarations:
              thunk()
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          if self.body:
              scope = self.entry.type.scope
              self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(scope)
          if self.type_init_args:
              self.type_init_args.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          if self.body:
              self.generate_lambda_definitions(self.scope, code)
              self.body.generate_function_definitions(self.scope, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          # This is needed to generate evaluation code for
          # default values of method arguments.
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          if not self.entry.type.early_init:
              if self.type_init_args:
                  self.type_init_args.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                  bases = "PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%s, 1)" % self.type_init_args.result()
                  first_base = "((PyTypeObject*)PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%s, 0))" % bases
                  # Let Python do the base types compatibility checking.
                  trial_type = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.py_object_type, True)
                  code.putln("%s = PyType_Type.tp_new(&PyType_Type, %s, NULL);" % (
                      trial_type, self.type_init_args.result()))
                  code.putln(code.error_goto_if_null(trial_type, self.pos))
                  code.put_gotref(trial_type, py_object_type)
                  code.putln("if (((PyTypeObject*) %s)->tp_base != %s) {" % (
                      trial_type, first_base))
                  code.putln("PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, \"best base '%s' must be equal to first base '%s'\",")
                  code.putln("             ((PyTypeObject*) %s)->tp_base->tp_name, %s->tp_name);" % (
                             trial_type, first_base))
                  code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
                  code.putln("}")
                  code.funcstate.release_temp(trial_type)
                  code.put_incref(bases, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
                  code.put_giveref(bases, py_object_type)
                  code.putln("%s.tp_bases = %s;" % (self.entry.type.typeobj_cname, bases))
                  code.put_decref_clear(trial_type, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
                  self.type_init_args.generate_disposal_code(code)
                  self.type_init_args.free_temps(code)
  
              self.generate_type_ready_code(self.entry, code, True)
          if self.body:
              self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
  
      # Also called from ModuleNode for early init types.
      @staticmethod
      def generate_type_ready_code(entry, code, heap_type_bases=False):
          # Generate a call to PyType_Ready for an extension
          # type defined in this module.
          type = entry.type
          typeobj_cname = type.typeobj_cname
          scope = type.scope
          if not scope:  # could be None if there was an error
              return
          if entry.visibility != 'extern':
              code.putln("#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API")
              tuple_temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
              base_type = scope.parent_type.base_type
              if base_type:
                  code.putln(
                      "%s = PyTuple_Pack(1, (PyObject *)%s); %s" % (
                      tuple_temp,
                      base_type.typeptr_cname,
                      code.error_goto_if_null(tuple_temp, entry.pos)))
                  code.put_gotref(tuple_temp, py_object_type)
                  code.putln(
                      "%s = PyType_FromSpecWithBases(&%s_spec, %s); %s" % (
                          typeobj_cname,
                          typeobj_cname,
                          tuple_temp,
                          code.error_goto_if_null(typeobj_cname, entry.pos)))
                  code.put_xdecref_clear(tuple_temp, type=py_object_type)
                  code.funcstate.release_temp(tuple_temp)
              else:
                  code.putln(
                      "%s = PyType_FromSpec(&%s_spec); %s" % (
                          typeobj_cname,
                          typeobj_cname,
                          code.error_goto_if_null(typeobj_cname, entry.pos)))
              code.putln("#else")
              for slot in TypeSlots.slot_table:
                  slot.generate_dynamic_init_code(scope, code)
              if heap_type_bases:
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                      UtilityCode.load_cached('PyType_Ready', 'ExtensionTypes.c'))
                  readyfunc = "__Pyx_PyType_Ready"
              else:
                  readyfunc = "PyType_Ready"
              code.putln(
                  "if (%s(&%s) < 0) %s" % (
                      readyfunc,
                      typeobj_cname,
                      code.error_goto(entry.pos)))
              # Don't inherit tp_print from builtin types in Python 2, restoring the
              # behavior of using tp_repr or tp_str instead.
              # ("tp_print" was renamed to "tp_vectorcall_offset" in Py3.8b1)
              code.putln("#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3")
              code.putln("%s.tp_print = 0;" % typeobj_cname)
              code.putln("#endif")
  
              # Use specialised attribute lookup for types with generic lookup but no instance dict.
              getattr_slot_func = TypeSlots.get_slot_code_by_name(scope, 'tp_getattro')
              dictoffset_slot_func = TypeSlots.get_slot_code_by_name(scope, 'tp_dictoffset')
              if getattr_slot_func == '0' and dictoffset_slot_func == '0':
                  if type.is_final_type:
                      py_cfunc = "__Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict"  # grepable
                      utility_func = "PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict"
                  else:
                      py_cfunc = "__Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttr"
                      utility_func = "PyObject_GenericGetAttr"
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached(utility_func, "ObjectHandling.c"))
  
                  code.putln("if ((CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP) &&"
                             " likely(!%s.tp_dictoffset && %s.tp_getattro == PyObject_GenericGetAttr)) {" % (
                      typeobj_cname, typeobj_cname))
                  code.putln("%s.tp_getattro = %s;" % (
                      typeobj_cname, py_cfunc))
                  code.putln("}")
              code.putln("#endif")
  
              # Fix special method docstrings. This is a bit of a hack, but
              # unless we let PyType_Ready create the slot wrappers we have
              # a significant performance hit. (See trac #561.)
              for func in entry.type.scope.pyfunc_entries:
                  is_buffer = func.name in ('__getbuffer__', '__releasebuffer__')
                  if (func.is_special and Options.docstrings and
                          func.wrapperbase_cname and not is_buffer):
                      slot = TypeSlots.method_name_to_slot.get(func.name)
                      preprocessor_guard = slot.preprocessor_guard_code() if slot else None
                      if preprocessor_guard:
                          code.putln(preprocessor_guard)
                      code.putln('#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON')
                      code.putln("{")
                      code.putln(
                          'PyObject *wrapper = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject *)&%s, "%s"); %s' % (
                              typeobj_cname,
                              func.name,
                              code.error_goto_if_null('wrapper', entry.pos)))
                      code.putln(
                          "if (__Pyx_IS_TYPE(wrapper, &PyWrapperDescr_Type)) {")
                      code.putln(
                          "%s = *((PyWrapperDescrObject *)wrapper)->d_base;" % (
                              func.wrapperbase_cname))
                      code.putln(
                          "%s.doc = %s;" % (func.wrapperbase_cname, func.doc_cname))
                      code.putln(
                          "((PyWrapperDescrObject *)wrapper)->d_base = &%s;" % (
                              func.wrapperbase_cname))
                      code.putln("}")
                      code.putln("}")
                      code.putln('#endif')
                      if preprocessor_guard:
                          code.putln('#endif')
              if type.vtable_cname:
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                      UtilityCode.load_cached('SetVTable', 'ImportExport.c'))
                  code.putln("#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API")
                  code.putln(
                      "if (__Pyx_SetVtable(%s, %s) < 0) %s" % (
                          typeobj_cname,
                          type.vtabptr_cname,
                          code.error_goto(entry.pos)))
                  code.putln("#else")
                  code.putln(
                      "if (__Pyx_SetVtable(%s.tp_dict, %s) < 0) %s" % (
                          typeobj_cname,
                          type.vtabptr_cname,
                          code.error_goto(entry.pos)))
                  code.putln("#endif")
                  if heap_type_bases:
                      code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                          UtilityCode.load_cached('MergeVTables', 'ImportExport.c'))
                      code.putln("if (__Pyx_MergeVtables(&%s) < 0) %s" % (
                          typeobj_cname,
                          code.error_goto(entry.pos)))
              if not type.scope.is_internal and not type.scope.directives.get('internal'):
                  # scope.is_internal is set for types defined by
                  # Cython (such as closures), the 'internal'
                  # directive is set by users
                  code.putln("#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API")
                  code.putln(
                      'if (PyObject_SetAttr(%s, %s, %s) < 0) %s' % (
                          Naming.module_cname,
                          code.intern_identifier(scope.class_name),
                          typeobj_cname,
                          code.error_goto(entry.pos)))
                  code.putln("#else")
                  code.putln(
                      'if (PyObject_SetAttr(%s, %s, (PyObject *)&%s) < 0) %s' % (
                          Naming.module_cname,
                          code.intern_identifier(scope.class_name),
                          typeobj_cname,
                          code.error_goto(entry.pos)))
                  code.putln("#endif")
              weakref_entry = scope.lookup_here("__weakref__") if not scope.is_closure_class_scope else None
              if weakref_entry:
                  if weakref_entry.type is py_object_type:
                      tp_weaklistoffset = "%s.tp_weaklistoffset" % typeobj_cname
                      if type.typedef_flag:
                          objstruct = type.objstruct_cname
                      else:
                          objstruct = "struct %s" % type.objstruct_cname
                      code.putln("if (%s == 0) %s = offsetof(%s, %s);" % (
                          tp_weaklistoffset,
                          tp_weaklistoffset,
                          objstruct,
                          weakref_entry.cname))
                  else:
                      error(weakref_entry.pos, "__weakref__ slot must be of type 'object'")
              if scope.lookup_here("__reduce_cython__") if not scope.is_closure_class_scope else None:
                  # Unfortunately, we cannot reliably detect whether a
                  # superclass defined __reduce__ at compile time, so we must
                  # do so at runtime.
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                      UtilityCode.load_cached('SetupReduce', 'ExtensionTypes.c'))
                  code.putln("#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API")
                  code.putln('if (__Pyx_setup_reduce((PyObject*)&%s) < 0) %s' % (
                                typeobj_cname,
                                code.error_goto(entry.pos)))
                  code.putln("#endif")
          # Generate code to initialise the typeptr of an extension
          # type defined in this module to point to its type object.
          if type.typeobj_cname:
              code.putln("#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_LIMITED_API")
              code.putln(
                  "%s = (PyTypeObject *)%s;" % (
                      type.typeptr_cname, type.typeobj_cname))
              code.putln("#else")
              code.putln(
                  "%s = &%s;" % (
                      type.typeptr_cname, type.typeobj_cname))
              code.putln("#endif")
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          if self.type_init_args:
              self.type_init_args.annotate(code)
          if self.body:
              self.body.annotate(code)
  
  
  class PropertyNode(StatNode):
      #  Definition of a property in an extension type.
      #
      #  name   string
      #  doc    EncodedString or None    Doc string
      #  entry  Symtab.Entry
      #  body   StatListNode
  
      child_attrs = ["body"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.entry = env.declare_property(self.name, self.doc, self.pos)
          self.entry.scope.directives = env.directives
          self.body.analyse_declarations(self.entry.scope)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.body.annotate(code)
  
  
  class GlobalNode(StatNode):
      # Global variable declaration.
      #
      # names    [string]
  
      child_attrs = []
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          for name in self.names:
              env.declare_global(name, self.pos)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
  
  class NonlocalNode(StatNode):
      # Nonlocal variable declaration via the 'nonlocal' keyword.
      #
      # names    [string]
  
      child_attrs = []
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          for name in self.names:
              env.declare_nonlocal(name, self.pos)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
  
  class ExprStatNode(StatNode):
      #  Expression used as a statement.
      #
      #  expr   ExprNode
  
      child_attrs = ["expr"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          from . import ExprNodes
          expr = self.expr
          if isinstance(expr, ExprNodes.GeneralCallNode):
              func = expr.function.as_cython_attribute()
              if func == u'declare':
                  args, kwds = expr.explicit_args_kwds()
                  if len(args):
                      error(expr.pos, "Variable names must be specified.")
                  for var, type_node in kwds.key_value_pairs:
                      type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
                      if type is None:
                          error(type_node.pos, "Unknown type")
                      else:
                          env.declare_var(var.value, type, var.pos, is_cdef=True)
                  self.__class__ = PassStatNode
          elif getattr(expr, 'annotation', None) is not None:
              if expr.is_name:
                  # non-code variable annotation, e.g. "name: type"
                  expr.declare_from_annotation(env)
                  self.__class__ = PassStatNode
              elif expr.is_attribute or expr.is_subscript:
                  # unused expression with annotation, e.g. "a[0]: type" or "a.xyz : type"
                  self.__class__ = PassStatNode
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.expr.result_is_used = False  # hint that .result() may safely be left empty
          self.expr = self.expr.analyse_expressions(env)
          # Repeat in case of node replacement.
          self.expr.result_is_used = False  # hint that .result() may safely be left empty
          return self
  
      def nogil_check(self, env):
          if self.expr.type.is_pyobject and self.expr.is_temp:
              self.gil_error()
  
      gil_message = "Discarding owned Python object"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          self.expr.result_is_used = False  # hint that .result() may safely be left empty
          self.expr.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          if not self.expr.is_temp and self.expr.result():
              result = self.expr.result()
              if not self.expr.type.is_void:
                  result = "(void)(%s)" % result
              code.putln("%s;" % result)
          self.expr.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.expr.free_temps(code)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.expr.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.expr.annotate(code)
  
  
  class AssignmentNode(StatNode):
      #  Abstract base class for assignment nodes.
      #
      #  The analyse_expressions and generate_execution_code
      #  phases of assignments are split into two sub-phases
      #  each, to enable all the right hand sides of a
      #  parallel assignment to be evaluated before assigning
      #  to any of the left hand sides.
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          node = self.analyse_types(env)
          if isinstance(node, AssignmentNode) and not isinstance(node, ParallelAssignmentNode):
              if node.rhs.type.is_ptr and node.rhs.is_ephemeral():
                  error(self.pos, "Storing unsafe C derivative of temporary Python reference")
          return node
  
  #       def analyse_expressions(self, env):
  #           self.analyse_expressions_1(env)
  #           self.analyse_expressions_2(env)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          self.generate_rhs_evaluation_code(code)
          self.generate_assignment_code(code)
  
  
  class SingleAssignmentNode(AssignmentNode):
      #  The simplest case:
      #
      #    a = b
      #
      #  lhs                      ExprNode      Left hand side
      #  rhs                      ExprNode      Right hand side
      #  first                    bool          Is this guaranteed the first assignment to lhs?
      #  is_overloaded_assignment bool          Is this assignment done via an overloaded operator=
      #  exception_check
      #  exception_value
  
      child_attrs = ["lhs", "rhs"]
      first = False
      is_overloaded_assignment = False
      declaration_only = False
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          from . import ExprNodes
  
          # handle declarations of the form x = cython.foo()
          if isinstance(self.rhs, ExprNodes.CallNode):
              func_name = self.rhs.function.as_cython_attribute()
              if func_name:
                  args, kwds = self.rhs.explicit_args_kwds()
                  if func_name in ['declare', 'typedef']:
                      if len(args) > 2:
                          error(args[2].pos, "Invalid positional argument.")
                          return
                      if kwds is not None:
                          kwdict = kwds.compile_time_value(None)
                          if func_name == 'typedef' or 'visibility' not in kwdict:
                              error(kwds.pos, "Invalid keyword argument.")
                              return
                          visibility = kwdict['visibility']
                      else:
                          visibility = 'private'
                      type = args[0].analyse_as_type(env)
                      if type is None:
                          error(args[0].pos, "Unknown type")
                          return
                      lhs = self.lhs
                      if func_name == 'declare':
                          if isinstance(lhs, ExprNodes.NameNode):
                              vars = [(lhs.name, lhs.pos)]
                          elif isinstance(lhs, ExprNodes.TupleNode):
                              vars = [(var.name, var.pos) for var in lhs.args]
                          else:
                              error(lhs.pos, "Invalid declaration")
                              return
                          for var, pos in vars:
                              env.declare_var(var, type, pos, is_cdef=True, visibility=visibility)
                          if len(args) == 2:
                              # we have a value
                              self.rhs = args[1]
                          else:
                              self.declaration_only = True
                      else:
                          self.declaration_only = True
                          if not isinstance(lhs, ExprNodes.NameNode):
                              error(lhs.pos, "Invalid declaration.")
                          env.declare_typedef(lhs.name, type, self.pos, visibility='private')
  
                  elif func_name in ['struct', 'union']:
                      self.declaration_only = True
                      if len(args) > 0 or kwds is None:
                          error(self.rhs.pos, "Struct or union members must be given by name.")
                          return
                      members = []
                      for member, type_node in kwds.key_value_pairs:
                          type = type_node.analyse_as_type(env)
                          if type is None:
                              error(type_node.pos, "Unknown type")
                          else:
                              members.append((member.value, type, member.pos))
                      if len(members) < len(kwds.key_value_pairs):
                          return
                      if not isinstance(self.lhs, ExprNodes.NameNode):
                          error(self.lhs.pos, "Invalid declaration.")
                      name = self.lhs.name
                      scope = StructOrUnionScope(name)
                      env.declare_struct_or_union(name, func_name, scope, False, self.rhs.pos)
                      for member, type, pos in members:
                          scope.declare_var(member, type, pos)
  
                  elif func_name == 'fused_type':
                      # dtype = cython.fused_type(...)
                      self.declaration_only = True
                      if kwds:
                          error(self.rhs.function.pos,
                                "fused_type does not take keyword arguments")
  
                      fusednode = FusedTypeNode(self.rhs.pos,
                                                name=self.lhs.name, types=args)
                      fusednode.analyse_declarations(env)
  
          if self.declaration_only:
              return
          else:
              self.lhs.analyse_target_declaration(env)
  
      def analyse_types(self, env, use_temp=0):
          from . import ExprNodes
  
          self.rhs = self.rhs.analyse_types(env)
  
          unrolled_assignment = self.unroll_rhs(env)
          if unrolled_assignment:
              return unrolled_assignment
  
          self.lhs = self.lhs.analyse_target_types(env)
          self.lhs.gil_assignment_check(env)
          unrolled_assignment = self.unroll_lhs(env)
          if unrolled_assignment:
              return unrolled_assignment
  
          if isinstance(self.lhs, ExprNodes.MemoryViewIndexNode):
              self.lhs.analyse_broadcast_operation(self.rhs)
              self.lhs = self.lhs.analyse_as_memview_scalar_assignment(self.rhs)
          elif self.lhs.type.is_array:
              if not isinstance(self.lhs, ExprNodes.SliceIndexNode):
                  # cannot assign to C array, only to its full slice
                  self.lhs = ExprNodes.SliceIndexNode(self.lhs.pos, base=self.lhs, start=None, stop=None)
                  self.lhs = self.lhs.analyse_target_types(env)
  
          if self.lhs.type.is_cpp_class:
              op = env.lookup_operator_for_types(self.pos, '=', [self.lhs.type, self.rhs.type])
              if op:
                  rhs = self.rhs
                  self.is_overloaded_assignment = True
                  self.exception_check = op.type.exception_check
                  self.exception_value = op.type.exception_value
                  if self.exception_check == '+' and self.exception_value is None:
                      env.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("CppExceptionConversion", "CppSupport.cpp"))
              else:
                  rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to(self.lhs.type, env)
          else:
              rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to(self.lhs.type, env)
  
          if use_temp or rhs.is_attribute or (
                  not rhs.is_name and not rhs.is_literal and
                  rhs.type.is_pyobject):
              # things like (cdef) attribute access are not safe (traverses pointers)
              rhs = rhs.coerce_to_temp(env)
          elif rhs.type.is_pyobject:
              rhs = rhs.coerce_to_simple(env)
          self.rhs = rhs
          return self
  
      def unroll(self, node, target_size, env):
          from . import ExprNodes, UtilNodes
  
          base = node
          start_node = stop_node = step_node = check_node = None
  
          if node.type.is_ctuple:
              slice_size = node.type.size
  
          elif node.type.is_ptr or node.type.is_array:
              while isinstance(node, ExprNodes.SliceIndexNode) and not (node.start or node.stop):
                  base = node = node.base
              if isinstance(node, ExprNodes.SliceIndexNode):
                  base = node.base
                  start_node = node.start
                  if start_node:
                      start_node = start_node.coerce_to(PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type, env)
                  stop_node = node.stop
                  if stop_node:
                      stop_node = stop_node.coerce_to(PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type, env)
                  else:
                      if node.type.is_array and node.type.size:
                          stop_node = ExprNodes.IntNode(
                              self.pos, value=str(node.type.size),
                              constant_result=(node.type.size if isinstance(node.type.size, _py_int_types)
                                               else ExprNodes.constant_value_not_set))
                      else:
                          error(self.pos, "C array iteration requires known end index")
                          return
                  step_node = None  #node.step
                  if step_node:
                      step_node = step_node.coerce_to(PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type, env)
  
                  # TODO: Factor out SliceIndexNode.generate_slice_guard_code() for use here.
                  def get_const(node, none_value):
                      if node is None:
                          return none_value
                      elif node.has_constant_result():
                          return node.constant_result
                      else:
                          raise ValueError("Not a constant.")
  
                  try:
                      slice_size = (get_const(stop_node, None) - get_const(start_node, 0)) / get_const(step_node, 1)
                  except ValueError:
                      error(self.pos, "C array assignment currently requires known endpoints")
                      return
  
              elif node.type.is_array:
                  slice_size = node.type.size
                  if not isinstance(slice_size, _py_int_types):
                      return  # might still work when coercing to Python
              else:
                  return
  
          else:
              return
  
          if slice_size != target_size:
              error(self.pos, "Assignment to/from slice of wrong length, expected %s, got %s" % (
                  slice_size, target_size))
              return
  
          items = []
          base = UtilNodes.LetRefNode(base)
          refs = [base]
          if start_node and not start_node.is_literal:
              start_node = UtilNodes.LetRefNode(start_node)
              refs.append(start_node)
          if stop_node and not stop_node.is_literal:
              stop_node = UtilNodes.LetRefNode(stop_node)
              refs.append(stop_node)
          if step_node and not step_node.is_literal:
              step_node = UtilNodes.LetRefNode(step_node)
              refs.append(step_node)
  
          for ix in range(target_size):
              ix_node = ExprNodes.IntNode(self.pos, value=str(ix), constant_result=ix, type=PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type)
              if step_node is not None:
                  if step_node.has_constant_result():
                      step_value = ix_node.constant_result * step_node.constant_result
                      ix_node = ExprNodes.IntNode(self.pos, value=str(step_value), constant_result=step_value)
                  else:
                      ix_node = ExprNodes.MulNode(self.pos, operator='*', operand1=step_node, operand2=ix_node)
              if start_node is not None:
                  if start_node.has_constant_result() and ix_node.has_constant_result():
                      index_value = ix_node.constant_result + start_node.constant_result
                      ix_node = ExprNodes.IntNode(self.pos, value=str(index_value), constant_result=index_value)
                  else:
                      ix_node = ExprNodes.AddNode(
                          self.pos, operator='+', operand1=start_node, operand2=ix_node)
              items.append(ExprNodes.IndexNode(self.pos, base=base, index=ix_node.analyse_types(env)))
          return check_node, refs, items
  
      def unroll_assignments(self, refs, check_node, lhs_list, rhs_list, env):
          from . import UtilNodes
          assignments = []
          for lhs, rhs in zip(lhs_list, rhs_list):
              assignments.append(SingleAssignmentNode(self.pos, lhs=lhs, rhs=rhs, first=self.first))
          node = ParallelAssignmentNode(pos=self.pos, stats=assignments).analyse_expressions(env)
          if check_node:
              node = StatListNode(pos=self.pos, stats=[check_node, node])
          for ref in refs[::-1]:
              node = UtilNodes.LetNode(ref, node)
          return node
  
      def unroll_rhs(self, env):
          from . import ExprNodes
          if not isinstance(self.lhs, ExprNodes.TupleNode):
              return
          if any(arg.is_starred for arg in self.lhs.args):
              return
  
          unrolled = self.unroll(self.rhs, len(self.lhs.args), env)
          if not unrolled:
              return
          check_node, refs, rhs = unrolled
          return self.unroll_assignments(refs, check_node, self.lhs.args, rhs, env)
  
      def unroll_lhs(self, env):
          if self.lhs.type.is_ctuple:
              # Handled directly.
              return
          from . import ExprNodes
          if not isinstance(self.rhs, ExprNodes.TupleNode):
              return
  
          unrolled = self.unroll(self.lhs, len(self.rhs.args), env)
          if not unrolled:
              return
          check_node, refs, lhs = unrolled
          return self.unroll_assignments(refs, check_node, lhs, self.rhs.args, env)
  
      def generate_rhs_evaluation_code(self, code):
          self.rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
  
      def generate_assignment_code(self, code, overloaded_assignment=False):
          if self.is_overloaded_assignment:
              self.lhs.generate_assignment_code(
                  self.rhs,
                  code,
                  overloaded_assignment=self.is_overloaded_assignment,
                  exception_check=self.exception_check,
                  exception_value=self.exception_value)
          else:
              self.lhs.generate_assignment_code(self.rhs, code)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.rhs.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.lhs.annotate(code)
          self.rhs.annotate(code)
  
  
  class CascadedAssignmentNode(AssignmentNode):
      #  An assignment with multiple left hand sides:
      #
      #    a = b = c
      #
      #  lhs_list   [ExprNode]   Left hand sides
      #  rhs        ExprNode     Right hand sides
      #
      #  Used internally:
      #
      #  coerced_values       [ExprNode]   RHS coerced to all distinct LHS types
      #  cloned_values        [ExprNode]   cloned RHS value for each LHS
      #  assignment_overloads [Bool]       If each assignment uses a C++ operator=
  
      child_attrs = ["lhs_list", "rhs", "coerced_values", "cloned_values"]
      cloned_values = None
      coerced_values = None
      assignment_overloads = None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          for lhs in self.lhs_list:
              lhs.analyse_target_declaration(env)
  
      def analyse_types(self, env, use_temp=0):
          from .ExprNodes import CloneNode, ProxyNode
  
          # collect distinct types used on the LHS
          lhs_types = set()
          for i, lhs in enumerate(self.lhs_list):
              lhs = self.lhs_list[i] = lhs.analyse_target_types(env)
              lhs.gil_assignment_check(env)
              lhs_types.add(lhs.type)
  
          rhs = self.rhs.analyse_types(env)
          # common special case: only one type needed on the LHS => coerce only once
          if len(lhs_types) == 1:
              # Avoid coercion for overloaded assignment operators.
              if next(iter(lhs_types)).is_cpp_class:
                  op = env.lookup_operator('=', [lhs, self.rhs])
                  if not op:
                      rhs = rhs.coerce_to(lhs_types.pop(), env)
              else:
                  rhs = rhs.coerce_to(lhs_types.pop(), env)
  
          if not rhs.is_name and not rhs.is_literal and (
                  use_temp or rhs.is_attribute or rhs.type.is_pyobject):
              rhs = rhs.coerce_to_temp(env)
          else:
              rhs = rhs.coerce_to_simple(env)
          self.rhs = ProxyNode(rhs) if rhs.is_temp else rhs
  
          # clone RHS and coerce it to all distinct LHS types
          self.coerced_values = []
          coerced_values = {}
          self.assignment_overloads = []
          for lhs in self.lhs_list:
              overloaded = lhs.type.is_cpp_class and env.lookup_operator('=', [lhs, self.rhs])
              self.assignment_overloads.append(overloaded)
              if lhs.type not in coerced_values and lhs.type != rhs.type:
                  rhs = CloneNode(self.rhs)
                  if not overloaded:
                      rhs = rhs.coerce_to(lhs.type, env)
                  self.coerced_values.append(rhs)
                  coerced_values[lhs.type] = rhs
  
          # clone coerced values for all LHS assignments
          self.cloned_values = []
          for lhs in self.lhs_list:
              rhs = coerced_values.get(lhs.type, self.rhs)
              self.cloned_values.append(CloneNode(rhs))
          return self
  
      def generate_rhs_evaluation_code(self, code):
          self.rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
  
      def generate_assignment_code(self, code, overloaded_assignment=False):
          # prepare all coercions
          for rhs in self.coerced_values:
              rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          # assign clones to LHS
          for lhs, rhs, overload in zip(self.lhs_list, self.cloned_values, self.assignment_overloads):
              rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              lhs.generate_assignment_code(rhs, code, overloaded_assignment=overload)
          # dispose of coerced values and original RHS
          for rhs_value in self.coerced_values:
              rhs_value.generate_disposal_code(code)
              rhs_value.free_temps(code)
          self.rhs.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.rhs.free_temps(code)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.rhs.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          for rhs in self.coerced_values:
              rhs.annotate(code)
          for lhs, rhs in zip(self.lhs_list, self.cloned_values):
              lhs.annotate(code)
              rhs.annotate(code)
          self.rhs.annotate(code)
  
  
  class ParallelAssignmentNode(AssignmentNode):
      #  A combined packing/unpacking assignment:
      #
      #    a, b, c =  d, e, f
      #
      #  This has been rearranged by the parser into
      #
      #    a = d ; b = e ; c = f
      #
      #  but we must evaluate all the right hand sides
      #  before assigning to any of the left hand sides.
      #
      #  stats     [AssignmentNode]   The constituent assignments
  
      child_attrs = ["stats"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          for stat in self.stats:
              stat.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.stats = [stat.analyse_types(env, use_temp=1)
                        for stat in self.stats]
          return self
  
  #    def analyse_expressions(self, env):
  #        for stat in self.stats:
  #            stat.analyse_expressions_1(env, use_temp=1)
  #        for stat in self.stats:
  #            stat.analyse_expressions_2(env)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          for stat in self.stats:
              stat.generate_rhs_evaluation_code(code)
          for stat in self.stats:
              stat.generate_assignment_code(code)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          for stat in self.stats:
              stat.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          for stat in self.stats:
              stat.annotate(code)
  
  
  class InPlaceAssignmentNode(AssignmentNode):
      #  An in place arithmetic operand:
      #
      #    a += b
      #    a -= b
      #    ...
      #
      #  lhs      ExprNode      Left hand side
      #  rhs      ExprNode      Right hand side
      #  operator char          one of "+-*/%^&|"
      #
      #  This code is a bit tricky because in order to obey Python
      #  semantics the sub-expressions (e.g. indices) of the lhs must
      #  not be evaluated twice. So we must re-use the values calculated
      #  in evaluation phase for the assignment phase as well.
      #  Fortunately, the type of the lhs node is fairly constrained
      #  (it must be a NameNode, AttributeNode, or IndexNode).
  
      child_attrs = ["lhs", "rhs"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.lhs.analyse_target_declaration(env)
  
      def analyse_types(self, env):
          self.rhs = self.rhs.analyse_types(env)
          self.lhs = self.lhs.analyse_target_types(env)
  
          # When assigning to a fully indexed buffer or memoryview, coerce the rhs
          if self.lhs.is_memview_index or self.lhs.is_buffer_access:
              self.rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to(self.lhs.type, env)
          elif self.lhs.type.is_string and self.operator in '+-':
              # use pointer arithmetic for char* LHS instead of string concat
              self.rhs = self.rhs.coerce_to(PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type, env)
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          lhs, rhs = self.lhs, self.rhs
          rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          lhs.generate_subexpr_evaluation_code(code)
          c_op = self.operator
          if c_op == "//":
              c_op = "/"
          elif c_op == "**":
              error(self.pos, "No C inplace power operator")
          if lhs.is_buffer_access or lhs.is_memview_index:
              if lhs.type.is_pyobject:
                  error(self.pos, "In-place operators not allowed on object buffers in this release.")
              if c_op in ('/', '%') and lhs.type.is_int and not code.globalstate.directives['cdivision']:
                  error(self.pos, "In-place non-c divide operators not allowed on int buffers.")
              lhs.generate_buffer_setitem_code(rhs, code, c_op)
          elif lhs.is_memview_slice:
              error(self.pos, "Inplace operators not supported on memoryview slices")
          else:
              # C++
              # TODO: make sure overload is declared
              code.putln("%s %s= %s;" % (lhs.result(), c_op, rhs.result()))
          lhs.generate_subexpr_disposal_code(code)
          lhs.free_subexpr_temps(code)
          rhs.generate_disposal_code(code)
          rhs.free_temps(code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.lhs.annotate(code)
          self.rhs.annotate(code)
  
      def create_binop_node(self):
          from . import ExprNodes
          return ExprNodes.binop_node(self.pos, self.operator, self.lhs, self.rhs)
  
  
  class PrintStatNode(StatNode):
      #  print statement
      #
      #  arg_tuple         TupleNode
      #  stream            ExprNode or None (stdout)
      #  append_newline    boolean
  
      child_attrs = ["arg_tuple", "stream"]
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          if self.stream:
              stream = self.stream.analyse_expressions(env)
              self.stream = stream.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
          arg_tuple = self.arg_tuple.analyse_expressions(env)
          self.arg_tuple = arg_tuple.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
          env.use_utility_code(printing_utility_code)
          if len(self.arg_tuple.args) == 1 and self.append_newline:
              env.use_utility_code(printing_one_utility_code)
          return self
  
      nogil_check = Node.gil_error
      gil_message = "Python print statement"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          if self.stream:
              self.stream.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              stream_result = self.stream.py_result()
          else:
              stream_result = '0'
          if len(self.arg_tuple.args) == 1 and self.append_newline:
              arg = self.arg_tuple.args[0]
              arg.generate_evaluation_code(code)
  
              code.putln(
                  "if (__Pyx_PrintOne(%s, %s) < 0) %s" % (
                      stream_result,
                      arg.py_result(),
                      code.error_goto(self.pos)))
              arg.generate_disposal_code(code)
              arg.free_temps(code)
          else:
              self.arg_tuple.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              code.putln(
                  "if (__Pyx_Print(%s, %s, %d) < 0) %s" % (
                      stream_result,
                      self.arg_tuple.py_result(),
                      self.append_newline,
                      code.error_goto(self.pos)))
              self.arg_tuple.generate_disposal_code(code)
              self.arg_tuple.free_temps(code)
  
          if self.stream:
              self.stream.generate_disposal_code(code)
              self.stream.free_temps(code)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          if self.stream:
              self.stream.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.arg_tuple.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          if self.stream:
              self.stream.annotate(code)
          self.arg_tuple.annotate(code)
  
  
  class ExecStatNode(StatNode):
      #  exec statement
      #
      #  args     [ExprNode]
  
      child_attrs = ["args"]
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          for i, arg in enumerate(self.args):
              arg = arg.analyse_expressions(env)
              arg = arg.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
              self.args[i] = arg
          env.use_utility_code(Builtin.pyexec_utility_code)
          return self
  
      nogil_check = Node.gil_error
      gil_message = "Python exec statement"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          args = []
          for arg in self.args:
              arg.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              args.append(arg.py_result())
          args = tuple(args + ['0', '0'][:3-len(args)])
          temp_result = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
          code.putln("%s = __Pyx_PyExec3(%s, %s, %s);" % ((temp_result,) + args))
          for arg in self.args:
              arg.generate_disposal_code(code)
              arg.free_temps(code)
          code.putln(
              code.error_goto_if_null(temp_result, self.pos))
          code.put_gotref(temp_result, py_object_type)
          code.put_decref_clear(temp_result, py_object_type)
          code.funcstate.release_temp(temp_result)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          for arg in self.args:
              arg.annotate(code)
  
  
  class DelStatNode(StatNode):
      #  del statement
      #
      #  args     [ExprNode]
  
      child_attrs = ["args"]
      ignore_nonexisting = False
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          for arg in self.args:
              arg.analyse_target_declaration(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          for i, arg in enumerate(self.args):
              arg = self.args[i] = arg.analyse_target_expression(env, None)
              if arg.type.is_pyobject or (arg.is_name and arg.type.is_memoryviewslice):
                  if arg.is_name and arg.entry.is_cglobal:
                      error(arg.pos, "Deletion of global C variable")
              elif arg.type.is_ptr and arg.type.base_type.is_cpp_class:
                  self.cpp_check(env)
              elif arg.type.is_cpp_class:
                  error(arg.pos, "Deletion of non-heap C++ object")
              elif arg.is_subscript and arg.base.type is Builtin.bytearray_type:
                  pass  # del ba[i]
              else:
                  error(arg.pos, "Deletion of non-Python, non-C++ object")
              #arg.release_target_temp(env)
          return self
  
      def nogil_check(self, env):
          for arg in self.args:
              if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                  self.gil_error()
  
      gil_message = "Deleting Python object"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          for arg in self.args:
              if (arg.type.is_pyobject or
                      arg.type.is_memoryviewslice or
                      arg.is_subscript and arg.base.type is Builtin.bytearray_type):
                  arg.generate_deletion_code(
                      code, ignore_nonexisting=self.ignore_nonexisting)
              elif arg.type.is_ptr and arg.type.base_type.is_cpp_class:
                  arg.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                  code.putln("delete %s;" % arg.result())
                  arg.generate_disposal_code(code)
              # else error reported earlier
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          for arg in self.args:
              arg.annotate(code)
  
  
  class PassStatNode(StatNode):
      #  pass statement
  
      child_attrs = []
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
  
  class IndirectionNode(StatListNode):
      """
      This adds an indirection so that the node can be shared and a subtree can
      be removed at any time by clearing self.stats.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, stats):
          super(IndirectionNode, self).__init__(stats[0].pos, stats=stats)
  
  
  class BreakStatNode(StatNode):
  
      child_attrs = []
      is_terminator = True
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          if not code.break_label:
              error(self.pos, "break statement not inside loop")
          else:
              code.put_goto(code.break_label)
  
  
  class ContinueStatNode(StatNode):
  
      child_attrs = []
      is_terminator = True
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          if not code.continue_label:
              error(self.pos, "continue statement not inside loop")
              return
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.put_goto(code.continue_label)
  
  
  class ReturnStatNode(StatNode):
      #  return statement
      #
      #  value         ExprNode or None
      #  return_type   PyrexType
      #  in_generator  return inside of generator => raise StopIteration
      #  in_async_gen  return inside of async generator
  
      child_attrs = ["value"]
      is_terminator = True
      in_generator = False
      in_async_gen = False
  
      # Whether we are in a parallel section
      in_parallel = False
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return_type = env.return_type
          self.return_type = return_type
          if not return_type:
              error(self.pos, "Return not inside a function body")
              return self
          if self.value:
              if self.in_async_gen:
                  error(self.pos, "Return with value in async generator")
              self.value = self.value.analyse_types(env)
              if return_type.is_void or return_type.is_returncode:
                  error(self.value.pos, "Return with value in void function")
              else:
                  self.value = self.value.coerce_to(env.return_type, env)
          else:
              if (not return_type.is_void
                      and not return_type.is_pyobject
                      and not return_type.is_returncode):
                  error(self.pos, "Return value required")
          return self
  
      def nogil_check(self, env):
          if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
              self.gil_error()
  
      gil_message = "Returning Python object"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          if not self.return_type:
              # error reported earlier
              return
  
          value = self.value
          if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
              code.put_xdecref(Naming.retval_cname, self.return_type)
              if value and value.is_none:
                  # Use specialised default handling for "return None".
                  value = None
  
          if value:
              value.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              if self.return_type.is_memoryviewslice:
                  from . import MemoryView
                  MemoryView.put_acquire_memoryviewslice(
                      lhs_cname=Naming.retval_cname,
                      lhs_type=self.return_type,
                      lhs_pos=value.pos,
                      rhs=value,
                      code=code,
                      have_gil=self.in_nogil_context)
                  value.generate_post_assignment_code(code)
              elif self.in_generator:
                  # return value == raise StopIteration(value), but uncatchable
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                      UtilityCode.load_cached("ReturnWithStopIteration", "Coroutine.c"))
                  code.putln("%s = NULL; __Pyx_ReturnWithStopIteration(%s);" % (
                      Naming.retval_cname,
                      value.py_result()))
                  value.generate_disposal_code(code)
              else:
                  value.make_owned_reference(code)
                  code.putln("%s = %s;" % (
                      Naming.retval_cname,
                      value.result_as(self.return_type)))
                  value.generate_post_assignment_code(code)
              value.free_temps(code)
          else:
              if self.return_type.is_pyobject:
                  if self.in_generator:
                      if self.in_async_gen:
                          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                              UtilityCode.load_cached("StopAsyncIteration", "Coroutine.c"))
                          code.put("PyErr_SetNone(__Pyx_PyExc_StopAsyncIteration); ")
                      code.putln("%s = NULL;" % Naming.retval_cname)
                  else:
                      code.put_init_to_py_none(Naming.retval_cname, self.return_type)
              elif self.return_type.is_returncode:
                  self.put_return(code, self.return_type.default_value)
  
          for cname, type in code.funcstate.temps_holding_reference():
              code.put_decref_clear(cname, type)
  
          code.put_goto(code.return_label)
  
      def put_return(self, code, value):
          if self.in_parallel:
              code.putln_openmp("#pragma omp critical(__pyx_returning)")
          code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.retval_cname, value))
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          if self.value is not None:
              self.value.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          if self.value:
              self.value.annotate(code)
  
  
  class RaiseStatNode(StatNode):
      #  raise statement
      #
      #  exc_type    ExprNode or None
      #  exc_value   ExprNode or None
      #  exc_tb      ExprNode or None
      #  cause       ExprNode or None
  
      child_attrs = ["exc_type", "exc_value", "exc_tb", "cause"]
      is_terminator = True
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          if self.exc_type:
              exc_type = self.exc_type.analyse_types(env)
              self.exc_type = exc_type.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
          if self.exc_value:
              exc_value = self.exc_value.analyse_types(env)
              self.exc_value = exc_value.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
          if self.exc_tb:
              exc_tb = self.exc_tb.analyse_types(env)
              self.exc_tb = exc_tb.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
          if self.cause:
              cause = self.cause.analyse_types(env)
              self.cause = cause.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
          # special cases for builtin exceptions
          self.builtin_exc_name = None
          if self.exc_type and not self.exc_value and not self.exc_tb:
              exc = self.exc_type
              from . import ExprNodes
              if (isinstance(exc, ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode) and
                      not (exc.args or (exc.arg_tuple is not None and exc.arg_tuple.args))):
                  exc = exc.function  # extract the exception type
              if exc.is_name and exc.entry.is_builtin:
                  self.builtin_exc_name = exc.name
                  if self.builtin_exc_name == 'MemoryError':
                      self.exc_type = None # has a separate implementation
          return self
  
      nogil_check = Node.gil_error
      gil_message = "Raising exception"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          if self.builtin_exc_name == 'MemoryError':
              code.putln('PyErr_NoMemory(); %s' % code.error_goto(self.pos))
              return
  
          if self.exc_type:
              self.exc_type.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              type_code = self.exc_type.py_result()
              if self.exc_type.is_name:
                  code.globalstate.use_entry_utility_code(self.exc_type.entry)
          else:
              type_code = "0"
          if self.exc_value:
              self.exc_value.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              value_code = self.exc_value.py_result()
          else:
              value_code = "0"
          if self.exc_tb:
              self.exc_tb.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              tb_code = self.exc_tb.py_result()
          else:
              tb_code = "0"
          if self.cause:
              self.cause.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              cause_code = self.cause.py_result()
          else:
              cause_code = "0"
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(raise_utility_code)
          code.putln(
              "__Pyx_Raise(%s, %s, %s, %s);" % (
                  type_code,
                  value_code,
                  tb_code,
                  cause_code))
          for obj in (self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.exc_tb, self.cause):
              if obj:
                  obj.generate_disposal_code(code)
                  obj.free_temps(code)
          code.putln(
              code.error_goto(self.pos))
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          if self.exc_type is not None:
              self.exc_type.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.exc_value is not None:
              self.exc_value.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.exc_tb is not None:
              self.exc_tb.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.cause is not None:
              self.cause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          if self.exc_type:
              self.exc_type.annotate(code)
          if self.exc_value:
              self.exc_value.annotate(code)
          if self.exc_tb:
              self.exc_tb.annotate(code)
          if self.cause:
              self.cause.annotate(code)
  
  
  class ReraiseStatNode(StatNode):
  
      child_attrs = []
      is_terminator = True
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      nogil_check = Node.gil_error
      gil_message = "Raising exception"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          vars = code.funcstate.exc_vars
          if vars:
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
              code.put_giveref(vars[0], py_object_type)
              code.put_giveref(vars[1], py_object_type)
              # fresh exceptions may not have a traceback yet (-> finally!)
              code.put_xgiveref(vars[2], py_object_type)
              code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(%s, %s, %s);" % tuple(vars))
              for varname in vars:
                  code.put("%s = 0; " % varname)
              code.putln()
              code.putln(code.error_goto(self.pos))
          else:
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                  UtilityCode.load_cached("ReRaiseException", "Exceptions.c"))
              code.putln("__Pyx_ReraiseException(); %s" % code.error_goto(self.pos))
  
  class AssertStatNode(StatNode):
      #  assert statement
      #
      #  cond    ExprNode
      #  value   ExprNode or None
  
      child_attrs = ["cond", "value"]
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.cond = self.cond.analyse_boolean_expression(env)
          if self.value:
              value = self.value.analyse_types(env)
              if value.type is Builtin.tuple_type or not value.type.is_builtin_type:
                  # prevent tuple values from being interpreted as argument value tuples
                  from .ExprNodes import TupleNode
                  value = TupleNode(value.pos, args=[value], slow=True)
                  self.value = value.analyse_types(env, skip_children=True).coerce_to_pyobject(env)
              else:
                  self.value = value.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
          return self
  
      nogil_check = Node.gil_error
      gil_message = "Raising exception"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.putln("#ifndef CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS")
          code.putln("if (unlikely(!Py_OptimizeFlag)) {")
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          self.cond.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          code.putln(
              "if (unlikely(!%s)) {" % self.cond.result())
          if self.value:
              self.value.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              code.putln(
                  "PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_AssertionError, %s);" % self.value.py_result())
              self.value.generate_disposal_code(code)
              self.value.free_temps(code)
          else:
              code.putln(
                  "PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_AssertionError);")
          code.putln(
              code.error_goto(self.pos))
          code.putln(
              "}")
          self.cond.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.cond.free_temps(code)
          code.putln(
              "}")
          code.putln("#endif")
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.cond.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.value is not None:
              self.value.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.cond.annotate(code)
          if self.value:
              self.value.annotate(code)
  
  
  class IfStatNode(StatNode):
      #  if statement
      #
      #  if_clauses   [IfClauseNode]
      #  else_clause  StatNode or None
  
      child_attrs = ["if_clauses", "else_clause"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          for if_clause in self.if_clauses:
              if_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.if_clauses = [if_clause.analyse_expressions(env) for if_clause in self.if_clauses]
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause = self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          end_label = code.new_label()
          last = len(self.if_clauses)
          if self.else_clause:
              # If the 'else' clause is 'unlikely', then set the preceding 'if' clause to 'likely' to reflect that.
              self._set_branch_hint(self.if_clauses[-1], self.else_clause, inverse=True)
          else:
              last -= 1  # avoid redundant goto at end of last if-clause
          for i, if_clause in enumerate(self.if_clauses):
              self._set_branch_hint(if_clause, if_clause.body)
              if_clause.generate_execution_code(code, end_label, is_last=i == last)
          if self.else_clause:
              code.mark_pos(self.else_clause.pos)
              code.putln("/*else*/ {")
              self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
              code.putln("}")
          code.put_label(end_label)
  
      def _set_branch_hint(self, clause, statements_node, inverse=False):
          if not statements_node.is_terminator:
              return
          if isinstance(statements_node, StatListNode):
              if not statements_node.stats:
                  return
              statements = statements_node.stats
          else:
              statements = [statements_node]
          # Anything that unconditionally raises exceptions should be considered unlikely.
          if isinstance(statements[-1], (RaiseStatNode, ReraiseStatNode)):
              if len(statements) > 1:
                  # Allow simple statements before the 'raise', but no conditions, loops, etc.
                  non_branch_nodes = (ExprStatNode, AssignmentNode, DelStatNode, GlobalNode, NonlocalNode)
                  for node in statements[:-1]:
                      if not isinstance(node, non_branch_nodes):
                          return
              clause.branch_hint = 'likely' if inverse else 'unlikely'
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          for clause in self.if_clauses:
              clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          for if_clause in self.if_clauses:
              if_clause.annotate(code)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.annotate(code)
  
  
  class IfClauseNode(Node):
      #  if or elif clause in an if statement
      #
      #  condition   ExprNode
      #  body        StatNode
  
      child_attrs = ["condition", "body"]
      branch_hint = None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.condition = self.condition.analyse_temp_boolean_expression(env)
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code, end_label, is_last):
          self.condition.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          condition = self.condition.result()
          if self.branch_hint:
              condition = '%s(%s)' % (self.branch_hint, condition)
          code.putln("if (%s) {" % condition)
          self.condition.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.condition.free_temps(code)
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.mark_pos(self.pos, trace=False)
          if not (is_last or self.body.is_terminator):
              code.put_goto(end_label)
          code.putln("}")
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.condition.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.condition.annotate(code)
          self.body.annotate(code)
  
  
  class SwitchCaseNode(StatNode):
      # Generated in the optimization of an if-elif-else node
      #
      # conditions    [ExprNode]
      # body          StatNode
  
      child_attrs = ['conditions', 'body']
  
      def generate_condition_evaluation_code(self, code):
          for cond in self.conditions:
              cond.generate_evaluation_code(code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          num_conditions = len(self.conditions)
          line_tracing_enabled = code.globalstate.directives['linetrace']
          for i, cond in enumerate(self.conditions, 1):
              code.putln("case %s:" % cond.result())
              code.mark_pos(cond.pos)  # Tracing code must appear *after* the 'case' statement.
              if line_tracing_enabled and i < num_conditions:
                  # Allow fall-through after the line tracing code.
                  code.putln('CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;')
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.mark_pos(self.pos, trace=False)
          code.putln("break;")
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          for cond in self.conditions:
              cond.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          for cond in self.conditions:
              cond.annotate(code)
          self.body.annotate(code)
  
  
  class SwitchStatNode(StatNode):
      # Generated in the optimization of an if-elif-else node
      #
      # test          ExprNode
      # cases         [SwitchCaseNode]
      # else_clause   StatNode or None
  
      child_attrs = ['test', 'cases', 'else_clause']
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          self.test.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          # Make sure all conditions are evaluated before going into the switch() statement.
          # This is required in order to prevent any execution code from leaking into the space between the cases.
          for case in self.cases:
              case.generate_condition_evaluation_code(code)
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.putln("switch (%s) {" % self.test.result())
          for case in self.cases:
              case.generate_execution_code(code)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              code.putln("default:")
              self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
              code.putln("break;")
          else:
              # Always generate a default clause to prevent C compiler warnings
              # about unmatched enum values (it was not the user who decided to
              # generate the switch statement, so shouldn't be bothered).
              code.putln("default: break;")
          code.putln("}")
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.test.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          for case in self.cases:
              case.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.test.annotate(code)
          for case in self.cases:
              case.annotate(code)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause.annotate(code)
  
  
  class LoopNode(object):
      pass
  
  
  class WhileStatNode(LoopNode, StatNode):
      #  while statement
      #
      #  condition    ExprNode
      #  body         StatNode
      #  else_clause  StatNode
  
      child_attrs = ["condition", "body", "else_clause"]
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          if self.condition:
              self.condition = self.condition.analyse_temp_boolean_expression(env)
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause = self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          old_loop_labels = code.new_loop_labels()
          code.putln(
              "while (1) {")
          if self.condition:
              self.condition.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              self.condition.generate_disposal_code(code)
              code.putln(
                  "if (!%s) break;" % self.condition.result())
              self.condition.free_temps(code)
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.put_label(code.continue_label)
          code.putln("}")
          break_label = code.break_label
          code.set_loop_labels(old_loop_labels)
          if self.else_clause:
              code.mark_pos(self.else_clause.pos)
              code.putln("/*else*/ {")
              self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
              code.putln("}")
          code.put_label(break_label)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          if self.condition:
              self.condition.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          if self.condition:
              self.condition.annotate(code)
          self.body.annotate(code)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.annotate(code)
  
  
  class DictIterationNextNode(Node):
      # Helper node for calling PyDict_Next() inside of a WhileStatNode
      # and checking the dictionary size for changes.  Created in
      # Optimize.py.
      child_attrs = ['dict_obj', 'expected_size', 'pos_index_var',
                     'coerced_key_var', 'coerced_value_var', 'coerced_tuple_var',
                     'key_target', 'value_target', 'tuple_target', 'is_dict_flag']
  
      coerced_key_var = key_ref = None
      coerced_value_var = value_ref = None
      coerced_tuple_var = tuple_ref = None
  
      def __init__(self, dict_obj, expected_size, pos_index_var,
                   key_target, value_target, tuple_target, is_dict_flag):
          Node.__init__(
              self, dict_obj.pos,
              dict_obj=dict_obj,
              expected_size=expected_size,
              pos_index_var=pos_index_var,
              key_target=key_target,
              value_target=value_target,
              tuple_target=tuple_target,
              is_dict_flag=is_dict_flag,
              is_temp=True,
              type=PyrexTypes.c_bint_type)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          from . import ExprNodes
          self.dict_obj = self.dict_obj.analyse_types(env)
          self.expected_size = self.expected_size.analyse_types(env)
          if self.pos_index_var:
              self.pos_index_var = self.pos_index_var.analyse_types(env)
          if self.key_target:
              self.key_target = self.key_target.analyse_target_types(env)
              self.key_ref = ExprNodes.TempNode(self.key_target.pos, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
              self.coerced_key_var = self.key_ref.coerce_to(self.key_target.type, env)
          if self.value_target:
              self.value_target = self.value_target.analyse_target_types(env)
              self.value_ref = ExprNodes.TempNode(self.value_target.pos, type=PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
              self.coerced_value_var = self.value_ref.coerce_to(self.value_target.type, env)
          if self.tuple_target:
              self.tuple_target = self.tuple_target.analyse_target_types(env)
              self.tuple_ref = ExprNodes.TempNode(self.tuple_target.pos, PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
              self.coerced_tuple_var = self.tuple_ref.coerce_to(self.tuple_target.type, env)
          self.is_dict_flag = self.is_dict_flag.analyse_types(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.dict_obj.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("dict_iter", "Optimize.c"))
          self.dict_obj.generate_evaluation_code(code)
  
          assignments = []
          temp_addresses = []
          for var, result, target in [(self.key_ref, self.coerced_key_var, self.key_target),
                                      (self.value_ref, self.coerced_value_var, self.value_target),
                                      (self.tuple_ref, self.coerced_tuple_var, self.tuple_target)]:
              if target is None:
                  addr = 'NULL'
              else:
                  assignments.append((var, result, target))
                  var.allocate(code)
                  addr = '&%s' % var.result()
              temp_addresses.append(addr)
  
          result_temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.c_int_type, False)
          code.putln("%s = __Pyx_dict_iter_next(%s, %s, &%s, %s, %s, %s, %s);" % (
              result_temp,
              self.dict_obj.py_result(),
              self.expected_size.result(),
              self.pos_index_var.result(),
              temp_addresses[0],
              temp_addresses[1],
              temp_addresses[2],
              self.is_dict_flag.result()
          ))
          code.putln("if (unlikely(%s == 0)) break;" % result_temp)
          code.putln(code.error_goto_if("%s == -1" % result_temp, self.pos))
          code.funcstate.release_temp(result_temp)
  
          # evaluate all coercions before the assignments
          for var, result, target in assignments:
              var.generate_gotref(code)
          for var, result, target in assignments:
              result.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          for var, result, target in assignments:
              target.generate_assignment_code(result, code)
              var.release(code)
  
  
  class SetIterationNextNode(Node):
      # Helper node for calling _PySet_NextEntry() inside of a WhileStatNode
      # and checking the set size for changes.  Created in Optimize.py.
      child_attrs = ['set_obj', 'expected_size', 'pos_index_var',
                     'coerced_value_var', 'value_target', 'is_set_flag']
  
      coerced_value_var = value_ref = None
  
      def __init__(self, set_obj, expected_size, pos_index_var, value_target, is_set_flag):
          Node.__init__(
              self, set_obj.pos,
              set_obj=set_obj,
              expected_size=expected_size,
              pos_index_var=pos_index_var,
              value_target=value_target,
              is_set_flag=is_set_flag,
              is_temp=True,
              type=PyrexTypes.c_bint_type)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          from . import ExprNodes
          self.set_obj = self.set_obj.analyse_types(env)
          self.expected_size = self.expected_size.analyse_types(env)
          self.pos_index_var = self.pos_index_var.analyse_types(env)
          self.value_target = self.value_target.analyse_target_types(env)
          self.value_ref = ExprNodes.TempNode(self.value_target.pos, type=PyrexTypes.py_object_type)
          self.coerced_value_var = self.value_ref.coerce_to(self.value_target.type, env)
          self.is_set_flag = self.is_set_flag.analyse_types(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.set_obj.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("set_iter", "Optimize.c"))
          self.set_obj.generate_evaluation_code(code)
  
          value_ref = self.value_ref
          value_ref.allocate(code)
  
          result_temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.c_int_type, False)
          code.putln("%s = __Pyx_set_iter_next(%s, %s, &%s, &%s, %s);" % (
              result_temp,
              self.set_obj.py_result(),
              self.expected_size.result(),
              self.pos_index_var.result(),
              value_ref.result(),
              self.is_set_flag.result()
          ))
          code.putln("if (unlikely(%s == 0)) break;" % result_temp)
          code.putln(code.error_goto_if("%s == -1" % result_temp, self.pos))
          code.funcstate.release_temp(result_temp)
  
          # evaluate all coercions before the assignments
          value_ref.generate_gotref(code)
          self.coerced_value_var.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          self.value_target.generate_assignment_code(self.coerced_value_var, code)
          value_ref.release(code)
  
  
  def ForStatNode(pos, **kw):
      if 'iterator' in kw:
          if kw['iterator'].is_async:
              return AsyncForStatNode(pos, **kw)
          else:
              return ForInStatNode(pos, **kw)
      else:
          return ForFromStatNode(pos, **kw)
  
  
  class _ForInStatNode(LoopNode, StatNode):
      #  Base class of 'for-in' statements.
      #
      #  target        ExprNode
      #  iterator      IteratorNode | AIterAwaitExprNode(AsyncIteratorNode)
      #  body          StatNode
      #  else_clause   StatNode
      #  item          NextNode | AwaitExprNode(AsyncNextNode)
      #  is_async      boolean        true for 'async for' statements
  
      child_attrs = ["target", "item", "iterator", "body", "else_clause"]
      item = None
      is_async = False
  
      def _create_item_node(self):
          raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented by subclasses")
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
          self._create_item_node()
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.target = self.target.analyse_target_types(env)
          self.iterator = self.iterator.analyse_expressions(env)
          self._create_item_node()  # must rewrap self.item after analysis
          self.item = self.item.analyse_expressions(env)
          if (not self.is_async and
                  (self.iterator.type.is_ptr or self.iterator.type.is_array) and
                  self.target.type.assignable_from(self.iterator.type)):
              # C array slice optimization.
              pass
          else:
              self.item = self.item.coerce_to(self.target.type, env)
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause = self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          old_loop_labels = code.new_loop_labels()
          self.iterator.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          code.putln("for (;;) {")
          self.item.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.item, code)
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.put_label(code.continue_label)
          code.putln("}")
          break_label = code.break_label
          code.set_loop_labels(old_loop_labels)
  
          if self.else_clause:
              # in nested loops, the 'else' block can contain a
              # 'continue' statement for the outer loop, but we may need
              # to generate cleanup code before taking that path, so we
              # intercept it here
              orig_continue_label = code.continue_label
              code.continue_label = code.new_label('outer_continue')
  
              code.putln("/*else*/ {")
              self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
              code.putln("}")
  
              if code.label_used(code.continue_label):
                  code.put_goto(break_label)
                  code.mark_pos(self.pos)
                  code.put_label(code.continue_label)
                  self.iterator.generate_disposal_code(code)
                  code.put_goto(orig_continue_label)
              code.set_loop_labels(old_loop_labels)
  
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          if code.label_used(break_label):
              code.put_label(break_label)
          self.iterator.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.iterator.free_temps(code)
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.target.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.iterator.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.target.annotate(code)
          self.iterator.annotate(code)
          self.body.annotate(code)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.annotate(code)
          self.item.annotate(code)
  
  
  class ForInStatNode(_ForInStatNode):
      #  'for' statement
  
      is_async = False
  
      def _create_item_node(self):
          from .ExprNodes import NextNode
          self.item = NextNode(self.iterator)
  
  
  class AsyncForStatNode(_ForInStatNode):
      #  'async for' statement
      #
      #  iterator      AIterAwaitExprNode(AsyncIteratorNode)
      #  item          AwaitIterNextExprNode(AsyncIteratorNode)
  
      is_async = True
  
      def __init__(self, pos, **kw):
          assert 'item' not in kw
          from . import ExprNodes
          # AwaitExprNodes must appear before running MarkClosureVisitor
          kw['item'] = ExprNodes.AwaitIterNextExprNode(kw['iterator'].pos, arg=None)
          _ForInStatNode.__init__(self, pos, **kw)
  
      def _create_item_node(self):
          from . import ExprNodes
          self.item.arg = ExprNodes.AsyncNextNode(self.iterator)
  
  
  class ForFromStatNode(LoopNode, StatNode):
      #  for name from expr rel name rel expr
      #
      #  target        NameNode
      #  bound1        ExprNode
      #  relation1     string
      #  relation2     string
      #  bound2        ExprNode
      #  step          ExprNode or None
      #  body          StatNode
      #  else_clause   StatNode or None
      #
      #  Used internally:
      #
      #  from_range         bool
      #  is_py_target       bool
      #  loopvar_node       ExprNode (usually a NameNode or temp node)
      #  py_loopvar_node    PyTempNode or None
      child_attrs = ["target", "bound1", "bound2", "step", "body", "else_clause"]
  
      is_py_target = False
      loopvar_node = None
      py_loopvar_node = None
      from_range = False
  
      gil_message = "For-loop using object bounds or target"
  
      def nogil_check(self, env):
          for x in (self.target, self.bound1, self.bound2):
              if x.type.is_pyobject:
                  self.gil_error()
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          from . import ExprNodes
          self.target = self.target.analyse_target_types(env)
          self.bound1 = self.bound1.analyse_types(env)
          self.bound2 = self.bound2.analyse_types(env)
          if self.step is not None:
              if isinstance(self.step, ExprNodes.UnaryMinusNode):
                  warning(self.step.pos, "Probable infinite loop in for-from-by statement. "
                          "Consider switching the directions of the relations.", 2)
              self.step = self.step.analyse_types(env)
  
          self.set_up_loop(env)
          target_type = self.target.type
          if not (target_type.is_pyobject or target_type.is_numeric):
              error(self.target.pos, "for-from loop variable must be c numeric type or Python object")
  
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause = self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def set_up_loop(self, env):
          from . import ExprNodes
  
          target_type = self.target.type
          if target_type.is_numeric:
              loop_type = target_type
          else:
              if target_type.is_enum:
                  warning(self.target.pos,
                          "Integer loops over enum values are fragile. Please cast to a safe integer type instead.")
              loop_type = PyrexTypes.c_long_type if target_type.is_pyobject else PyrexTypes.c_int_type
              if not self.bound1.type.is_pyobject:
                  loop_type = PyrexTypes.widest_numeric_type(loop_type, self.bound1.type)
              if not self.bound2.type.is_pyobject:
                  loop_type = PyrexTypes.widest_numeric_type(loop_type, self.bound2.type)
              if self.step is not None and not self.step.type.is_pyobject:
                  loop_type = PyrexTypes.widest_numeric_type(loop_type, self.step.type)
          self.bound1 = self.bound1.coerce_to(loop_type, env)
          self.bound2 = self.bound2.coerce_to(loop_type, env)
          if not self.bound2.is_literal:
              self.bound2 = self.bound2.coerce_to_temp(env)
          if self.step is not None:
              self.step = self.step.coerce_to(loop_type, env)
              if not self.step.is_literal:
                  self.step = self.step.coerce_to_temp(env)
  
          if target_type.is_numeric or target_type.is_enum:
              self.is_py_target = False
              if isinstance(self.target, ExprNodes.BufferIndexNode):
                  raise error(self.pos, "Buffer or memoryview slicing/indexing not allowed as for-loop target.")
              self.loopvar_node = self.target
              self.py_loopvar_node = None
          else:
              self.is_py_target = True
              c_loopvar_node = ExprNodes.TempNode(self.pos, loop_type, env)
              self.loopvar_node = c_loopvar_node
              self.py_loopvar_node = ExprNodes.CloneNode(c_loopvar_node).coerce_to_pyobject(env)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          old_loop_labels = code.new_loop_labels()
          from_range = self.from_range
          self.bound1.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          self.bound2.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          offset, incop = self.relation_table[self.relation1]
          if self.step is not None:
              self.step.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              step = self.step.result()
              incop = "%s=%s" % (incop[0], step)  # e.g. '++' => '+= STEP'
          else:
              step = '1'
  
          from . import ExprNodes
          if isinstance(self.loopvar_node, ExprNodes.TempNode):
              self.loopvar_node.allocate(code)
          if isinstance(self.py_loopvar_node, ExprNodes.TempNode):
              self.py_loopvar_node.allocate(code)
  
          loopvar_type = PyrexTypes.c_long_type if self.target.type.is_enum else self.target.type
  
          if from_range and not self.is_py_target:
              loopvar_name = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(loopvar_type, False)
          else:
              loopvar_name = self.loopvar_node.result()
          if loopvar_type.is_int and not loopvar_type.signed and self.relation2[0] == '>':
              # Handle the case where the endpoint of an unsigned int iteration
              # is within step of 0.
              code.putln("for (%s = %s%s + %s; %s %s %s + %s; ) { %s%s;" % (
                  loopvar_name,
                  self.bound1.result(), offset, step,
                  loopvar_name, self.relation2, self.bound2.result(), step,
                  loopvar_name, incop))
          else:
              code.putln("for (%s = %s%s; %s %s %s; %s%s) {" % (
                  loopvar_name,
                  self.bound1.result(), offset,
                  loopvar_name, self.relation2, self.bound2.result(),
                  loopvar_name, incop))
  
          coerced_loopvar_node = self.py_loopvar_node
          if coerced_loopvar_node is None and from_range:
              coerced_loopvar_node = ExprNodes.RawCNameExprNode(self.target.pos, loopvar_type, loopvar_name)
          if coerced_loopvar_node is not None:
              coerced_loopvar_node.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              self.target.generate_assignment_code(coerced_loopvar_node, code)
  
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.put_label(code.continue_label)
  
          if not from_range and self.py_loopvar_node:
              # This mess is to make for..from loops with python targets behave
              # exactly like those with C targets with regards to re-assignment
              # of the loop variable.
              if self.target.entry.is_pyglobal:
                  # We know target is a NameNode, this is the only ugly case.
                  target_node = ExprNodes.PyTempNode(self.target.pos, None)
                  target_node.allocate(code)
                  interned_cname = code.intern_identifier(self.target.entry.name)
                  if self.target.entry.scope.is_module_scope:
                      code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                          UtilityCode.load_cached("GetModuleGlobalName", "ObjectHandling.c"))
                      lookup_func = '__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(%s, %s); %s'
                  else:
                      code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                          UtilityCode.load_cached("GetNameInClass", "ObjectHandling.c"))
                      lookup_func = '__Pyx_GetNameInClass(%s, {}, %s); %s'.format(
                          self.target.entry.scope.namespace_cname)
                  code.putln(lookup_func % (
                      target_node.result(),
                      interned_cname,
                      code.error_goto_if_null(target_node.result(), self.target.pos)))
                  target_node.generate_gotref(code)
              else:
                  target_node = self.target
              from_py_node = ExprNodes.CoerceFromPyTypeNode(
                  self.loopvar_node.type, target_node, self.target.entry.scope)
              from_py_node.temp_code = loopvar_name
              from_py_node.generate_result_code(code)
              if self.target.entry.is_pyglobal:
                  code.put_decref(target_node.result(), target_node.type)
                  target_node.release(code)
  
          code.putln("}")
  
          if not from_range and self.py_loopvar_node:
              # This is potentially wasteful, but we don't want the semantics to
              # depend on whether or not the loop is a python type.
              self.py_loopvar_node.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.py_loopvar_node, code)
          if from_range and not self.is_py_target:
              code.funcstate.release_temp(loopvar_name)
  
          break_label = code.break_label
          code.set_loop_labels(old_loop_labels)
          if self.else_clause:
              code.putln("/*else*/ {")
              self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
              code.putln("}")
          code.put_label(break_label)
          self.bound1.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.bound1.free_temps(code)
          self.bound2.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.bound2.free_temps(code)
          if isinstance(self.loopvar_node, ExprNodes.TempNode):
              self.loopvar_node.release(code)
          if isinstance(self.py_loopvar_node, ExprNodes.TempNode):
              self.py_loopvar_node.release(code)
          if self.step is not None:
              self.step.generate_disposal_code(code)
              self.step.free_temps(code)
  
      relation_table = {
          # {relop : (initial offset, increment op)}
          '<=': ("",   "++"),
          '<' : ("+1", "++"),
          '>=': ("",   "--"),
          '>' : ("-1", "--"),
      }
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.target.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.bound1.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.bound2.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.step is not None:
              self.step.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.target.annotate(code)
          self.bound1.annotate(code)
          self.bound2.annotate(code)
          if self.step:
              self.step.annotate(code)
          self.body.annotate(code)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.annotate(code)
  
  
  class WithStatNode(StatNode):
      """
      Represents a Python with statement.
  
      Implemented by the WithTransform as follows:
  
          MGR = EXPR
          EXIT = MGR.__exit__
          VALUE = MGR.__enter__()
          EXC = True
          try:
              try:
                  TARGET = VALUE  # optional
                  BODY
              except:
                  EXC = False
                  if not EXIT(*EXCINFO):
                      raise
          finally:
              if EXC:
                  EXIT(None, None, None)
              MGR = EXIT = VALUE = None
      """
      #  manager          The with statement manager object
      #  target           ExprNode  the target lhs of the __enter__() call
      #  body             StatNode
      #  enter_call       ExprNode  the call to the __enter__() method
      #  exit_var         String    the cname of the __exit__() method reference
  
      child_attrs = ["manager", "enter_call", "target", "body"]
  
      enter_call = None
      target_temp = None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.manager.analyse_declarations(env)
          self.enter_call.analyse_declarations(env)
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.manager = self.manager.analyse_types(env)
          self.enter_call = self.enter_call.analyse_types(env)
          if self.target:
              # set up target_temp before descending into body (which uses it)
              from .ExprNodes import TempNode
              self.target_temp = TempNode(self.enter_call.pos, self.enter_call.type)
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.manager.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.enter_call.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.putln("/*with:*/ {")
          self.manager.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          self.exit_var = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=False)
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
              UtilityCode.load_cached("PyObjectLookupSpecial", "ObjectHandling.c"))
          code.putln("%s = __Pyx_PyObject_LookupSpecial(%s, %s); %s" % (
              self.exit_var,
              self.manager.py_result(),
              code.intern_identifier(EncodedString('__aexit__' if self.is_async else '__exit__')),
              code.error_goto_if_null(self.exit_var, self.pos),
              ))
          code.put_gotref(self.exit_var, py_object_type)
  
          # need to free exit_var in the face of exceptions during setup
          old_error_label = code.new_error_label()
          intermediate_error_label = code.error_label
  
          self.enter_call.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          if self.target:
              # The temp result will be cleaned up by the WithTargetAssignmentStatNode
              # after assigning its result to the target of the 'with' statement.
              self.target_temp.allocate(code)
              self.enter_call.make_owned_reference(code)
              code.putln("%s = %s;" % (self.target_temp.result(), self.enter_call.result()))
              self.enter_call.generate_post_assignment_code(code)
          else:
              self.enter_call.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.enter_call.free_temps(code)
  
          self.manager.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.manager.free_temps(code)
  
          code.error_label = old_error_label
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
  
          if code.label_used(intermediate_error_label):
              step_over_label = code.new_label()
              code.put_goto(step_over_label)
              code.put_label(intermediate_error_label)
              code.put_decref_clear(self.exit_var, py_object_type)
              code.put_goto(old_error_label)
              code.put_label(step_over_label)
  
          code.funcstate.release_temp(self.exit_var)
          code.putln('}')
  
  
  class WithTargetAssignmentStatNode(AssignmentNode):
      # The target assignment of the 'with' statement value (return
      # value of the __enter__() call).
      #
      # This is a special cased assignment that properly cleans up the RHS.
      #
      # lhs       ExprNode      the assignment target
      # rhs       ExprNode      a (coerced) TempNode for the rhs (from WithStatNode)
      # with_node WithStatNode  the surrounding with-statement
  
      child_attrs = ["rhs", "lhs"]
      with_node = None
      rhs = None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.lhs.analyse_target_declaration(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.lhs = self.lhs.analyse_target_types(env)
          self.lhs.gil_assignment_check(env)
          self.rhs = self.with_node.target_temp.coerce_to(self.lhs.type, env)
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          self.rhs.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          self.lhs.generate_assignment_code(self.rhs, code)
          self.with_node.target_temp.release(code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.lhs.annotate(code)
          self.rhs.annotate(code)
  
  
  class TryExceptStatNode(StatNode):
      #  try .. except statement
      #
      #  body             StatNode
      #  except_clauses   [ExceptClauseNode]
      #  else_clause      StatNode or None
  
      child_attrs = ["body", "except_clauses", "else_clause"]
      in_generator = False
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
          for except_clause in self.except_clauses:
              except_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          default_clause_seen = 0
          for i, except_clause in enumerate(self.except_clauses):
              except_clause = self.except_clauses[i] = except_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
              if default_clause_seen:
                  error(except_clause.pos, "default 'except:' must be last")
              if not except_clause.pattern:
                  default_clause_seen = 1
          self.has_default_clause = default_clause_seen
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause = self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      nogil_check = Node.gil_error
      gil_message = "Try-except statement"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)  # before changing the error label, in case of tracing errors
          code.putln("{")
  
          old_return_label = code.return_label
          old_break_label = code.break_label
          old_continue_label = code.continue_label
          old_error_label = code.new_error_label()
          our_error_label = code.error_label
          except_end_label = code.new_label('exception_handled')
          except_error_label = code.new_label('except_error')
          except_return_label = code.new_label('except_return')
          try_return_label = code.new_label('try_return')
          try_break_label = code.new_label('try_break') if old_break_label else None
          try_continue_label = code.new_label('try_continue') if old_continue_label else None
          try_end_label = code.new_label('try_end')
  
          exc_save_vars = [code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, False)
                           for _ in range(3)]
          save_exc = code.insertion_point()
          code.putln(
              "/*try:*/ {")
          code.return_label = try_return_label
          code.break_label = try_break_label
          code.continue_label = try_continue_label
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.mark_pos(self.pos, trace=False)
          code.putln(
              "}")
          temps_to_clean_up = code.funcstate.all_free_managed_temps()
          can_raise = code.label_used(our_error_label)
  
          if can_raise:
              # inject code before the try block to save away the exception state
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(reset_exception_utility_code)
              if not self.in_generator:
                  save_exc.putln("__Pyx_PyThreadState_declare")
                  save_exc.putln("__Pyx_PyThreadState_assign")
              save_exc.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionSave(%s);" % (
                  ', '.join(['&%s' % var for var in exc_save_vars])))
              for var in exc_save_vars:
                  save_exc.put_xgotref(var, py_object_type)
  
              def restore_saved_exception():
                  for name in exc_save_vars:
                      code.put_xgiveref(name, py_object_type)
                  code.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionReset(%s);" %
                             ', '.join(exc_save_vars))
          else:
              # try block cannot raise exceptions, but we had to allocate the temps above,
              # so just keep the C compiler from complaining about them being unused
              mark_vars_used =  ["(void)%s;" % var for var in exc_save_vars]
              save_exc.putln("%s /* mark used */" % ' '.join(mark_vars_used))
  
              def restore_saved_exception():
                  pass
  
          code.error_label = except_error_label
          code.return_label = except_return_label
          normal_case_terminates = self.body.is_terminator
          if self.else_clause:
              code.mark_pos(self.else_clause.pos)
              code.putln(
                  "/*else:*/ {")
              self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
              code.putln(
                  "}")
              if not normal_case_terminates:
                  normal_case_terminates = self.else_clause.is_terminator
  
          if can_raise:
              if not normal_case_terminates:
                  for var in exc_save_vars:
                      code.put_xdecref_clear(var, py_object_type)
                  code.put_goto(try_end_label)
              code.put_label(our_error_label)
              for temp_name, temp_type in temps_to_clean_up:
                  code.put_xdecref_clear(temp_name, temp_type)
  
              outer_except = code.funcstate.current_except
              # Currently points to self, but the ExceptClauseNode would also be ok. Change if needed.
              code.funcstate.current_except = self
              for except_clause in self.except_clauses:
                  except_clause.generate_handling_code(code, except_end_label)
              code.funcstate.current_except = outer_except
  
              if not self.has_default_clause:
                  code.put_goto(except_error_label)
  
          for exit_label, old_label in [(except_error_label, old_error_label),
                                        (try_break_label, old_break_label),
                                        (try_continue_label, old_continue_label),
                                        (try_return_label, old_return_label),
                                        (except_return_label, old_return_label)]:
              if code.label_used(exit_label):
                  if not normal_case_terminates and not code.label_used(try_end_label):
                      code.put_goto(try_end_label)
                  code.put_label(exit_label)
                  code.mark_pos(self.pos, trace=False)
                  if can_raise:
                      restore_saved_exception()
                  code.put_goto(old_label)
  
          if code.label_used(except_end_label):
              if not normal_case_terminates and not code.label_used(try_end_label):
                  code.put_goto(try_end_label)
              code.put_label(except_end_label)
              if can_raise:
                  restore_saved_exception()
          if code.label_used(try_end_label):
              code.put_label(try_end_label)
          code.putln("}")
  
          for cname in exc_save_vars:
              code.funcstate.release_temp(cname)
  
          code.return_label = old_return_label
          code.break_label = old_break_label
          code.continue_label = old_continue_label
          code.error_label = old_error_label
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          for except_clause in self.except_clauses:
              except_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.body.annotate(code)
          for except_node in self.except_clauses:
              except_node.annotate(code)
          if self.else_clause:
              self.else_clause.annotate(code)
  
  
  class ExceptClauseNode(Node):
      #  Part of try ... except statement.
      #
      #  pattern        [ExprNode]
      #  target         ExprNode or None
      #  body           StatNode
      #  excinfo_target TupleNode(3*ResultRefNode) or None   optional target for exception info (not owned here!)
      #  match_flag     string             result of exception match
      #  exc_value      ExcValueNode       used internally
      #  function_name  string             qualified name of enclosing function
      #  exc_vars       (string * 3)       local exception variables
      #  is_except_as   bool               Py3-style "except ... as xyz"
  
      # excinfo_target is never set by the parser, but can be set by a transform
      # in order to extract more extensive information about the exception as a
      # sys.exc_info()-style tuple into a target variable
  
      child_attrs = ["pattern", "target", "body", "exc_value"]
  
      exc_value = None
      excinfo_target = None
      is_except_as = False
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          if self.target:
              self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.function_name = env.qualified_name
          if self.pattern:
              # normalise/unpack self.pattern into a list
              for i, pattern in enumerate(self.pattern):
                  pattern = pattern.analyse_expressions(env)
                  self.pattern[i] = pattern.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
  
          if self.target:
              from . import ExprNodes
              self.exc_value = ExprNodes.ExcValueNode(self.pos)
              self.target = self.target.analyse_target_expression(env, self.exc_value)
  
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_handling_code(self, code, end_label):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
  
          if self.pattern:
              has_non_literals = not all(
                  pattern.is_literal or pattern.is_simple() and not pattern.is_temp
                  for pattern in self.pattern)
  
              if has_non_literals:
                  # For non-trivial exception check expressions, hide the live exception from C-API calls.
                  exc_vars = [code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
                              for _ in range(3)]
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("PyErrFetchRestore", "Exceptions.c"))
                  code.putln("__Pyx_ErrFetch(&%s, &%s, &%s);" % tuple(exc_vars))
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("FastTypeChecks", "ModuleSetupCode.c"))
                  exc_test_func = "__Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(%s, %%s)" % exc_vars[0]
              else:
                  exc_vars = ()
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("PyErrExceptionMatches", "Exceptions.c"))
                  exc_test_func = "__Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(%s)"
  
              exc_tests = []
              for pattern in self.pattern:
                  pattern.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                  exc_tests.append(exc_test_func % pattern.py_result())
  
              match_flag = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.c_int_type, manage_ref=False)
              code.putln("%s = %s;" % (match_flag, ' || '.join(exc_tests)))
              for pattern in self.pattern:
                  pattern.generate_disposal_code(code)
                  pattern.free_temps(code)
  
              if has_non_literals:
                  code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestore(%s, %s, %s);" % tuple(exc_vars))
                  code.putln(' '.join(["%s = 0;" % var for var in exc_vars]))
                  for temp in exc_vars:
                      code.funcstate.release_temp(temp)
  
              code.putln(
                  "if (%s) {" %
                      match_flag)
              code.funcstate.release_temp(match_flag)
          else:
              code.putln("/*except:*/ {")
  
          if (not getattr(self.body, 'stats', True)
                  and self.excinfo_target is None
                  and self.target is None):
              # most simple case: no exception variable, empty body (pass)
              # => reset the exception state, done
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("PyErrFetchRestore", "Exceptions.c"))
              code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestore(0,0,0);")
              code.put_goto(end_label)
              code.putln("}")
              return
  
          exc_vars = [code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
                      for _ in range(3)]
          code.put_add_traceback(self.function_name)
          # We always have to fetch the exception value even if
          # there is no target, because this also normalises the
          # exception and stores it in the thread state.
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(get_exception_utility_code)
          exc_args = "&%s, &%s, &%s" % tuple(exc_vars)
          code.putln("if (__Pyx_GetException(%s) < 0) %s" % (
              exc_args, code.error_goto(self.pos)))
          for var in exc_vars:
              code.put_gotref(var, py_object_type)
          if self.target:
              self.exc_value.set_var(exc_vars[1])
              self.exc_value.generate_evaluation_code(code)
              self.target.generate_assignment_code(self.exc_value, code)
          if self.excinfo_target is not None:
              for tempvar, node in zip(exc_vars, self.excinfo_target.args):
                  node.set_var(tempvar)
  
          old_break_label, old_continue_label = code.break_label, code.continue_label
          code.break_label = code.new_label('except_break')
          code.continue_label = code.new_label('except_continue')
  
          old_exc_vars = code.funcstate.exc_vars
          code.funcstate.exc_vars = exc_vars
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          code.funcstate.exc_vars = old_exc_vars
  
          if not self.body.is_terminator:
              for var in exc_vars:
                  # FIXME: XDECREF() is needed to allow re-raising (which clears the exc_vars),
                  # but I don't think it's the right solution.
                  code.put_xdecref_clear(var, py_object_type)
              code.put_goto(end_label)
  
          for new_label, old_label in [(code.break_label, old_break_label),
                                       (code.continue_label, old_continue_label)]:
              if code.label_used(new_label):
                  code.put_label(new_label)
                  for var in exc_vars:
                      code.put_decref_clear(var, py_object_type)
                  code.put_goto(old_label)
          code.break_label = old_break_label
          code.continue_label = old_continue_label
  
          for temp in exc_vars:
              code.funcstate.release_temp(temp)
  
          code.putln(
              "}")
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          if self.target is not None:
              self.target.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          if self.pattern:
              for pattern in self.pattern:
                  pattern.annotate(code)
          if self.target:
              self.target.annotate(code)
          self.body.annotate(code)
  
  
  class TryFinallyStatNode(StatNode):
      #  try ... finally statement
      #
      #  body             StatNode
      #  finally_clause   StatNode
      #  finally_except_clause  deep-copy of finally_clause for exception case
      #  in_generator     inside of generator => must store away current exception also in return case
      #
      #  Each of the continue, break, return and error gotos runs
      #  into its own deep-copy of the finally block code.
      #  In addition, if we're doing an error, we save the
      #  exception on entry to the finally block and restore
      #  it on exit.
  
      child_attrs = ["body", "finally_clause", "finally_except_clause"]
  
      preserve_exception = 1
  
      # handle exception case, in addition to return/break/continue
      handle_error_case = True
      func_return_type = None
      finally_except_clause = None
  
      is_try_finally_in_nogil = False
      in_generator = False
  
      @staticmethod
      def create_analysed(pos, env, body, finally_clause):
          node = TryFinallyStatNode(pos, body=body, finally_clause=finally_clause)
          return node
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
          self.finally_except_clause = copy.deepcopy(self.finally_clause)
          self.finally_except_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
          self.finally_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          self.finally_clause = self.finally_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
          self.finally_except_clause = self.finally_except_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
          if env.return_type and not env.return_type.is_void:
              self.func_return_type = env.return_type
          return self
  
      nogil_check = Node.gil_error
      gil_message = "Try-finally statement"
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)  # before changing the error label, in case of tracing errors
          code.putln("/*try:*/ {")
  
          old_error_label = code.error_label
          old_labels = code.all_new_labels()
          new_labels = code.get_all_labels()
          new_error_label = code.error_label
          if not self.handle_error_case:
              code.error_label = old_error_label
          catch_label = code.new_label()
  
          was_in_try_finally = code.funcstate.in_try_finally
          code.funcstate.in_try_finally = 1
  
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
  
          code.funcstate.in_try_finally = was_in_try_finally
          code.putln("}")
  
          temps_to_clean_up = code.funcstate.all_free_managed_temps()
          code.mark_pos(self.finally_clause.pos)
          code.putln("/*finally:*/ {")
  
          # Reset labels only after writing out a potential line trace call for correct nogil error handling.
          code.set_all_labels(old_labels)
  
          def fresh_finally_clause(_next=[self.finally_clause]):
              # generate the original subtree once and always keep a fresh copy
              node = _next[0]
              node_copy = copy.deepcopy(node)
              if node is self.finally_clause:
                  _next[0] = node_copy
              else:
                  node = node_copy
              return node
  
          preserve_error = self.preserve_exception and code.label_used(new_error_label)
          needs_success_cleanup = not self.finally_clause.is_terminator
  
          if not self.body.is_terminator:
              code.putln('/*normal exit:*/{')
              fresh_finally_clause().generate_execution_code(code)
              if not self.finally_clause.is_terminator:
                  code.put_goto(catch_label)
              code.putln('}')
  
          if preserve_error:
              code.put_label(new_error_label)
              code.putln('/*exception exit:*/{')
              if not self.in_generator:
                  code.putln("__Pyx_PyThreadState_declare")
              if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
                  code.declare_gilstate()
              if needs_success_cleanup:
                  exc_lineno_cnames = tuple([
                      code.funcstate.allocate_temp(PyrexTypes.c_int_type, manage_ref=False)
                      for _ in range(2)])
                  exc_filename_cname = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(
                      PyrexTypes.CPtrType(PyrexTypes.c_const_type(PyrexTypes.c_char_type)),
                      manage_ref=False)
              else:
                  exc_lineno_cnames = exc_filename_cname = None
              exc_vars = tuple([
                  code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=False)
                  for _ in range(6)])
              self.put_error_catcher(
                  code, temps_to_clean_up, exc_vars, exc_lineno_cnames, exc_filename_cname)
              finally_old_labels = code.all_new_labels()
  
              code.putln('{')
              old_exc_vars = code.funcstate.exc_vars
              code.funcstate.exc_vars = exc_vars[:3]
              self.finally_except_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
              code.funcstate.exc_vars = old_exc_vars
              code.putln('}')
  
              if needs_success_cleanup:
                  self.put_error_uncatcher(code, exc_vars, exc_lineno_cnames, exc_filename_cname)
                  if exc_lineno_cnames:
                      for cname in exc_lineno_cnames:
                          code.funcstate.release_temp(cname)
                  if exc_filename_cname:
                      code.funcstate.release_temp(exc_filename_cname)
                  code.put_goto(old_error_label)
  
              for new_label, old_label in zip(code.get_all_labels(), finally_old_labels):
                  if not code.label_used(new_label):
                      continue
                  code.put_label(new_label)
                  self.put_error_cleaner(code, exc_vars)
                  code.put_goto(old_label)
  
              for cname in exc_vars:
                  code.funcstate.release_temp(cname)
              code.putln('}')
  
          code.set_all_labels(old_labels)
          return_label = code.return_label
          exc_vars = ()
  
          for i, (new_label, old_label) in enumerate(zip(new_labels, old_labels)):
              if not code.label_used(new_label):
                  continue
              if new_label == new_error_label and preserve_error:
                  continue  # handled above
  
              code.putln('%s: {' % new_label)
              ret_temp = None
              if old_label == return_label:
                  # return actually raises an (uncatchable) exception in generators that we must preserve
                  if self.in_generator:
                      exc_vars = tuple([
                          code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=False)
                          for _ in range(6)])
                      self.put_error_catcher(code, [], exc_vars)
                  if not self.finally_clause.is_terminator:
                      # store away return value for later reuse
                      if (self.func_return_type and
                              not self.is_try_finally_in_nogil and
                              not isinstance(self.finally_clause, GILExitNode)):
                          ret_temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(
                              self.func_return_type, manage_ref=False)
                          code.putln("%s = %s;" % (ret_temp, Naming.retval_cname))
                          if self.func_return_type.is_pyobject:
                              code.putln("%s = 0;" % Naming.retval_cname)
  
              fresh_finally_clause().generate_execution_code(code)
  
              if old_label == return_label:
                  if ret_temp:
                      code.putln("%s = %s;" % (Naming.retval_cname, ret_temp))
                      if self.func_return_type.is_pyobject:
                          code.putln("%s = 0;" % ret_temp)
                      code.funcstate.release_temp(ret_temp)
                      ret_temp = None
                  if self.in_generator:
                      self.put_error_uncatcher(code, exc_vars)
  
              if not self.finally_clause.is_terminator:
                  code.put_goto(old_label)
              code.putln('}')
  
          # End finally
          code.put_label(catch_label)
          code.putln(
              "}")
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          self.body.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
          self.finally_clause.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def put_error_catcher(self, code, temps_to_clean_up, exc_vars,
                            exc_lineno_cnames=None, exc_filename_cname=None):
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(get_exception_utility_code)
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(swap_exception_utility_code)
  
          if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
              code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=False)
          code.putln("__Pyx_PyThreadState_assign")
  
          code.putln(' '.join(["%s = 0;" % var for var in exc_vars]))
          for temp_name, type in temps_to_clean_up:
              code.put_xdecref_clear(temp_name, type)
  
          # not using preprocessor here to avoid warnings about
          # unused utility functions and/or temps
          code.putln("if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3)"
                     " __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(&%s, &%s, &%s);" % exc_vars[3:])
          code.putln("if ((PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3) ||"
                     # if __Pyx_GetException() fails in Py3,
                     # store the newly raised exception instead
                     " unlikely(__Pyx_GetException(&%s, &%s, &%s) < 0)) "
                     "__Pyx_ErrFetch(&%s, &%s, &%s);" % (exc_vars[:3] * 2))
          for var in exc_vars:
              code.put_xgotref(var, py_object_type)
          if exc_lineno_cnames:
              code.putln("%s = %s; %s = %s; %s = %s;" % (
                  exc_lineno_cnames[0], Naming.lineno_cname,
                  exc_lineno_cnames[1], Naming.clineno_cname,
                  exc_filename_cname, Naming.filename_cname))
  
          if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
              code.put_release_ensured_gil()
  
      def put_error_uncatcher(self, code, exc_vars, exc_lineno_cnames=None, exc_filename_cname=None):
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(reset_exception_utility_code)
  
          if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
              code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=False)
  
          # not using preprocessor here to avoid warnings about
          # unused utility functions and/or temps
          code.putln("if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3) {")
          for var in exc_vars[3:]:
              code.put_xgiveref(var, py_object_type)
          code.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionReset(%s, %s, %s);" % exc_vars[3:])
          code.putln("}")
          for var in exc_vars[:3]:
              code.put_xgiveref(var, py_object_type)
          code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestore(%s, %s, %s);" % exc_vars[:3])
  
          if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
              code.put_release_ensured_gil()
  
          code.putln(' '.join(["%s = 0;" % var for var in exc_vars]))
          if exc_lineno_cnames:
              code.putln("%s = %s; %s = %s; %s = %s;" % (
                  Naming.lineno_cname, exc_lineno_cnames[0],
                  Naming.clineno_cname, exc_lineno_cnames[1],
                  Naming.filename_cname, exc_filename_cname))
  
      def put_error_cleaner(self, code, exc_vars):
          code.globalstate.use_utility_code(reset_exception_utility_code)
          if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
              code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=False)
  
          # not using preprocessor here to avoid warnings about
          # unused utility functions and/or temps
          code.putln("if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3) {")
          for var in exc_vars[3:]:
              code.put_xgiveref(var, py_object_type)
          code.putln("__Pyx_ExceptionReset(%s, %s, %s);" % exc_vars[3:])
          code.putln("}")
          for var in exc_vars[:3]:
              code.put_xdecref_clear(var, py_object_type)
          if self.is_try_finally_in_nogil:
              code.put_release_ensured_gil()
          code.putln(' '.join(["%s = 0;"]*3) % exc_vars[3:])
  
      def annotate(self, code):
          self.body.annotate(code)
          self.finally_clause.annotate(code)
  
  
  class NogilTryFinallyStatNode(TryFinallyStatNode):
      """
      A try/finally statement that may be used in nogil code sections.
      """
  
      preserve_exception = False
      nogil_check = None
  
  
  class GILStatNode(NogilTryFinallyStatNode):
      #  'with gil' or 'with nogil' statement
      #
      #   state   string   'gil' or 'nogil'
  
      child_attrs = ["condition"] + NogilTryFinallyStatNode.child_attrs
      state_temp = None
  
      def __init__(self, pos, state, body, condition=None):
          self.state = state
          self.condition = condition
          self.create_state_temp_if_needed(pos, state, body)
          TryFinallyStatNode.__init__(
              self, pos,
              body=body,
              finally_clause=GILExitNode(
                  pos, state=state, state_temp=self.state_temp))
  
      def create_state_temp_if_needed(self, pos, state, body):
          from .ParseTreeTransforms import YieldNodeCollector
          collector = YieldNodeCollector()
          collector.visitchildren(body)
          if not collector.yields:
              return
  
          if state == 'gil':
              temp_type = PyrexTypes.c_gilstate_type
          else:
              temp_type = PyrexTypes.c_threadstate_ptr_type
          from . import ExprNodes
          self.state_temp = ExprNodes.TempNode(pos, temp_type)
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          env._in_with_gil_block = (self.state == 'gil')
          if self.state == 'gil':
              env.has_with_gil_block = True
  
          if self.condition is not None:
              self.condition.analyse_declarations(env)
  
          return super(GILStatNode, self).analyse_declarations(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          env.use_utility_code(
              UtilityCode.load_cached("ForceInitThreads", "ModuleSetupCode.c"))
  
          if self.condition is not None:
              self.condition = self.condition.analyse_expressions(env)
  
          was_nogil = env.nogil
          env.nogil = self.state == 'nogil'
          node = TryFinallyStatNode.analyse_expressions(self, env)
          env.nogil = was_nogil
          return node
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          code.begin_block()
          if self.state_temp:
              self.state_temp.allocate(code)
              variable = self.state_temp.result()
          else:
              variable = None
  
          old_gil_config = code.funcstate.gil_owned
          if self.state == 'gil':
              code.put_ensure_gil(variable=variable)
              code.funcstate.gil_owned = True
          else:
              code.put_release_gil(variable=variable)
              code.funcstate.gil_owned = False
  
          TryFinallyStatNode.generate_execution_code(self, code)
  
          if self.state_temp:
              self.state_temp.release(code)
  
          code.funcstate.gil_owned = old_gil_config
          code.end_block()
  
  
  class GILExitNode(StatNode):
      """
      Used as the 'finally' block in a GILStatNode
  
      state   string   'gil' or 'nogil'
      """
  
      child_attrs = []
      state_temp = None
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          if self.state_temp:
              variable = self.state_temp.result()
          else:
              variable = None
  
          if self.state == 'gil':
              code.put_release_ensured_gil(variable)
          else:
              code.put_acquire_gil(variable)
  
  
  class EnsureGILNode(GILExitNode):
      """
      Ensure the GIL in nogil functions for cleanup before returning.
      """
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=False)
  
  
  def cython_view_utility_code():
      from . import MemoryView
      return MemoryView.view_utility_code
  
  
  utility_code_for_cimports = {
      # utility code (or inlining c) in a pxd (or pyx) file.
      # TODO: Consider a generic user-level mechanism for importing
      'cpython.array'         : lambda : UtilityCode.load_cached("ArrayAPI", "arrayarray.h"),
      'cpython.array.array'   : lambda : UtilityCode.load_cached("ArrayAPI", "arrayarray.h"),
      'cython.view'           : cython_view_utility_code,
  }
  
  utility_code_for_imports = {
      # utility code used when special modules are imported.
      # TODO: Consider a generic user-level mechanism for importing
      'asyncio': ("__Pyx_patch_asyncio", "PatchAsyncIO", "Coroutine.c"),
      'inspect': ("__Pyx_patch_inspect", "PatchInspect", "Coroutine.c"),
  }
  
  
  class CImportStatNode(StatNode):
      #  cimport statement
      #
      #  module_name   string           Qualified name of module being imported
      #  as_name       string or None   Name specified in "as" clause, if any
      #  is_absolute   bool             True for absolute imports, False otherwise
  
      child_attrs = []
      is_absolute = False
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          if not env.is_module_scope:
              error(self.pos, "cimport only allowed at module level")
              return
          module_scope = env.find_module(
              self.module_name, self.pos, relative_level=0 if self.is_absolute else -1)
          if "." in self.module_name:
              names = [EncodedString(name) for name in self.module_name.split(".")]
              top_name = names[0]
              top_module_scope = env.context.find_submodule(top_name)
              module_scope = top_module_scope
              for name in names[1:]:
                  submodule_scope = module_scope.find_submodule(name)
                  module_scope.declare_module(name, submodule_scope, self.pos)
                  module_scope = submodule_scope
              if self.as_name:
                  env.declare_module(self.as_name, module_scope, self.pos)
              else:
                  env.add_imported_module(module_scope)
                  env.declare_module(top_name, top_module_scope, self.pos)
          else:
              name = self.as_name or self.module_name
              env.declare_module(name, module_scope, self.pos)
          if self.module_name in utility_code_for_cimports:
              env.use_utility_code(utility_code_for_cimports[self.module_name]())
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
  
  class FromCImportStatNode(StatNode):
      #  from ... cimport statement
      #
      #  module_name     string                        Qualified name of module
      #  relative_level  int or None                   Relative import: number of dots before module_name
      #  imported_names  [(pos, name, as_name, kind)]  Names to be imported
  
      child_attrs = []
      module_name = None
      relative_level = None
      imported_names = None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          if not env.is_module_scope:
              error(self.pos, "cimport only allowed at module level")
              return
          if self.relative_level and self.relative_level > env.qualified_name.count('.'):
              error(self.pos, "relative cimport beyond main package is not allowed")
              return
          module_scope = env.find_module(self.module_name, self.pos, relative_level=self.relative_level)
          module_name = module_scope.qualified_name
          env.add_imported_module(module_scope)
          for pos, name, as_name, kind in self.imported_names:
              if name == "*":
                  for local_name, entry in list(module_scope.entries.items()):
                      env.add_imported_entry(local_name, entry, pos)
              else:
                  entry = module_scope.lookup(name)
                  if entry:
                      if kind and not self.declaration_matches(entry, kind):
                          entry.redeclared(pos)
                      entry.used = 1
                  else:
                      if kind == 'struct' or kind == 'union':
                          entry = module_scope.declare_struct_or_union(
                              name, kind=kind, scope=None, typedef_flag=0, pos=pos)
                      elif kind == 'class':
                          entry = module_scope.declare_c_class(name, pos=pos, module_name=module_name)
                      else:
                          submodule_scope = env.context.find_module(
                              name, relative_to=module_scope, pos=self.pos, absolute_fallback=False)
                          if submodule_scope.parent_module is module_scope:
                              env.declare_module(as_name or name, submodule_scope, self.pos)
                          else:
                              error(pos, "Name '%s' not declared in module '%s'" % (name, module_name))
  
                  if entry:
                      local_name = as_name or name
                      env.add_imported_entry(local_name, entry, pos)
  
          if module_name.startswith('cpython') or module_name.startswith('cython'): # enough for now
              if module_name in utility_code_for_cimports:
                  env.use_utility_code(utility_code_for_cimports[module_name]())
              for _, name, _, _ in self.imported_names:
                  fqname = '%s.%s' % (module_name, name)
                  if fqname in utility_code_for_cimports:
                      env.use_utility_code(utility_code_for_cimports[fqname]())
  
      def declaration_matches(self, entry, kind):
          if not entry.is_type:
              return 0
          type = entry.type
          if kind == 'class':
              if not type.is_extension_type:
                  return 0
          else:
              if not type.is_struct_or_union:
                  return 0
              if kind != type.kind:
                  return 0
          return 1
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          pass
  
  
  class FromImportStatNode(StatNode):
      #  from ... import statement
      #
      #  module           ImportNode
      #  items            [(string, NameNode)]
      #  interned_items   [(string, NameNode, ExprNode)]
      #  item             PyTempNode            used internally
      #  import_star      boolean               used internally
  
      child_attrs = ["module"]
      import_star = 0
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          for name, target in self.items:
              if name == "*":
                  if not env.is_module_scope:
                      error(self.pos, "import * only allowed at module level")
                      return
                  env.has_import_star = 1
                  self.import_star = 1
              else:
                  target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          from . import ExprNodes
          self.module = self.module.analyse_expressions(env)
          self.item = ExprNodes.RawCNameExprNode(self.pos, py_object_type)
          self.interned_items = []
          for name, target in self.items:
              if name == '*':
                  for _, entry in env.entries.items():
                      if not entry.is_type and entry.type.is_extension_type:
                          env.use_utility_code(UtilityCode.load_cached("ExtTypeTest", "ObjectHandling.c"))
                          break
              else:
                  entry = env.lookup(target.name)
                  # check whether or not entry is already cimported
                  if (entry.is_type and entry.type.name == name
                          and hasattr(entry.type, 'module_name')):
                      if entry.type.module_name == self.module.module_name.value:
                          # cimported with absolute name
                          continue
                      try:
                          # cimported with relative name
                          module = env.find_module(self.module.module_name.value, pos=self.pos,
                                                   relative_level=self.module.level)
                          if entry.type.module_name == module.qualified_name:
                              continue
                      except AttributeError:
                          pass
                  target = target.analyse_target_expression(env, None)  # FIXME?
                  if target.type is py_object_type:
                      coerced_item = None
                  else:
                      coerced_item = self.item.coerce_to(target.type, env)
                  self.interned_items.append((name, target, coerced_item))
          return self
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          code.mark_pos(self.pos)
          self.module.generate_evaluation_code(code)
          if self.import_star:
              code.putln(
                  'if (%s(%s) < 0) %s;' % (
                      Naming.import_star,
                      self.module.py_result(),
                      code.error_goto(self.pos)))
          item_temp = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(py_object_type, manage_ref=True)
          self.item.set_cname(item_temp)
          if self.interned_items:
              code.globalstate.use_utility_code(
                  UtilityCode.load_cached("ImportFrom", "ImportExport.c"))
          for name, target, coerced_item in self.interned_items:
              code.putln(
                  '%s = __Pyx_ImportFrom(%s, %s); %s' % (
                      item_temp,
                      self.module.py_result(),
                      code.intern_identifier(name),
                      code.error_goto_if_null(item_temp, self.pos)))
              code.put_gotref(item_temp, py_object_type)
              if coerced_item is None:
                  target.generate_assignment_code(self.item, code)
              else:
                  coerced_item.allocate_temp_result(code)
                  coerced_item.generate_result_code(code)
                  target.generate_assignment_code(coerced_item, code)
              code.put_decref_clear(item_temp, py_object_type)
          code.funcstate.release_temp(item_temp)
          self.module.generate_disposal_code(code)
          self.module.free_temps(code)
  
  
  class ParallelNode(Node):
      """
      Base class for cython.parallel constructs.
      """
  
      nogil_check = None
  
  
  class ParallelStatNode(StatNode, ParallelNode):
      """
      Base class for 'with cython.parallel.parallel():' and 'for i in prange():'.
  
      assignments     { Entry(var) : (var.pos, inplace_operator_or_None) }
                      assignments to variables in this parallel section
  
      parent          parent ParallelStatNode or None
      is_parallel     indicates whether this node is OpenMP parallel
                      (true for #pragma omp parallel for and
                                #pragma omp parallel)
  
      is_parallel is true for:
  
          #pragma omp parallel
          #pragma omp parallel for
  
      sections, but NOT for
  
          #pragma omp for
  
      We need this to determine the sharing attributes.
  
      privatization_insertion_point   a code insertion point used to make temps
                                      private (esp. the "nsteps" temp)
  
      args         tuple          the arguments passed to the parallel construct
      kwargs       DictNode       the keyword arguments passed to the parallel
                                  construct (replaced by its compile time value)
      """
  
      child_attrs = ['body', 'num_threads']
  
      body = None
  
      is_prange = False
      is_nested_prange = False
  
      error_label_used = False
  
      num_threads = None
      chunksize = None
  
      parallel_exc = (
          Naming.parallel_exc_type,
          Naming.parallel_exc_value,
          Naming.parallel_exc_tb,
      )
  
      parallel_pos_info = (
          Naming.parallel_filename,
          Naming.parallel_lineno,
          Naming.parallel_clineno,
      )
  
      pos_info = (
          Naming.filename_cname,
          Naming.lineno_cname,
          Naming.clineno_cname,
      )
  
      critical_section_counter = 0
  
      def __init__(self, pos, **kwargs):
          super(ParallelStatNode, self).__init__(pos, **kwargs)
  
          # All assignments in this scope
          self.assignments = kwargs.get('assignments') or {}
  
          # All seen closure cnames and their temporary cnames
          self.seen_closure_vars = set()
  
          # Dict of variables that should be declared (first|last|)private or
          # reduction { Entry: (op, lastprivate) }.
          # If op is not None, it's a reduction.
          self.privates = {}
  
          # [NameNode]
          self.assigned_nodes = []
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.body.analyse_declarations(env)
  
          self.num_threads = None
  
          if self.kwargs:
              # Try to find num_threads and chunksize keyword arguments
              pairs = []
              seen = set()
              for dictitem in self.kwargs.key_value_pairs:
                  if dictitem.key.value in seen:
                      error(self.pos, "Duplicate keyword argument found: %s" % dictitem.key.value)
                  seen.add(dictitem.key.value)
                  if dictitem.key.value == 'num_threads':
                      if not dictitem.value.is_none:
                         self.num_threads = dictitem.value
                  elif self.is_prange and dictitem.key.value == 'chunksize':
                      if not dictitem.value.is_none:
                          self.chunksize = dictitem.value
                  else:
                      pairs.append(dictitem)
  
              self.kwargs.key_value_pairs = pairs
  
              try:
                  self.kwargs = self.kwargs.compile_time_value(env)
              except Exception as e:
                  error(self.kwargs.pos, "Only compile-time values may be "
                                         "supplied as keyword arguments")
          else:
              self.kwargs = {}
  
          for kw, val in self.kwargs.items():
              if kw not in self.valid_keyword_arguments:
                  error(self.pos, "Invalid keyword argument: %s" % kw)
              else:
                  setattr(self, kw, val)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          if self.num_threads:
              self.num_threads = self.num_threads.analyse_expressions(env)
  
          if self.chunksize:
              self.chunksize = self.chunksize.analyse_expressions(env)
  
          self.body = self.body.analyse_expressions(env)
          self.analyse_sharing_attributes(env)
  
          if self.num_threads is not None:
              if self.parent and self.parent.num_threads is not None and not self.parent.is_prange:
                  error(self.pos, "num_threads already declared in outer section")
              elif self.parent and not self.parent.is_prange:
                  error(self.pos, "num_threads must be declared in the parent parallel section")
              elif (self.num_threads.type.is_int and
                      self.num_threads.is_literal and
                      self.num_threads.compile_time_value(env) <= 0):
                  error(self.pos, "argument to num_threads must be greater than 0")
  
              if not self.num_threads.is_simple() or self.num_threads.type.is_pyobject:
                  self.num_threads = self.num_threads.coerce_to(
                      PyrexTypes.c_int_type, env).coerce_to_temp(env)
          return self
  
      def analyse_sharing_attributes(self, env):
          """
          Analyse the privates for this block and set them in self.privates.
          This should be called in a post-order fashion during the
          analyse_expressions phase
          """
          for entry, (pos, op) in self.assignments.items():
  
              if self.is_prange and not self.is_parallel:
                  # closely nested prange in a with parallel block, disallow
                  # assigning to privates in the with parallel block (we
                  # consider it too implicit and magicky for users)
                  if entry in self.parent.assignments:
                      error(pos, "Cannot assign to private of outer parallel block")
                      continue
  
              if not self.is_prange and op:
                  # Again possible, but considered to magicky
                  error(pos, "Reductions not allowed for parallel blocks")
                  continue
  
              # By default all variables should have the same values as if
              # executed sequentially
              lastprivate = True
              self.propagate_var_privatization(entry, pos, op, lastprivate)
  
      def propagate_var_privatization(self, entry, pos, op, lastprivate):
          """
          Propagate the sharing attributes of a variable. If the privatization is
          determined by a parent scope, done propagate further.
  
          If we are a prange, we propagate our sharing attributes outwards to
          other pranges. If we are a prange in parallel block and the parallel
          block does not determine the variable private, we propagate to the
          parent of the parent. Recursion stops at parallel blocks, as they have
          no concept of lastprivate or reduction.
  
          So the following cases propagate:
  
              sum is a reduction for all loops:
  
                  for i in prange(n):
                      for j in prange(n):
                          for k in prange(n):
                              sum += i * j * k
  
              sum is a reduction for both loops, local_var is private to the
              parallel with block:
  
                  for i in prange(n):
                      with parallel:
                          local_var = ... # private to the parallel
                          for j in prange(n):
                              sum += i * j
  
          Nested with parallel blocks are disallowed, because they wouldn't
          allow you to propagate lastprivates or reductions:
  
              #pragma omp parallel for lastprivate(i)
              for i in prange(n):
  
                  sum = 0
  
                  #pragma omp parallel private(j, sum)
                  with parallel:
  
                      #pragma omp parallel
                      with parallel:
  
                          #pragma omp for lastprivate(j) reduction(+:sum)
                          for j in prange(n):
                              sum += i
  
                      # sum and j are well-defined here
  
                  # sum and j are undefined here
  
              # sum and j are undefined here
          """
          self.privates[entry] = (op, lastprivate)
  
          if entry.type.is_memoryviewslice:
              error(pos, "Memoryview slices can only be shared in parallel sections")
              return
  
          if self.is_prange:
              if not self.is_parallel and entry not in self.parent.assignments:
                  # Parent is a parallel with block
                  parent = self.parent.parent
              else:
                  parent = self.parent
  
              # We don't need to propagate privates, only reductions and
              # lastprivates
              if parent and (op or lastprivate):
                  parent.propagate_var_privatization(entry, pos, op, lastprivate)
  
      def _allocate_closure_temp(self, code, entry):
          """
          Helper function that allocate a temporary for a closure variable that
          is assigned to.
          """
          if self.parent:
              return self.parent._allocate_closure_temp(code, entry)
  
          if entry.cname in self.seen_closure_vars:
              return entry.cname
  
          cname = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(entry.type, True)
  
          # Add both the actual cname and the temp cname, as the actual cname
          # will be replaced with the temp cname on the entry
          self.seen_closure_vars.add(entry.cname)
          self.seen_closure_vars.add(cname)
  
          self.modified_entries.append((entry, entry.cname))
          code.putln("%s = %s;" % (cname, entry.cname))
          entry.cname = cname
  
      def initialize_privates_to_nan(self, code, exclude=None):
          first = True
  
          for entry, (op, lastprivate) in sorted(self.privates.items()):
              if not op and (not exclude or entry != exclude):
                  invalid_value = entry.type.invalid_value()
  
                  if invalid_value:
                      if first:
                          code.putln("/* Initialize private variables to "
                                     "invalid values */")
                          first = False
                      code.putln("%s = %s;" % (entry.cname,
                                               entry.type.cast_code(invalid_value)))
  
      def evaluate_before_block(self, code, expr):
          c = self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point_after_decls
          # we need to set the owner to ourselves temporarily, as
          # allocate_temp may generate a comment in the middle of our pragma
          # otherwise when DebugFlags.debug_temp_code_comments is in effect
          owner = c.funcstate.owner
          c.funcstate.owner = c
          expr.generate_evaluation_code(c)
          c.funcstate.owner = owner
  
          return expr.result()
  
      def put_num_threads(self, code):
          """
          Write self.num_threads if set as the num_threads OpenMP directive
          """
          if self.num_threads is not None:
              code.put(" num_threads(%s)" % self.evaluate_before_block(code, self.num_threads))
  
  
      def declare_closure_privates(self, code):
          """
          If a variable is in a scope object, we need to allocate a temp and
          assign the value from the temp to the variable in the scope object
          after the parallel section. This kind of copying should be done only
          in the outermost parallel section.
          """
          self.modified_entries = []
  
          for entry in sorted(self.assignments):
              if entry.from_closure or entry.in_closure:
                  self._allocate_closure_temp(code, entry)
  
      def release_closure_privates(self, code):
          """
          Release any temps used for variables in scope objects. As this is the
          outermost parallel block, we don't need to delete the cnames from
          self.seen_closure_vars.
          """
          for entry, original_cname in self.modified_entries:
              code.putln("%s = %s;" % (original_cname, entry.cname))
              code.funcstate.release_temp(entry.cname)
              entry.cname = original_cname
  
      def privatize_temps(self, code, exclude_temps=()):
          """
          Make any used temporaries private. Before the relevant code block
          code.start_collecting_temps() should have been called.
          """
          c = self.privatization_insertion_point
          self.privatization_insertion_point = None
  
          if self.is_parallel:
              self.temps = temps = code.funcstate.stop_collecting_temps()
              privates, firstprivates = [], []
              for temp, type in sorted(temps):
                  if type.is_pyobject or type.is_memoryviewslice:
                      firstprivates.append(temp)
                  else:
                      privates.append(temp)
  
              if privates:
                  c.put(" private(%s)" % ", ".join(privates))
              if firstprivates:
                  c.put(" firstprivate(%s)" % ", ".join(firstprivates))
  
              if self.breaking_label_used:
                  shared_vars = [Naming.parallel_why]
                  if self.error_label_used:
                      shared_vars.extend(self.parallel_exc)
                      c.put(" private(%s, %s, %s)" % self.pos_info)
  
                  c.put(" shared(%s)" % ', '.join(shared_vars))
  
      def cleanup_temps(self, code):
          # Now clean up any memoryview slice and object temporaries
          if self.is_parallel and not self.is_nested_prange:
              code.putln("/* Clean up any temporaries */")
              for temp, type in sorted(self.temps):
                  code.put_xdecref_clear(temp, type, have_gil=False)
  
      def setup_parallel_control_flow_block(self, code):
          """
          Sets up a block that surrounds the parallel block to determine
          how the parallel section was exited. Any kind of return is
          trapped (break, continue, return, exceptions). This is the idea:
  
          {
              int why = 0;
  
              #pragma omp parallel
              {
                  return # -> goto new_return_label;
                  goto end_parallel;
  
              new_return_label:
                  why = 3;
                  goto end_parallel;
  
              end_parallel:;
                  #pragma omp flush(why) # we need to flush for every iteration
              }
  
              if (why == 3)
                  goto old_return_label;
          }
          """
          self.old_loop_labels = code.new_loop_labels()
          self.old_error_label = code.new_error_label()
          self.old_return_label = code.return_label
          code.return_label = code.new_label(name="return")
  
          code.begin_block() # parallel control flow block
          self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point = code.insertion_point()
          self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point_after_decls = code.insertion_point()
  
          self.undef_builtin_expect_apple_gcc_bug(code)
  
      def begin_parallel_block(self, code):
          """
          Each OpenMP thread in a parallel section that contains a with gil block
          must have the thread-state initialized. The call to
          PyGILState_Release() then deallocates our threadstate. If we wouldn't
          do this, each with gil block would allocate and deallocate one, thereby
          losing exception information before it can be saved before leaving the
          parallel section.
          """
          self.begin_of_parallel_block = code.insertion_point()
  
      def end_parallel_block(self, code):
          """
          To ensure all OpenMP threads have thread states, we ensure the GIL
          in each thread (which creates a thread state if it doesn't exist),
          after which we release the GIL.
          On exit, reacquire the GIL and release the thread state.
  
          If compiled without OpenMP support (at the C level), then we still have
          to acquire the GIL to decref any object temporaries.
          """
          begin_code = self.begin_of_parallel_block
          self.begin_of_parallel_block = None
  
          if self.error_label_used:
              end_code = code
  
              begin_code.putln("#ifdef _OPENMP")
              begin_code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=True)
              begin_code.putln("Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS")
              begin_code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")
  
              end_code.putln("#ifdef _OPENMP")
              end_code.putln("Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS")
              end_code.putln("#else")
              end_code.put_safe("{\n")
              end_code.put_ensure_gil()
              end_code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")
              self.cleanup_temps(end_code)
              end_code.put_release_ensured_gil()
              end_code.putln("#ifndef _OPENMP")
              end_code.put_safe("}\n")
              end_code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")
  
      def trap_parallel_exit(self, code, should_flush=False):
          """
          Trap any kind of return inside a parallel construct. 'should_flush'
          indicates whether the variable should be flushed, which is needed by
          prange to skip the loop. It also indicates whether we need to register
          a continue (we need this for parallel blocks, but not for prange
          loops, as it is a direct jump there).
  
          It uses the same mechanism as try/finally:
              1 continue
              2 break
              3 return
              4 error
          """
          save_lastprivates_label = code.new_label()
          dont_return_label = code.new_label()
  
          self.any_label_used = False
          self.breaking_label_used = False
          self.error_label_used = False
  
          self.parallel_private_temps = []
  
          all_labels = code.get_all_labels()
  
          # Figure this out before starting to generate any code
          for label in all_labels:
              if code.label_used(label):
                  self.breaking_label_used = (self.breaking_label_used or
                                              label != code.continue_label)
                  self.any_label_used = True
  
          if self.any_label_used:
              code.put_goto(dont_return_label)
  
          for i, label in enumerate(all_labels):
              if not code.label_used(label):
                  continue
  
              is_continue_label = label == code.continue_label
  
              code.put_label(label)
  
              if not (should_flush and is_continue_label):
                  if label == code.error_label:
                      self.error_label_used = True
                      self.fetch_parallel_exception(code)
  
                  code.putln("%s = %d;" % (Naming.parallel_why, i + 1))
  
              if (self.breaking_label_used and self.is_prange and not
                      is_continue_label):
                  code.put_goto(save_lastprivates_label)
              else:
                  code.put_goto(dont_return_label)
  
          if self.any_label_used:
              if self.is_prange and self.breaking_label_used:
                  # Don't rely on lastprivate, save our lastprivates
                  code.put_label(save_lastprivates_label)
                  self.save_parallel_vars(code)
  
              code.put_label(dont_return_label)
  
              if should_flush and self.breaking_label_used:
                  code.putln_openmp("#pragma omp flush(%s)" % Naming.parallel_why)
  
      def save_parallel_vars(self, code):
          """
          The following shenanigans are instated when we break, return or
          propagate errors from a prange. In this case we cannot rely on
          lastprivate() to do its job, as no iterations may have executed yet
          in the last thread, leaving the values undefined. It is most likely
          that the breaking thread has well-defined values of the lastprivate
          variables, so we keep those values.
          """
          section_name = "__pyx_parallel_lastprivates%d" % self.critical_section_counter
          code.putln_openmp("#pragma omp critical(%s)" % section_name)
          ParallelStatNode.critical_section_counter += 1
  
          code.begin_block() # begin critical section
  
          c = self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point
  
          temp_count = 0
          for entry, (op, lastprivate) in sorted(self.privates.items()):
              if not lastprivate or entry.type.is_pyobject:
                  continue
  
              type_decl = entry.type.empty_declaration_code()
              temp_cname = "__pyx_parallel_temp%d" % temp_count
              private_cname = entry.cname
  
              temp_count += 1
  
              invalid_value = entry.type.invalid_value()
              if invalid_value:
                  init = ' = ' + entry.type.cast_code(invalid_value)
              else:
                  init = ''
              # Declare the parallel private in the outer block
              c.putln("%s %s%s;" % (type_decl, temp_cname, init))
  
              # Initialize before escaping
              code.putln("%s = %s;" % (temp_cname, private_cname))
  
              self.parallel_private_temps.append((temp_cname, private_cname))
  
          code.end_block() # end critical section
  
      def fetch_parallel_exception(self, code):
          """
          As each OpenMP thread may raise an exception, we need to fetch that
          exception from the threadstate and save it for after the parallel
          section where it can be re-raised in the master thread.
  
          Although it would seem that __pyx_filename, __pyx_lineno and
          __pyx_clineno are only assigned to under exception conditions (i.e.,
          when we have the GIL), and thus should be allowed to be shared without
          any race condition, they are in fact subject to the same race
          conditions that they were previously when they were global variables
          and functions were allowed to release the GIL:
  
              thread A                thread B
                  acquire
                  set lineno
                  release
                                          acquire
                                          set lineno
                                          release
                  acquire
                  fetch exception
                  release
                                          skip the fetch
  
                  deallocate threadstate  deallocate threadstate
          """
          code.begin_block()
          code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=True)
  
          code.putln_openmp("#pragma omp flush(%s)" % Naming.parallel_exc_type)
          code.putln(
              "if (!%s) {" % Naming.parallel_exc_type)
  
          code.putln("__Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(&%s, &%s, &%s);" % self.parallel_exc)
          pos_info = chain(*zip(self.parallel_pos_info, self.pos_info))
          code.funcstate.uses_error_indicator = True
          code.putln("%s = %s; %s = %s; %s = %s;" % tuple(pos_info))
          code.put_gotref(Naming.parallel_exc_type, py_object_type)
  
          code.putln(
              "}")
  
          code.put_release_ensured_gil()
          code.end_block()
  
      def restore_parallel_exception(self, code):
          "Re-raise a parallel exception"
          code.begin_block()
          code.put_ensure_gil(declare_gilstate=True)
  
          code.put_giveref(Naming.parallel_exc_type, py_object_type)
          code.putln("__Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(%s, %s, %s);" % self.parallel_exc)
          pos_info = chain(*zip(self.pos_info, self.parallel_pos_info))
          code.putln("%s = %s; %s = %s; %s = %s;" % tuple(pos_info))
  
          code.put_release_ensured_gil()
          code.end_block()
  
      def restore_labels(self, code):
          """
          Restore all old labels. Call this before the 'else' clause to for
          loops and always before ending the parallel control flow block.
          """
          code.set_all_labels(self.old_loop_labels + (self.old_return_label,
                                                      self.old_error_label))
  
      def end_parallel_control_flow_block(
              self, code, break_=False, continue_=False, return_=False):
          """
          This ends the parallel control flow block and based on how the parallel
          section was exited, takes the corresponding action. The break_ and
          continue_ parameters indicate whether these should be propagated
          outwards:
  
              for i in prange(...):
                  with cython.parallel.parallel():
                      continue
  
          Here break should be trapped in the parallel block, and propagated to
          the for loop.
          """
          c = self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point
          self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point = None
          self.begin_of_parallel_control_block_point_after_decls = None
  
          # Firstly, always prefer errors over returning, continue or break
          if self.error_label_used:
              c.putln("const char *%s = NULL; int %s = 0, %s = 0;" % self.parallel_pos_info)
              c.putln("PyObject *%s = NULL, *%s = NULL, *%s = NULL;" % self.parallel_exc)
  
              code.putln(
                  "if (%s) {" % Naming.parallel_exc_type)
              code.putln("/* This may have been overridden by a continue, "
                         "break or return in another thread. Prefer the error. */")
              code.putln("%s = 4;" % Naming.parallel_why)
              code.putln(
                  "}")
  
          if continue_:
              any_label_used = self.any_label_used
          else:
              any_label_used = self.breaking_label_used
  
          if any_label_used:
              # __pyx_parallel_why is used, declare and initialize
              c.putln("int %s;" % Naming.parallel_why)
              c.putln("%s = 0;" % Naming.parallel_why)
  
              code.putln(
                  "if (%s) {" % Naming.parallel_why)
  
              for temp_cname, private_cname in self.parallel_private_temps:
                  code.putln("%s = %s;" % (private_cname, temp_cname))
  
              code.putln("switch (%s) {" % Naming.parallel_why)
              if continue_:
                  code.put("    case 1: ")
                  code.put_goto(code.continue_label)
  
              if break_:
                  code.put("    case 2: ")
                  code.put_goto(code.break_label)
  
              if return_:
                  code.put("    case 3: ")
                  code.put_goto(code.return_label)
  
              if self.error_label_used:
                  code.globalstate.use_utility_code(restore_exception_utility_code)
                  code.putln("    case 4:")
                  self.restore_parallel_exception(code)
                  code.put_goto(code.error_label)
  
              code.putln("}") # end switch
              code.putln(
                  "}") # end if
  
          code.end_block() # end parallel control flow block
          self.redef_builtin_expect_apple_gcc_bug(code)
  
      # FIXME: improve with version number for OS X Lion
      buggy_platform_macro_condition = "(defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__OSX__))"
      have_expect_condition = "(defined(__GNUC__) && " \
                               "(__GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95))))"
      redef_condition = "(%s && %s)" % (buggy_platform_macro_condition, have_expect_condition)
  
      def undef_builtin_expect_apple_gcc_bug(self, code):
          """
          A bug on OS X Lion disallows __builtin_expect macros. This code avoids them
          """
          if not self.parent:
              code.undef_builtin_expect(self.redef_condition)
  
      def redef_builtin_expect_apple_gcc_bug(self, code):
          if not self.parent:
              code.redef_builtin_expect(self.redef_condition)
  
  
  class ParallelWithBlockNode(ParallelStatNode):
      """
      This node represents a 'with cython.parallel.parallel():' block
      """
  
      valid_keyword_arguments = ['num_threads']
  
      num_threads = None
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          super(ParallelWithBlockNode, self).analyse_declarations(env)
          if self.args:
              error(self.pos, "cython.parallel.parallel() does not take "
                              "positional arguments")
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          self.declare_closure_privates(code)
          self.setup_parallel_control_flow_block(code)
  
          code.putln("#ifdef _OPENMP")
          code.put("#pragma omp parallel ")
  
          if self.privates:
              privates = [e.cname for e in self.privates
                          if not e.type.is_pyobject]
              code.put('private(%s)' % ', '.join(sorted(privates)))
  
          self.privatization_insertion_point = code.insertion_point()
          self.put_num_threads(code)
          code.putln("")
  
          code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")
  
          code.begin_block()  # parallel block
          self.begin_parallel_block(code)
          self.initialize_privates_to_nan(code)
          code.funcstate.start_collecting_temps()
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          self.trap_parallel_exit(code)
          self.privatize_temps(code)
          self.end_parallel_block(code)
          code.end_block()  # end parallel block
  
          continue_ = code.label_used(code.continue_label)
          break_ = code.label_used(code.break_label)
          return_ = code.label_used(code.return_label)
  
          self.restore_labels(code)
          self.end_parallel_control_flow_block(code, break_=break_,
                                               continue_=continue_,
                                               return_=return_)
          self.release_closure_privates(code)
  
  
  class ParallelRangeNode(ParallelStatNode):
      """
      This node represents a 'for i in cython.parallel.prange():' construct.
  
      target       NameNode       the target iteration variable
      else_clause  Node or None   the else clause of this loop
      """
  
      child_attrs = ['body', 'target', 'else_clause', 'args', 'num_threads',
                     'chunksize']
  
      body = target = else_clause = args = None
  
      start = stop = step = None
  
      is_prange = True
  
      nogil = None
      schedule = None
  
      valid_keyword_arguments = ['schedule', 'nogil', 'num_threads', 'chunksize']
  
      def __init__(self, pos, **kwds):
          super(ParallelRangeNode, self).__init__(pos, **kwds)
          # Pretend to be a ForInStatNode for control flow analysis
          self.iterator = PassStatNode(pos)
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          super(ParallelRangeNode, self).analyse_declarations(env)
          self.target.analyse_target_declaration(env)
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause.analyse_declarations(env)
  
          if not self.args or len(self.args) > 3:
              error(self.pos, "Invalid number of positional arguments to prange")
              return
  
          if len(self.args) == 1:
              self.stop, = self.args
          elif len(self.args) == 2:
              self.start, self.stop = self.args
          else:
              self.start, self.stop, self.step = self.args
  
          if hasattr(self.schedule, 'decode'):
              self.schedule = self.schedule.decode('ascii')
  
          if self.schedule not in (None, 'static', 'dynamic', 'guided', 'runtime'):
              error(self.pos, "Invalid schedule argument to prange: %s" % (self.schedule,))
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          was_nogil = env.nogil
          if self.nogil:
              env.nogil = True
  
          if self.target is None:
              error(self.pos, "prange() can only be used as part of a for loop")
              return self
  
          self.target = self.target.analyse_target_types(env)
  
          if not self.target.type.is_numeric:
              # Not a valid type, assume one for now anyway
  
              if not self.target.type.is_pyobject:
                  # nogil_check will catch the is_pyobject case
                  error(self.target.pos,
                        "Must be of numeric type, not %s" % self.target.type)
  
              self.index_type = PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type
          else:
              self.index_type = self.target.type
              if not self.index_type.signed:
                  warning(self.target.pos,
                          "Unsigned index type not allowed before OpenMP 3.0",
                          level=2)
  
          # Setup start, stop and step, allocating temps if needed
          self.names = 'start', 'stop', 'step'
          start_stop_step = self.start, self.stop, self.step
  
          for node, name in zip(start_stop_step, self.names):
              if node is not None:
                  node.analyse_types(env)
                  if not node.type.is_numeric:
                      error(node.pos, "%s argument must be numeric" % name)
                      continue
  
                  if not node.is_literal:
                      node = node.coerce_to_temp(env)
                      setattr(self, name, node)
  
                  # As we range from 0 to nsteps, computing the index along the
                  # way, we need a fitting type for 'i' and 'nsteps'
                  self.index_type = PyrexTypes.widest_numeric_type(
                      self.index_type, node.type)
  
          if self.else_clause is not None:
              self.else_clause = self.else_clause.analyse_expressions(env)
  
          # Although not actually an assignment in this scope, it should be
          # treated as such to ensure it is unpacked if a closure temp, and to
          # ensure lastprivate behaviour and propagation. If the target index is
          # not a NameNode, it won't have an entry, and an error was issued by
          # ParallelRangeTransform
          if hasattr(self.target, 'entry'):
              self.assignments[self.target.entry] = self.target.pos, None
  
          node = super(ParallelRangeNode, self).analyse_expressions(env)
  
          if node.chunksize:
              if not node.schedule:
                  error(node.chunksize.pos,
                        "Must provide schedule with chunksize")
              elif node.schedule == 'runtime':
                  error(node.chunksize.pos,
                        "Chunksize not valid for the schedule runtime")
              elif (node.chunksize.type.is_int and
                    node.chunksize.is_literal and
                    node.chunksize.compile_time_value(env) <= 0):
                  error(node.chunksize.pos, "Chunksize must not be negative")
  
              node.chunksize = node.chunksize.coerce_to(
                  PyrexTypes.c_int_type, env).coerce_to_temp(env)
  
          if node.nogil:
              env.nogil = was_nogil
  
          node.is_nested_prange = node.parent and node.parent.is_prange
          if node.is_nested_prange:
              parent = node
              while parent.parent and parent.parent.is_prange:
                  parent = parent.parent
  
              parent.assignments.update(node.assignments)
              parent.privates.update(node.privates)
              parent.assigned_nodes.extend(node.assigned_nodes)
          return node
  
      def nogil_check(self, env):
          names = 'start', 'stop', 'step', 'target'
          nodes = self.start, self.stop, self.step, self.target
          for name, node in zip(names, nodes):
              if node is not None and node.type.is_pyobject:
                  error(node.pos, "%s may not be a Python object "
                                  "as we don't have the GIL" % name)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          """
          Generate code in the following steps
  
              1)  copy any closure variables determined thread-private
                  into temporaries
  
              2)  allocate temps for start, stop and step
  
              3)  generate a loop that calculates the total number of steps,
                  which then computes the target iteration variable for every step:
  
                      for i in prange(start, stop, step):
                          ...
  
                  becomes
  
                      nsteps = (stop - start) / step;
                      i = start;
  
                      #pragma omp parallel for lastprivate(i)
                      for (temp = 0; temp < nsteps; temp++) {
                          i = start + step * temp;
                          ...
                      }
  
                  Note that accumulation of 'i' would have a data dependency
                  between iterations.
  
                  Also, you can't do this
  
                      for (i = start; i < stop; i += step)
                          ...
  
                  as the '<' operator should become '>' for descending loops.
                  'for i from x < i < y:' does not suffer from this problem
                  as the relational operator is known at compile time!
  
              4) release our temps and write back any private closure variables
          """
          self.declare_closure_privates(code)
  
          # This can only be a NameNode
          target_index_cname = self.target.entry.cname
  
          # This will be used as the dict to format our code strings, holding
          # the start, stop , step, temps and target cnames
          fmt_dict = {
              'target': target_index_cname,
              'target_type': self.target.type.empty_declaration_code()
          }
  
          # Setup start, stop and step, allocating temps if needed
          start_stop_step = self.start, self.stop, self.step
          defaults = '0', '0', '1'
          for node, name, default in zip(start_stop_step, self.names, defaults):
              if node is None:
                  result = default
              elif node.is_literal:
                  result = node.get_constant_c_result_code()
              else:
                  node.generate_evaluation_code(code)
                  result = node.result()
  
              fmt_dict[name] = result
  
          fmt_dict['i'] = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(self.index_type, False)
          fmt_dict['nsteps'] = code.funcstate.allocate_temp(self.index_type, False)
  
          # TODO: check if the step is 0 and if so, raise an exception in a
          # 'with gil' block. For now, just abort
          code.putln("if ((%(step)s == 0)) abort();" % fmt_dict)
  
          self.setup_parallel_control_flow_block(code) # parallel control flow block
  
          # Note: nsteps is private in an outer scope if present
          code.putln("%(nsteps)s = (%(stop)s - %(start)s + %(step)s - %(step)s/abs(%(step)s)) / %(step)s;" % fmt_dict)
  
          # The target iteration variable might not be initialized, do it only if
          # we are executing at least 1 iteration, otherwise we should leave the
          # target unaffected. The target iteration variable is firstprivate to
          # shut up compiler warnings caused by lastprivate, as the compiler
          # erroneously believes that nsteps may be <= 0, leaving the private
          # target index uninitialized
          code.putln("if (%(nsteps)s > 0)" % fmt_dict)
          code.begin_block() # if block
          self.generate_loop(code, fmt_dict)
          code.end_block() # end if block
  
          self.restore_labels(code)
  
          if self.else_clause:
              if self.breaking_label_used:
                  code.put("if (%s < 2)" % Naming.parallel_why)
  
              code.begin_block() # else block
              code.putln("/* else */")
              self.else_clause.generate_execution_code(code)
              code.end_block() # end else block
  
          # ------ cleanup ------
          self.end_parallel_control_flow_block(code) # end parallel control flow block
  
          # And finally, release our privates and write back any closure
          # variables
          for temp in start_stop_step + (self.chunksize, self.num_threads):
              if temp is not None:
                  temp.generate_disposal_code(code)
                  temp.free_temps(code)
  
          code.funcstate.release_temp(fmt_dict['i'])
          code.funcstate.release_temp(fmt_dict['nsteps'])
  
          self.release_closure_privates(code)
  
      def generate_loop(self, code, fmt_dict):
          if self.is_nested_prange:
              code.putln("#if 0")
          else:
              code.putln("#ifdef _OPENMP")
  
          if not self.is_parallel:
              code.put("#pragma omp for")
              self.privatization_insertion_point = code.insertion_point()
              reduction_codepoint = self.parent.privatization_insertion_point
          else:
              code.put("#pragma omp parallel")
              self.privatization_insertion_point = code.insertion_point()
              reduction_codepoint = self.privatization_insertion_point
              code.putln("")
              code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")
  
              code.begin_block() # pragma omp parallel begin block
  
              # Initialize the GIL if needed for this thread
              self.begin_parallel_block(code)
  
              if self.is_nested_prange:
                  code.putln("#if 0")
              else:
                  code.putln("#ifdef _OPENMP")
              code.put("#pragma omp for")
  
          for entry, (op, lastprivate) in sorted(self.privates.items()):
              # Don't declare the index variable as a reduction
              if op and op in "+*-&^|" and entry != self.target.entry:
                  if entry.type.is_pyobject:
                      error(self.pos, "Python objects cannot be reductions")
                  else:
                      #code.put(" reduction(%s:%s)" % (op, entry.cname))
                      # This is the only way reductions + nesting works in gcc4.5
                      reduction_codepoint.put(
                                  " reduction(%s:%s)" % (op, entry.cname))
              else:
                  if entry == self.target.entry:
                      code.put(" firstprivate(%s)" % entry.cname)
                      code.put(" lastprivate(%s)" % entry.cname)
                      continue
  
                  if not entry.type.is_pyobject:
                      if lastprivate:
                          private = 'lastprivate'
                      else:
                          private = 'private'
  
                      code.put(" %s(%s)" % (private, entry.cname))
  
          if self.schedule:
              if self.chunksize:
                  chunksize = ", %s" % self.evaluate_before_block(code, self.chunksize)
              else:
                  chunksize = ""
  
              code.put(" schedule(%s%s)" % (self.schedule, chunksize))
  
          self.put_num_threads(reduction_codepoint)
  
          code.putln("")
          code.putln("#endif /* _OPENMP */")
  
          code.put("for (%(i)s = 0; %(i)s < %(nsteps)s; %(i)s++)" % fmt_dict)
          code.begin_block()  # for loop block
  
          guard_around_body_codepoint = code.insertion_point()
  
          # Start if guard block around the body. This may be unnecessary, but
          # at least it doesn't spoil indentation
          code.begin_block()
  
          code.putln("%(target)s = (%(target_type)s)(%(start)s + %(step)s * %(i)s);" % fmt_dict)
          self.initialize_privates_to_nan(code, exclude=self.target.entry)
  
          if self.is_parallel and not self.is_nested_prange:
              # nested pranges are not omp'ified, temps go to outer loops
              code.funcstate.start_collecting_temps()
  
          self.body.generate_execution_code(code)
          self.trap_parallel_exit(code, should_flush=True)
          if self.is_parallel and not self.is_nested_prange:
              # nested pranges are not omp'ified, temps go to outer loops
              self.privatize_temps(code)
  
          if self.breaking_label_used:
              # Put a guard around the loop body in case return, break or
              # exceptions might be used
              guard_around_body_codepoint.putln("if (%s < 2)" % Naming.parallel_why)
  
          code.end_block()  # end guard around loop body
          code.end_block()  # end for loop block
  
          if self.is_parallel:
              # Release the GIL and deallocate the thread state
              self.end_parallel_block(code)
              code.end_block()  # pragma omp parallel end block
  
  
  class CnameDecoratorNode(StatNode):
      """
      This node is for the cname decorator in CythonUtilityCode:
  
          @cname('the_cname')
          cdef func(...):
              ...
  
      In case of a cdef class the cname specifies the objstruct_cname.
  
      node        the node to which the cname decorator is applied
      cname       the cname the node should get
      """
  
      child_attrs = ['node']
  
      def analyse_declarations(self, env):
          self.node.analyse_declarations(env)
  
          node = self.node
          if isinstance(node, CompilerDirectivesNode):
              node = node.body.stats[0]
  
          self.is_function = isinstance(node, FuncDefNode)
          is_struct_or_enum = isinstance(node, (CStructOrUnionDefNode, CEnumDefNode))
          e = node.entry
  
          if self.is_function:
              e.cname = self.cname
              e.func_cname = self.cname
              e.used = True
              if e.pyfunc_cname and '.' in e.pyfunc_cname:
                  e.pyfunc_cname = self.mangle(e.pyfunc_cname)
          elif is_struct_or_enum:
              e.cname = e.type.cname = self.cname
          else:
              scope = node.scope
  
              e.cname = self.cname
              e.type.objstruct_cname = self.cname + '_obj'
              e.type.typeobj_cname = Naming.typeobj_prefix + self.cname
              e.type.typeptr_cname = self.cname + '_type'
              e.type.scope.namespace_cname = e.type.typeptr_cname
  
              e.as_variable.cname = e.type.typeptr_cname
  
              scope.scope_prefix = self.cname + "_"
  
              for name, entry in scope.entries.items():
                  if entry.func_cname:
                      entry.func_cname = self.mangle(entry.cname)
                  if entry.pyfunc_cname:
                      entry.pyfunc_cname = self.mangle(entry.pyfunc_cname)
  
      def mangle(self, cname):
          if '.' in cname:
              # remove __pyx_base from func_cname
              cname = cname.split('.')[-1]
          return '%s_%s' % (self.cname, cname)
  
      def analyse_expressions(self, env):
          self.node = self.node.analyse_expressions(env)
          return self
  
      def generate_function_definitions(self, env, code):
          "Ensure a prototype for every @cname method in the right place"
          if self.is_function and env.is_c_class_scope:
              # method in cdef class, generate a prototype in the header
              h_code = code.globalstate['utility_code_proto']
  
              if isinstance(self.node, DefNode):
                  self.node.generate_function_header(
                      h_code, with_pymethdef=False, proto_only=True)
              else:
                  from . import ModuleNode
                  entry = self.node.entry
                  cname = entry.cname
                  entry.cname = entry.func_cname
  
                  ModuleNode.generate_cfunction_declaration(
                      entry,
                      env.global_scope(),
                      h_code,
                      definition=True)
  
                  entry.cname = cname
  
          self.node.generate_function_definitions(env, code)
  
      def generate_execution_code(self, code):
          self.node.generate_execution_code(code)
  
  
  #------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #
  #  Runtime support code
  #
  #------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  if Options.gcc_branch_hints:
      branch_prediction_macros = """
  /* Test for GCC > 2.95 */
  #if defined(__GNUC__) \
      && (__GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95)))
    #define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
    #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
  #else /* !__GNUC__ or GCC < 2.95 */
    #define likely(x)   (x)
    #define unlikely(x) (x)
  #endif /* __GNUC__ */
  """
  else:
      branch_prediction_macros = """
  #define likely(x)   (x)
  #define unlikely(x) (x)
  """
  
  #------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  printing_utility_code = UtilityCode.load_cached("Print", "Printing.c")
  printing_one_utility_code = UtilityCode.load_cached("PrintOne", "Printing.c")
  
  #------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  # Exception raising code
  #
  # Exceptions are raised by __Pyx_Raise() and stored as plain
  # type/value/tb in PyThreadState->curexc_*.  When being caught by an
  # 'except' statement, curexc_* is moved over to exc_* by
  # __Pyx_GetException()
  
  restore_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode.load_cached("PyErrFetchRestore", "Exceptions.c")
  raise_utility_code = UtilityCode.load_cached("RaiseException", "Exceptions.c")
  get_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode.load_cached("GetException", "Exceptions.c")
  swap_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode.load_cached("SwapException", "Exceptions.c")
  reset_exception_utility_code = UtilityCode.load_cached("SaveResetException", "Exceptions.c")
  traceback_utility_code = UtilityCode.load_cached("AddTraceback", "Exceptions.c")
  
  #------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  get_exception_tuple_utility_code = UtilityCode(
      proto="""
  static PyObject *__Pyx_GetExceptionTuple(PyThreadState *__pyx_tstate); /*proto*/
  """,
      # I doubt that calling __Pyx_GetException() here is correct as it moves
      # the exception from tstate->curexc_* to tstate->exc_*, which prevents
      # exception handlers later on from receiving it.
      # NOTE: "__pyx_tstate" may be used by __Pyx_GetException() macro
      impl = """
  static PyObject *__Pyx_GetExceptionTuple(CYTHON_UNUSED PyThreadState *__pyx_tstate) {
      PyObject *type = NULL, *value = NULL, *tb = NULL;
      if (__Pyx_GetException(&type, &value, &tb) == 0) {
          PyObject* exc_info = PyTuple_New(3);
          if (exc_info) {
              Py_INCREF(type);
              Py_INCREF(value);
              Py_INCREF(tb);
              PyTuple_SET_ITEM(exc_info, 0, type);
              PyTuple_SET_ITEM(exc_info, 1, value);
              PyTuple_SET_ITEM(exc_info, 2, tb);
              return exc_info;
          }
      }
      return NULL;
  }
  """,
      requires=[get_exception_utility_code])
  