text: #!/usr/bin/env python
  # Copyright 2020 gRPC authors.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  """Run xDS integration tests on GCP using Traffic Director."""
  
  import argparse
  import googleapiclient.discovery
  import grpc
  import json
  import logging
  import os
  import random
  import shlex
  import socket
  import subprocess
  import sys
  import tempfile
  import time
  import uuid
  
  from oauth2client.client import GoogleCredentials
  
  import python_utils.jobset as jobset
  import python_utils.report_utils as report_utils
  
  from src.proto.grpc.health.v1 import health_pb2
  from src.proto.grpc.health.v1 import health_pb2_grpc
  from src.proto.grpc.testing import empty_pb2
  from src.proto.grpc.testing import messages_pb2
  from src.proto.grpc.testing import test_pb2_grpc
  
  logger = logging.getLogger()
  console_handler = logging.StreamHandler()
  formatter = logging.Formatter(fmt='%(asctime)s: %(levelname)-8s %(message)s')
  console_handler.setFormatter(formatter)
  logger.handlers = []
  logger.addHandler(console_handler)
  logger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
  
  _TEST_CASES = [
      'backends_restart',
      'change_backend_service',
      'gentle_failover',
      'load_report_based_failover',
      'ping_pong',
      'remove_instance_group',
      'round_robin',
      'secondary_locality_gets_no_requests_on_partial_primary_failure',
      'secondary_locality_gets_requests_on_primary_failure',
      'traffic_splitting',
  ]
  # Valid test cases, but not in all. So the tests can only run manually, and
  # aren't enabled automatically for all languages.
  #
  # TODO: Move them into _TEST_CASES when support is ready in all languages.
  _ADDITIONAL_TEST_CASES = [
      'path_matching',
      'header_matching',
      'circuit_breaking',
      'timeout',
  ]
  
  # Test cases that require the V3 API.  Skipped in older runs.
  _V3_TEST_CASES = set(['timeout'])
  
  # Test cases that require the alpha API.  Skipped for stable API runs.
  _ALPHA_TEST_CASES = set(['timeout'])
  
  
  def parse_test_cases(arg):
      if arg == '':
          return []
      arg_split = arg.split(',')
      test_cases = set()
      all_test_cases = _TEST_CASES + _ADDITIONAL_TEST_CASES
      for arg in arg_split:
          if arg == "all":
              test_cases = test_cases.union(_TEST_CASES)
          else:
              test_cases = test_cases.union([arg])
      if not all([test_case in all_test_cases for test_case in test_cases]):
          raise Exception('Failed to parse test cases %s' % arg)
      # Perserve order.
      return [x for x in all_test_cases if x in test_cases]
  
  
  def parse_port_range(port_arg):
      try:
          port = int(port_arg)
          return range(port, port + 1)
      except:
          port_min, port_max = port_arg.split(':')
          return range(int(port_min), int(port_max) + 1)
  
  
  argp = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Run xDS interop tests on GCP')
  # TODO(zdapeng): remove default value of project_id and project_num
  argp.add_argument('--project_id', default='grpc-testing', help='GCP project id')
  argp.add_argument('--project_num',
                    default='830293263384',
                    help='GCP project number')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--gcp_suffix',
      default='',
      help='Optional suffix for all generated GCP resource names. Useful to '
      'ensure distinct names across test runs.')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--test_case',
      default='ping_pong',
      type=parse_test_cases,
      help='Comma-separated list of test cases to run. Available tests: %s, '
      '(or \'all\' to run every test). '
      'Alternative tests not included in \'all\': %s' %
      (','.join(_TEST_CASES), ','.join(_ADDITIONAL_TEST_CASES)))
  argp.add_argument(
      '--bootstrap_file',
      default='',
      help='File to reference via GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP. Disables built-in '
      'bootstrap generation')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--xds_v3_support',
      default=False,
      action='store_true',
      help='Support xDS v3 via GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_V3_SUPPORT. '
      'If a pre-created bootstrap file is provided via the --bootstrap_file '
      'parameter, it should include xds_v3 in its server_features field.')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--client_cmd',
      default=None,
      help='Command to launch xDS test client. {server_uri}, {stats_port} and '
      '{qps} references will be replaced using str.format(). GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP '
      'will be set for the command')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--client_hosts',
      default=None,
      help='Comma-separated list of hosts running client processes. If set, '
      '--client_cmd is ignored and client processes are assumed to be running on '
      'the specified hosts.')
  argp.add_argument('--zone', default='us-central1-a')
  argp.add_argument('--secondary_zone',
                    default='us-west1-b',
                    help='Zone to use for secondary TD locality tests')
  argp.add_argument('--qps', default=100, type=int, help='Client QPS')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--wait_for_backend_sec',
      default=1200,
      type=int,
      help='Time limit for waiting for created backend services to report '
      'healthy when launching or updated GCP resources')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--use_existing_gcp_resources',
      default=False,
      action='store_true',
      help=
      'If set, find and use already created GCP resources instead of creating new'
      ' ones.')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--keep_gcp_resources',
      default=False,
      action='store_true',
      help=
      'Leave GCP VMs and configuration running after test. Default behavior is '
      'to delete when tests complete.')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--compute_discovery_document',
      default=None,
      type=str,
      help=
      'If provided, uses this file instead of retrieving via the GCP discovery '
      'API')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--alpha_compute_discovery_document',
      default=None,
      type=str,
      help='If provided, uses this file instead of retrieving via the alpha GCP '
      'discovery API')
  argp.add_argument('--network',
                    default='global/networks/default',
                    help='GCP network to use')
  argp.add_argument('--service_port_range',
                    default='8080:8110',
                    type=parse_port_range,
                    help='Listening port for created gRPC backends. Specified as '
                    'either a single int or as a range in the format min:max, in '
                    'which case an available port p will be chosen s.t. min <= p '
                    '<= max')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--stats_port',
      default=8079,
      type=int,
      help='Local port for the client process to expose the LB stats service')
  argp.add_argument('--xds_server',
                    default='trafficdirector.googleapis.com:443',
                    help='xDS server')
  argp.add_argument('--source_image',
                    default='projects/debian-cloud/global/images/family/debian-9',
                    help='Source image for VMs created during the test')
  argp.add_argument('--path_to_server_binary',
                    default=None,
                    type=str,
                    help='If set, the server binary must already be pre-built on '
                    'the specified source image')
  argp.add_argument('--machine_type',
                    default='e2-standard-2',
                    help='Machine type for VMs created during the test')
  argp.add_argument(
      '--instance_group_size',
      default=2,
      type=int,
      help='Number of VMs to create per instance group. Certain test cases (e.g., '
      'round_robin) may not give meaningful results if this is set to a value '
      'less than 2.')
  argp.add_argument('--verbose',
                    help='verbose log output',
                    default=False,
                    action='store_true')
  # TODO(ericgribkoff) Remove this param once the sponge-formatted log files are
  # visible in all test environments.
  argp.add_argument('--log_client_output',
                    help='Log captured client output',
                    default=False,
                    action='store_true')
  # TODO(ericgribkoff) Remove this flag once all test environments are verified to
  # have access to the alpha compute APIs.
  argp.add_argument('--only_stable_gcp_apis',
                    help='Do not use alpha compute APIs. Some tests may be '
                    'incompatible with this option (gRPC health checks are '
                    'currently alpha and required for simulating server failure',
                    default=False,
                    action='store_true')
  args = argp.parse_args()
  
  if args.verbose:
      logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
  
  CLIENT_HOSTS = []
  if args.client_hosts:
      CLIENT_HOSTS = args.client_hosts.split(',')
  
  _DEFAULT_SERVICE_PORT = 80
  _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC = args.wait_for_backend_sec
  _WAIT_FOR_OPERATION_SEC = 1200
  _INSTANCE_GROUP_SIZE = args.instance_group_size
  _NUM_TEST_RPCS = 10 * args.qps
  _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC = 360
  _WAIT_FOR_VALID_CONFIG_SEC = 60
  _WAIT_FOR_URL_MAP_PATCH_SEC = 300
  _CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SEC = 60
  _GCP_API_RETRIES = 5
  _BOOTSTRAP_TEMPLATE = """
  {{
    "node": {{
      "id": "{node_id}",
      "metadata": {{
        "TRAFFICDIRECTOR_NETWORK_NAME": "%s"
      }},
      "locality": {{
        "zone": "%s"
      }}
    }},
    "xds_servers": [{{
      "server_uri": "%s",
      "channel_creds": [
        {{
          "type": "google_default",
          "config": {{}}
        }}
      ],
      "server_features": {server_features}
    }}]
  }}""" % (args.network.split('/')[-1], args.zone, args.xds_server)
  
  # TODO(ericgribkoff) Add change_backend_service to this list once TD no longer
  # sends an update with no localities when adding the MIG to the backend service
  # can race with the URL map patch.
  _TESTS_TO_FAIL_ON_RPC_FAILURE = ['ping_pong', 'round_robin']
  # Tests that run UnaryCall and EmptyCall.
  _TESTS_TO_RUN_MULTIPLE_RPCS = ['path_matching', 'header_matching']
  # Tests that make UnaryCall with test metadata.
  _TESTS_TO_SEND_METADATA = ['header_matching']
  _TEST_METADATA_KEY = 'xds_md'
  _TEST_METADATA_VALUE_UNARY = 'unary_yranu'
  _TEST_METADATA_VALUE_EMPTY = 'empty_ytpme'
  # Extra RPC metadata whose value is a number, sent with UnaryCall only.
  _TEST_METADATA_NUMERIC_KEY = 'xds_md_numeric'
  _TEST_METADATA_NUMERIC_VALUE = '159'
  _PATH_MATCHER_NAME = 'path-matcher'
  _BASE_TEMPLATE_NAME = 'test-template'
  _BASE_INSTANCE_GROUP_NAME = 'test-ig'
  _BASE_HEALTH_CHECK_NAME = 'test-hc'
  _BASE_FIREWALL_RULE_NAME = 'test-fw-rule'
  _BASE_BACKEND_SERVICE_NAME = 'test-backend-service'
  _BASE_URL_MAP_NAME = 'test-map'
  _BASE_SERVICE_HOST = 'grpc-test'
  _BASE_TARGET_PROXY_NAME = 'test-target-proxy'
  _BASE_FORWARDING_RULE_NAME = 'test-forwarding-rule'
  _TEST_LOG_BASE_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)),
                                    '../../reports')
  _SPONGE_LOG_NAME = 'sponge_log.log'
  _SPONGE_XML_NAME = 'sponge_log.xml'
  
  
  def get_client_stats(num_rpcs, timeout_sec):
      if CLIENT_HOSTS:
          hosts = CLIENT_HOSTS
      else:
          hosts = ['localhost']
      for host in hosts:
          with grpc.insecure_channel('%s:%d' %
                                     (host, args.stats_port)) as channel:
              stub = test_pb2_grpc.LoadBalancerStatsServiceStub(channel)
              request = messages_pb2.LoadBalancerStatsRequest()
              request.num_rpcs = num_rpcs
              request.timeout_sec = timeout_sec
              rpc_timeout = timeout_sec + _CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SEC
              logger.debug('Invoking GetClientStats RPC to %s:%d:', host,
                           args.stats_port)
              response = stub.GetClientStats(request,
                                             wait_for_ready=True,
                                             timeout=rpc_timeout)
              logger.debug('Invoked GetClientStats RPC to %s: %s', host, response)
              return response
  
  
  def get_client_accumulated_stats():
      if CLIENT_HOSTS:
          hosts = CLIENT_HOSTS
      else:
          hosts = ['localhost']
      for host in hosts:
          with grpc.insecure_channel('%s:%d' %
                                     (host, args.stats_port)) as channel:
              stub = test_pb2_grpc.LoadBalancerStatsServiceStub(channel)
              request = messages_pb2.LoadBalancerAccumulatedStatsRequest()
              logger.debug('Invoking GetClientAccumulatedStats RPC to %s:%d:',
                           host, args.stats_port)
              response = stub.GetClientAccumulatedStats(
                  request, wait_for_ready=True, timeout=_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SEC)
              logger.debug('Invoked GetClientAccumulatedStats RPC to %s: %s',
                           host, response)
              return response
  
  
  def configure_client(rpc_types, metadata=[], timeout_sec=None):
      if CLIENT_HOSTS:
          hosts = CLIENT_HOSTS
      else:
          hosts = ['localhost']
      for host in hosts:
          with grpc.insecure_channel('%s:%d' %
                                     (host, args.stats_port)) as channel:
              stub = test_pb2_grpc.XdsUpdateClientConfigureServiceStub(channel)
              request = messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest()
              request.types.extend(rpc_types)
              for rpc_type, md_key, md_value in metadata:
                  md = request.metadata.add()
                  md.type = rpc_type
                  md.key = md_key
                  md.value = md_value
              if timeout_sec:
                  request.timeout_sec = timeout_sec
              logger.debug(
                  'Invoking XdsUpdateClientConfigureService RPC to %s:%d: %s',
                  host, args.stats_port, request)
              stub.Configure(request,
                             wait_for_ready=True,
                             timeout=_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SEC)
              logger.debug('Invoked XdsUpdateClientConfigureService RPC to %s',
                           host)
  
  
  class RpcDistributionError(Exception):
      pass
  
  
  def _verify_rpcs_to_given_backends(backends, timeout_sec, num_rpcs,
                                     allow_failures):
      start_time = time.time()
      error_msg = None
      logger.debug('Waiting for %d sec until backends %s receive load' %
                   (timeout_sec, backends))
      while time.time() - start_time <= timeout_sec:
          error_msg = None
          stats = get_client_stats(num_rpcs, timeout_sec)
          rpcs_by_peer = stats.rpcs_by_peer
          for backend in backends:
              if backend not in rpcs_by_peer:
                  error_msg = 'Backend %s did not receive load' % backend
                  break
          if not error_msg and len(rpcs_by_peer) > len(backends):
              error_msg = 'Unexpected backend received load: %s' % rpcs_by_peer
          if not allow_failures and stats.num_failures > 0:
              error_msg = '%d RPCs failed' % stats.num_failures
          if not error_msg:
              return
      raise RpcDistributionError(error_msg)
  
  
  def wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends_or_fail(backends,
                                                       timeout_sec,
                                                       num_rpcs=_NUM_TEST_RPCS):
      _verify_rpcs_to_given_backends(backends,
                                     timeout_sec,
                                     num_rpcs,
                                     allow_failures=True)
  
  
  def wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(backends,
                                               timeout_sec,
                                               num_rpcs=_NUM_TEST_RPCS):
      _verify_rpcs_to_given_backends(backends,
                                     timeout_sec,
                                     num_rpcs,
                                     allow_failures=False)
  
  
  def wait_until_rpcs_in_flight(rpc_type, timeout_sec, num_rpcs, threshold):
      '''Block until the test client reaches the state with the given number
      of RPCs being outstanding stably.
  
      Args:
        rpc_type: A string indicating the RPC method to check for. Either
          'UnaryCall' or 'EmptyCall'.
        timeout_sec: Maximum number of seconds to wait until the desired state
          is reached.
        num_rpcs: Expected number of RPCs to be in-flight.
        threshold: Number within [0,100], the tolerable percentage by which
          the actual number of RPCs in-flight can differ from the expected number.
      '''
      if threshold < 0 or threshold > 100:
          raise ValueError('Value error: Threshold should be between 0 to 100')
      threshold_fraction = threshold / 100.0
      start_time = time.time()
      error_msg = None
      logger.debug(
          'Waiting for %d sec until %d %s RPCs (with %d%% tolerance) in-flight' %
          (timeout_sec, num_rpcs, rpc_type, threshold))
      while time.time() - start_time <= timeout_sec:
          error_msg = _check_rpcs_in_flight(rpc_type, num_rpcs, threshold,
                                            threshold_fraction)
          if error_msg:
              logger.debug('Progress: %s', error_msg)
              time.sleep(2)
          else:
              break
      # Ensure the number of outstanding RPCs is stable.
      if not error_msg:
          time.sleep(5)
          error_msg = _check_rpcs_in_flight(rpc_type, num_rpcs, threshold,
                                            threshold_fraction)
      if error_msg:
          raise Exception("Wrong number of %s RPCs in-flight: %s" %
                          (rpc_type, error_msg))
  
  
  def _check_rpcs_in_flight(rpc_type, num_rpcs, threshold, threshold_fraction):
      error_msg = None
      stats = get_client_accumulated_stats()
      rpcs_started = stats.num_rpcs_started_by_method[rpc_type]
      rpcs_succeeded = stats.num_rpcs_succeeded_by_method[rpc_type]
      rpcs_failed = stats.num_rpcs_failed_by_method[rpc_type]
      rpcs_in_flight = rpcs_started - rpcs_succeeded - rpcs_failed
      if rpcs_in_flight < (num_rpcs * (1 - threshold_fraction)):
          error_msg = ('actual(%d) < expected(%d - %d%%)' %
                       (rpcs_in_flight, num_rpcs, threshold))
      elif rpcs_in_flight > (num_rpcs * (1 + threshold_fraction)):
          error_msg = ('actual(%d) > expected(%d + %d%%)' %
                       (rpcs_in_flight, num_rpcs, threshold))
      return error_msg
  
  
  def compare_distributions(actual_distribution, expected_distribution,
                            threshold):
      """Compare if two distributions are similar.
  
      Args:
        actual_distribution: A list of floats, contains the actual distribution.
        expected_distribution: A list of floats, contains the expected distribution.
        threshold: Number within [0,100], the threshold percentage by which the
          actual distribution can differ from the expected distribution.
  
      Returns:
        The similarity between the distributions as a boolean. Returns true if the
        actual distribution lies within the threshold of the expected
        distribution, false otherwise.
      
      Raises:
        ValueError: if threshold is not with in [0,100].
        Exception: containing detailed error messages.
      """
      if len(expected_distribution) != len(actual_distribution):
          raise Exception(
              'Error: expected and actual distributions have different size (%d vs %d)'
              % (len(expected_distribution), len(actual_distribution)))
      if threshold < 0 or threshold > 100:
          raise ValueError('Value error: Threshold should be between 0 to 100')
      threshold_fraction = threshold / 100.0
      for expected, actual in zip(expected_distribution, actual_distribution):
          if actual < (expected * (1 - threshold_fraction)):
              raise Exception("actual(%f) < expected(%f-%d%%)" %
                              (actual, expected, threshold))
          if actual > (expected * (1 + threshold_fraction)):
              raise Exception("actual(%f) > expected(%f+%d%%)" %
                              (actual, expected, threshold))
      return True
  
  
  def compare_expected_instances(stats, expected_instances):
      """Compare if stats have expected instances for each type of RPC.
  
      Args:
        stats: LoadBalancerStatsResponse reported by interop client.
        expected_instances: a dict with key as the RPC type (string), value as
          the expected backend instances (list of strings).
  
      Returns:
        Returns true if the instances are expected. False if not.
      """
      for rpc_type, expected_peers in expected_instances.items():
          rpcs_by_peer_for_type = stats.rpcs_by_method[rpc_type]
          rpcs_by_peer = rpcs_by_peer_for_type.rpcs_by_peer if rpcs_by_peer_for_type else None
          logger.debug('rpc: %s, by_peer: %s', rpc_type, rpcs_by_peer)
          peers = list(rpcs_by_peer.keys())
          if set(peers) != set(expected_peers):
              logger.info('unexpected peers for %s, got %s, want %s', rpc_type,
                          peers, expected_peers)
              return False
      return True
  
  
  def test_backends_restart(gcp, backend_service, instance_group):
      logger.info('Running test_backends_restart')
      instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
      num_instances = len(instance_names)
      start_time = time.time()
      wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(instance_names,
                                               _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
      try:
          resize_instance_group(gcp, instance_group, 0)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends_or_fail([],
                                                           _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
      finally:
          resize_instance_group(gcp, instance_group, num_instances)
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
      new_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
      wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(new_instance_names,
                                               _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
  
  
  def test_change_backend_service(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group,
                                  alternate_backend_service,
                                  same_zone_instance_group):
      logger.info('Running test_change_backend_service')
      original_backend_instances = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
      alternate_backend_instances = get_instance_names(gcp,
                                                       same_zone_instance_group)
      patch_backend_service(gcp, alternate_backend_service,
                            [same_zone_instance_group])
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group)
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, alternate_backend_service,
                                same_zone_instance_group)
      wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(original_backend_instances,
                                               _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
      try:
          patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp, alternate_backend_service)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(alternate_backend_instances,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_URL_MAP_PATCH_SEC)
      finally:
          patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp, original_backend_service)
          patch_backend_service(gcp, alternate_backend_service, [])
  
  
  def test_gentle_failover(gcp,
                           backend_service,
                           primary_instance_group,
                           secondary_instance_group,
                           swapped_primary_and_secondary=False):
      logger.info('Running test_gentle_failover')
      num_primary_instances = len(get_instance_names(gcp, primary_instance_group))
      min_instances_for_gentle_failover = 3  # Need >50% failure to start failover
      try:
          if num_primary_instances < min_instances_for_gentle_failover:
              resize_instance_group(gcp, primary_instance_group,
                                    min_instances_for_gentle_failover)
          patch_backend_service(
              gcp, backend_service,
              [primary_instance_group, secondary_instance_group])
          primary_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, primary_instance_group)
          secondary_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp,
                                                        secondary_instance_group)
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, primary_instance_group)
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service,
                                    secondary_instance_group)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(primary_instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
          instances_to_stop = primary_instance_names[:-1]
          remaining_instances = primary_instance_names[-1:]
          try:
              set_serving_status(instances_to_stop,
                                 gcp.service_port,
                                 serving=False)
              wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
                  remaining_instances + secondary_instance_names,
                  _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
          finally:
              set_serving_status(primary_instance_names,
                                 gcp.service_port,
                                 serving=True)
      except RpcDistributionError as e:
          if not swapped_primary_and_secondary and is_primary_instance_group(
                  gcp, secondary_instance_group):
              # Swap expectation of primary and secondary instance groups.
              test_gentle_failover(gcp,
                                   backend_service,
                                   secondary_instance_group,
                                   primary_instance_group,
                                   swapped_primary_and_secondary=True)
          else:
              raise e
      finally:
          patch_backend_service(gcp, backend_service, [primary_instance_group])
          resize_instance_group(gcp, primary_instance_group,
                                num_primary_instances)
          instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, primary_instance_group)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
  
  
  def test_load_report_based_failover(gcp, backend_service,
                                      primary_instance_group,
                                      secondary_instance_group):
      logger.info('Running test_load_report_based_failover')
      try:
          patch_backend_service(
              gcp, backend_service,
              [primary_instance_group, secondary_instance_group])
          primary_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, primary_instance_group)
          secondary_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp,
                                                        secondary_instance_group)
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, primary_instance_group)
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service,
                                    secondary_instance_group)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(primary_instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
          # Set primary locality's balance mode to RATE, and RPS to 20% of the
          # client's QPS. The secondary locality will be used.
          max_rate = int(args.qps * 1 / 5)
          logger.info('Patching backend service to RATE with %d max_rate',
                      max_rate)
          patch_backend_service(
              gcp,
              backend_service, [primary_instance_group, secondary_instance_group],
              balancing_mode='RATE',
              max_rate=max_rate)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
              primary_instance_names + secondary_instance_names,
              _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
  
          # Set primary locality's balance mode to RATE, and RPS to 120% of the
          # client's QPS. Only the primary locality will be used.
          max_rate = int(args.qps * 6 / 5)
          logger.info('Patching backend service to RATE with %d max_rate',
                      max_rate)
          patch_backend_service(
              gcp,
              backend_service, [primary_instance_group, secondary_instance_group],
              balancing_mode='RATE',
              max_rate=max_rate)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(primary_instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
          logger.info("success")
      finally:
          patch_backend_service(gcp, backend_service, [primary_instance_group])
          instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, primary_instance_group)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
  
  
  def test_ping_pong(gcp, backend_service, instance_group):
      logger.info('Running test_ping_pong')
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
      instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
      wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(instance_names,
                                               _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
  
  
  def test_remove_instance_group(gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                                 same_zone_instance_group):
      logger.info('Running test_remove_instance_group')
      try:
          patch_backend_service(gcp,
                                backend_service,
                                [instance_group, same_zone_instance_group],
                                balancing_mode='RATE')
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service,
                                    same_zone_instance_group)
          instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
          same_zone_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp,
                                                        same_zone_instance_group)
          try:
              wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
                  instance_names + same_zone_instance_names,
                  _WAIT_FOR_OPERATION_SEC)
              remaining_instance_group = same_zone_instance_group
              remaining_instance_names = same_zone_instance_names
          except RpcDistributionError as e:
              # If connected to TD in a different zone, we may route traffic to
              # only one instance group. Determine which group that is to continue
              # with the remainder of the test case.
              try:
                  wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
                      instance_names, _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
                  remaining_instance_group = same_zone_instance_group
                  remaining_instance_names = same_zone_instance_names
              except RpcDistributionError as e:
                  wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
                      same_zone_instance_names, _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
                  remaining_instance_group = instance_group
                  remaining_instance_names = instance_names
          patch_backend_service(gcp,
                                backend_service, [remaining_instance_group],
                                balancing_mode='RATE')
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(remaining_instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
      finally:
          patch_backend_service(gcp, backend_service, [instance_group])
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
  
  
  def test_round_robin(gcp, backend_service, instance_group):
      logger.info('Running test_round_robin')
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
      instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
      threshold = 1
      wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(instance_names,
                                               _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
      # TODO(ericgribkoff) Delayed config propagation from earlier tests
      # may result in briefly receiving an empty EDS update, resulting in failed
      # RPCs. Retry distribution validation if this occurs; long-term fix is
      # creating new backend resources for each individual test case.
      # Each attempt takes 10 seconds. Config propagation can take several
      # minutes.
      max_attempts = 40
      for i in range(max_attempts):
          stats = get_client_stats(_NUM_TEST_RPCS, _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
          requests_received = [stats.rpcs_by_peer[x] for x in stats.rpcs_by_peer]
          total_requests_received = sum(requests_received)
          if total_requests_received != _NUM_TEST_RPCS:
              logger.info('Unexpected RPC failures, retrying: %s', stats)
              continue
          expected_requests = total_requests_received / len(instance_names)
          for instance in instance_names:
              if abs(stats.rpcs_by_peer[instance] -
                     expected_requests) > threshold:
                  raise Exception(
                      'RPC peer distribution differs from expected by more than %d '
                      'for instance %s (%s)' % (threshold, instance, stats))
          return
      raise Exception('RPC failures persisted through %d retries' % max_attempts)
  
  
  def test_secondary_locality_gets_no_requests_on_partial_primary_failure(
          gcp,
          backend_service,
          primary_instance_group,
          secondary_instance_group,
          swapped_primary_and_secondary=False):
      logger.info(
          'Running secondary_locality_gets_no_requests_on_partial_primary_failure'
      )
      try:
          patch_backend_service(
              gcp, backend_service,
              [primary_instance_group, secondary_instance_group])
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, primary_instance_group)
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service,
                                    secondary_instance_group)
          primary_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, primary_instance_group)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(primary_instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
          instances_to_stop = primary_instance_names[:1]
          remaining_instances = primary_instance_names[1:]
          try:
              set_serving_status(instances_to_stop,
                                 gcp.service_port,
                                 serving=False)
              wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(remaining_instances,
                                                       _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
          finally:
              set_serving_status(primary_instance_names,
                                 gcp.service_port,
                                 serving=True)
      except RpcDistributionError as e:
          if not swapped_primary_and_secondary and is_primary_instance_group(
                  gcp, secondary_instance_group):
              # Swap expectation of primary and secondary instance groups.
              test_secondary_locality_gets_no_requests_on_partial_primary_failure(
                  gcp,
                  backend_service,
                  secondary_instance_group,
                  primary_instance_group,
                  swapped_primary_and_secondary=True)
          else:
              raise e
      finally:
          patch_backend_service(gcp, backend_service, [primary_instance_group])
  
  
  def test_secondary_locality_gets_requests_on_primary_failure(
          gcp,
          backend_service,
          primary_instance_group,
          secondary_instance_group,
          swapped_primary_and_secondary=False):
      logger.info('Running secondary_locality_gets_requests_on_primary_failure')
      try:
          patch_backend_service(
              gcp, backend_service,
              [primary_instance_group, secondary_instance_group])
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, primary_instance_group)
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service,
                                    secondary_instance_group)
          primary_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, primary_instance_group)
          secondary_instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp,
                                                        secondary_instance_group)
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(primary_instance_names,
                                                   _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
          try:
              set_serving_status(primary_instance_names,
                                 gcp.service_port,
                                 serving=False)
              wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(secondary_instance_names,
                                                       _WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
          finally:
              set_serving_status(primary_instance_names,
                                 gcp.service_port,
                                 serving=True)
      except RpcDistributionError as e:
          if not swapped_primary_and_secondary and is_primary_instance_group(
                  gcp, secondary_instance_group):
              # Swap expectation of primary and secondary instance groups.
              test_secondary_locality_gets_requests_on_primary_failure(
                  gcp,
                  backend_service,
                  secondary_instance_group,
                  primary_instance_group,
                  swapped_primary_and_secondary=True)
          else:
              raise e
      finally:
          patch_backend_service(gcp, backend_service, [primary_instance_group])
  
  
  def prepare_services_for_urlmap_tests(gcp, original_backend_service,
                                        instance_group, alternate_backend_service,
                                        same_zone_instance_group):
      '''
      This function prepares the services to be ready for tests that modifies
      urlmaps.
  
      Returns:
        Returns original and alternate backend names as lists of strings.
      '''
      logger.info('waiting for original backends to become healthy')
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group)
  
      patch_backend_service(gcp, alternate_backend_service,
                            [same_zone_instance_group])
      logger.info('waiting for alternate to become healthy')
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, alternate_backend_service,
                                same_zone_instance_group)
  
      original_backend_instances = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
      logger.info('original backends instances: %s', original_backend_instances)
  
      alternate_backend_instances = get_instance_names(gcp,
                                                       same_zone_instance_group)
      logger.info('alternate backends instances: %s', alternate_backend_instances)
  
      # Start with all traffic going to original_backend_service.
      logger.info('waiting for traffic to all go to original backends')
      wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(original_backend_instances,
                                               _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
      return original_backend_instances, alternate_backend_instances
  
  
  def test_traffic_splitting(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group,
                             alternate_backend_service, same_zone_instance_group):
      # This test start with all traffic going to original_backend_service. Then
      # it updates URL-map to set default action to traffic splitting between
      # original and alternate. It waits for all backends in both services to
      # receive traffic, then verifies that weights are expected.
      logger.info('Running test_traffic_splitting')
  
      original_backend_instances, alternate_backend_instances = prepare_services_for_urlmap_tests(
          gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group,
          alternate_backend_service, same_zone_instance_group)
  
      try:
          # Patch urlmap, change route action to traffic splitting between
          # original and alternate.
          logger.info('patching url map with traffic splitting')
          original_service_percentage, alternate_service_percentage = 20, 80
          patch_url_map_backend_service(
              gcp,
              services_with_weights={
                  original_backend_service: original_service_percentage,
                  alternate_backend_service: alternate_service_percentage,
              })
          # Split percentage between instances: [20,80] -> [10,10,40,40].
          expected_instance_percentage = [
              original_service_percentage * 1.0 / len(original_backend_instances)
          ] * len(original_backend_instances) + [
              alternate_service_percentage * 1.0 /
              len(alternate_backend_instances)
          ] * len(alternate_backend_instances)
  
          # Wait for traffic to go to both services.
          logger.info(
              'waiting for traffic to go to all backends (including alternate)')
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
              original_backend_instances + alternate_backend_instances,
              _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
  
          # Verify that weights between two services are expected.
          retry_count = 10
          # Each attempt takes about 10 seconds, 10 retries is equivalent to 100
          # seconds timeout.
          for i in range(retry_count):
              stats = get_client_stats(_NUM_TEST_RPCS, _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
              got_instance_count = [
                  stats.rpcs_by_peer[i] for i in original_backend_instances
              ] + [stats.rpcs_by_peer[i] for i in alternate_backend_instances]
              total_count = sum(got_instance_count)
              got_instance_percentage = [
                  x * 100.0 / total_count for x in got_instance_count
              ]
  
              try:
                  compare_distributions(got_instance_percentage,
                                        expected_instance_percentage, 5)
              except Exception as e:
                  logger.info('attempt %d', i)
                  logger.info('got percentage: %s', got_instance_percentage)
                  logger.info('expected percentage: %s',
                              expected_instance_percentage)
                  logger.info(e)
                  if i == retry_count - 1:
                      raise Exception(
                          'RPC distribution (%s) differs from expected (%s)' %
                          (got_instance_percentage, expected_instance_percentage))
              else:
                  logger.info("success")
                  break
      finally:
          patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp, original_backend_service)
          patch_backend_service(gcp, alternate_backend_service, [])
  
  
  def test_path_matching(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group,
                         alternate_backend_service, same_zone_instance_group):
      # This test start with all traffic (UnaryCall and EmptyCall) going to
      # original_backend_service.
      #
      # Then it updates URL-map to add routes, to make UnaryCall and EmptyCall to
      # go different backends. It waits for all backends in both services to
      # receive traffic, then verifies that traffic goes to the expected
      # backends.
      logger.info('Running test_path_matching')
  
      original_backend_instances, alternate_backend_instances = prepare_services_for_urlmap_tests(
          gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group,
          alternate_backend_service, same_zone_instance_group)
  
      try:
          # A list of tuples (route_rules, expected_instances).
          test_cases = [
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # FullPath EmptyCall -> alternate_backend_service.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'fullPathMatch': '/grpc.testing.TestService/EmptyCall'
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "EmptyCall": alternate_backend_instances,
                      "UnaryCall": original_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Prefix UnaryCall -> alternate_backend_service.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'prefixMatch': '/grpc.testing.TestService/Unary'
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "UnaryCall": alternate_backend_instances,
                      "EmptyCall": original_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  # This test case is similar to the one above (but with route
                  # services swapped). This test has two routes (full_path and
                  # the default) to match EmptyCall, and both routes set
                  # alternative_backend_service as the action. This forces the
                  # client to handle duplicate Clusters in the RDS response.
                  [
                      {
                          'priority': 0,
                          # Prefix UnaryCall -> original_backend_service.
                          'matchRules': [{
                              'prefixMatch': '/grpc.testing.TestService/Unary'
                          }],
                          'service': original_backend_service.url
                      },
                      {
                          'priority': 1,
                          # FullPath EmptyCall -> alternate_backend_service.
                          'matchRules': [{
                              'fullPathMatch':
                                  '/grpc.testing.TestService/EmptyCall'
                          }],
                          'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                      }
                  ],
                  {
                      "UnaryCall": original_backend_instances,
                      "EmptyCall": alternate_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Regex UnaryCall -> alternate_backend_service.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'regexMatch':
                              '^\/.*\/UnaryCall$'  # Unary methods with any services.
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "UnaryCall": alternate_backend_instances,
                      "EmptyCall": original_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # ignoreCase EmptyCall -> alternate_backend_service.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          # Case insensitive matching.
                          'fullPathMatch': '/gRpC.tEsTinG.tEstseRvice/empTycaLl',
                          'ignoreCase': True,
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "UnaryCall": original_backend_instances,
                      "EmptyCall": alternate_backend_instances
                  }),
          ]
  
          for (route_rules, expected_instances) in test_cases:
              logger.info('patching url map with %s', route_rules)
              patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp,
                                            original_backend_service,
                                            route_rules=route_rules)
  
              # Wait for traffic to go to both services.
              logger.info(
                  'waiting for traffic to go to all backends (including alternate)'
              )
              wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
                  original_backend_instances + alternate_backend_instances,
                  _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
  
              retry_count = 80
              # Each attempt takes about 5 seconds, 80 retries is equivalent to 400
              # seconds timeout.
              for i in range(retry_count):
                  stats = get_client_stats(_NUM_TEST_RPCS, _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
                  if not stats.rpcs_by_method:
                      raise ValueError(
                          'stats.rpcs_by_method is None, the interop client stats service does not support this test case'
                      )
                  logger.info('attempt %d', i)
                  if compare_expected_instances(stats, expected_instances):
                      logger.info("success")
                      break
                  elif i == retry_count - 1:
                      raise Exception(
                          'timeout waiting for RPCs to the expected instances: %s'
                          % expected_instances)
      finally:
          patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp, original_backend_service)
          patch_backend_service(gcp, alternate_backend_service, [])
  
  
  def test_header_matching(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group,
                           alternate_backend_service, same_zone_instance_group):
      # This test start with all traffic (UnaryCall and EmptyCall) going to
      # original_backend_service.
      #
      # Then it updates URL-map to add routes, to make RPCs with test headers to
      # go to different backends. It waits for all backends in both services to
      # receive traffic, then verifies that traffic goes to the expected
      # backends.
      logger.info('Running test_header_matching')
  
      original_backend_instances, alternate_backend_instances = prepare_services_for_urlmap_tests(
          gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group,
          alternate_backend_service, same_zone_instance_group)
  
      try:
          # A list of tuples (route_rules, expected_instances).
          test_cases = [
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Header ExactMatch -> alternate_backend_service.
                      # EmptyCall is sent with the metadata.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'prefixMatch':
                              '/',
                          'headerMatches': [{
                              'headerName': _TEST_METADATA_KEY,
                              'exactMatch': _TEST_METADATA_VALUE_EMPTY
                          }]
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "EmptyCall": alternate_backend_instances,
                      "UnaryCall": original_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Header PrefixMatch -> alternate_backend_service.
                      # UnaryCall is sent with the metadata.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'prefixMatch':
                              '/',
                          'headerMatches': [{
                              'headerName': _TEST_METADATA_KEY,
                              'prefixMatch': _TEST_METADATA_VALUE_UNARY[:2]
                          }]
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "EmptyCall": original_backend_instances,
                      "UnaryCall": alternate_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Header SuffixMatch -> alternate_backend_service.
                      # EmptyCall is sent with the metadata.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'prefixMatch':
                              '/',
                          'headerMatches': [{
                              'headerName': _TEST_METADATA_KEY,
                              'suffixMatch': _TEST_METADATA_VALUE_EMPTY[-2:]
                          }]
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "EmptyCall": alternate_backend_instances,
                      "UnaryCall": original_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Header 'xds_md_numeric' present -> alternate_backend_service.
                      # UnaryCall is sent with the metadata, so will be sent to alternative.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'prefixMatch':
                              '/',
                          'headerMatches': [{
                              'headerName': _TEST_METADATA_NUMERIC_KEY,
                              'presentMatch': True
                          }]
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "EmptyCall": original_backend_instances,
                      "UnaryCall": alternate_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Header invert ExactMatch -> alternate_backend_service.
                      # UnaryCall is sent with the metadata, so will be sent to
                      # original. EmptyCall will be sent to alternative.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'prefixMatch':
                              '/',
                          'headerMatches': [{
                              'headerName': _TEST_METADATA_KEY,
                              'exactMatch': _TEST_METADATA_VALUE_UNARY,
                              'invertMatch': True
                          }]
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "EmptyCall": alternate_backend_instances,
                      "UnaryCall": original_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Header 'xds_md_numeric' range [100,200] -> alternate_backend_service.
                      # UnaryCall is sent with the metadata in range.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'prefixMatch':
                              '/',
                          'headerMatches': [{
                              'headerName': _TEST_METADATA_NUMERIC_KEY,
                              'rangeMatch': {
                                  'rangeStart': '100',
                                  'rangeEnd': '200'
                              }
                          }]
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "EmptyCall": original_backend_instances,
                      "UnaryCall": alternate_backend_instances
                  }),
              (
                  [{
                      'priority': 0,
                      # Header RegexMatch -> alternate_backend_service.
                      # EmptyCall is sent with the metadata.
                      'matchRules': [{
                          'prefixMatch':
                              '/',
                          'headerMatches': [{
                              'headerName':
                                  _TEST_METADATA_KEY,
                              'regexMatch':
                                  "^%s.*%s$" % (_TEST_METADATA_VALUE_EMPTY[:2],
                                                _TEST_METADATA_VALUE_EMPTY[-2:])
                          }]
                      }],
                      'service': alternate_backend_service.url
                  }],
                  {
                      "EmptyCall": alternate_backend_instances,
                      "UnaryCall": original_backend_instances
                  }),
          ]
  
          for (route_rules, expected_instances) in test_cases:
              logger.info('patching url map with %s -> alternative',
                          route_rules[0]['matchRules'])
              patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp,
                                            original_backend_service,
                                            route_rules=route_rules)
  
              # Wait for traffic to go to both services.
              logger.info(
                  'waiting for traffic to go to all backends (including alternate)'
              )
              wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
                  original_backend_instances + alternate_backend_instances,
                  _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
  
              retry_count = 80
              # Each attempt takes about 5 seconds, 80 retries is equivalent to 400
              # seconds timeout.
              for i in range(retry_count):
                  stats = get_client_stats(_NUM_TEST_RPCS, _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
                  if not stats.rpcs_by_method:
                      raise ValueError(
                          'stats.rpcs_by_method is None, the interop client stats service does not support this test case'
                      )
                  logger.info('attempt %d', i)
                  if compare_expected_instances(stats, expected_instances):
                      logger.info("success")
                      break
                  elif i == retry_count - 1:
                      raise Exception(
                          'timeout waiting for RPCs to the expected instances: %s'
                          % expected_instances)
      finally:
          patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp, original_backend_service)
          patch_backend_service(gcp, alternate_backend_service, [])
  
  
  def test_circuit_breaking(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group,
                            same_zone_instance_group):
      '''
      Since backend service circuit_breakers configuration cannot be unset,
      which causes trouble for restoring validate_for_proxy flag in target
      proxy/global forwarding rule. This test uses dedicated backend sevices.
      The url_map and backend services undergoes the following state changes:
  
      Before test:
         original_backend_service -> [instance_group]
         extra_backend_service -> []
         more_extra_backend_service -> []
  
         url_map -> [original_backend_service]
  
      In test:
         extra_backend_service (with circuit_breakers) -> [instance_group]
         more_extra_backend_service (with circuit_breakers) -> [same_zone_instance_group]
  
         url_map -> [extra_backend_service, more_extra_backend_service]
  
      After test:
         original_backend_service -> [instance_group]
         extra_backend_service (with circuit_breakers) -> []
         more_extra_backend_service (with circuit_breakers) -> []
  
         url_map -> [original_backend_service]
      '''
      logger.info('Running test_circuit_breaking')
      additional_backend_services = []
      try:
          # TODO(chengyuanzhang): Dedicated backend services created for circuit
          # breaking test. Once the issue for unsetting backend service circuit
          # breakers is resolved or configuring backend service circuit breakers is
          # enabled for config validation, these dedicated backend services can be
          # eliminated.
          extra_backend_service_name = _BASE_BACKEND_SERVICE_NAME + '-extra' + gcp_suffix
          more_extra_backend_service_name = _BASE_BACKEND_SERVICE_NAME + '-more-extra' + gcp_suffix
          extra_backend_service = add_backend_service(gcp,
                                                      extra_backend_service_name)
          additional_backend_services.append(extra_backend_service)
          more_extra_backend_service = add_backend_service(
              gcp, more_extra_backend_service_name)
          additional_backend_services.append(more_extra_backend_service)
          # The config validation for proxyless doesn't allow setting
          # circuit_breakers. Disable validate validate_for_proxyless
          # for this test. This can be removed when validation
          # accepts circuit_breakers.
          logger.info('disabling validate_for_proxyless in target proxy')
          set_validate_for_proxyless(gcp, False)
          extra_backend_service_max_requests = 500
          more_extra_backend_service_max_requests = 1000
          patch_backend_service(gcp,
                                extra_backend_service, [instance_group],
                                circuit_breakers={
                                    'maxRequests':
                                        extra_backend_service_max_requests
                                })
          logger.info('Waiting for extra backends to become healthy')
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, extra_backend_service, instance_group)
          patch_backend_service(gcp,
                                more_extra_backend_service,
                                [same_zone_instance_group],
                                circuit_breakers={
                                    'maxRequests':
                                        more_extra_backend_service_max_requests
                                })
          logger.info('Waiting for more extra backend to become healthy')
          wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, more_extra_backend_service,
                                    same_zone_instance_group)
          extra_backend_instances = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
          more_extra_backend_instances = get_instance_names(
              gcp, same_zone_instance_group)
          route_rules = [
              {
                  'priority': 0,
                  # UnaryCall -> extra_backend_service
                  'matchRules': [{
                      'fullPathMatch': '/grpc.testing.TestService/UnaryCall'
                  }],
                  'service': extra_backend_service.url
              },
              {
                  'priority': 1,
                  # EmptyCall -> more_extra_backend_service
                  'matchRules': [{
                      'fullPathMatch': '/grpc.testing.TestService/EmptyCall'
                  }],
                  'service': more_extra_backend_service.url
              },
          ]
  
          # Make client send UNARY_CALL and EMPTY_CALL.
          configure_client([
              messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL,
              messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.EMPTY_CALL
          ])
          logger.info('Patching url map with %s', route_rules)
          patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp,
                                        extra_backend_service,
                                        route_rules=route_rules)
          logger.info('Waiting for traffic to go to all backends')
          wait_until_all_rpcs_go_to_given_backends(
              extra_backend_instances + more_extra_backend_instances,
              _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
  
          # Make all calls keep-open.
          configure_client([
              messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL,
              messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.EMPTY_CALL
          ], [(messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL,
               'rpc-behavior', 'keep-open'),
              (messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.EMPTY_CALL,
               'rpc-behavior', 'keep-open')])
          wait_until_rpcs_in_flight(
              'UNARY_CALL', (_WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC +
                             int(extra_backend_service_max_requests / args.qps)),
              extra_backend_service_max_requests, 1)
          logger.info('UNARY_CALL reached stable state (%d)',
                      extra_backend_service_max_requests)
          wait_until_rpcs_in_flight(
              'EMPTY_CALL',
              (_WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC +
               int(more_extra_backend_service_max_requests / args.qps)),
              more_extra_backend_service_max_requests, 1)
          logger.info('EMPTY_CALL reached stable state (%d)',
                      more_extra_backend_service_max_requests)
  
          # Increment circuit breakers max_requests threshold.
          extra_backend_service_max_requests = 800
          patch_backend_service(gcp,
                                extra_backend_service, [instance_group],
                                circuit_breakers={
                                    'maxRequests':
                                        extra_backend_service_max_requests
                                })
          wait_until_rpcs_in_flight(
              'UNARY_CALL', (_WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC +
                             int(extra_backend_service_max_requests / args.qps)),
              extra_backend_service_max_requests, 1)
          logger.info('UNARY_CALL reached stable state after increase (%d)',
                      extra_backend_service_max_requests)
          logger.info('success')
          # Avoid new RPCs being outstanding (some test clients create threads
          # for sending RPCs) after restoring backend services.
          configure_client(
              [messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL])
      finally:
          patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp, original_backend_service)
          patch_backend_service(gcp, original_backend_service, [instance_group])
          for backend_service in additional_backend_services:
              delete_backend_service(gcp, backend_service)
          set_validate_for_proxyless(gcp, True)
  
  
  def test_timeout(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group):
      logger.info('Running test_timeout')
  
      logger.info('waiting for original backends to become healthy')
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, original_backend_service, instance_group)
  
      # UnaryCall -> maxStreamDuration:3s
      route_rules = [{
          'priority': 0,
          'matchRules': [{
              'fullPathMatch': '/grpc.testing.TestService/UnaryCall'
          }],
          'service': original_backend_service.url,
          'routeAction': {
              'maxStreamDuration': {
                  'seconds': 3,
              },
          },
      }]
      patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp,
                                    original_backend_service,
                                    route_rules=route_rules)
      # A list of tuples (testcase_name, {client_config}, {expected_results})
      test_cases = [
          (
              'app_timeout_exceeded',
              # UnaryCall only with sleep-2; timeout=1s; calls timeout.
              {
                  'rpc_types': [
                      messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL,
                  ],
                  'metadata': [
                      (messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL,
                       'rpc-behavior', 'sleep-2'),
                  ],
                  'timeout_sec': 1,
              },
              {
                  'UNARY_CALL': 4,  # DEADLINE_EXCEEDED
              },
          ),
          (
              'timeout_not_exceeded',
              # UnaryCall only with no sleep; calls succeed.
              {
                  'rpc_types': [
                      messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL,
                  ],
              },
              {
                  'UNARY_CALL': 0,
              },
          ),
          (
              'timeout_exceeded (UNARY_CALL), timeout_different_route (EMPTY_CALL)',
              # UnaryCall and EmptyCall both sleep-4.
              # UnaryCall timeouts, EmptyCall succeeds.
              {
                  'rpc_types': [
                      messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL,
                      messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.EMPTY_CALL,
                  ],
                  'metadata': [
                      (messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.UNARY_CALL,
                       'rpc-behavior', 'sleep-4'),
                      (messages_pb2.ClientConfigureRequest.RpcType.EMPTY_CALL,
                       'rpc-behavior', 'sleep-4'),
                  ],
              },
              {
                  'UNARY_CALL': 4,  # DEADLINE_EXCEEDED
                  'EMPTY_CALL': 0,
              },
          ),
      ]
  
      try:
          for (testcase_name, client_config, expected_results) in test_cases:
              logger.info('starting case %s', testcase_name)
              configure_client(**client_config)
              # wait a second to help ensure the client stops sending RPCs with
              # the old config.  We will make multiple attempts if it is failing,
              # but this improves confidence that the test is valid if the
              # previous client_config would lead to the same results.
              time.sleep(1)
              # Each attempt takes 10 seconds; 20 attempts is equivalent to 200
              # second timeout.
              attempt_count = 20
              before_stats = get_client_accumulated_stats()
              if not before_stats.stats_per_method:
                  raise ValueError(
                      'stats.stats_per_method is None, the interop client stats service does not support this test case'
                  )
              for i in range(attempt_count):
                  logger.info('%s: attempt %d', testcase_name, i)
  
                  test_runtime_secs = 10
                  time.sleep(test_runtime_secs)
                  after_stats = get_client_accumulated_stats()
  
                  success = True
                  for rpc, status in expected_results.items():
                      qty = (after_stats.stats_per_method[rpc].result[status] -
                             before_stats.stats_per_method[rpc].result[status])
                      want = test_runtime_secs * args.qps
                      # Allow 10% deviation from expectation to reduce flakiness
                      if qty < (want * .9) or qty > (want * 1.1):
                          logger.info('%s: failed due to %s[%s]: got %d want ~%d',
                                      testcase_name, rpc, status, qty, want)
                          success = False
                  if success:
                      break
                  logger.info('%s attempt %d failed', testcase_name, i)
                  before_stats = after_stats
              else:
                  raise Exception(
                      '%s: timeout waiting for expected results: %s; got %s' %
                      (testcase_name, expected_results,
                       after_stats.stats_per_method))
      finally:
          patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp, original_backend_service)
  
  
  def set_validate_for_proxyless(gcp, validate_for_proxyless):
      if not gcp.alpha_compute:
          logger.debug(
              'Not setting validateForProxy because alpha is not enabled')
          return
      # This function deletes global_forwarding_rule and target_proxy, then
      # recreate target_proxy with validateForProxyless=False. This is necessary
      # because patching target_grpc_proxy isn't supported.
      delete_global_forwarding_rule(gcp)
      delete_target_proxy(gcp)
      create_target_proxy(gcp, gcp.target_proxy.name, validate_for_proxyless)
      create_global_forwarding_rule(gcp, gcp.global_forwarding_rule.name,
                                    [gcp.service_port])
  
  
  def get_serving_status(instance, service_port):
      with grpc.insecure_channel('%s:%d' % (instance, service_port)) as channel:
          health_stub = health_pb2_grpc.HealthStub(channel)
          return health_stub.Check(health_pb2.HealthCheckRequest())
  
  
  def set_serving_status(instances, service_port, serving):
      logger.info('setting %s serving status to %s', instances, serving)
      for instance in instances:
          with grpc.insecure_channel('%s:%d' %
                                     (instance, service_port)) as channel:
              logger.info('setting %s serving status to %s', instance, serving)
              stub = test_pb2_grpc.XdsUpdateHealthServiceStub(channel)
              retry_count = 5
              for i in range(5):
                  if serving:
                      stub.SetServing(empty_pb2.Empty())
                  else:
                      stub.SetNotServing(empty_pb2.Empty())
                  serving_status = get_serving_status(instance, service_port)
                  logger.info('got instance service status %s', serving_status)
                  want_status = health_pb2.HealthCheckResponse.SERVING if serving else health_pb2.HealthCheckResponse.NOT_SERVING
                  if serving_status.status == want_status:
                      break
                  if i == retry_count - 1:
                      raise Exception(
                          'failed to set instance service status after %d retries'
                          % retry_count)
  
  
  def is_primary_instance_group(gcp, instance_group):
      # Clients may connect to a TD instance in a different region than the
      # client, in which case primary/secondary assignments may not be based on
      # the client's actual locality.
      instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
      stats = get_client_stats(_NUM_TEST_RPCS, _WAIT_FOR_STATS_SEC)
      return all(peer in instance_names for peer in stats.rpcs_by_peer.keys())
  
  
  def get_startup_script(path_to_server_binary, service_port):
      if path_to_server_binary:
          return "nohup %s --port=%d 1>/dev/null &" % (path_to_server_binary,
                                                       service_port)
      else:
          return """#!/bin/bash
  sudo apt update
  sudo apt install -y git default-jdk
  mkdir java_server
  pushd java_server
  git clone https://github.com/grpc/grpc-java.git
  pushd grpc-java
  pushd interop-testing
  ../gradlew installDist -x test -PskipCodegen=true -PskipAndroid=true
  
  nohup build/install/grpc-interop-testing/bin/xds-test-server \
      --port=%d 1>/dev/null &""" % service_port
  
  
  def create_instance_template(gcp, name, network, source_image, machine_type,
                               startup_script):
      config = {
          'name': name,
          'properties': {
              'tags': {
                  'items': ['allow-health-checks']
              },
              'machineType': machine_type,
              'serviceAccounts': [{
                  'email': 'default',
                  'scopes': ['https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform',]
              }],
              'networkInterfaces': [{
                  'accessConfigs': [{
                      'type': 'ONE_TO_ONE_NAT'
                  }],
                  'network': network
              }],
              'disks': [{
                  'boot': True,
                  'initializeParams': {
                      'sourceImage': source_image
                  }
              }],
              'metadata': {
                  'items': [{
                      'key': 'startup-script',
                      'value': startup_script
                  }]
              }
          }
      }
  
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = gcp.compute.instanceTemplates().insert(
          project=gcp.project, body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      gcp.instance_template = GcpResource(config['name'], result['targetLink'])
  
  
  def add_instance_group(gcp, zone, name, size):
      config = {
          'name': name,
          'instanceTemplate': gcp.instance_template.url,
          'targetSize': size,
          'namedPorts': [{
              'name': 'grpc',
              'port': gcp.service_port
          }]
      }
  
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = gcp.compute.instanceGroupManagers().insert(
          project=gcp.project, zone=zone,
          body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_zone_operation(gcp, zone, result['name'])
      result = gcp.compute.instanceGroupManagers().get(
          project=gcp.project, zone=zone,
          instanceGroupManager=config['name']).execute(
              num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      instance_group = InstanceGroup(config['name'], result['instanceGroup'],
                                     zone)
      gcp.instance_groups.append(instance_group)
      wait_for_instance_group_to_reach_expected_size(gcp, instance_group, size,
                                                     _WAIT_FOR_OPERATION_SEC)
      return instance_group
  
  
  def create_health_check(gcp, name):
      if gcp.alpha_compute:
          config = {
              'name': name,
              'type': 'GRPC',
              'grpcHealthCheck': {
                  'portSpecification': 'USE_SERVING_PORT'
              }
          }
          compute_to_use = gcp.alpha_compute
      else:
          config = {
              'name': name,
              'type': 'TCP',
              'tcpHealthCheck': {
                  'portName': 'grpc'
              }
          }
          compute_to_use = gcp.compute
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = compute_to_use.healthChecks().insert(
          project=gcp.project, body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      gcp.health_check = GcpResource(config['name'], result['targetLink'])
  
  
  def create_health_check_firewall_rule(gcp, name):
      config = {
          'name': name,
          'direction': 'INGRESS',
          'allowed': [{
              'IPProtocol': 'tcp'
          }],
          'sourceRanges': ['35.191.0.0/16', '130.211.0.0/22'],
          'targetTags': ['allow-health-checks'],
      }
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = gcp.compute.firewalls().insert(
          project=gcp.project, body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      gcp.health_check_firewall_rule = GcpResource(config['name'],
                                                   result['targetLink'])
  
  
  def add_backend_service(gcp, name):
      if gcp.alpha_compute:
          protocol = 'GRPC'
          compute_to_use = gcp.alpha_compute
      else:
          protocol = 'HTTP2'
          compute_to_use = gcp.compute
      config = {
          'name': name,
          'loadBalancingScheme': 'INTERNAL_SELF_MANAGED',
          'healthChecks': [gcp.health_check.url],
          'portName': 'grpc',
          'protocol': protocol
      }
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = compute_to_use.backendServices().insert(
          project=gcp.project, body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      backend_service = GcpResource(config['name'], result['targetLink'])
      gcp.backend_services.append(backend_service)
      return backend_service
  
  
  def create_url_map(gcp, name, backend_service, host_name):
      config = {
          'name': name,
          'defaultService': backend_service.url,
          'pathMatchers': [{
              'name': _PATH_MATCHER_NAME,
              'defaultService': backend_service.url,
          }],
          'hostRules': [{
              'hosts': [host_name],
              'pathMatcher': _PATH_MATCHER_NAME
          }]
      }
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = gcp.compute.urlMaps().insert(
          project=gcp.project, body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      gcp.url_map = GcpResource(config['name'], result['targetLink'])
  
  
  def patch_url_map_host_rule_with_port(gcp, name, backend_service, host_name):
      config = {
          'hostRules': [{
              'hosts': ['%s:%d' % (host_name, gcp.service_port)],
              'pathMatcher': _PATH_MATCHER_NAME
          }]
      }
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = gcp.compute.urlMaps().patch(
          project=gcp.project, urlMap=name,
          body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
  
  
  def create_target_proxy(gcp, name, validate_for_proxyless=True):
      if gcp.alpha_compute:
          config = {
              'name': name,
              'url_map': gcp.url_map.url,
              'validate_for_proxyless': validate_for_proxyless
          }
          logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
          result = gcp.alpha_compute.targetGrpcProxies().insert(
              project=gcp.project,
              body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      else:
          config = {
              'name': name,
              'url_map': gcp.url_map.url,
          }
          logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
          result = gcp.compute.targetHttpProxies().insert(
              project=gcp.project,
              body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      gcp.target_proxy = GcpResource(config['name'], result['targetLink'])
  
  
  def create_global_forwarding_rule(gcp, name, potential_ports):
      if gcp.alpha_compute:
          compute_to_use = gcp.alpha_compute
      else:
          compute_to_use = gcp.compute
      for port in potential_ports:
          try:
              config = {
                  'name': name,
                  'loadBalancingScheme': 'INTERNAL_SELF_MANAGED',
                  'portRange': str(port),
                  'IPAddress': '0.0.0.0',
                  'network': args.network,
                  'target': gcp.target_proxy.url,
              }
              logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
              result = compute_to_use.globalForwardingRules().insert(
                  project=gcp.project,
                  body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
              wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
              gcp.global_forwarding_rule = GcpResource(config['name'],
                                                       result['targetLink'])
              gcp.service_port = port
              return
          except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
              logger.warning(
                  'Got error %s when attempting to create forwarding rule to '
                  '0.0.0.0:%d. Retrying with another port.' % (http_error, port))
  
  
  def get_health_check(gcp, health_check_name):
      result = gcp.compute.healthChecks().get(
          project=gcp.project, healthCheck=health_check_name).execute()
      gcp.health_check = GcpResource(health_check_name, result['selfLink'])
  
  
  def get_health_check_firewall_rule(gcp, firewall_name):
      result = gcp.compute.firewalls().get(project=gcp.project,
                                           firewall=firewall_name).execute()
      gcp.health_check_firewall_rule = GcpResource(firewall_name,
                                                   result['selfLink'])
  
  
  def get_backend_service(gcp, backend_service_name):
      result = gcp.compute.backendServices().get(
          project=gcp.project, backendService=backend_service_name).execute()
      backend_service = GcpResource(backend_service_name, result['selfLink'])
      gcp.backend_services.append(backend_service)
      return backend_service
  
  
  def get_url_map(gcp, url_map_name):
      result = gcp.compute.urlMaps().get(project=gcp.project,
                                         urlMap=url_map_name).execute()
      gcp.url_map = GcpResource(url_map_name, result['selfLink'])
  
  
  def get_target_proxy(gcp, target_proxy_name):
      if gcp.alpha_compute:
          result = gcp.alpha_compute.targetGrpcProxies().get(
              project=gcp.project, targetGrpcProxy=target_proxy_name).execute()
      else:
          result = gcp.compute.targetHttpProxies().get(
              project=gcp.project, targetHttpProxy=target_proxy_name).execute()
      gcp.target_proxy = GcpResource(target_proxy_name, result['selfLink'])
  
  
  def get_global_forwarding_rule(gcp, forwarding_rule_name):
      result = gcp.compute.globalForwardingRules().get(
          project=gcp.project, forwardingRule=forwarding_rule_name).execute()
      gcp.global_forwarding_rule = GcpResource(forwarding_rule_name,
                                               result['selfLink'])
  
  
  def get_instance_template(gcp, template_name):
      result = gcp.compute.instanceTemplates().get(
          project=gcp.project, instanceTemplate=template_name).execute()
      gcp.instance_template = GcpResource(template_name, result['selfLink'])
  
  
  def get_instance_group(gcp, zone, instance_group_name):
      result = gcp.compute.instanceGroups().get(
          project=gcp.project, zone=zone,
          instanceGroup=instance_group_name).execute()
      gcp.service_port = result['namedPorts'][0]['port']
      instance_group = InstanceGroup(instance_group_name, result['selfLink'],
                                     zone)
      gcp.instance_groups.append(instance_group)
      return instance_group
  
  
  def delete_global_forwarding_rule(gcp):
      try:
          result = gcp.compute.globalForwardingRules().delete(
              project=gcp.project,
              forwardingRule=gcp.global_forwarding_rule.name).execute(
                  num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
          logger.info('Delete failed: %s', http_error)
  
  
  def delete_target_proxy(gcp):
      try:
          if gcp.alpha_compute:
              result = gcp.alpha_compute.targetGrpcProxies().delete(
                  project=gcp.project,
                  targetGrpcProxy=gcp.target_proxy.name).execute(
                      num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          else:
              result = gcp.compute.targetHttpProxies().delete(
                  project=gcp.project,
                  targetHttpProxy=gcp.target_proxy.name).execute(
                      num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
          logger.info('Delete failed: %s', http_error)
  
  
  def delete_url_map(gcp):
      try:
          result = gcp.compute.urlMaps().delete(
              project=gcp.project,
              urlMap=gcp.url_map.name).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
          logger.info('Delete failed: %s', http_error)
  
  
  def delete_backend_service(gcp, backend_service):
      try:
          result = gcp.compute.backendServices().delete(
              project=gcp.project, backendService=backend_service.name).execute(
                  num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
          logger.info('Delete failed: %s', http_error)
  
  
  def delete_backend_services(gcp):
      for backend_service in gcp.backend_services:
          delete_backend_service(gcp, backend_service)
  
  
  def delete_firewall(gcp):
      try:
          result = gcp.compute.firewalls().delete(
              project=gcp.project,
              firewall=gcp.health_check_firewall_rule.name).execute(
                  num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
          logger.info('Delete failed: %s', http_error)
  
  
  def delete_health_check(gcp):
      try:
          result = gcp.compute.healthChecks().delete(
              project=gcp.project, healthCheck=gcp.health_check.name).execute(
                  num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
          logger.info('Delete failed: %s', http_error)
  
  
  def delete_instance_groups(gcp):
      for instance_group in gcp.instance_groups:
          try:
              result = gcp.compute.instanceGroupManagers().delete(
                  project=gcp.project,
                  zone=instance_group.zone,
                  instanceGroupManager=instance_group.name).execute(
                      num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
              wait_for_zone_operation(gcp,
                                      instance_group.zone,
                                      result['name'],
                                      timeout_sec=_WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
          except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
              logger.info('Delete failed: %s', http_error)
  
  
  def delete_instance_template(gcp):
      try:
          result = gcp.compute.instanceTemplates().delete(
              project=gcp.project,
              instanceTemplate=gcp.instance_template.name).execute(
                  num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
      except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
          logger.info('Delete failed: %s', http_error)
  
  
  def patch_backend_service(gcp,
                            backend_service,
                            instance_groups,
                            balancing_mode='UTILIZATION',
                            max_rate=1,
                            circuit_breakers=None):
      if gcp.alpha_compute:
          compute_to_use = gcp.alpha_compute
      else:
          compute_to_use = gcp.compute
      config = {
          'backends': [{
              'group': instance_group.url,
              'balancingMode': balancing_mode,
              'maxRate': max_rate if balancing_mode == 'RATE' else None
          } for instance_group in instance_groups],
          'circuitBreakers': circuit_breakers,
      }
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = compute_to_use.backendServices().patch(
          project=gcp.project, backendService=backend_service.name,
          body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp,
                                result['name'],
                                timeout_sec=_WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC)
  
  
  def resize_instance_group(gcp,
                            instance_group,
                            new_size,
                            timeout_sec=_WAIT_FOR_OPERATION_SEC):
      result = gcp.compute.instanceGroupManagers().resize(
          project=gcp.project,
          zone=instance_group.zone,
          instanceGroupManager=instance_group.name,
          size=new_size).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_zone_operation(gcp,
                              instance_group.zone,
                              result['name'],
                              timeout_sec=360)
      wait_for_instance_group_to_reach_expected_size(gcp, instance_group,
                                                     new_size, timeout_sec)
  
  
  def patch_url_map_backend_service(gcp,
                                    backend_service=None,
                                    services_with_weights=None,
                                    route_rules=None):
      '''change url_map's backend service
  
      Only one of backend_service and service_with_weights can be not None.
      '''
      if gcp.alpha_compute:
          compute_to_use = gcp.alpha_compute
      else:
          compute_to_use = gcp.compute
  
      if backend_service and services_with_weights:
          raise ValueError(
              'both backend_service and service_with_weights are not None.')
  
      default_service = backend_service.url if backend_service else None
      default_route_action = {
          'weightedBackendServices': [{
              'backendService': service.url,
              'weight': w,
          } for service, w in services_with_weights.items()]
      } if services_with_weights else None
  
      config = {
          'pathMatchers': [{
              'name': _PATH_MATCHER_NAME,
              'defaultService': default_service,
              'defaultRouteAction': default_route_action,
              'routeRules': route_rules,
          }]
      }
      logger.debug('Sending GCP request with body=%s', config)
      result = compute_to_use.urlMaps().patch(
          project=gcp.project, urlMap=gcp.url_map.name,
          body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      wait_for_global_operation(gcp, result['name'])
  
  
  def wait_for_instance_group_to_reach_expected_size(gcp, instance_group,
                                                     expected_size, timeout_sec):
      start_time = time.time()
      while True:
          current_size = len(get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group))
          if current_size == expected_size:
              break
          if time.time() - start_time > timeout_sec:
              raise Exception(
                  'Instance group had expected size %d but actual size %d' %
                  (expected_size, current_size))
          time.sleep(2)
  
  
  def wait_for_global_operation(gcp,
                                operation,
                                timeout_sec=_WAIT_FOR_OPERATION_SEC):
      start_time = time.time()
      while time.time() - start_time <= timeout_sec:
          result = gcp.compute.globalOperations().get(
              project=gcp.project,
              operation=operation).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          if result['status'] == 'DONE':
              if 'error' in result:
                  raise Exception(result['error'])
              return
          time.sleep(2)
      raise Exception('Operation %s did not complete within %d' %
                      (operation, timeout_sec))
  
  
  def wait_for_zone_operation(gcp,
                              zone,
                              operation,
                              timeout_sec=_WAIT_FOR_OPERATION_SEC):
      start_time = time.time()
      while time.time() - start_time <= timeout_sec:
          result = gcp.compute.zoneOperations().get(
              project=gcp.project, zone=zone,
              operation=operation).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          if result['status'] == 'DONE':
              if 'error' in result:
                  raise Exception(result['error'])
              return
          time.sleep(2)
      raise Exception('Operation %s did not complete within %d' %
                      (operation, timeout_sec))
  
  
  def wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp,
                                backend_service,
                                instance_group,
                                timeout_sec=_WAIT_FOR_BACKEND_SEC):
      start_time = time.time()
      config = {'group': instance_group.url}
      instance_names = get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group)
      expected_size = len(instance_names)
      while time.time() - start_time <= timeout_sec:
          for instance_name in instance_names:
              try:
                  status = get_serving_status(instance_name, gcp.service_port)
                  logger.info('serving status response from %s: %s',
                              instance_name, status)
              except grpc.RpcError as rpc_error:
                  logger.info('checking serving status of %s failed: %s',
                              instance_name, rpc_error)
          result = gcp.compute.backendServices().getHealth(
              project=gcp.project,
              backendService=backend_service.name,
              body=config).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
          if 'healthStatus' in result:
              logger.info('received GCP healthStatus: %s', result['healthStatus'])
              healthy = True
              for instance in result['healthStatus']:
                  if instance['healthState'] != 'HEALTHY':
                      healthy = False
                      break
              if healthy and expected_size == len(result['healthStatus']):
                  return
          else:
              logger.info('no healthStatus received from GCP')
          time.sleep(5)
      raise Exception('Not all backends became healthy within %d seconds: %s' %
                      (timeout_sec, result))
  
  
  def get_instance_names(gcp, instance_group):
      instance_names = []
      result = gcp.compute.instanceGroups().listInstances(
          project=gcp.project,
          zone=instance_group.zone,
          instanceGroup=instance_group.name,
          body={
              'instanceState': 'ALL'
          }).execute(num_retries=_GCP_API_RETRIES)
      if 'items' not in result:
          return []
      for item in result['items']:
          # listInstances() returns the full URL of the instance, which ends with
          # the instance name. compute.instances().get() requires using the
          # instance name (not the full URL) to look up instance details, so we
          # just extract the name manually.
          instance_name = item['instance'].split('/')[-1]
          instance_names.append(instance_name)
      logger.info('retrieved instance names: %s', instance_names)
      return instance_names
  
  
  def clean_up(gcp):
      if gcp.global_forwarding_rule:
          delete_global_forwarding_rule(gcp)
      if gcp.target_proxy:
          delete_target_proxy(gcp)
      if gcp.url_map:
          delete_url_map(gcp)
      delete_backend_services(gcp)
      if gcp.health_check_firewall_rule:
          delete_firewall(gcp)
      if gcp.health_check:
          delete_health_check(gcp)
      delete_instance_groups(gcp)
      if gcp.instance_template:
          delete_instance_template(gcp)
  
  
  class InstanceGroup(object):
  
      def __init__(self, name, url, zone):
          self.name = name
          self.url = url
          self.zone = zone
  
  
  class GcpResource(object):
  
      def __init__(self, name, url):
          self.name = name
          self.url = url
  
  
  class GcpState(object):
  
      def __init__(self, compute, alpha_compute, project, project_num):
          self.compute = compute
          self.alpha_compute = alpha_compute
          self.project = project
          self.project_num = project_num
          self.health_check = None
          self.health_check_firewall_rule = None
          self.backend_services = []
          self.url_map = None
          self.target_proxy = None
          self.global_forwarding_rule = None
          self.service_port = None
          self.instance_template = None
          self.instance_groups = []
  
  
  alpha_compute = None
  if args.compute_discovery_document:
      with open(args.compute_discovery_document, 'r') as discovery_doc:
          compute = googleapiclient.discovery.build_from_document(
              discovery_doc.read())
      if not args.only_stable_gcp_apis and args.alpha_compute_discovery_document:
          with open(args.alpha_compute_discovery_document, 'r') as discovery_doc:
              alpha_compute = googleapiclient.discovery.build_from_document(
                  discovery_doc.read())
  else:
      compute = googleapiclient.discovery.build('compute', 'v1')
      if not args.only_stable_gcp_apis:
          alpha_compute = googleapiclient.discovery.build('compute', 'alpha')
  
  try:
      gcp = GcpState(compute, alpha_compute, args.project_id, args.project_num)
      gcp_suffix = args.gcp_suffix
      health_check_name = _BASE_HEALTH_CHECK_NAME + gcp_suffix
      if not args.use_existing_gcp_resources:
          if args.keep_gcp_resources:
              # Auto-generating a unique suffix in case of conflict should not be
              # combined with --keep_gcp_resources, as the suffix actually used
              # for GCP resources will not match the provided --gcp_suffix value.
              num_attempts = 1
          else:
              num_attempts = 5
          for i in range(num_attempts):
              try:
                  logger.info('Using GCP suffix %s', gcp_suffix)
                  create_health_check(gcp, health_check_name)
                  break
              except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
                  gcp_suffix = '%s-%04d' % (gcp_suffix, random.randint(0, 9999))
                  health_check_name = _BASE_HEALTH_CHECK_NAME + gcp_suffix
                  logger.exception('HttpError when creating health check')
          if gcp.health_check is None:
              raise Exception('Failed to create health check name after %d '
                              'attempts' % num_attempts)
      firewall_name = _BASE_FIREWALL_RULE_NAME + gcp_suffix
      backend_service_name = _BASE_BACKEND_SERVICE_NAME + gcp_suffix
      alternate_backend_service_name = _BASE_BACKEND_SERVICE_NAME + '-alternate' + gcp_suffix
      url_map_name = _BASE_URL_MAP_NAME + gcp_suffix
      service_host_name = _BASE_SERVICE_HOST + gcp_suffix
      target_proxy_name = _BASE_TARGET_PROXY_NAME + gcp_suffix
      forwarding_rule_name = _BASE_FORWARDING_RULE_NAME + gcp_suffix
      template_name = _BASE_TEMPLATE_NAME + gcp_suffix
      instance_group_name = _BASE_INSTANCE_GROUP_NAME + gcp_suffix
      same_zone_instance_group_name = _BASE_INSTANCE_GROUP_NAME + '-same-zone' + gcp_suffix
      secondary_zone_instance_group_name = _BASE_INSTANCE_GROUP_NAME + '-secondary-zone' + gcp_suffix
      if args.use_existing_gcp_resources:
          logger.info('Reusing existing GCP resources')
          get_health_check(gcp, health_check_name)
          try:
              get_health_check_firewall_rule(gcp, firewall_name)
          except googleapiclient.errors.HttpError as http_error:
              # Firewall rule may be auto-deleted periodically depending on GCP
              # project settings.
              logger.exception('Failed to find firewall rule, recreating')
              create_health_check_firewall_rule(gcp, firewall_name)
          backend_service = get_backend_service(gcp, backend_service_name)
          alternate_backend_service = get_backend_service(
              gcp, alternate_backend_service_name)
          get_url_map(gcp, url_map_name)
          get_target_proxy(gcp, target_proxy_name)
          get_global_forwarding_rule(gcp, forwarding_rule_name)
          get_instance_template(gcp, template_name)
          instance_group = get_instance_group(gcp, args.zone, instance_group_name)
          same_zone_instance_group = get_instance_group(
              gcp, args.zone, same_zone_instance_group_name)
          secondary_zone_instance_group = get_instance_group(
              gcp, args.secondary_zone, secondary_zone_instance_group_name)
      else:
          create_health_check_firewall_rule(gcp, firewall_name)
          backend_service = add_backend_service(gcp, backend_service_name)
          alternate_backend_service = add_backend_service(
              gcp, alternate_backend_service_name)
          create_url_map(gcp, url_map_name, backend_service, service_host_name)
          create_target_proxy(gcp, target_proxy_name)
          potential_service_ports = list(args.service_port_range)
          random.shuffle(potential_service_ports)
          create_global_forwarding_rule(gcp, forwarding_rule_name,
                                        potential_service_ports)
          if not gcp.service_port:
              raise Exception(
                  'Failed to find a valid ip:port for the forwarding rule')
          if gcp.service_port != _DEFAULT_SERVICE_PORT:
              patch_url_map_host_rule_with_port(gcp, url_map_name,
                                                backend_service,
                                                service_host_name)
          startup_script = get_startup_script(args.path_to_server_binary,
                                              gcp.service_port)
          create_instance_template(gcp, template_name, args.network,
                                   args.source_image, args.machine_type,
                                   startup_script)
          instance_group = add_instance_group(gcp, args.zone, instance_group_name,
                                              _INSTANCE_GROUP_SIZE)
          patch_backend_service(gcp, backend_service, [instance_group])
          same_zone_instance_group = add_instance_group(
              gcp, args.zone, same_zone_instance_group_name, _INSTANCE_GROUP_SIZE)
          secondary_zone_instance_group = add_instance_group(
              gcp, args.secondary_zone, secondary_zone_instance_group_name,
              _INSTANCE_GROUP_SIZE)
  
      wait_for_healthy_backends(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
  
      if args.test_case:
          client_env = dict(os.environ)
          bootstrap_server_features = []
          if gcp.service_port == _DEFAULT_SERVICE_PORT:
              server_uri = service_host_name
          else:
              server_uri = service_host_name + ':' + str(gcp.service_port)
          if args.xds_v3_support:
              client_env['GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_V3_SUPPORT'] = 'true'
              bootstrap_server_features.append('xds_v3')
          if args.bootstrap_file:
              bootstrap_path = os.path.abspath(args.bootstrap_file)
          else:
              with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as bootstrap_file:
                  bootstrap_file.write(
                      _BOOTSTRAP_TEMPLATE.format(
                          node_id='projects/%s/networks/%s/nodes/%s' %
                          (gcp.project_num, args.network.split('/')[-1],
                           uuid.uuid1()),
                          server_features=json.dumps(
                              bootstrap_server_features)).encode('utf-8'))
                  bootstrap_path = bootstrap_file.name
          client_env['GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP'] = bootstrap_path
          client_env['GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_CIRCUIT_BREAKING'] = 'true'
          client_env['GRPC_XDS_EXPERIMENTAL_ENABLE_TIMEOUT'] = 'true'
          test_results = {}
          failed_tests = []
          for test_case in args.test_case:
              if test_case in _V3_TEST_CASES and not args.xds_v3_support:
                  logger.info('skipping test %s due to missing v3 support',
                              test_case)
                  continue
              if test_case in _ALPHA_TEST_CASES and not gcp.alpha_compute:
                  logger.info('skipping test %s due to missing alpha support',
                              test_case)
                  continue
              result = jobset.JobResult()
              log_dir = os.path.join(_TEST_LOG_BASE_DIR, test_case)
              if not os.path.exists(log_dir):
                  os.makedirs(log_dir)
              test_log_filename = os.path.join(log_dir, _SPONGE_LOG_NAME)
              test_log_file = open(test_log_filename, 'w+')
              client_process = None
  
              if test_case in _TESTS_TO_RUN_MULTIPLE_RPCS:
                  rpcs_to_send = '--rpc="UnaryCall,EmptyCall"'
              else:
                  rpcs_to_send = '--rpc="UnaryCall"'
  
              if test_case in _TESTS_TO_SEND_METADATA:
                  metadata_to_send = '--metadata="EmptyCall:{keyE}:{valueE},UnaryCall:{keyU}:{valueU},UnaryCall:{keyNU}:{valueNU}"'.format(
                      keyE=_TEST_METADATA_KEY,
                      valueE=_TEST_METADATA_VALUE_EMPTY,
                      keyU=_TEST_METADATA_KEY,
                      valueU=_TEST_METADATA_VALUE_UNARY,
                      keyNU=_TEST_METADATA_NUMERIC_KEY,
                      valueNU=_TEST_METADATA_NUMERIC_VALUE)
              else:
                  # Setting the arg explicitly to empty with '--metadata=""'
                  # makes C# client fail
                  # (see https://github.com/commandlineparser/commandline/issues/412),
                  # so instead we just rely on clients using the default when
                  # metadata arg is not specified.
                  metadata_to_send = ''
  
              # TODO(ericgribkoff) Temporarily disable fail_on_failed_rpc checks
              # in the client. This means we will ignore intermittent RPC
              # failures (but this framework still checks that the final result
              # is as expected).
              #
              # Reason for disabling this is, the resources are shared by
              # multiple tests, and a change in previous test could be delayed
              # until the second test starts. The second test may see
              # intermittent failures because of that.
              #
              # A fix is to not share resources between tests (though that does
              # mean the tests will be significantly slower due to creating new
              # resources).
              fail_on_failed_rpc = ''
  
              try:
                  if not CLIENT_HOSTS:
                      client_cmd_formatted = args.client_cmd.format(
                          server_uri=server_uri,
                          stats_port=args.stats_port,
                          qps=args.qps,
                          fail_on_failed_rpc=fail_on_failed_rpc,
                          rpcs_to_send=rpcs_to_send,
                          metadata_to_send=metadata_to_send)
                      logger.debug('running client: %s', client_cmd_formatted)
                      client_cmd = shlex.split(client_cmd_formatted)
                      client_process = subprocess.Popen(client_cmd,
                                                        env=client_env,
                                                        stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
                                                        stdout=test_log_file)
                  if test_case == 'backends_restart':
                      test_backends_restart(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'change_backend_service':
                      test_change_backend_service(gcp, backend_service,
                                                  instance_group,
                                                  alternate_backend_service,
                                                  same_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'gentle_failover':
                      test_gentle_failover(gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                                           secondary_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'load_report_based_failover':
                      test_load_report_based_failover(
                          gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                          secondary_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'ping_pong':
                      test_ping_pong(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'remove_instance_group':
                      test_remove_instance_group(gcp, backend_service,
                                                 instance_group,
                                                 same_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'round_robin':
                      test_round_robin(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'secondary_locality_gets_no_requests_on_partial_primary_failure':
                      test_secondary_locality_gets_no_requests_on_partial_primary_failure(
                          gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                          secondary_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'secondary_locality_gets_requests_on_primary_failure':
                      test_secondary_locality_gets_requests_on_primary_failure(
                          gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                          secondary_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'traffic_splitting':
                      test_traffic_splitting(gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                                             alternate_backend_service,
                                             same_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'path_matching':
                      test_path_matching(gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                                         alternate_backend_service,
                                         same_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'header_matching':
                      test_header_matching(gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                                           alternate_backend_service,
                                           same_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'circuit_breaking':
                      test_circuit_breaking(gcp, backend_service, instance_group,
                                            same_zone_instance_group)
                  elif test_case == 'timeout':
                      test_timeout(gcp, backend_service, instance_group)
                  else:
                      logger.error('Unknown test case: %s', test_case)
                      sys.exit(1)
                  if client_process and client_process.poll() is not None:
                      raise Exception(
                          'Client process exited prematurely with exit code %d' %
                          client_process.returncode)
                  result.state = 'PASSED'
                  result.returncode = 0
              except Exception as e:
                  logger.exception('Test case %s failed', test_case)
                  failed_tests.append(test_case)
                  result.state = 'FAILED'
                  result.message = str(e)
              finally:
                  if client_process:
                      if client_process.returncode:
                          logger.info('Client exited with code %d' %
                                      client_process.returncode)
                      else:
                          client_process.terminate()
                  test_log_file.close()
                  # Workaround for Python 3, as report_utils will invoke decode() on
                  # result.message, which has a default value of ''.
                  result.message = result.message.encode('UTF-8')
                  test_results[test_case] = [result]
                  if args.log_client_output:
                      logger.info('Client output:')
                      with open(test_log_filename, 'r') as client_output:
                          logger.info(client_output.read())
          if not os.path.exists(_TEST_LOG_BASE_DIR):
              os.makedirs(_TEST_LOG_BASE_DIR)
          report_utils.render_junit_xml_report(test_results,
                                               os.path.join(
                                                   _TEST_LOG_BASE_DIR,
                                                   _SPONGE_XML_NAME),
                                               suite_name='xds_tests',
                                               multi_target=True)
          if failed_tests:
              logger.error('Test case(s) %s failed', failed_tests)
              sys.exit(1)
  finally:
      if not args.keep_gcp_resources:
          logger.info('Cleaning up GCP resources. This may take some time.')
          clean_up(gcp)
  