text: ﻿// fast_float by Daniel Lemire
  // fast_float by João Paulo Magalhaes
  //
  // with contributions from Eugene Golushkov
  // with contributions from Maksim Kita
  // with contributions from Marcin Wojdyr
  // with contributions from Neal Richardson
  // with contributions from Tim Paine
  // with contributions from Fabio Pellacini
  //
  // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, or the
  // MIT License at your option. This file may not be copied,
  // modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
  //
  // MIT License Notice
  //
  //    MIT License
  //    
  //    Copyright (c) 2021 The fast_float authors
  //    
  //    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
  //    person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
  //    documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
  //    Software without restriction, including without
  //    limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
  //    publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
  //    the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
  //    is furnished to do so, subject to the following
  //    conditions:
  //    
  //    The above copyright notice and this permission notice
  //    shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
  //    of the Software.
  //    
  //    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
  //    ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
  //    TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
  //    PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
  //    SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
  //    CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
  //    OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
  //    IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
  //    DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  //
  // Apache License (Version 2.0) Notice
  //
  //    Copyright 2021 The fast_float authors
  //    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  //    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  //    You may obtain a copy of the License at
  //    
  //    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  //    
  //    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  //    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  //    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  //    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  //
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_FAST_FLOAT_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_FAST_FLOAT_H
  
  #include <system_error>
  
  namespace fast_float {
  enum chars_format {
      scientific = 1<<0,
      fixed = 1<<2,
      hex = 1<<3,
      general = fixed | scientific
  };
  
  
  struct from_chars_result {
    const char *ptr;
    std::errc ec;
  };
  
  struct parse_options {
    constexpr explicit parse_options(chars_format fmt = chars_format::general,
                           char dot = '.')
      : format(fmt), decimal_point(dot) {}
  
    /** Which number formats are accepted */
    chars_format format;
    /** The character used as decimal point */
    char decimal_point;
  };
  
  /**
   * This function parses the character sequence [first,last) for a number. It parses floating-point numbers expecting
   * a locale-indepent format equivalent to what is used by std::strtod in the default ("C") locale.
   * The resulting floating-point value is the closest floating-point values (using either float or double),
   * using the "round to even" convention for values that would otherwise fall right in-between two values.
   * That is, we provide exact parsing according to the IEEE standard.
   *
   * Given a successful parse, the pointer (`ptr`) in the returned value is set to point right after the
   * parsed number, and the `value` referenced is set to the parsed value. In case of error, the returned
   * `ec` contains a representative error, otherwise the default (`std::errc()`) value is stored.
   *
   * The implementation does not throw and does not allocate memory (e.g., with `new` or `malloc`).
   *
   * Like the C++17 standard, the `fast_float::from_chars` functions take an optional last argument of
   * the type `fast_float::chars_format`. It is a bitset value: we check whether
   * `fmt & fast_float::chars_format::fixed` and `fmt & fast_float::chars_format::scientific` are set
   * to determine whether we allowe the fixed point and scientific notation respectively.
   * The default is  `fast_float::chars_format::general` which allows both `fixed` and `scientific`.
   */
  template<typename T>
  from_chars_result from_chars(const char *first, const char *last,
                               T &value, chars_format fmt = chars_format::general)  noexcept;
  
  /**
   * Like from_chars, but accepts an `options` argument to govern number parsing.
   */
  template<typename T>
  from_chars_result from_chars_advanced(const char *first, const char *last,
                                        T &value, parse_options options)  noexcept;
  
  }
  #endif // FASTFLOAT_FAST_FLOAT_H
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_FLOAT_COMMON_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_FLOAT_COMMON_H
  
  #include <cfloat>
  #include <cstdint>
  #include <cassert>
  #include <cstring>
  #include <type_traits>
  
  #if (defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)   \
         || defined(__amd64) || defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64) \
         || defined(__MINGW64__)                                          \
         || defined(__s390x__)                                            \
         || (defined(__ppc64__) || defined(__PPC64__) || defined(__ppc64le__) || defined(__PPC64LE__)) \
         || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__))
  #define FASTFLOAT_64BIT
  #elif (defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86)   \
       || defined(__arm__) || defined(_M_ARM)                   \
       || defined(__MINGW32__))
  #define FASTFLOAT_32BIT
  #else
    // Need to check incrementally, since SIZE_MAX is a size_t, avoid overflow.
    // We can never tell the register width, but the SIZE_MAX is a good approximation.
    // UINTPTR_MAX and INTPTR_MAX are optional, so avoid them for max portability.
    #if SIZE_MAX == 0xffff
      #error Unknown platform (16-bit, unsupported)
    #elif SIZE_MAX == 0xffffffff
      #define FASTFLOAT_32BIT
    #elif SIZE_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
      #define FASTFLOAT_64BIT
    #else
      #error Unknown platform (not 32-bit, not 64-bit?)
    #endif
  #endif
  
  #if ((defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)) && !defined(__clang__))
  #include <intrin.h>
  #endif
  
  #if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
  #define FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO 1
  #endif
  
  #ifdef _WIN32
  #define FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 0
  #else
  #if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
  #include <machine/endian.h>
  #elif defined(sun) || defined(__sun)
  #include <sys/byteorder.h>
  #else
  #include <endian.h>
  #endif
  #
  #ifndef __BYTE_ORDER__
  // safe choice
  #define FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 0
  #endif
  #
  #ifndef __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
  // safe choice
  #define FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 0
  #endif
  #
  #if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
  #define FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 0
  #else
  #define FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN 1
  #endif
  #endif
  
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO
  #define fastfloat_really_inline __forceinline
  #else
  #define fastfloat_really_inline inline __attribute__((always_inline))
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_ASSERT
  #define FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(x)  { if (!(x)) abort(); }
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT
  #include <cassert>
  #define FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(x) assert(x)
  #endif
  
  // rust style `try!()` macro, or `?` operator
  #define FASTFLOAT_TRY(x) { if (!(x)) return false; }
  
  namespace fast_float {
  
  // Compares two ASCII strings in a case insensitive manner.
  inline bool fastfloat_strncasecmp(const char *input1, const char *input2,
                                    size_t length) {
    char running_diff{0};
    for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
      running_diff |= (input1[i] ^ input2[i]);
    }
    return (running_diff == 0) || (running_diff == 32);
  }
  
  #ifndef FLT_EVAL_METHOD
  #error "FLT_EVAL_METHOD should be defined, please include cfloat."
  #endif
  
  // a pointer and a length to a contiguous block of memory
  template <typename T>
  struct span {
    const T* ptr;
    size_t length;
    span(const T* _ptr, size_t _length) : ptr(_ptr), length(_length) {}
    span() : ptr(nullptr), length(0) {}
  
    constexpr size_t len() const noexcept {
      return length;
    }
  
    const T& operator[](size_t index) const noexcept {
      FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(index < length);
      return ptr[index];
    }
  };
  
  struct value128 {
    uint64_t low;
    uint64_t high;
    value128(uint64_t _low, uint64_t _high) : low(_low), high(_high) {}
    value128() : low(0), high(0) {}
  };
  
  /* result might be undefined when input_num is zero */
  fastfloat_really_inline int leading_zeroes(uint64_t input_num) {
    assert(input_num > 0);
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_VISUAL_STUDIO
    #if defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_ARM64)
    unsigned long leading_zero = 0;
    // Search the mask data from most significant bit (MSB)
    // to least significant bit (LSB) for a set bit (1).
    _BitScanReverse64(&leading_zero, input_num);
    return (int)(63 - leading_zero);
    #else
    int last_bit = 0;
    if(input_num & uint64_t(0xffffffff00000000)) input_num >>= 32, last_bit |= 32;
    if(input_num & uint64_t(        0xffff0000)) input_num >>= 16, last_bit |= 16;
    if(input_num & uint64_t(            0xff00)) input_num >>=  8, last_bit |=  8;
    if(input_num & uint64_t(              0xf0)) input_num >>=  4, last_bit |=  4;
    if(input_num & uint64_t(               0xc)) input_num >>=  2, last_bit |=  2;
    if(input_num & uint64_t(               0x2)) input_num >>=  1, last_bit |=  1;
    return 63 - last_bit;
    #endif
  #else
    return __builtin_clzll(input_num);
  #endif
  }
  
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_32BIT
  
  // slow emulation routine for 32-bit
  fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t emulu(uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
      return x * (uint64_t)y;
  }
  
  // slow emulation routine for 32-bit
  #if !defined(__MINGW64__)
  fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t _umul128(uint64_t ab, uint64_t cd,
                                            uint64_t *hi) {
    uint64_t ad = emulu((uint32_t)(ab >> 32), (uint32_t)cd);
    uint64_t bd = emulu((uint32_t)ab, (uint32_t)cd);
    uint64_t adbc = ad + emulu((uint32_t)ab, (uint32_t)(cd >> 32));
    uint64_t adbc_carry = !!(adbc < ad);
    uint64_t lo = bd + (adbc << 32);
    *hi = emulu((uint32_t)(ab >> 32), (uint32_t)(cd >> 32)) + (adbc >> 32) +
          (adbc_carry << 32) + !!(lo < bd);
    return lo;
  }
  #endif // !__MINGW64__
  
  #endif // FASTFLOAT_32BIT
  
  
  // compute 64-bit a*b
  fastfloat_really_inline value128 full_multiplication(uint64_t a,
                                                       uint64_t b) {
    value128 answer;
  #ifdef _M_ARM64
    // ARM64 has native support for 64-bit multiplications, no need to emulate
    answer.high = __umulh(a, b);
    answer.low = a * b;
  #elif defined(FASTFLOAT_32BIT) || (defined(_WIN64) && !defined(__clang__))
    answer.low = _umul128(a, b, &answer.high); // _umul128 not available on ARM64
  #elif defined(FASTFLOAT_64BIT)
    __uint128_t r = ((__uint128_t)a) * b;
    answer.low = uint64_t(r);
    answer.high = uint64_t(r >> 64);
  #else
    #error Not implemented
  #endif
    return answer;
  }
  
  struct adjusted_mantissa {
    uint64_t mantissa{0};
    int32_t power2{0}; // a negative value indicates an invalid result
    adjusted_mantissa() = default;
    bool operator==(const adjusted_mantissa &o) const {
      return mantissa == o.mantissa && power2 == o.power2;
    }
    bool operator!=(const adjusted_mantissa &o) const {
      return mantissa != o.mantissa || power2 != o.power2;
    }
  };
  
  // Bias so we can get the real exponent with an invalid adjusted_mantissa.
  constexpr static int32_t invalid_am_bias = -0x8000;
  
  constexpr static double powers_of_ten_double[] = {
      1e0,  1e1,  1e2,  1e3,  1e4,  1e5,  1e6,  1e7,  1e8,  1e9,  1e10, 1e11,
      1e12, 1e13, 1e14, 1e15, 1e16, 1e17, 1e18, 1e19, 1e20, 1e21, 1e22};
  constexpr static float powers_of_ten_float[] = {1e0, 1e1, 1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5,
                                                  1e6, 1e7, 1e8, 1e9, 1e10};
  
  template <typename T> struct binary_format {
    using equiv_uint = typename std::conditional<sizeof(T) == 4, uint32_t, uint64_t>::type;
  
    static inline constexpr int mantissa_explicit_bits();
    static inline constexpr int minimum_exponent();
    static inline constexpr int infinite_power();
    static inline constexpr int sign_index();
    static inline constexpr int min_exponent_fast_path();
    static inline constexpr int max_exponent_fast_path();
    static inline constexpr int max_exponent_round_to_even();
    static inline constexpr int min_exponent_round_to_even();
    static inline constexpr uint64_t max_mantissa_fast_path();
    static inline constexpr int largest_power_of_ten();
    static inline constexpr int smallest_power_of_ten();
    static inline constexpr T exact_power_of_ten(int64_t power);
    static inline constexpr size_t max_digits();
    static inline constexpr equiv_uint exponent_mask();
    static inline constexpr equiv_uint mantissa_mask();
    static inline constexpr equiv_uint hidden_bit_mask();
  };
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::mantissa_explicit_bits() {
    return 52;
  }
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::mantissa_explicit_bits() {
    return 23;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::max_exponent_round_to_even() {
    return 23;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::max_exponent_round_to_even() {
    return 10;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::min_exponent_round_to_even() {
    return -4;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::min_exponent_round_to_even() {
    return -17;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::minimum_exponent() {
    return -1023;
  }
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::minimum_exponent() {
    return -127;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::infinite_power() {
    return 0x7FF;
  }
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::infinite_power() {
    return 0xFF;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::sign_index() { return 63; }
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::sign_index() { return 31; }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::min_exponent_fast_path() {
  #if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 1) && (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 0)
    return 0;
  #else
    return -22;
  #endif
  }
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::min_exponent_fast_path() {
  #if (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 1) && (FLT_EVAL_METHOD != 0)
    return 0;
  #else
    return -10;
  #endif
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::max_exponent_fast_path() {
    return 22;
  }
  template <> inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::max_exponent_fast_path() {
    return 10;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr uint64_t binary_format<double>::max_mantissa_fast_path() {
    return uint64_t(2) << mantissa_explicit_bits();
  }
  template <> inline constexpr uint64_t binary_format<float>::max_mantissa_fast_path() {
    return uint64_t(2) << mantissa_explicit_bits();
  }
  
  template <>
  inline constexpr double binary_format<double>::exact_power_of_ten(int64_t power) {
    return powers_of_ten_double[power];
  }
  template <>
  inline constexpr float binary_format<float>::exact_power_of_ten(int64_t power) {
  
    return powers_of_ten_float[power];
  }
  
  
  template <>
  inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::largest_power_of_ten() {
    return 308;
  }
  template <>
  inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::largest_power_of_ten() {
    return 38;
  }
  
  template <>
  inline constexpr int binary_format<double>::smallest_power_of_ten() {
    return -342;
  }
  template <>
  inline constexpr int binary_format<float>::smallest_power_of_ten() {
    return -65;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr size_t binary_format<double>::max_digits() {
    return 769;
  }
  template <> inline constexpr size_t binary_format<float>::max_digits() {
    return 114;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr binary_format<float>::equiv_uint
      binary_format<float>::exponent_mask() {
    return 0x7F800000;
  }
  template <> inline constexpr binary_format<double>::equiv_uint
      binary_format<double>::exponent_mask() {
    return 0x7FF0000000000000;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr binary_format<float>::equiv_uint
      binary_format<float>::mantissa_mask() {
    return 0x007FFFFF;
  }
  template <> inline constexpr binary_format<double>::equiv_uint
      binary_format<double>::mantissa_mask() {
    return 0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFF;
  }
  
  template <> inline constexpr binary_format<float>::equiv_uint
      binary_format<float>::hidden_bit_mask() {
    return 0x00800000;
  }
  template <> inline constexpr binary_format<double>::equiv_uint
      binary_format<double>::hidden_bit_mask() {
    return 0x0010000000000000;
  }
  
  template<typename T>
  fastfloat_really_inline void to_float(bool negative, adjusted_mantissa am, T &value) {
    uint64_t word = am.mantissa;
    word |= uint64_t(am.power2) << binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits();
    word = negative
    ? word | (uint64_t(1) << binary_format<T>::sign_index()) : word;
  #if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 1
     if (std::is_same<T, float>::value) {
       ::memcpy(&value, (char *)&word + 4, sizeof(T)); // extract value at offset 4-7 if float on big-endian
     } else {
       ::memcpy(&value, &word, sizeof(T));
     }
  #else
     // For little-endian systems:
     ::memcpy(&value, &word, sizeof(T));
  #endif
  }
  
  } // namespace fast_float
  
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_ASCII_NUMBER_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_ASCII_NUMBER_H
  
  #include <cctype>
  #include <cstdint>
  #include <cstring>
  #include <iterator>
  
  
  namespace fast_float {
  
  // Next function can be micro-optimized, but compilers are entirely
  // able to optimize it well.
  fastfloat_really_inline bool is_integer(char c)  noexcept  { return c >= '0' && c <= '9'; }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t byteswap(uint64_t val) {
    return (val & 0xFF00000000000000) >> 56
      | (val & 0x00FF000000000000) >> 40
      | (val & 0x0000FF0000000000) >> 24
      | (val & 0x000000FF00000000) >> 8
      | (val & 0x00000000FF000000) << 8
      | (val & 0x0000000000FF0000) << 24
      | (val & 0x000000000000FF00) << 40
      | (val & 0x00000000000000FF) << 56;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t read_u64(const char *chars) {
    uint64_t val;
    ::memcpy(&val, chars, sizeof(uint64_t));
  #if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 1
    // Need to read as-if the number was in little-endian order.
    val = byteswap(val);
  #endif
    return val;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline void write_u64(uint8_t *chars, uint64_t val) {
  #if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 1
    // Need to read as-if the number was in little-endian order.
    val = byteswap(val);
  #endif
    ::memcpy(chars, &val, sizeof(uint64_t));
  }
  
  // credit  @aqrit
  fastfloat_really_inline uint32_t  parse_eight_digits_unrolled(uint64_t val) {
    const uint64_t mask = 0x000000FF000000FF;
    const uint64_t mul1 = 0x000F424000000064; // 100 + (1000000ULL << 32)
    const uint64_t mul2 = 0x0000271000000001; // 1 + (10000ULL << 32)
    val -= 0x3030303030303030;
    val = (val * 10) + (val >> 8); // val = (val * 2561) >> 8;
    val = (((val & mask) * mul1) + (((val >> 16) & mask) * mul2)) >> 32;
    return uint32_t(val);
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline uint32_t parse_eight_digits_unrolled(const char *chars)  noexcept  {
    return parse_eight_digits_unrolled(read_u64(chars));
  }
  
  // credit @aqrit
  fastfloat_really_inline bool is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(uint64_t val)  noexcept  {
    return !((((val + 0x4646464646464646) | (val - 0x3030303030303030)) &
       0x8080808080808080));
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline bool is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(const char *chars)  noexcept  {
    return is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(read_u64(chars));
  }
  
  typedef span<const char> byte_span;
  
  struct parsed_number_string {
    int64_t exponent{0};
    uint64_t mantissa{0};
    const char *lastmatch{nullptr};
    bool negative{false};
    bool valid{false};
    bool too_many_digits{false};
    // contains the range of the significant digits
    byte_span integer{};  // non-nullable
    byte_span fraction{}; // nullable
  };
  
  // Assuming that you use no more than 19 digits, this will
  // parse an ASCII string.
  fastfloat_really_inline
  parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_options options) noexcept {
    const chars_format fmt = options.format;
    const char decimal_point = options.decimal_point;
  
    parsed_number_string answer;
    answer.valid = false;
    answer.too_many_digits = false;
    answer.negative = (*p == '-');
    if (*p == '-') { // C++17 20.19.3.(7.1) explicitly forbids '+' sign here
      ++p;
      if (p == pend) {
        return answer;
      }
      if (!is_integer(*p) && (*p != decimal_point)) { // a sign must be followed by an integer or the dot
        return answer;
      }
    }
    const char *const start_digits = p;
  
    uint64_t i = 0; // an unsigned int avoids signed overflows (which are bad)
  
    while ((std::distance(p, pend) >= 8) && is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(p)) {
      i = i * 100000000 + parse_eight_digits_unrolled(p); // in rare cases, this will overflow, but that's ok
      p += 8;
    }
    while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
      // a multiplication by 10 is cheaper than an arbitrary integer
      // multiplication
      i = 10 * i +
          uint64_t(*p - '0'); // might overflow, we will handle the overflow later
      ++p;
    }
    const char *const end_of_integer_part = p;
    int64_t digit_count = int64_t(end_of_integer_part - start_digits);
    answer.integer = byte_span(start_digits, size_t(digit_count));
    int64_t exponent = 0;
    if ((p != pend) && (*p == decimal_point)) {
      ++p;
      const char* before = p;
      // can occur at most twice without overflowing, but let it occur more, since
      // for integers with many digits, digit parsing is the primary bottleneck.
      while ((std::distance(p, pend) >= 8) && is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(p)) {
        i = i * 100000000 + parse_eight_digits_unrolled(p); // in rare cases, this will overflow, but that's ok
        p += 8;
      }
      while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
        uint8_t digit = uint8_t(*p - '0');
        ++p;
        i = i * 10 + digit; // in rare cases, this will overflow, but that's ok
      }
      exponent = before - p;
      answer.fraction = byte_span(before, size_t(p - before));
      digit_count -= exponent;
    }
    // we must have encountered at least one integer!
    if (digit_count == 0) {
      return answer;
    }
    int64_t exp_number = 0;            // explicit exponential part
    if ((fmt & chars_format::scientific) && (p != pend) && (('e' == *p) || ('E' == *p))) {
      const char * location_of_e = p;
      ++p;
      bool neg_exp = false;
      if ((p != pend) && ('-' == *p)) {
        neg_exp = true;
        ++p;
      } else if ((p != pend) && ('+' == *p)) { // '+' on exponent is allowed by C++17 20.19.3.(7.1)
        ++p;
      }
      if ((p == pend) || !is_integer(*p)) {
        if(!(fmt & chars_format::fixed)) {
          // We are in error.
          return answer;
        }
        // Otherwise, we will be ignoring the 'e'.
        p = location_of_e;
      } else {
        while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
          uint8_t digit = uint8_t(*p - '0');
          if (exp_number < 0x10000000) {
            exp_number = 10 * exp_number + digit;
          }
          ++p;
        }
        if(neg_exp) { exp_number = - exp_number; }
        exponent += exp_number;
      }
    } else {
      // If it scientific and not fixed, we have to bail out.
      if((fmt & chars_format::scientific) && !(fmt & chars_format::fixed)) { return answer; }
    }
    answer.lastmatch = p;
    answer.valid = true;
  
    // If we frequently had to deal with long strings of digits,
    // we could extend our code by using a 128-bit integer instead
    // of a 64-bit integer. However, this is uncommon.
    //
    // We can deal with up to 19 digits.
    if (digit_count > 19) { // this is uncommon
      // It is possible that the integer had an overflow.
      // We have to handle the case where we have 0.0000somenumber.
      // We need to be mindful of the case where we only have zeroes...
      // E.g., 0.000000000...000.
      const char *start = start_digits;
      while ((start != pend) && (*start == '0' || *start == decimal_point)) {
        if(*start == '0') { digit_count --; }
        start++;
      }
      if (digit_count > 19) {
        answer.too_many_digits = true;
        // Let us start again, this time, avoiding overflows.
        // We don't need to check if is_integer, since we use the
        // pre-tokenized spans from above.
        i = 0;
        p = answer.integer.ptr;
        const char* int_end = p + answer.integer.len();
        const uint64_t minimal_nineteen_digit_integer{1000000000000000000};
        while((i < minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) && (p != int_end)) {
          i = i * 10 + uint64_t(*p - '0');
          ++p;
        }
        if (i >= minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) { // We have a big integers
          exponent = end_of_integer_part - p + exp_number;
        } else { // We have a value with a fractional component.
            p = answer.fraction.ptr;
            const char* frac_end = p + answer.fraction.len();
            while((i < minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) && (p != frac_end)) {
              i = i * 10 + uint64_t(*p - '0');
              ++p;
            }
            exponent = answer.fraction.ptr - p + exp_number;
        }
        // We have now corrected both exponent and i, to a truncated value
      }
    }
    answer.exponent = exponent;
    answer.mantissa = i;
    return answer;
  }
  
  } // namespace fast_float
  
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_FAST_TABLE_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_FAST_TABLE_H
  
  #include <cstdint>
  
  namespace fast_float {
  
  /**
   * When mapping numbers from decimal to binary,
   * we go from w * 10^q to m * 2^p but we have
   * 10^q = 5^q * 2^q, so effectively
   * we are trying to match
   * w * 2^q * 5^q to m * 2^p. Thus the powers of two
   * are not a concern since they can be represented
   * exactly using the binary notation, only the powers of five
   * affect the binary significand.
   */
  
  /**
   * The smallest non-zero float (binary64) is 2^−1074.
   * We take as input numbers of the form w x 10^q where w < 2^64.
   * We have that w * 10^-343  <  2^(64-344) 5^-343 < 2^-1076.
   * However, we have that
   * (2^64-1) * 10^-342 =  (2^64-1) * 2^-342 * 5^-342 > 2^−1074.
   * Thus it is possible for a number of the form w * 10^-342 where
   * w is a 64-bit value to be a non-zero floating-point number.
   *********
   * Any number of form w * 10^309 where w>= 1 is going to be
   * infinite in binary64 so we never need to worry about powers
   * of 5 greater than 308.
   */
  template <class unused = void>
  struct powers_template {
  
  constexpr static int smallest_power_of_five = binary_format<double>::smallest_power_of_ten();
  constexpr static int largest_power_of_five = binary_format<double>::largest_power_of_ten();
  constexpr static int number_of_entries = 2 * (largest_power_of_five - smallest_power_of_five + 1);
  // Powers of five from 5^-342 all the way to 5^308 rounded toward one.
  static const uint64_t power_of_five_128[number_of_entries];
  };
  
  template <class unused>
  const uint64_t powers_template<unused>::power_of_five_128[number_of_entries] = {
          0xeef453d6923bd65a,0x113faa2906a13b3f,
          0x9558b4661b6565f8,0x4ac7ca59a424c507,
          0xbaaee17fa23ebf76,0x5d79bcf00d2df649,
          0xe95a99df8ace6f53,0xf4d82c2c107973dc,
          0x91d8a02bb6c10594,0x79071b9b8a4be869,
          0xb64ec836a47146f9,0x9748e2826cdee284,
          0xe3e27a444d8d98b7,0xfd1b1b2308169b25,
          0x8e6d8c6ab0787f72,0xfe30f0f5e50e20f7,
          0xb208ef855c969f4f,0xbdbd2d335e51a935,
          0xde8b2b66b3bc4723,0xad2c788035e61382,
          0x8b16fb203055ac76,0x4c3bcb5021afcc31,
          0xaddcb9e83c6b1793,0xdf4abe242a1bbf3d,
          0xd953e8624b85dd78,0xd71d6dad34a2af0d,
          0x87d4713d6f33aa6b,0x8672648c40e5ad68,
          0xa9c98d8ccb009506,0x680efdaf511f18c2,
          0xd43bf0effdc0ba48,0x212bd1b2566def2,
          0x84a57695fe98746d,0x14bb630f7604b57,
          0xa5ced43b7e3e9188,0x419ea3bd35385e2d,
          0xcf42894a5dce35ea,0x52064cac828675b9,
          0x818995ce7aa0e1b2,0x7343efebd1940993,
          0xa1ebfb4219491a1f,0x1014ebe6c5f90bf8,
          0xca66fa129f9b60a6,0xd41a26e077774ef6,
          0xfd00b897478238d0,0x8920b098955522b4,
          0x9e20735e8cb16382,0x55b46e5f5d5535b0,
          0xc5a890362fddbc62,0xeb2189f734aa831d,
          0xf712b443bbd52b7b,0xa5e9ec7501d523e4,
          0x9a6bb0aa55653b2d,0x47b233c92125366e,
          0xc1069cd4eabe89f8,0x999ec0bb696e840a,
          0xf148440a256e2c76,0xc00670ea43ca250d,
          0x96cd2a865764dbca,0x380406926a5e5728,
          0xbc807527ed3e12bc,0xc605083704f5ecf2,
          0xeba09271e88d976b,0xf7864a44c633682e,
          0x93445b8731587ea3,0x7ab3ee6afbe0211d,
          0xb8157268fdae9e4c,0x5960ea05bad82964,
          0xe61acf033d1a45df,0x6fb92487298e33bd,
          0x8fd0c16206306bab,0xa5d3b6d479f8e056,
          0xb3c4f1ba87bc8696,0x8f48a4899877186c,
          0xe0b62e2929aba83c,0x331acdabfe94de87,
          0x8c71dcd9ba0b4925,0x9ff0c08b7f1d0b14,
          0xaf8e5410288e1b6f,0x7ecf0ae5ee44dd9,
          0xdb71e91432b1a24a,0xc9e82cd9f69d6150,
          0x892731ac9faf056e,0xbe311c083a225cd2,
          0xab70fe17c79ac6ca,0x6dbd630a48aaf406,
          0xd64d3d9db981787d,0x92cbbccdad5b108,
          0x85f0468293f0eb4e,0x25bbf56008c58ea5,
          0xa76c582338ed2621,0xaf2af2b80af6f24e,
          0xd1476e2c07286faa,0x1af5af660db4aee1,
          0x82cca4db847945ca,0x50d98d9fc890ed4d,
          0xa37fce126597973c,0xe50ff107bab528a0,
          0xcc5fc196fefd7d0c,0x1e53ed49a96272c8,
          0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f,0x25e8e89c13bb0f7a,
          0x9faacf3df73609b1,0x77b191618c54e9ac,
          0xc795830d75038c1d,0xd59df5b9ef6a2417,
          0xf97ae3d0d2446f25,0x4b0573286b44ad1d,
          0x9becce62836ac577,0x4ee367f9430aec32,
          0xc2e801fb244576d5,0x229c41f793cda73f,
          0xf3a20279ed56d48a,0x6b43527578c1110f,
          0x9845418c345644d6,0x830a13896b78aaa9,
          0xbe5691ef416bd60c,0x23cc986bc656d553,
          0xedec366b11c6cb8f,0x2cbfbe86b7ec8aa8,
          0x94b3a202eb1c3f39,0x7bf7d71432f3d6a9,
          0xb9e08a83a5e34f07,0xdaf5ccd93fb0cc53,
          0xe858ad248f5c22c9,0xd1b3400f8f9cff68,
          0x91376c36d99995be,0x23100809b9c21fa1,
          0xb58547448ffffb2d,0xabd40a0c2832a78a,
          0xe2e69915b3fff9f9,0x16c90c8f323f516c,
          0x8dd01fad907ffc3b,0xae3da7d97f6792e3,
          0xb1442798f49ffb4a,0x99cd11cfdf41779c,
          0xdd95317f31c7fa1d,0x40405643d711d583,
          0x8a7d3eef7f1cfc52,0x482835ea666b2572,
          0xad1c8eab5ee43b66,0xda3243650005eecf,
          0xd863b256369d4a40,0x90bed43e40076a82,
          0x873e4f75e2224e68,0x5a7744a6e804a291,
          0xa90de3535aaae202,0x711515d0a205cb36,
          0xd3515c2831559a83,0xd5a5b44ca873e03,
          0x8412d9991ed58091,0xe858790afe9486c2,
          0xa5178fff668ae0b6,0x626e974dbe39a872,
          0xce5d73ff402d98e3,0xfb0a3d212dc8128f,
          0x80fa687f881c7f8e,0x7ce66634bc9d0b99,
          0xa139029f6a239f72,0x1c1fffc1ebc44e80,
          0xc987434744ac874e,0xa327ffb266b56220,
          0xfbe9141915d7a922,0x4bf1ff9f0062baa8,
          0x9d71ac8fada6c9b5,0x6f773fc3603db4a9,
          0xc4ce17b399107c22,0xcb550fb4384d21d3,
          0xf6019da07f549b2b,0x7e2a53a146606a48,
          0x99c102844f94e0fb,0x2eda7444cbfc426d,
          0xc0314325637a1939,0xfa911155fefb5308,
          0xf03d93eebc589f88,0x793555ab7eba27ca,
          0x96267c7535b763b5,0x4bc1558b2f3458de,
          0xbbb01b9283253ca2,0x9eb1aaedfb016f16,
          0xea9c227723ee8bcb,0x465e15a979c1cadc,
          0x92a1958a7675175f,0xbfacd89ec191ec9,
          0xb749faed14125d36,0xcef980ec671f667b,
          0xe51c79a85916f484,0x82b7e12780e7401a,
          0x8f31cc0937ae58d2,0xd1b2ecb8b0908810,
          0xb2fe3f0b8599ef07,0x861fa7e6dcb4aa15,
          0xdfbdcece67006ac9,0x67a791e093e1d49a,
          0x8bd6a141006042bd,0xe0c8bb2c5c6d24e0,
          0xaecc49914078536d,0x58fae9f773886e18,
          0xda7f5bf590966848,0xaf39a475506a899e,
          0x888f99797a5e012d,0x6d8406c952429603,
          0xaab37fd7d8f58178,0xc8e5087ba6d33b83,
          0xd5605fcdcf32e1d6,0xfb1e4a9a90880a64,
          0x855c3be0a17fcd26,0x5cf2eea09a55067f,
          0xa6b34ad8c9dfc06f,0xf42faa48c0ea481e,
          0xd0601d8efc57b08b,0xf13b94daf124da26,
          0x823c12795db6ce57,0x76c53d08d6b70858,
          0xa2cb1717b52481ed,0x54768c4b0c64ca6e,
          0xcb7ddcdda26da268,0xa9942f5dcf7dfd09,
          0xfe5d54150b090b02,0xd3f93b35435d7c4c,
          0x9efa548d26e5a6e1,0xc47bc5014a1a6daf,
          0xc6b8e9b0709f109a,0x359ab6419ca1091b,
          0xf867241c8cc6d4c0,0xc30163d203c94b62,
          0x9b407691d7fc44f8,0x79e0de63425dcf1d,
          0xc21094364dfb5636,0x985915fc12f542e4,
          0xf294b943e17a2bc4,0x3e6f5b7b17b2939d,
          0x979cf3ca6cec5b5a,0xa705992ceecf9c42,
          0xbd8430bd08277231,0x50c6ff782a838353,
          0xece53cec4a314ebd,0xa4f8bf5635246428,
          0x940f4613ae5ed136,0x871b7795e136be99,
          0xb913179899f68584,0x28e2557b59846e3f,
          0xe757dd7ec07426e5,0x331aeada2fe589cf,
          0x9096ea6f3848984f,0x3ff0d2c85def7621,
          0xb4bca50b065abe63,0xfed077a756b53a9,
          0xe1ebce4dc7f16dfb,0xd3e8495912c62894,
          0x8d3360f09cf6e4bd,0x64712dd7abbbd95c,
          0xb080392cc4349dec,0xbd8d794d96aacfb3,
          0xdca04777f541c567,0xecf0d7a0fc5583a0,
          0x89e42caaf9491b60,0xf41686c49db57244,
          0xac5d37d5b79b6239,0x311c2875c522ced5,
          0xd77485cb25823ac7,0x7d633293366b828b,
          0x86a8d39ef77164bc,0xae5dff9c02033197,
          0xa8530886b54dbdeb,0xd9f57f830283fdfc,
          0xd267caa862a12d66,0xd072df63c324fd7b,
          0x8380dea93da4bc60,0x4247cb9e59f71e6d,
          0xa46116538d0deb78,0x52d9be85f074e608,
          0xcd795be870516656,0x67902e276c921f8b,
          0x806bd9714632dff6,0xba1cd8a3db53b6,
          0xa086cfcd97bf97f3,0x80e8a40eccd228a4,
          0xc8a883c0fdaf7df0,0x6122cd128006b2cd,
          0xfad2a4b13d1b5d6c,0x796b805720085f81,
          0x9cc3a6eec6311a63,0xcbe3303674053bb0,
          0xc3f490aa77bd60fc,0xbedbfc4411068a9c,
          0xf4f1b4d515acb93b,0xee92fb5515482d44,
          0x991711052d8bf3c5,0x751bdd152d4d1c4a,
          0xbf5cd54678eef0b6,0xd262d45a78a0635d,
          0xef340a98172aace4,0x86fb897116c87c34,
          0x9580869f0e7aac0e,0xd45d35e6ae3d4da0,
          0xbae0a846d2195712,0x8974836059cca109,
          0xe998d258869facd7,0x2bd1a438703fc94b,
          0x91ff83775423cc06,0x7b6306a34627ddcf,
          0xb67f6455292cbf08,0x1a3bc84c17b1d542,
          0xe41f3d6a7377eeca,0x20caba5f1d9e4a93,
          0x8e938662882af53e,0x547eb47b7282ee9c,
          0xb23867fb2a35b28d,0xe99e619a4f23aa43,
          0xdec681f9f4c31f31,0x6405fa00e2ec94d4,
          0x8b3c113c38f9f37e,0xde83bc408dd3dd04,
          0xae0b158b4738705e,0x9624ab50b148d445,
          0xd98ddaee19068c76,0x3badd624dd9b0957,
          0x87f8a8d4cfa417c9,0xe54ca5d70a80e5d6,
          0xa9f6d30a038d1dbc,0x5e9fcf4ccd211f4c,
          0xd47487cc8470652b,0x7647c3200069671f,
          0x84c8d4dfd2c63f3b,0x29ecd9f40041e073,
          0xa5fb0a17c777cf09,0xf468107100525890,
          0xcf79cc9db955c2cc,0x7182148d4066eeb4,
          0x81ac1fe293d599bf,0xc6f14cd848405530,
          0xa21727db38cb002f,0xb8ada00e5a506a7c,
          0xca9cf1d206fdc03b,0xa6d90811f0e4851c,
          0xfd442e4688bd304a,0x908f4a166d1da663,
          0x9e4a9cec15763e2e,0x9a598e4e043287fe,
          0xc5dd44271ad3cdba,0x40eff1e1853f29fd,
          0xf7549530e188c128,0xd12bee59e68ef47c,
          0x9a94dd3e8cf578b9,0x82bb74f8301958ce,
          0xc13a148e3032d6e7,0xe36a52363c1faf01,
          0xf18899b1bc3f8ca1,0xdc44e6c3cb279ac1,
          0x96f5600f15a7b7e5,0x29ab103a5ef8c0b9,
          0xbcb2b812db11a5de,0x7415d448f6b6f0e7,
          0xebdf661791d60f56,0x111b495b3464ad21,
          0x936b9fcebb25c995,0xcab10dd900beec34,
          0xb84687c269ef3bfb,0x3d5d514f40eea742,
          0xe65829b3046b0afa,0xcb4a5a3112a5112,
          0x8ff71a0fe2c2e6dc,0x47f0e785eaba72ab,
          0xb3f4e093db73a093,0x59ed216765690f56,
          0xe0f218b8d25088b8,0x306869c13ec3532c,
          0x8c974f7383725573,0x1e414218c73a13fb,
          0xafbd2350644eeacf,0xe5d1929ef90898fa,
          0xdbac6c247d62a583,0xdf45f746b74abf39,
          0x894bc396ce5da772,0x6b8bba8c328eb783,
          0xab9eb47c81f5114f,0x66ea92f3f326564,
          0xd686619ba27255a2,0xc80a537b0efefebd,
          0x8613fd0145877585,0xbd06742ce95f5f36,
          0xa798fc4196e952e7,0x2c48113823b73704,
          0xd17f3b51fca3a7a0,0xf75a15862ca504c5,
          0x82ef85133de648c4,0x9a984d73dbe722fb,
          0xa3ab66580d5fdaf5,0xc13e60d0d2e0ebba,
          0xcc963fee10b7d1b3,0x318df905079926a8,
          0xffbbcfe994e5c61f,0xfdf17746497f7052,
          0x9fd561f1fd0f9bd3,0xfeb6ea8bedefa633,
          0xc7caba6e7c5382c8,0xfe64a52ee96b8fc0,
          0xf9bd690a1b68637b,0x3dfdce7aa3c673b0,
          0x9c1661a651213e2d,0x6bea10ca65c084e,
          0xc31bfa0fe5698db8,0x486e494fcff30a62,
          0xf3e2f893dec3f126,0x5a89dba3c3efccfa,
          0x986ddb5c6b3a76b7,0xf89629465a75e01c,
          0xbe89523386091465,0xf6bbb397f1135823,
          0xee2ba6c0678b597f,0x746aa07ded582e2c,
          0x94db483840b717ef,0xa8c2a44eb4571cdc,
          0xba121a4650e4ddeb,0x92f34d62616ce413,
          0xe896a0d7e51e1566,0x77b020baf9c81d17,
          0x915e2486ef32cd60,0xace1474dc1d122e,
          0xb5b5ada8aaff80b8,0xd819992132456ba,
          0xe3231912d5bf60e6,0x10e1fff697ed6c69,
          0x8df5efabc5979c8f,0xca8d3ffa1ef463c1,
          0xb1736b96b6fd83b3,0xbd308ff8a6b17cb2,
          0xddd0467c64bce4a0,0xac7cb3f6d05ddbde,
          0x8aa22c0dbef60ee4,0x6bcdf07a423aa96b,
          0xad4ab7112eb3929d,0x86c16c98d2c953c6,
          0xd89d64d57a607744,0xe871c7bf077ba8b7,
          0x87625f056c7c4a8b,0x11471cd764ad4972,
          0xa93af6c6c79b5d2d,0xd598e40d3dd89bcf,
          0xd389b47879823479,0x4aff1d108d4ec2c3,
          0x843610cb4bf160cb,0xcedf722a585139ba,
          0xa54394fe1eedb8fe,0xc2974eb4ee658828,
          0xce947a3da6a9273e,0x733d226229feea32,
          0x811ccc668829b887,0x806357d5a3f525f,
          0xa163ff802a3426a8,0xca07c2dcb0cf26f7,
          0xc9bcff6034c13052,0xfc89b393dd02f0b5,
          0xfc2c3f3841f17c67,0xbbac2078d443ace2,
          0x9d9ba7832936edc0,0xd54b944b84aa4c0d,
          0xc5029163f384a931,0xa9e795e65d4df11,
          0xf64335bcf065d37d,0x4d4617b5ff4a16d5,
          0x99ea0196163fa42e,0x504bced1bf8e4e45,
          0xc06481fb9bcf8d39,0xe45ec2862f71e1d6,
          0xf07da27a82c37088,0x5d767327bb4e5a4c,
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          0xab3c2fddeeaad25a,0xd527e81cad7626c3,
          0xd60b3bd56a5586f1,0x8a71e223d8d3b074,
          0x85c7056562757456,0xf6872d5667844e49,
          0xa738c6bebb12d16c,0xb428f8ac016561db,
          0xd106f86e69d785c7,0xe13336d701beba52,
          0x82a45b450226b39c,0xecc0024661173473,
          0xa34d721642b06084,0x27f002d7f95d0190,
          0xcc20ce9bd35c78a5,0x31ec038df7b441f4,
          0xff290242c83396ce,0x7e67047175a15271,
          0x9f79a169bd203e41,0xf0062c6e984d386,
          0xc75809c42c684dd1,0x52c07b78a3e60868,
          0xf92e0c3537826145,0xa7709a56ccdf8a82,
          0x9bbcc7a142b17ccb,0x88a66076400bb691,
          0xc2abf989935ddbfe,0x6acff893d00ea435,
          0xf356f7ebf83552fe,0x583f6b8c4124d43,
          0x98165af37b2153de,0xc3727a337a8b704a,
          0xbe1bf1b059e9a8d6,0x744f18c0592e4c5c,
          0xeda2ee1c7064130c,0x1162def06f79df73,
          0x9485d4d1c63e8be7,0x8addcb5645ac2ba8,
          0xb9a74a0637ce2ee1,0x6d953e2bd7173692,
          0xe8111c87c5c1ba99,0xc8fa8db6ccdd0437,
          0x910ab1d4db9914a0,0x1d9c9892400a22a2,
          0xb54d5e4a127f59c8,0x2503beb6d00cab4b,
          0xe2a0b5dc971f303a,0x2e44ae64840fd61d,
          0x8da471a9de737e24,0x5ceaecfed289e5d2,
          0xb10d8e1456105dad,0x7425a83e872c5f47,
          0xdd50f1996b947518,0xd12f124e28f77719,
          0x8a5296ffe33cc92f,0x82bd6b70d99aaa6f,
          0xace73cbfdc0bfb7b,0x636cc64d1001550b,
          0xd8210befd30efa5a,0x3c47f7e05401aa4e,
          0x8714a775e3e95c78,0x65acfaec34810a71,
          0xa8d9d1535ce3b396,0x7f1839a741a14d0d,
          0xd31045a8341ca07c,0x1ede48111209a050,
          0x83ea2b892091e44d,0x934aed0aab460432,
          0xa4e4b66b68b65d60,0xf81da84d5617853f,
          0xce1de40642e3f4b9,0x36251260ab9d668e,
          0x80d2ae83e9ce78f3,0xc1d72b7c6b426019,
          0xa1075a24e4421730,0xb24cf65b8612f81f,
          0xc94930ae1d529cfc,0xdee033f26797b627,
          0xfb9b7cd9a4a7443c,0x169840ef017da3b1,
          0x9d412e0806e88aa5,0x8e1f289560ee864e,
          0xc491798a08a2ad4e,0xf1a6f2bab92a27e2,
          0xf5b5d7ec8acb58a2,0xae10af696774b1db,
          0x9991a6f3d6bf1765,0xacca6da1e0a8ef29,
          0xbff610b0cc6edd3f,0x17fd090a58d32af3,
          0xeff394dcff8a948e,0xddfc4b4cef07f5b0,
          0x95f83d0a1fb69cd9,0x4abdaf101564f98e,
          0xbb764c4ca7a4440f,0x9d6d1ad41abe37f1,
          0xea53df5fd18d5513,0x84c86189216dc5ed,
          0x92746b9be2f8552c,0x32fd3cf5b4e49bb4,
          0xb7118682dbb66a77,0x3fbc8c33221dc2a1,
          0xe4d5e82392a40515,0xfabaf3feaa5334a,
          0x8f05b1163ba6832d,0x29cb4d87f2a7400e,
          0xb2c71d5bca9023f8,0x743e20e9ef511012,
          0xdf78e4b2bd342cf6,0x914da9246b255416,
          0x8bab8eefb6409c1a,0x1ad089b6c2f7548e,
          0xae9672aba3d0c320,0xa184ac2473b529b1,
          0xda3c0f568cc4f3e8,0xc9e5d72d90a2741e,
          0x8865899617fb1871,0x7e2fa67c7a658892,
          0xaa7eebfb9df9de8d,0xddbb901b98feeab7,
          0xd51ea6fa85785631,0x552a74227f3ea565,
          0x8533285c936b35de,0xd53a88958f87275f,
          0xa67ff273b8460356,0x8a892abaf368f137,
          0xd01fef10a657842c,0x2d2b7569b0432d85,
          0x8213f56a67f6b29b,0x9c3b29620e29fc73,
          0xa298f2c501f45f42,0x8349f3ba91b47b8f,
          0xcb3f2f7642717713,0x241c70a936219a73,
          0xfe0efb53d30dd4d7,0xed238cd383aa0110,
          0x9ec95d1463e8a506,0xf4363804324a40aa,
          0xc67bb4597ce2ce48,0xb143c6053edcd0d5,
          0xf81aa16fdc1b81da,0xdd94b7868e94050a,
          0x9b10a4e5e9913128,0xca7cf2b4191c8326,
          0xc1d4ce1f63f57d72,0xfd1c2f611f63a3f0,
          0xf24a01a73cf2dccf,0xbc633b39673c8cec,
          0x976e41088617ca01,0xd5be0503e085d813,
          0xbd49d14aa79dbc82,0x4b2d8644d8a74e18,
          0xec9c459d51852ba2,0xddf8e7d60ed1219e,
          0x93e1ab8252f33b45,0xcabb90e5c942b503,
          0xb8da1662e7b00a17,0x3d6a751f3b936243,
          0xe7109bfba19c0c9d,0xcc512670a783ad4,
          0x906a617d450187e2,0x27fb2b80668b24c5,
          0xb484f9dc9641e9da,0xb1f9f660802dedf6,
          0xe1a63853bbd26451,0x5e7873f8a0396973,
          0x8d07e33455637eb2,0xdb0b487b6423e1e8,
          0xb049dc016abc5e5f,0x91ce1a9a3d2cda62,
          0xdc5c5301c56b75f7,0x7641a140cc7810fb,
          0x89b9b3e11b6329ba,0xa9e904c87fcb0a9d,
          0xac2820d9623bf429,0x546345fa9fbdcd44,
          0xd732290fbacaf133,0xa97c177947ad4095,
          0x867f59a9d4bed6c0,0x49ed8eabcccc485d,
          0xa81f301449ee8c70,0x5c68f256bfff5a74,
          0xd226fc195c6a2f8c,0x73832eec6fff3111,
          0x83585d8fd9c25db7,0xc831fd53c5ff7eab,
          0xa42e74f3d032f525,0xba3e7ca8b77f5e55,
          0xcd3a1230c43fb26f,0x28ce1bd2e55f35eb,
          0x80444b5e7aa7cf85,0x7980d163cf5b81b3,
          0xa0555e361951c366,0xd7e105bcc332621f,
          0xc86ab5c39fa63440,0x8dd9472bf3fefaa7,
          0xfa856334878fc150,0xb14f98f6f0feb951,
          0x9c935e00d4b9d8d2,0x6ed1bf9a569f33d3,
          0xc3b8358109e84f07,0xa862f80ec4700c8,
          0xf4a642e14c6262c8,0xcd27bb612758c0fa,
          0x98e7e9cccfbd7dbd,0x8038d51cb897789c,
          0xbf21e44003acdd2c,0xe0470a63e6bd56c3,
          0xeeea5d5004981478,0x1858ccfce06cac74,
          0x95527a5202df0ccb,0xf37801e0c43ebc8,
          0xbaa718e68396cffd,0xd30560258f54e6ba,
          0xe950df20247c83fd,0x47c6b82ef32a2069,
          0x91d28b7416cdd27e,0x4cdc331d57fa5441,
          0xb6472e511c81471d,0xe0133fe4adf8e952,
          0xe3d8f9e563a198e5,0x58180fddd97723a6,
          0x8e679c2f5e44ff8f,0x570f09eaa7ea7648,};
  using powers = powers_template<>;
  
  }
  
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_DECIMAL_TO_BINARY_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_DECIMAL_TO_BINARY_H
  
  #include <cfloat>
  #include <cinttypes>
  #include <cmath>
  #include <cstdint>
  #include <cstdlib>
  #include <cstring>
  
  namespace fast_float {
  
  // This will compute or rather approximate w * 5**q and return a pair of 64-bit words approximating
  // the result, with the "high" part corresponding to the most significant bits and the
  // low part corresponding to the least significant bits.
  //
  template <int bit_precision>
  fastfloat_really_inline
  value128 compute_product_approximation(int64_t q, uint64_t w) {
    const int index = 2 * int(q - powers::smallest_power_of_five);
    // For small values of q, e.g., q in [0,27], the answer is always exact because
    // The line value128 firstproduct = full_multiplication(w, power_of_five_128[index]);
    // gives the exact answer.
    value128 firstproduct = full_multiplication(w, powers::power_of_five_128[index]);
    static_assert((bit_precision >= 0) && (bit_precision <= 64), " precision should  be in (0,64]");
    constexpr uint64_t precision_mask = (bit_precision < 64) ?
                 (uint64_t(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) >> bit_precision)
                 : uint64_t(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF);
    if((firstproduct.high & precision_mask) == precision_mask) { // could further guard with  (lower + w < lower)
      // regarding the second product, we only need secondproduct.high, but our expectation is that the compiler will optimize this extra work away if needed.
      value128 secondproduct = full_multiplication(w, powers::power_of_five_128[index + 1]);
      firstproduct.low += secondproduct.high;
      if(secondproduct.high > firstproduct.low) {
        firstproduct.high++;
      }
    }
    return firstproduct;
  }
  
  namespace detail {
  /**
   * For q in (0,350), we have that
   *  f = (((152170 + 65536) * q ) >> 16);
   * is equal to
   *   floor(p) + q
   * where
   *   p = log(5**q)/log(2) = q * log(5)/log(2)
   *
   * For negative values of q in (-400,0), we have that 
   *  f = (((152170 + 65536) * q ) >> 16);
   * is equal to 
   *   -ceil(p) + q
   * where
   *   p = log(5**-q)/log(2) = -q * log(5)/log(2)
   */
    constexpr fastfloat_really_inline int32_t power(int32_t q)  noexcept  {
      return (((152170 + 65536) * q) >> 16) + 63;
    }
  } // namespace detail
  
  // create an adjusted mantissa, biased by the invalid power2
  // for significant digits already multiplied by 10 ** q.
  template <typename binary>
  fastfloat_really_inline
  adjusted_mantissa compute_error_scaled(int64_t q, uint64_t w, int lz) noexcept  {
    int hilz = int(w >> 63) ^ 1;
    adjusted_mantissa answer;
    answer.mantissa = w << hilz;
    int bias = binary::mantissa_explicit_bits() - binary::minimum_exponent();
    answer.power2 = int32_t(detail::power(int32_t(q)) + bias - hilz - lz - 62 + invalid_am_bias);
    return answer;
  }
  
  // w * 10 ** q, without rounding the representation up.
  // the power2 in the exponent will be adjusted by invalid_am_bias.
  template <typename binary>
  fastfloat_really_inline
  adjusted_mantissa compute_error(int64_t q, uint64_t w)  noexcept  {
    int lz = leading_zeroes(w);
    w <<= lz;
    value128 product = compute_product_approximation<binary::mantissa_explicit_bits() + 3>(q, w);
    return compute_error_scaled<binary>(q, product.high, lz);
  }
  
  // w * 10 ** q
  // The returned value should be a valid ieee64 number that simply need to be packed.
  // However, in some very rare cases, the computation will fail. In such cases, we
  // return an adjusted_mantissa with a negative power of 2: the caller should recompute
  // in such cases.
  template <typename binary>
  fastfloat_really_inline
  adjusted_mantissa compute_float(int64_t q, uint64_t w)  noexcept  {
    adjusted_mantissa answer;
    if ((w == 0) || (q < binary::smallest_power_of_ten())) {
      answer.power2 = 0;
      answer.mantissa = 0;
      // result should be zero
      return answer;
    }
    if (q > binary::largest_power_of_ten()) {
      // we want to get infinity:
      answer.power2 = binary::infinite_power();
      answer.mantissa = 0;
      return answer;
    }
    // At this point in time q is in [powers::smallest_power_of_five, powers::largest_power_of_five].
  
    // We want the most significant bit of i to be 1. Shift if needed.
    int lz = leading_zeroes(w);
    w <<= lz;
  
    // The required precision is binary::mantissa_explicit_bits() + 3 because
    // 1. We need the implicit bit
    // 2. We need an extra bit for rounding purposes
    // 3. We might lose a bit due to the "upperbit" routine (result too small, requiring a shift)
  
    value128 product = compute_product_approximation<binary::mantissa_explicit_bits() + 3>(q, w);
    if(product.low == 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) { //  could guard it further
      // In some very rare cases, this could happen, in which case we might need a more accurate
      // computation that what we can provide cheaply. This is very, very unlikely.
      //
      const bool inside_safe_exponent = (q >= -27) && (q <= 55); // always good because 5**q <2**128 when q>=0, 
      // and otherwise, for q<0, we have 5**-q<2**64 and the 128-bit reciprocal allows for exact computation.
      if(!inside_safe_exponent) {
        return compute_error_scaled<binary>(q, product.high, lz);
      }
    }
    // The "compute_product_approximation" function can be slightly slower than a branchless approach:
    // value128 product = compute_product(q, w);
    // but in practice, we can win big with the compute_product_approximation if its additional branch
    // is easily predicted. Which is best is data specific.
    int upperbit = int(product.high >> 63);
  
    answer.mantissa = product.high >> (upperbit + 64 - binary::mantissa_explicit_bits() - 3);
  
    answer.power2 = int32_t(detail::power(int32_t(q)) + upperbit - lz - binary::minimum_exponent());
    if (answer.power2 <= 0) { // we have a subnormal?
      // Here have that answer.power2 <= 0 so -answer.power2 >= 0
      if(-answer.power2 + 1 >= 64) { // if we have more than 64 bits below the minimum exponent, you have a zero for sure.
        answer.power2 = 0;
        answer.mantissa = 0;
        // result should be zero
        return answer;
      }
      // next line is safe because -answer.power2 + 1 < 64
      answer.mantissa >>= -answer.power2 + 1;
      // Thankfully, we can't have both "round-to-even" and subnormals because
      // "round-to-even" only occurs for powers close to 0.
      answer.mantissa += (answer.mantissa & 1); // round up
      answer.mantissa >>= 1;
      // There is a weird scenario where we don't have a subnormal but just.
      // Suppose we start with 2.2250738585072013e-308, we end up
      // with 0x3fffffffffffff x 2^-1023-53 which is technically subnormal
      // whereas 0x40000000000000 x 2^-1023-53  is normal. Now, we need to round
      // up 0x3fffffffffffff x 2^-1023-53  and once we do, we are no longer
      // subnormal, but we can only know this after rounding.
      // So we only declare a subnormal if we are smaller than the threshold.
      answer.power2 = (answer.mantissa < (uint64_t(1) << binary::mantissa_explicit_bits())) ? 0 : 1;
      return answer;
    }
  
    // usually, we round *up*, but if we fall right in between and and we have an
    // even basis, we need to round down
    // We are only concerned with the cases where 5**q fits in single 64-bit word.
    if ((product.low <= 1) &&  (q >= binary::min_exponent_round_to_even()) && (q <= binary::max_exponent_round_to_even()) &&
        ((answer.mantissa & 3) == 1) ) { // we may fall between two floats!
      // To be in-between two floats we need that in doing
      //   answer.mantissa = product.high >> (upperbit + 64 - binary::mantissa_explicit_bits() - 3);
      // ... we dropped out only zeroes. But if this happened, then we can go back!!!
      if((answer.mantissa  << (upperbit + 64 - binary::mantissa_explicit_bits() - 3)) ==  product.high) {
        answer.mantissa &= ~uint64_t(1);          // flip it so that we do not round up
      }
    }
  
    answer.mantissa += (answer.mantissa & 1); // round up
    answer.mantissa >>= 1;
    if (answer.mantissa >= (uint64_t(2) << binary::mantissa_explicit_bits())) {
      answer.mantissa = (uint64_t(1) << binary::mantissa_explicit_bits());
      answer.power2++; // undo previous addition
    }
  
    answer.mantissa &= ~(uint64_t(1) << binary::mantissa_explicit_bits());
    if (answer.power2 >= binary::infinite_power()) { // infinity
      answer.power2 = binary::infinite_power();
      answer.mantissa = 0;
    }
    return answer;
  }
  
  } // namespace fast_float
  
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_BIGINT_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_BIGINT_H
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <cstdint>
  #include <climits>
  #include <cstring>
  
  
  namespace fast_float {
  
  // the limb width: we want efficient multiplication of double the bits in
  // limb, or for 64-bit limbs, at least 64-bit multiplication where we can
  // extract the high and low parts efficiently. this is every 64-bit
  // architecture except for sparc, which emulates 128-bit multiplication.
  // we might have platforms where `CHAR_BIT` is not 8, so let's avoid
  // doing `8 * sizeof(limb)`.
  #if defined(FASTFLOAT_64BIT) && !defined(__sparc)
  #define FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
  typedef uint64_t limb;
  constexpr size_t limb_bits = 64;
  #else
  #define FASTFLOAT_32BIT_LIMB
  typedef uint32_t limb;
  constexpr size_t limb_bits = 32;
  #endif
  
  typedef span<limb> limb_span;
  
  // number of bits in a bigint. this needs to be at least the number
  // of bits required to store the largest bigint, which is
  // `log2(10**(digits + max_exp))`, or `log2(10**(767 + 342))`, or
  // ~3600 bits, so we round to 4000.
  constexpr size_t bigint_bits = 4000;
  constexpr size_t bigint_limbs = bigint_bits / limb_bits;
  
  // vector-like type that is allocated on the stack. the entire
  // buffer is pre-allocated, and only the length changes.
  template <uint16_t size>
  struct stackvec {
    limb data[size];
    // we never need more than 150 limbs
    uint16_t length{0};
  
    stackvec() = default;
    stackvec(const stackvec &) = delete;
    stackvec &operator=(const stackvec &) = delete;
    stackvec(stackvec &&) = delete;
    stackvec &operator=(stackvec &&other) = delete;
  
    // create stack vector from existing limb span.
    stackvec(limb_span s) {
      FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(try_extend(s));
    }
  
    limb& operator[](size_t index) noexcept {
      FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(index < length);
      return data[index];
    }
    const limb& operator[](size_t index) const noexcept {
      FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(index < length);
      return data[index];
    }
    // index from the end of the container
    const limb& rindex(size_t index) const noexcept {
      FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(index < length);
      size_t rindex = length - index - 1;
      return data[rindex];
    }
  
    // set the length, without bounds checking.
    void set_len(size_t len) noexcept {
      length = uint16_t(len);
    }
    constexpr size_t len() const noexcept {
      return length;
    }
    constexpr bool is_empty() const noexcept {
      return length == 0;
    }
    constexpr size_t capacity() const noexcept {
      return size;
    }
    // append item to vector, without bounds checking
    void push_unchecked(limb value) noexcept {
      data[length] = value;
      length++;
    }
    // append item to vector, returning if item was added
    bool try_push(limb value) noexcept {
      if (len() < capacity()) {
        push_unchecked(value);
        return true;
      } else {
        return false;
      }
    }
    // add items to the vector, from a span, without bounds checking
    void extend_unchecked(limb_span s) noexcept {
      limb* ptr = data + length;
      ::memcpy((void*)ptr, (const void*)s.ptr, sizeof(limb) * s.len());
      set_len(len() + s.len());
    }
    // try to add items to the vector, returning if items were added
    bool try_extend(limb_span s) noexcept {
      if (len() + s.len() <= capacity()) {
        extend_unchecked(s);
        return true;
      } else {
        return false;
      }
    }
    // resize the vector, without bounds checking
    // if the new size is longer than the vector, assign value to each
    // appended item.
    void resize_unchecked(size_t new_len, limb value) noexcept {
      if (new_len > len()) {
        size_t count = new_len - len();
        limb* first = data + len();
        limb* last = first + count;
        ::std::fill(first, last, value);
        set_len(new_len);
      } else {
        set_len(new_len);
      }
    }
    // try to resize the vector, returning if the vector was resized.
    bool try_resize(size_t new_len, limb value) noexcept {
      if (new_len > capacity()) {
        return false;
      } else {
        resize_unchecked(new_len, value);
        return true;
      }
    }
    // check if any limbs are non-zero after the given index.
    // this needs to be done in reverse order, since the index
    // is relative to the most significant limbs.
    bool nonzero(size_t index) const noexcept {
      while (index < len()) {
        if (rindex(index) != 0) {
          return true;
        }
        index++;
      }
      return false;
    }
    // normalize the big integer, so most-significant zero limbs are removed.
    void normalize() noexcept {
      while (len() > 0 && rindex(0) == 0) {
        length--;
      }
    }
  };
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  uint64_t empty_hi64(bool& truncated) noexcept {
    truncated = false;
    return 0;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  uint64_t uint64_hi64(uint64_t r0, bool& truncated) noexcept {
    truncated = false;
    int shl = leading_zeroes(r0);
    return r0 << shl;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  uint64_t uint64_hi64(uint64_t r0, uint64_t r1, bool& truncated) noexcept {
    int shl = leading_zeroes(r0);
    if (shl == 0) {
      truncated = r1 != 0;
      return r0;
    } else {
      int shr = 64 - shl;
      truncated = (r1 << shl) != 0;
      return (r0 << shl) | (r1 >> shr);
    }
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  uint64_t uint32_hi64(uint32_t r0, bool& truncated) noexcept {
    return uint64_hi64(r0, truncated);
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  uint64_t uint32_hi64(uint32_t r0, uint32_t r1, bool& truncated) noexcept {
    uint64_t x0 = r0;
    uint64_t x1 = r1;
    return uint64_hi64((x0 << 32) | x1, truncated);
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  uint64_t uint32_hi64(uint32_t r0, uint32_t r1, uint32_t r2, bool& truncated) noexcept {
    uint64_t x0 = r0;
    uint64_t x1 = r1;
    uint64_t x2 = r2;
    return uint64_hi64(x0, (x1 << 32) | x2, truncated);
  }
  
  // add two small integers, checking for overflow.
  // we want an efficient operation. for msvc, where
  // we don't have built-in intrinsics, this is still
  // pretty fast.
  fastfloat_really_inline
  limb scalar_add(limb x, limb y, bool& overflow) noexcept {
    limb z;
  
  // gcc and clang
  #if defined(__has_builtin)
    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_add_overflow)
      overflow = __builtin_add_overflow(x, y, &z);
      return z;
    #endif
  #endif
  
    // generic, this still optimizes correctly on MSVC.
    z = x + y;
    overflow = z < x;
    return z;
  }
  
  // multiply two small integers, getting both the high and low bits.
  fastfloat_really_inline
  limb scalar_mul(limb x, limb y, limb& carry) noexcept {
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
    #if defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
    // GCC and clang both define it as an extension.
    __uint128_t z = __uint128_t(x) * __uint128_t(y) + __uint128_t(carry);
    carry = limb(z >> limb_bits);
    return limb(z);
    #else
    // fallback, no native 128-bit integer multiplication with carry.
    // on msvc, this optimizes identically, somehow.
    value128 z = full_multiplication(x, y);
    bool overflow;
    z.low = scalar_add(z.low, carry, overflow);
    z.high += uint64_t(overflow);  // cannot overflow
    carry = z.high;
    return z.low;
    #endif
  #else
    uint64_t z = uint64_t(x) * uint64_t(y) + uint64_t(carry);
    carry = limb(z >> limb_bits);
    return limb(z);
  #endif
  }
  
  // add scalar value to bigint starting from offset.
  // used in grade school multiplication
  template <uint16_t size>
  inline bool small_add_from(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y, size_t start) noexcept {
    size_t index = start;
    limb carry = y;
    bool overflow;
    while (carry != 0 && index < vec.len()) {
      vec[index] = scalar_add(vec[index], carry, overflow);
      carry = limb(overflow);
      index += 1;
    }
    if (carry != 0) {
      FASTFLOAT_TRY(vec.try_push(carry));
    }
    return true;
  }
  
  // add scalar value to bigint.
  template <uint16_t size>
  fastfloat_really_inline bool small_add(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y) noexcept {
    return small_add_from(vec, y, 0);
  }
  
  // multiply bigint by scalar value.
  template <uint16_t size>
  inline bool small_mul(stackvec<size>& vec, limb y) noexcept {
    limb carry = 0;
    for (size_t index = 0; index < vec.len(); index++) {
      vec[index] = scalar_mul(vec[index], y, carry);
    }
    if (carry != 0) {
      FASTFLOAT_TRY(vec.try_push(carry));
    }
    return true;
  }
  
  // add bigint to bigint starting from index.
  // used in grade school multiplication
  template <uint16_t size>
  bool large_add_from(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y, size_t start) noexcept {
    // the effective x buffer is from `xstart..x.len()`, so exit early
    // if we can't get that current range.
    if (x.len() < start || y.len() > x.len() - start) {
        FASTFLOAT_TRY(x.try_resize(y.len() + start, 0));
    }
  
    bool carry = false;
    for (size_t index = 0; index < y.len(); index++) {
      limb xi = x[index + start];
      limb yi = y[index];
      bool c1 = false;
      bool c2 = false;
      xi = scalar_add(xi, yi, c1);
      if (carry) {
        xi = scalar_add(xi, 1, c2);
      }
      x[index + start] = xi;
      carry = c1 | c2;
    }
  
    // handle overflow
    if (carry) {
      FASTFLOAT_TRY(small_add_from(x, 1, y.len() + start));
    }
    return true;
  }
  
  // add bigint to bigint.
  template <uint16_t size>
  fastfloat_really_inline bool large_add_from(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {
    return large_add_from(x, y, 0);
  }
  
  // grade-school multiplication algorithm
  template <uint16_t size>
  bool long_mul(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {
    limb_span xs = limb_span(x.data, x.len());
    stackvec<size> z(xs);
    limb_span zs = limb_span(z.data, z.len());
  
    if (y.len() != 0) {
      limb y0 = y[0];
      FASTFLOAT_TRY(small_mul(x, y0));
      for (size_t index = 1; index < y.len(); index++) {
        limb yi = y[index];
        stackvec<size> zi;
        if (yi != 0) {
          // re-use the same buffer throughout
          zi.set_len(0);
          FASTFLOAT_TRY(zi.try_extend(zs));
          FASTFLOAT_TRY(small_mul(zi, yi));
          limb_span zis = limb_span(zi.data, zi.len());
          FASTFLOAT_TRY(large_add_from(x, zis, index));
        }
      }
    }
  
    x.normalize();
    return true;
  }
  
  // grade-school multiplication algorithm
  template <uint16_t size>
  bool large_mul(stackvec<size>& x, limb_span y) noexcept {
    if (y.len() == 1) {
      FASTFLOAT_TRY(small_mul(x, y[0]));
    } else {
      FASTFLOAT_TRY(long_mul(x, y));
    }
    return true;
  }
  
  // big integer type. implements a small subset of big integer
  // arithmetic, using simple algorithms since asymptotically
  // faster algorithms are slower for a small number of limbs.
  // all operations assume the big-integer is normalized.
  struct bigint {
    // storage of the limbs, in little-endian order.
    stackvec<bigint_limbs> vec;
  
    bigint(): vec() {}
    bigint(const bigint &) = delete;
    bigint &operator=(const bigint &) = delete;
    bigint(bigint &&) = delete;
    bigint &operator=(bigint &&other) = delete;
  
    bigint(uint64_t value): vec() {
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
      vec.push_unchecked(value);
  #else
      vec.push_unchecked(uint32_t(value));
      vec.push_unchecked(uint32_t(value >> 32));
  #endif
      vec.normalize();
    }
  
    // get the high 64 bits from the vector, and if bits were truncated.
    // this is to get the significant digits for the float.
    uint64_t hi64(bool& truncated) const noexcept {
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
      if (vec.len() == 0) {
        return empty_hi64(truncated);
      } else if (vec.len() == 1) {
        return uint64_hi64(vec.rindex(0), truncated);
      } else {
        uint64_t result = uint64_hi64(vec.rindex(0), vec.rindex(1), truncated);
        truncated |= vec.nonzero(2);
        return result;
      }
  #else
      if (vec.len() == 0) {
        return empty_hi64(truncated);
      } else if (vec.len() == 1) {
        return uint32_hi64(vec.rindex(0), truncated);
      } else if (vec.len() == 2) {
        return uint32_hi64(vec.rindex(0), vec.rindex(1), truncated);
      } else {
        uint64_t result = uint32_hi64(vec.rindex(0), vec.rindex(1), vec.rindex(2), truncated);
        truncated |= vec.nonzero(3);
        return result;
      }
  #endif
    }
  
    // compare two big integers, returning the large value.
    // assumes both are normalized. if the return value is
    // negative, other is larger, if the return value is
    // positive, this is larger, otherwise they are equal.
    // the limbs are stored in little-endian order, so we
    // must compare the limbs in ever order.
    int compare(const bigint& other) const noexcept {
      if (vec.len() > other.vec.len()) {
        return 1;
      } else if (vec.len() < other.vec.len()) {
        return -1;
      } else {
        for (size_t index = vec.len(); index > 0; index--) {
          limb xi = vec[index - 1];
          limb yi = other.vec[index - 1];
          if (xi > yi) {
            return 1;
          } else if (xi < yi) {
            return -1;
          }
        }
        return 0;
      }
    }
  
    // shift left each limb n bits, carrying over to the new limb
    // returns true if we were able to shift all the digits.
    bool shl_bits(size_t n) noexcept {
      // Internally, for each item, we shift left by n, and add the previous
      // right shifted limb-bits.
      // For example, we transform (for u8) shifted left 2, to:
      //      b10100100 b01000010
      //      b10 b10010001 b00001000
      FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(n != 0);
      FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(n < sizeof(limb) * 8);
  
      size_t shl = n;
      size_t shr = limb_bits - shl;
      limb prev = 0;
      for (size_t index = 0; index < vec.len(); index++) {
        limb xi = vec[index];
        vec[index] = (xi << shl) | (prev >> shr);
        prev = xi;
      }
  
      limb carry = prev >> shr;
      if (carry != 0) {
        return vec.try_push(carry);
      }
      return true;
    }
  
    // move the limbs left by `n` limbs.
    bool shl_limbs(size_t n) noexcept {
      FASTFLOAT_DEBUG_ASSERT(n != 0);
      if (n + vec.len() > vec.capacity()) {
        return false;
      } else if (!vec.is_empty()) {
        // move limbs
        limb* dst = vec.data + n;
        const limb* src = vec.data;
        ::memmove(dst, src, sizeof(limb) * vec.len());
        // fill in empty limbs
        limb* first = vec.data;
        limb* last = first + n;
        ::std::fill(first, last, 0);
        vec.set_len(n + vec.len());
        return true;
      } else {
        return true;
      }
    }
  
    // move the limbs left by `n` bits.
    bool shl(size_t n) noexcept {
      size_t rem = n % limb_bits;
      size_t div = n / limb_bits;
      if (rem != 0) {
        FASTFLOAT_TRY(shl_bits(rem));
      }
      if (div != 0) {
        FASTFLOAT_TRY(shl_limbs(div));
      }
      return true;
    }
  
    // get the number of leading zeros in the bigint.
    int ctlz() const noexcept {
      if (vec.is_empty()) {
        return 0;
      } else {
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
        return leading_zeroes(vec.rindex(0));
  #else
        // no use defining a specialized leading_zeroes for a 32-bit type.
        uint64_t r0 = vec.rindex(0);
        return leading_zeroes(r0 << 32);
  #endif
      }
    }
  
    // get the number of bits in the bigint.
    int bit_length() const noexcept {
      int lz = ctlz();
      return int(limb_bits * vec.len()) - lz;
    }
  
    bool mul(limb y) noexcept {
      return small_mul(vec, y);
    }
  
    bool add(limb y) noexcept {
      return small_add(vec, y);
    }
  
    // multiply as if by 2 raised to a power.
    bool pow2(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
      return shl(exp);
    }
  
    // multiply as if by 5 raised to a power.
    bool pow5(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
      // multiply by a power of 5
      static constexpr uint32_t large_step = 135;
      static constexpr uint64_t small_power_of_5[] = {
        1UL, 5UL, 25UL, 125UL, 625UL, 3125UL, 15625UL, 78125UL, 390625UL,
        1953125UL, 9765625UL, 48828125UL, 244140625UL, 1220703125UL,
        6103515625UL, 30517578125UL, 152587890625UL, 762939453125UL,
        3814697265625UL, 19073486328125UL, 95367431640625UL, 476837158203125UL,
        2384185791015625UL, 11920928955078125UL, 59604644775390625UL,
        298023223876953125UL, 1490116119384765625UL, 7450580596923828125UL,
      };
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
      constexpr static limb large_power_of_5[] = {
        1414648277510068013UL, 9180637584431281687UL, 4539964771860779200UL,
        10482974169319127550UL, 198276706040285095UL};
  #else
      constexpr static limb large_power_of_5[] = {
        4279965485U, 329373468U, 4020270615U, 2137533757U, 4287402176U,
        1057042919U, 1071430142U, 2440757623U, 381945767U, 46164893U};
  #endif
      size_t large_length = sizeof(large_power_of_5) / sizeof(limb);
      limb_span large = limb_span(large_power_of_5, large_length);
      while (exp >= large_step) {
        FASTFLOAT_TRY(large_mul(vec, large));
        exp -= large_step;
      }
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
      uint32_t small_step = 27;
      limb max_native = 7450580596923828125UL;
  #else
      uint32_t small_step = 13;
      limb max_native = 1220703125U;
  #endif
      while (exp >= small_step) {
        FASTFLOAT_TRY(small_mul(vec, max_native));
        exp -= small_step;
      }
      if (exp != 0) {
        FASTFLOAT_TRY(small_mul(vec, limb(small_power_of_5[exp])));
      }
  
      return true;
    }
  
    // multiply as if by 10 raised to a power.
    bool pow10(uint32_t exp) noexcept {
      FASTFLOAT_TRY(pow5(exp));
      return pow2(exp);
    }
  };
  
  } // namespace fast_float
  
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_ASCII_NUMBER_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_ASCII_NUMBER_H
  
  #include <cctype>
  #include <cstdint>
  #include <cstring>
  #include <iterator>
  
  
  namespace fast_float {
  
  // Next function can be micro-optimized, but compilers are entirely
  // able to optimize it well.
  fastfloat_really_inline bool is_integer(char c)  noexcept  { return c >= '0' && c <= '9'; }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t byteswap(uint64_t val) {
    return (val & 0xFF00000000000000) >> 56
      | (val & 0x00FF000000000000) >> 40
      | (val & 0x0000FF0000000000) >> 24
      | (val & 0x000000FF00000000) >> 8
      | (val & 0x00000000FF000000) << 8
      | (val & 0x0000000000FF0000) << 24
      | (val & 0x000000000000FF00) << 40
      | (val & 0x00000000000000FF) << 56;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline uint64_t read_u64(const char *chars) {
    uint64_t val;
    ::memcpy(&val, chars, sizeof(uint64_t));
  #if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 1
    // Need to read as-if the number was in little-endian order.
    val = byteswap(val);
  #endif
    return val;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline void write_u64(uint8_t *chars, uint64_t val) {
  #if FASTFLOAT_IS_BIG_ENDIAN == 1
    // Need to read as-if the number was in little-endian order.
    val = byteswap(val);
  #endif
    ::memcpy(chars, &val, sizeof(uint64_t));
  }
  
  // credit  @aqrit
  fastfloat_really_inline uint32_t  parse_eight_digits_unrolled(uint64_t val) {
    const uint64_t mask = 0x000000FF000000FF;
    const uint64_t mul1 = 0x000F424000000064; // 100 + (1000000ULL << 32)
    const uint64_t mul2 = 0x0000271000000001; // 1 + (10000ULL << 32)
    val -= 0x3030303030303030;
    val = (val * 10) + (val >> 8); // val = (val * 2561) >> 8;
    val = (((val & mask) * mul1) + (((val >> 16) & mask) * mul2)) >> 32;
    return uint32_t(val);
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline uint32_t parse_eight_digits_unrolled(const char *chars)  noexcept  {
    return parse_eight_digits_unrolled(read_u64(chars));
  }
  
  // credit @aqrit
  fastfloat_really_inline bool is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(uint64_t val)  noexcept  {
    return !((((val + 0x4646464646464646) | (val - 0x3030303030303030)) &
       0x8080808080808080));
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline bool is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(const char *chars)  noexcept  {
    return is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(read_u64(chars));
  }
  
  typedef span<const char> byte_span;
  
  struct parsed_number_string {
    int64_t exponent{0};
    uint64_t mantissa{0};
    const char *lastmatch{nullptr};
    bool negative{false};
    bool valid{false};
    bool too_many_digits{false};
    // contains the range of the significant digits
    byte_span integer{};  // non-nullable
    byte_span fraction{}; // nullable
  };
  
  // Assuming that you use no more than 19 digits, this will
  // parse an ASCII string.
  fastfloat_really_inline
  parsed_number_string parse_number_string(const char *p, const char *pend, parse_options options) noexcept {
    const chars_format fmt = options.format;
    const char decimal_point = options.decimal_point;
  
    parsed_number_string answer;
    answer.valid = false;
    answer.too_many_digits = false;
    answer.negative = (*p == '-');
    if (*p == '-') { // C++17 20.19.3.(7.1) explicitly forbids '+' sign here
      ++p;
      if (p == pend) {
        return answer;
      }
      if (!is_integer(*p) && (*p != decimal_point)) { // a sign must be followed by an integer or the dot
        return answer;
      }
    }
    const char *const start_digits = p;
  
    uint64_t i = 0; // an unsigned int avoids signed overflows (which are bad)
  
    while ((std::distance(p, pend) >= 8) && is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(p)) {
      i = i * 100000000 + parse_eight_digits_unrolled(p); // in rare cases, this will overflow, but that's ok
      p += 8;
    }
    while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
      // a multiplication by 10 is cheaper than an arbitrary integer
      // multiplication
      i = 10 * i +
          uint64_t(*p - '0'); // might overflow, we will handle the overflow later
      ++p;
    }
    const char *const end_of_integer_part = p;
    int64_t digit_count = int64_t(end_of_integer_part - start_digits);
    answer.integer = byte_span(start_digits, size_t(digit_count));
    int64_t exponent = 0;
    if ((p != pend) && (*p == decimal_point)) {
      ++p;
      const char* before = p;
      // can occur at most twice without overflowing, but let it occur more, since
      // for integers with many digits, digit parsing is the primary bottleneck.
      while ((std::distance(p, pend) >= 8) && is_made_of_eight_digits_fast(p)) {
        i = i * 100000000 + parse_eight_digits_unrolled(p); // in rare cases, this will overflow, but that's ok
        p += 8;
      }
      while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
        uint8_t digit = uint8_t(*p - '0');
        ++p;
        i = i * 10 + digit; // in rare cases, this will overflow, but that's ok
      }
      exponent = before - p;
      answer.fraction = byte_span(before, size_t(p - before));
      digit_count -= exponent;
    }
    // we must have encountered at least one integer!
    if (digit_count == 0) {
      return answer;
    }
    int64_t exp_number = 0;            // explicit exponential part
    if ((fmt & chars_format::scientific) && (p != pend) && (('e' == *p) || ('E' == *p))) {
      const char * location_of_e = p;
      ++p;
      bool neg_exp = false;
      if ((p != pend) && ('-' == *p)) {
        neg_exp = true;
        ++p;
      } else if ((p != pend) && ('+' == *p)) { // '+' on exponent is allowed by C++17 20.19.3.(7.1)
        ++p;
      }
      if ((p == pend) || !is_integer(*p)) {
        if(!(fmt & chars_format::fixed)) {
          // We are in error.
          return answer;
        }
        // Otherwise, we will be ignoring the 'e'.
        p = location_of_e;
      } else {
        while ((p != pend) && is_integer(*p)) {
          uint8_t digit = uint8_t(*p - '0');
          if (exp_number < 0x10000000) {
            exp_number = 10 * exp_number + digit;
          }
          ++p;
        }
        if(neg_exp) { exp_number = - exp_number; }
        exponent += exp_number;
      }
    } else {
      // If it scientific and not fixed, we have to bail out.
      if((fmt & chars_format::scientific) && !(fmt & chars_format::fixed)) { return answer; }
    }
    answer.lastmatch = p;
    answer.valid = true;
  
    // If we frequently had to deal with long strings of digits,
    // we could extend our code by using a 128-bit integer instead
    // of a 64-bit integer. However, this is uncommon.
    //
    // We can deal with up to 19 digits.
    if (digit_count > 19) { // this is uncommon
      // It is possible that the integer had an overflow.
      // We have to handle the case where we have 0.0000somenumber.
      // We need to be mindful of the case where we only have zeroes...
      // E.g., 0.000000000...000.
      const char *start = start_digits;
      while ((start != pend) && (*start == '0' || *start == decimal_point)) {
        if(*start == '0') { digit_count --; }
        start++;
      }
      if (digit_count > 19) {
        answer.too_many_digits = true;
        // Let us start again, this time, avoiding overflows.
        // We don't need to check if is_integer, since we use the
        // pre-tokenized spans from above.
        i = 0;
        p = answer.integer.ptr;
        const char* int_end = p + answer.integer.len();
        const uint64_t minimal_nineteen_digit_integer{1000000000000000000};
        while((i < minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) && (p != int_end)) {
          i = i * 10 + uint64_t(*p - '0');
          ++p;
        }
        if (i >= minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) { // We have a big integers
          exponent = end_of_integer_part - p + exp_number;
        } else { // We have a value with a fractional component.
            p = answer.fraction.ptr;
            const char* frac_end = p + answer.fraction.len();
            while((i < minimal_nineteen_digit_integer) && (p != frac_end)) {
              i = i * 10 + uint64_t(*p - '0');
              ++p;
            }
            exponent = answer.fraction.ptr - p + exp_number;
        }
        // We have now corrected both exponent and i, to a truncated value
      }
    }
    answer.exponent = exponent;
    answer.mantissa = i;
    return answer;
  }
  
  } // namespace fast_float
  
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_DIGIT_COMPARISON_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_DIGIT_COMPARISON_H
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <cstdint>
  #include <cstring>
  #include <iterator>
  
  
  namespace fast_float {
  
  // 1e0 to 1e19
  constexpr static uint64_t powers_of_ten_uint64[] = {
      1UL, 10UL, 100UL, 1000UL, 10000UL, 100000UL, 1000000UL, 10000000UL, 100000000UL,
      1000000000UL, 10000000000UL, 100000000000UL, 1000000000000UL, 10000000000000UL,
      100000000000000UL, 1000000000000000UL, 10000000000000000UL, 100000000000000000UL,
      1000000000000000000UL, 10000000000000000000UL};
  
  // calculate the exponent, in scientific notation, of the number.
  // this algorithm is not even close to optimized, but it has no practical
  // effect on performance: in order to have a faster algorithm, we'd need
  // to slow down performance for faster algorithms, and this is still fast.
  fastfloat_really_inline int32_t scientific_exponent(parsed_number_string& num) noexcept {
    uint64_t mantissa = num.mantissa;
    int32_t exponent = int32_t(num.exponent);
    while (mantissa >= 10000) {
      mantissa /= 10000;
      exponent += 4;
    }
    while (mantissa >= 100) {
      mantissa /= 100;
      exponent += 2;
    }
    while (mantissa >= 10) {
      mantissa /= 10;
      exponent += 1;
    }
    return exponent;
  }
  
  // this converts a native floating-point number to an extended-precision float.
  template <typename T>
  fastfloat_really_inline adjusted_mantissa to_extended(T value) noexcept {
    using equiv_uint = typename binary_format<T>::equiv_uint;
    constexpr equiv_uint exponent_mask = binary_format<T>::exponent_mask();
    constexpr equiv_uint mantissa_mask = binary_format<T>::mantissa_mask();
    constexpr equiv_uint hidden_bit_mask = binary_format<T>::hidden_bit_mask();
  
    adjusted_mantissa am;
    int32_t bias = binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits() - binary_format<T>::minimum_exponent();
    equiv_uint bits;
    ::memcpy(&bits, &value, sizeof(T));
    if ((bits & exponent_mask) == 0) {
      // denormal
      am.power2 = 1 - bias;
      am.mantissa = bits & mantissa_mask;
    } else {
      // normal
      am.power2 = int32_t((bits & exponent_mask) >> binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits());
      am.power2 -= bias;
      am.mantissa = (bits & mantissa_mask) | hidden_bit_mask;
    }
  
    return am;
  }
  
  // get the extended precision value of the halfway point between b and b+u.
  // we are given a native float that represents b, so we need to adjust it
  // halfway between b and b+u.
  template <typename T>
  fastfloat_really_inline adjusted_mantissa to_extended_halfway(T value) noexcept {
    adjusted_mantissa am = to_extended(value);
    am.mantissa <<= 1;
    am.mantissa += 1;
    am.power2 -= 1;
    return am;
  }
  
  // round an extended-precision float to the nearest machine float.
  template <typename T, typename callback>
  fastfloat_really_inline void round(adjusted_mantissa& am, callback cb) noexcept {
    int32_t mantissa_shift = 64 - binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits() - 1;
    if (-am.power2 >= mantissa_shift) {
      // have a denormal float
      int32_t shift = -am.power2 + 1;
      cb(am, std::min(shift, 64));
      // check for round-up: if rounding-nearest carried us to the hidden bit.
      am.power2 = (am.mantissa < (uint64_t(1) << binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits())) ? 0 : 1;
      return;
    }
  
    // have a normal float, use the default shift.
    cb(am, mantissa_shift);
  
    // check for carry
    if (am.mantissa >= (uint64_t(2) << binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits())) {
      am.mantissa = (uint64_t(1) << binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits());
      am.power2++;
    }
  
    // check for infinite: we could have carried to an infinite power
    am.mantissa &= ~(uint64_t(1) << binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits());
    if (am.power2 >= binary_format<T>::infinite_power()) {
      am.power2 = binary_format<T>::infinite_power();
      am.mantissa = 0;
    }
  }
  
  template <typename callback>
  fastfloat_really_inline
  void round_nearest_tie_even(adjusted_mantissa& am, int32_t shift, callback cb) noexcept {
    uint64_t mask;
    uint64_t halfway;
    if (shift == 64) {
      mask = UINT64_MAX;
    } else {
      mask = (uint64_t(1) << shift) - 1;
    }
    if (shift == 0) {
      halfway = 0;
    } else {
      halfway = uint64_t(1) << (shift - 1);
    }
    uint64_t truncated_bits = am.mantissa & mask;
    uint64_t is_above = truncated_bits > halfway;
    uint64_t is_halfway = truncated_bits == halfway;
  
    // shift digits into position
    if (shift == 64) {
      am.mantissa = 0;
    } else {
      am.mantissa >>= shift;
    }
    am.power2 += shift;
  
    bool is_odd = (am.mantissa & 1) == 1;
    am.mantissa += uint64_t(cb(is_odd, is_halfway, is_above));
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline void round_down(adjusted_mantissa& am, int32_t shift) noexcept {
    if (shift == 64) {
      am.mantissa = 0;
    } else {
      am.mantissa >>= shift;
    }
    am.power2 += shift;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline void skip_zeros(const char*& first, const char* last) noexcept {
    uint64_t val;
    while (std::distance(first, last) >= 8) {
      ::memcpy(&val, first, sizeof(uint64_t));
      if (val != 0x3030303030303030) {
        break;
      }
      first += 8;
    }
    while (first != last) {
      if (*first != '0') {
        break;
      }
      first++;
    }
  }
  
  // determine if any non-zero digits were truncated.
  // all characters must be valid digits.
  fastfloat_really_inline bool is_truncated(const char* first, const char* last) noexcept {
    // do 8-bit optimizations, can just compare to 8 literal 0s.
    uint64_t val;
    while (std::distance(first, last) >= 8) {
      ::memcpy(&val, first, sizeof(uint64_t));
      if (val != 0x3030303030303030) {
        return true;
      }
      first += 8;
    }
    while (first != last) {
      if (*first != '0') {
        return true;
      }
      first++;
    }
    return false;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline bool is_truncated(byte_span s) noexcept {
    return is_truncated(s.ptr, s.ptr + s.len());
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  void parse_eight_digits(const char*& p, limb& value, size_t& counter, size_t& count) noexcept {
    value = value * 100000000 + parse_eight_digits_unrolled(p);
    p += 8;
    counter += 8;
    count += 8;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  void parse_one_digit(const char*& p, limb& value, size_t& counter, size_t& count) noexcept {
    value = value * 10 + limb(*p - '0');
    p++;
    counter++;
    count++;
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline
  void add_native(bigint& big, limb power, limb value) noexcept {
    big.mul(power);
    big.add(value);
  }
  
  fastfloat_really_inline void round_up_bigint(bigint& big, size_t& count) noexcept {
    // need to round-up the digits, but need to avoid rounding
    // ....9999 to ...10000, which could cause a false halfway point.
    add_native(big, 10, 1);
    count++;
  }
  
  // parse the significant digits into a big integer
  inline void parse_mantissa(bigint& result, parsed_number_string& num, size_t max_digits, size_t& digits) noexcept {
    // try to minimize the number of big integer and scalar multiplication.
    // therefore, try to parse 8 digits at a time, and multiply by the largest
    // scalar value (9 or 19 digits) for each step.
    size_t counter = 0;
    digits = 0;
    limb value = 0;
  #ifdef FASTFLOAT_64BIT_LIMB
    size_t step = 19;
  #else
    size_t step = 9;
  #endif
  
    // process all integer digits.
    const char* p = num.integer.ptr;
    const char* pend = p + num.integer.len();
    skip_zeros(p, pend);
    // process all digits, in increments of step per loop
    while (p != pend) {
      while ((std::distance(p, pend) >= 8) && (step - counter >= 8) && (max_digits - digits >= 8)) {
        parse_eight_digits(p, value, counter, digits);
      }
      while (counter < step && p != pend && digits < max_digits) {
        parse_one_digit(p, value, counter, digits);
      }
      if (digits == max_digits) {
        // add the temporary value, then check if we've truncated any digits
        add_native(result, limb(powers_of_ten_uint64[counter]), value);
        bool truncated = is_truncated(p, pend);
        if (num.fraction.ptr != nullptr) {
          truncated |= is_truncated(num.fraction);
        }
        if (truncated) {
          round_up_bigint(result, digits);
        }
        return;
      } else {
        add_native(result, limb(powers_of_ten_uint64[counter]), value);
        counter = 0;
        value = 0;
      }
    }
  
    // add our fraction digits, if they're available.
    if (num.fraction.ptr != nullptr) {
      p = num.fraction.ptr;
      pend = p + num.fraction.len();
      if (digits == 0) {
        skip_zeros(p, pend);
      }
      // process all digits, in increments of step per loop
      while (p != pend) {
        while ((std::distance(p, pend) >= 8) && (step - counter >= 8) && (max_digits - digits >= 8)) {
          parse_eight_digits(p, value, counter, digits);
        }
        while (counter < step && p != pend && digits < max_digits) {
          parse_one_digit(p, value, counter, digits);
        }
        if (digits == max_digits) {
          // add the temporary value, then check if we've truncated any digits
          add_native(result, limb(powers_of_ten_uint64[counter]), value);
          bool truncated = is_truncated(p, pend);
          if (truncated) {
            round_up_bigint(result, digits);
          }
          return;
        } else {
          add_native(result, limb(powers_of_ten_uint64[counter]), value);
          counter = 0;
          value = 0;
        }
      }
    }
  
    if (counter != 0) {
      add_native(result, limb(powers_of_ten_uint64[counter]), value);
    }
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  inline adjusted_mantissa positive_digit_comp(bigint& bigmant, int32_t exponent) noexcept {
    FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(bigmant.pow10(uint32_t(exponent)));
    adjusted_mantissa answer;
    bool truncated;
    answer.mantissa = bigmant.hi64(truncated);
    int bias = binary_format<T>::mantissa_explicit_bits() - binary_format<T>::minimum_exponent();
    answer.power2 = bigmant.bit_length() - 64 + bias;
  
    round<T>(answer, [truncated](adjusted_mantissa& a, int32_t shift) {
      round_nearest_tie_even(a, shift, [truncated](bool is_odd, bool is_halfway, bool is_above) -> bool {
        return is_above || (is_halfway && truncated) || (is_odd && is_halfway);
      });
    });
  
    return answer;
  }
  
  // the scaling here is quite simple: we have, for the real digits `m * 10^e`,
  // and for the theoretical digits `n * 2^f`. Since `e` is always negative,
  // to scale them identically, we do `n * 2^f * 5^-f`, so we now have `m * 2^e`.
  // we then need to scale by `2^(f- e)`, and then the two significant digits
  // are of the same magnitude.
  template <typename T>
  inline adjusted_mantissa negative_digit_comp(bigint& bigmant, adjusted_mantissa am, int32_t exponent) noexcept {
    bigint& real_digits = bigmant;
    int32_t real_exp = exponent;
  
    // get the value of `b`, rounded down, and get a bigint representation of b+h
    adjusted_mantissa am_b = am;
    // gcc7 buf: use a lambda to remove the noexcept qualifier bug with -Wnoexcept-type.
    round<T>(am_b, [](adjusted_mantissa&a, int32_t shift) { round_down(a, shift); });
    T b;
    to_float(false, am_b, b);
    adjusted_mantissa theor = to_extended_halfway(b);
    bigint theor_digits(theor.mantissa);
    int32_t theor_exp = theor.power2;
  
    // scale real digits and theor digits to be same power.
    int32_t pow2_exp = theor_exp - real_exp;
    uint32_t pow5_exp = uint32_t(-real_exp);
    if (pow5_exp != 0) {
      FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(theor_digits.pow5(pow5_exp));
    }
    if (pow2_exp > 0) {
      FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(theor_digits.pow2(uint32_t(pow2_exp)));
    } else if (pow2_exp < 0) {
      FASTFLOAT_ASSERT(real_digits.pow2(uint32_t(-pow2_exp)));
    }
  
    // compare digits, and use it to director rounding
    int ord = real_digits.compare(theor_digits);
    adjusted_mantissa answer = am;
    round<T>(answer, [ord](adjusted_mantissa& a, int32_t shift) {
      round_nearest_tie_even(a, shift, [ord](bool is_odd, bool _, bool __) -> bool {
        (void)_;  // not needed, since we've done our comparison
        (void)__; // not needed, since we've done our comparison
        if (ord > 0) {
          return true;
        } else if (ord < 0) {
          return false;
        } else {
          return is_odd;
        }
      });
    });
  
    return answer;
  }
  
  // parse the significant digits as a big integer to unambiguously round the
  // the significant digits. here, we are trying to determine how to round
  // an extended float representation close to `b+h`, halfway between `b`
  // (the float rounded-down) and `b+u`, the next positive float. this
  // algorithm is always correct, and uses one of two approaches. when
  // the exponent is positive relative to the significant digits (such as
  // 1234), we create a big-integer representation, get the high 64-bits,
  // determine if any lower bits are truncated, and use that to direct
  // rounding. in case of a negative exponent relative to the significant
  // digits (such as 1.2345), we create a theoretical representation of
  // `b` as a big-integer type, scaled to the same binary exponent as
  // the actual digits. we then compare the big integer representations
  // of both, and use that to direct rounding.
  template <typename T>
  inline adjusted_mantissa digit_comp(parsed_number_string& num, adjusted_mantissa am) noexcept {
    // remove the invalid exponent bias
    am.power2 -= invalid_am_bias;
  
    int32_t sci_exp = scientific_exponent(num);
    size_t max_digits = binary_format<T>::max_digits();
    size_t digits = 0;
    bigint bigmant;
    parse_mantissa(bigmant, num, max_digits, digits);
    // can't underflow, since digits is at most max_digits.
    int32_t exponent = sci_exp + 1 - int32_t(digits);
    if (exponent >= 0) {
      return positive_digit_comp<T>(bigmant, exponent);
    } else {
      return negative_digit_comp<T>(bigmant, am, exponent);
    }
  }
  
  } // namespace fast_float
  
  #endif
  
  #ifndef FASTFLOAT_PARSE_NUMBER_H
  #define FASTFLOAT_PARSE_NUMBER_H
  
  
  #include <cmath>
  #include <cstring>
  #include <limits>
  #include <system_error>
  
  namespace fast_float {
  
  
  namespace detail {
  /**
   * Special case +inf, -inf, nan, infinity, -infinity.
   * The case comparisons could be made much faster given that we know that the
   * strings a null-free and fixed.
   **/
  template <typename T>
  from_chars_result parse_infnan(const char *first, const char *last, T &value)  noexcept  {
    from_chars_result answer;
    answer.ptr = first;
    answer.ec = std::errc(); // be optimistic
    bool minusSign = false;
    if (*first == '-') { // assume first < last, so dereference without checks; C++17 20.19.3.(7.1) explicitly forbids '+' here
        minusSign = true;
        ++first;
    }
    if (last - first >= 3) {
      if (fastfloat_strncasecmp(first, "nan", 3)) {
        answer.ptr = (first += 3);
        value = minusSign ? -std::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN() : std::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN();
        // Check for possible nan(n-char-seq-opt), C++17 20.19.3.7, C11 7.20.1.3.3. At least MSVC produces nan(ind) and nan(snan).
        if(first != last && *first == '(') {
          for(const char* ptr = first + 1; ptr != last; ++ptr) {
            if (*ptr == ')') {
              answer.ptr = ptr + 1; // valid nan(n-char-seq-opt)
              break;
            }
            else if(!(('a' <= *ptr && *ptr <= 'z') || ('A' <= *ptr && *ptr <= 'Z') || ('0' <= *ptr && *ptr <= '9') || *ptr == '_'))
              break; // forbidden char, not nan(n-char-seq-opt)
          }
        }
        return answer;
      }
      if (fastfloat_strncasecmp(first, "inf", 3)) {
        if ((last - first >= 8) && fastfloat_strncasecmp(first + 3, "inity", 5)) {
          answer.ptr = first + 8;
        } else {
          answer.ptr = first + 3;
        }
        value = minusSign ? -std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity() : std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity();
        return answer;
      }
    }
    answer.ec = std::errc::invalid_argument;
    return answer;
  }
  
  } // namespace detail
  
  template<typename T>
  from_chars_result from_chars(const char *first, const char *last,
                               T &value, chars_format fmt /*= chars_format::general*/)  noexcept  {
    return from_chars_advanced(first, last, value, parse_options{fmt});
  }
  
  template<typename T>
  from_chars_result from_chars_advanced(const char *first, const char *last,
                                        T &value, parse_options options)  noexcept  {
  
    static_assert (std::is_same<T, double>::value || std::is_same<T, float>::value, "only float and double are supported");
  
  
    from_chars_result answer;
    if (first == last) {
      answer.ec = std::errc::invalid_argument;
      answer.ptr = first;
      return answer;
    }
    parsed_number_string pns = parse_number_string(first, last, options);
    if (!pns.valid) {
      return detail::parse_infnan(first, last, value);
    }
    answer.ec = std::errc(); // be optimistic
    answer.ptr = pns.lastmatch;
    // Next is Clinger's fast path.
    if (binary_format<T>::min_exponent_fast_path() <= pns.exponent && pns.exponent <= binary_format<T>::max_exponent_fast_path() && pns.mantissa <=binary_format<T>::max_mantissa_fast_path() && !pns.too_many_digits) {
      value = T(pns.mantissa);
      if (pns.exponent < 0) { value = value / binary_format<T>::exact_power_of_ten(-pns.exponent); }
      else { value = value * binary_format<T>::exact_power_of_ten(pns.exponent); }
      if (pns.negative) { value = -value; }
      return answer;
    }
    adjusted_mantissa am = compute_float<binary_format<T>>(pns.exponent, pns.mantissa);
    if(pns.too_many_digits && am.power2 >= 0) {
      if(am != compute_float<binary_format<T>>(pns.exponent, pns.mantissa + 1)) {
        am = compute_error<binary_format<T>>(pns.exponent, pns.mantissa);
      }
    }
    // If we called compute_float<binary_format<T>>(pns.exponent, pns.mantissa) and we have an invalid power (am.power2 < 0),
    // then we need to go the long way around again. This is very uncommon.
    if(am.power2 < 0) { am = digit_comp<T>(pns, am); }
    to_float(pns.negative, am, value);
    return answer;
  }
  
  } // namespace fast_float
  
  #endif
  
  