text: /* Copyright (c) 2017 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
  
  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  
      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  
  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License. */
  
  #pragma once
  #include <unordered_map>
  #include <utility>
  #include <vector>
  #include "paddle/fluid/framework/eigen.h"
  #include "paddle/fluid/framework/lod_tensor.h"
  #include "paddle/fluid/framework/selected_rows.h"
  #include "paddle/fluid/framework/tensor.h"
  #include "paddle/fluid/operators/math/blas.h"
  #include "paddle/fluid/platform/device_context.h"
  
  #if defined(_WIN32)
  #include <intrin.h>
  #include <windows.h>
  #endif  // _WIN32
  
  namespace paddle {
  namespace operators {
  namespace math {
  /**
   * SimpleCodeTable class should support 3 functions:
   *
   * size_t size()
   *   return the number of ids
   *
   * int get_max_code_length()
   *   return the maximal code length
   *
   * SimpleCode operator()(size_t i)
   *   return the i-th code. Code class is descriebed below.
   *
   * SimpleCode class should support 3 functions:
   *
   * int get_length()
   *   return the length of the code
   *
   * size_t cal_index(int bit)
   *   bit ranges from 0 to get_length() - 1
   *   return the index for the (1+bit) level parent
   *
   * bool calc_bit(int bit)
   *   return true if the bit level parent is the right child of (1+bit) level
   *   parent
   *
   */
  
  /**
   * return the 1-based index of the highest bit set
   *
   * for x > 0:
   * \f[
   *    FindLastSet(x) = 1 + \floor*{\log_{2}x}
   * \f]
   */
  #if !defined(_WIN32)
  inline constexpr size_t FindLastSet(size_t x) {
    return std::is_same<size_t, unsigned int>::value
               ? (x ? 8 * sizeof(x) - __builtin_clz(x) : 0)
               : (std::is_same<size_t, unsigned long>::value  // NOLINT
                      ? (x ? 8 * sizeof(x) - __builtin_clzl(x) : 0)
                      : (x ? 8 * sizeof(x) - __builtin_clzll(x) : 0));
  }
  #else
  // windows don't have built-in clz, ctz function
  template <typename T>
  inline int ctz(const T& value) {
    DWORD trailing_zero = 0;
    if (_BitScanForward(&trailing_zero, value)) {
      return static_cast<int>(trailing_zero);
    } else {
      return static_cast<int>(0);
    }
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  inline int clz(const T& value) {
    DWORD leadning_zero = 0;
    if (_BitScanReverse(&leadning_zero, value)) {
      return static_cast<int>(sizeof(T) * 8 - leadning_zero);
    } else {
      return static_cast<int>(0);
    }
  }
  
  inline size_t FindLastSet(size_t x) { return sizeof(size_t) * 8 - clz(x); }
  #endif  // !_WIN32
  // set a code interface to create multiple code
  class Code {
   public:
    virtual ~Code() {}
    virtual size_t calc_index(int bit) const = 0;
    virtual bool calc_bit(int bit) const = 0;
    virtual int get_length() const = 0;
  };
  // set a CodeTable interface to create multiple code table
  class CodeTable {
   public:
    virtual std::unique_ptr<Code> get_code(int64_t code) const = 0;
    virtual size_t size() const = 0;
    virtual int get_max_code_length() const = 0;
    virtual ~CodeTable() {}
  };
  
  class SimpleCode : public Code {
   public:
    SimpleCode(size_t code, size_t num_classes, const int64_t* ids)
        : c_(static_cast<size_t>(ids[code]) + num_classes) {}
    /**
     * Here the id of root shoud be 1 rather than 0, thus the encoding of class c
     * is `c + num_classes` and all siblings can get the same weight indice using
     * prefixes.
     * Weight index is the prefixes of encoding, thus leave out the right most
     * bit in calc_index.
     * Binary classification path is the suffixes of encoding, thus leave out the
     * left most bit in calc_bit.
     */
    size_t calc_index(int bit) const { return (c_ >> (bit + 1)) - 1; }
    bool calc_bit(int bit) const { return c_ & (1 << bit); }
    int get_length() const { return FindLastSet(c_) - 1; }
  
   private:
    size_t c_;
  };
  
  template <typename T>
  class CustomCode : public Code {
   public:
    CustomCode(const framework::Tensor& ptable, const framework::Tensor& pcode,
               const int64_t* ids, int index)
        : ids_(ids), index_(index) {
      ptable_ = ptable.Slice(index, index + 1);
      pcode_ = pcode.Slice(index, index + 1);
    }
    /**
     * Here the id of root shoud be 1 rather than 0, thus the encoding of class c
     * is `c + num_classes` and all siblings can get the same weight indice using
     * prefixes.
     * Weight index is the prefixes of encoding, thus leave out the right most
     * bit in calc_index.
     * Binary classification path is the suffixes of encoding, thus leave out the
     * left most bit in calc_bit.
     */
    size_t calc_index(int bit) const { return ptable_.data<T>()[bit]; }
    bool calc_bit(int bit) const { return pcode_.data<T>()[bit]; }
    int get_length() const {
      int length = 0;
  
      for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(ptable_.dims()[1]); i++) {
        if (ptable_.data<T>()[i] >= 0) {
          length++;
        } else {
          return length;
        }
      }
      return length;
    }
  
   private:
    framework::Tensor ptable_;
    framework::Tensor pcode_;
    const int64_t* ids_;
    const int index_;
  };
  
  class SimpleCodeTable : public CodeTable {
   public:
    SimpleCodeTable(size_t num_classes, const int64_t* ids)
        : num_classes_(num_classes), ids_(ids) {}
    std::unique_ptr<Code> get_code(int64_t code) const {
      std::unique_ptr<Code> coder(new SimpleCode(code, num_classes_, ids_));
      return coder;
    }
    size_t size() const { return num_classes_; }
    int get_max_code_length() const { return FindLastSet(num_classes_ - 1); }
  
   private:
    size_t num_classes_;
    const int64_t* ids_;
  };
  
  template <typename T>
  class CustomCodeTable : public CodeTable {
   public:
    CustomCodeTable(const framework::Tensor& ptable,
                    const framework::Tensor& pcode, const int64_t* ids)
        : ptable_(ptable), pcode_(pcode), ids_(ids) {}
  
    std::unique_ptr<Code> get_code(int64_t code) const {
      std::unique_ptr<Code> coder(new CustomCode<T>(ptable_, pcode_, ids_, code));
      return coder;
    }
  
    size_t size() const { return static_cast<size_t>(ptable_.dims()[1]); }
    int get_max_code_length() const {
      return static_cast<size_t>(ptable_.dims()[1]);
    }
  
   private:
    const framework::Tensor& ptable_;
    const framework::Tensor& pcode_;
    const int64_t* ids_;
  };
  
  template <typename T>
  class MatrixBitCodeFunctor {
   public:
    MatrixBitCodeFunctor(size_t num_classes, const int64_t* ids)
        : num_classes_(num_classes),
          ids_(ids),
          code_table_(new SimpleCodeTable(num_classes, ids)) {}
  
    MatrixBitCodeFunctor(const framework::Tensor& ptable,
                         const framework::Tensor& pcode, const int64_t* ids)
        : num_classes_(static_cast<size_t>(ptable.dims()[1])),
          ids_(ids),
          code_table_(new CustomCodeTable<int64_t>(ptable, pcode, ids)) {}
    /* For j < code_length
         tmat(i, j) += vec(0, index(i, j))
    */
    void Add(const framework::Tensor& vec, framework::Tensor* tmat);
  
    /* For j < code_length
         vec(0, index(i, j)) += tmat(i, j)
    */
    void AddGrad(const framework::Tensor& tmat, framework::Tensor* vec);
  
    /* For selected rows For j < code_length
         vec(0, index(i, j)) += tmat(i, j)
    */
    void AddGrad(const framework::Tensor& tmat, framework::SelectedRows* vec);
  
    /* For j < code_length
      sum(i, 0) = \sum_j bit(i, j) * tmat(i, j)
    */
    void Sum(const framework::Tensor& tmat, framework::Tensor* sum, T scale_sum);
  
    /* For j < code_length
         tmat(i, j) -= bit(i, j)
    */
    void Sub(framework::Tensor* tmat);
    /* For j < code_length
         input.row(i) += tmat(i, j) * weight.row(index(i, j))
    */
    void Mul(framework::Tensor* tmat, const framework::Tensor& weight,
             const framework::Tensor& input);
  
    /* For index(i, j) >= 0:
        weight.row(index(i, j)) += tmat(i, j) * input.row(i)
    */
    void MulGradWeight(const framework::Tensor& tmat, framework::Tensor* weight,
                       const framework::Tensor& input);
    /* For SelectedRows Weight, For index(i, j) >= 0:
        weight.row(index(i, j)) += tmat(i, j) * input.row(i)
    */
    void MulGradWeight(const framework::Tensor& tmat,
                       framework::SelectedRows* weight,
                       const framework::Tensor& input);
    /* For j < code_length
      input.row(i) += tmat(i, j) * weight.row(index(i, j))
    */
    void MulGradError(const framework::Tensor& tmat,
                      const framework::Tensor& weight, framework::Tensor* input);
  
    size_t num_classes_;
    const int64_t* ids_;
    std::unique_ptr<CodeTable> code_table_;
  };
  }  // namespace math
  }  // namespace operators
  }  // namespace paddle
  