text: #
  # The Python Imaging Library.
  # $Id$
  #
  # the Image class wrapper
  #
  # partial release history:
  # 1995-09-09 fl   Created
  # 1996-03-11 fl   PIL release 0.0 (proof of concept)
  # 1996-04-30 fl   PIL release 0.1b1
  # 1999-07-28 fl   PIL release 1.0 final
  # 2000-06-07 fl   PIL release 1.1
  # 2000-10-20 fl   PIL release 1.1.1
  # 2001-05-07 fl   PIL release 1.1.2
  # 2002-03-15 fl   PIL release 1.1.3
  # 2003-05-10 fl   PIL release 1.1.4
  # 2005-03-28 fl   PIL release 1.1.5
  # 2006-12-02 fl   PIL release 1.1.6
  # 2009-11-15 fl   PIL release 1.1.7
  #
  # Copyright (c) 1997-2009 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
  # Copyright (c) 1995-2009 by Fredrik Lundh.
  #
  # See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
  #
  
  from __future__ import print_function
  
  from PIL import VERSION, PILLOW_VERSION, _plugins
  
  import warnings
  
  
  class DecompressionBombWarning(RuntimeWarning):
      pass
  
  
  class _imaging_not_installed:
      # module placeholder
      def __getattr__(self, id):
          raise ImportError("The _imaging C module is not installed")
  
  
  # Limit to around a quarter gigabyte for a 24 bit (3 bpp) image
  MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = int(1024 * 1024 * 1024 / 4 / 3)
  
  try:
      # give Tk a chance to set up the environment, in case we're
      # using an _imaging module linked against libtcl/libtk (use
      # __import__ to hide this from naive packagers; we don't really
      # depend on Tk unless ImageTk is used, and that module already
      # imports Tkinter)
      __import__("FixTk")
  except ImportError:
      pass
  
  try:
      # If the _imaging C module is not present, you can still use
      # the "open" function to identify files, but you cannot load
      # them.  Note that other modules should not refer to _imaging
      # directly; import Image and use the Image.core variable instead.
      from PIL import _imaging as core
      if PILLOW_VERSION != getattr(core, 'PILLOW_VERSION', None):
          raise ImportError("The _imaging extension was built for another "
                            " version of Pillow or PIL")
  
  except ImportError as v:
      core = _imaging_not_installed()
      # Explanations for ways that we know we might have an import error
      if str(v).startswith("Module use of python"):
          # The _imaging C module is present, but not compiled for
          # the right version (windows only).  Print a warning, if
          # possible.
          warnings.warn(
              "The _imaging extension was built for another version "
              "of Python.",
              RuntimeWarning
              )
      elif str(v).startswith("The _imaging extension"):
          warnings.warn(str(v), RuntimeWarning)
      elif "Symbol not found: _PyUnicodeUCS2_FromString" in str(v):
          warnings.warn(
              "The _imaging extension was built for Python with UCS2 support; "
              "recompile PIL or build Python --without-wide-unicode. ",
              RuntimeWarning
              )
      elif "Symbol not found: _PyUnicodeUCS4_FromString" in str(v):
          warnings.warn(
              "The _imaging extension was built for Python with UCS4 support; "
              "recompile PIL or build Python --with-wide-unicode. ",
              RuntimeWarning
              )
      # Fail here anyway. Don't let people run with a mostly broken Pillow.
      raise
  
  try:
      import builtins
  except ImportError:
      import __builtin__
      builtins = __builtin__
  
  from PIL import ImageMode
  from PIL._binary import i8
  from PIL._util import isPath
  from PIL._util import isStringType
  from PIL._util import deferred_error
  
  import os
  import sys
  
  # type stuff
  import collections
  import numbers
  
  # works everywhere, win for pypy, not cpython
  USE_CFFI_ACCESS = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
  try:
      import cffi
      HAS_CFFI = True
  except:
      HAS_CFFI = False
  
  
  def isImageType(t):
      """
      Checks if an object is an image object.
  
      .. warning::
  
         This function is for internal use only.
  
      :param t: object to check if it's an image
      :returns: True if the object is an image
      """
      return hasattr(t, "im")
  
  #
  # Debug level
  
  DEBUG = 0
  
  #
  # Constants (also defined in _imagingmodule.c!)
  
  NONE = 0
  
  # transpose
  FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT = 0
  FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM = 1
  ROTATE_90 = 2
  ROTATE_180 = 3
  ROTATE_270 = 4
  
  # transforms
  AFFINE = 0
  EXTENT = 1
  PERSPECTIVE = 2
  QUAD = 3
  MESH = 4
  
  # resampling filters
  NONE = 0
  NEAREST = 0
  ANTIALIAS = 1  # 3-lobed lanczos
  LINEAR = BILINEAR = 2
  CUBIC = BICUBIC = 3
  
  # dithers
  NONE = 0
  NEAREST = 0
  ORDERED = 1  # Not yet implemented
  RASTERIZE = 2  # Not yet implemented
  FLOYDSTEINBERG = 3  # default
  
  # palettes/quantizers
  WEB = 0
  ADAPTIVE = 1
  
  MEDIANCUT = 0
  MAXCOVERAGE = 1
  FASTOCTREE = 2
  
  # categories
  NORMAL = 0
  SEQUENCE = 1
  CONTAINER = 2
  
  if hasattr(core, 'DEFAULT_STRATEGY'):
      DEFAULT_STRATEGY = core.DEFAULT_STRATEGY
      FILTERED = core.FILTERED
      HUFFMAN_ONLY = core.HUFFMAN_ONLY
      RLE = core.RLE
      FIXED = core.FIXED
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Registries
  
  ID = []
  OPEN = {}
  MIME = {}
  SAVE = {}
  EXTENSION = {}
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Modes supported by this version
  
  _MODEINFO = {
      # NOTE: this table will be removed in future versions.  use
      # getmode* functions or ImageMode descriptors instead.
  
      # official modes
      "1": ("L", "L", ("1",)),
      "L": ("L", "L", ("L",)),
      "I": ("L", "I", ("I",)),
      "F": ("L", "F", ("F",)),
      "P": ("RGB", "L", ("P",)),
      "RGB": ("RGB", "L", ("R", "G", "B")),
      "RGBX": ("RGB", "L", ("R", "G", "B", "X")),
      "RGBA": ("RGB", "L", ("R", "G", "B", "A")),
      "CMYK": ("RGB", "L", ("C", "M", "Y", "K")),
      "YCbCr": ("RGB", "L", ("Y", "Cb", "Cr")),
      "LAB": ("RGB", "L", ("L", "A", "B")),
      "HSV": ("RGB", "L", ("H", "S", "V")),
  
      # Experimental modes include I;16, I;16L, I;16B, RGBa, BGR;15, and
      # BGR;24.  Use these modes only if you know exactly what you're
      # doing...
  
  }
  
  if sys.byteorder == 'little':
      _ENDIAN = '<'
  else:
      _ENDIAN = '>'
  
  _MODE_CONV = {
      # official modes
      "1": ('|b1', None),  # broken
      "L": ('|u1', None),
      "I": (_ENDIAN + 'i4', None),
      "F": (_ENDIAN + 'f4', None),
      "P": ('|u1', None),
      "RGB": ('|u1', 3),
      "RGBX": ('|u1', 4),
      "RGBA": ('|u1', 4),
      "CMYK": ('|u1', 4),
      "YCbCr": ('|u1', 3),
      "LAB": ('|u1', 3),  # UNDONE - unsigned |u1i1i1
      # I;16 == I;16L, and I;32 == I;32L
      "I;16": ('<u2', None),
      "I;16B": ('>u2', None),
      "I;16L": ('<u2', None),
      "I;16S": ('<i2', None),
      "I;16BS": ('>i2', None),
      "I;16LS": ('<i2', None),
      "I;32": ('<u4', None),
      "I;32B": ('>u4', None),
      "I;32L": ('<u4', None),
      "I;32S": ('<i4', None),
      "I;32BS": ('>i4', None),
      "I;32LS": ('<i4', None),
  }
  
  
  def _conv_type_shape(im):
      shape = im.size[1], im.size[0]
      typ, extra = _MODE_CONV[im.mode]
      if extra is None:
          return shape, typ
      else:
          return shape+(extra,), typ
  
  
  MODES = sorted(_MODEINFO.keys())
  
  # raw modes that may be memory mapped.  NOTE: if you change this, you
  # may have to modify the stride calculation in map.c too!
  _MAPMODES = ("L", "P", "RGBX", "RGBA", "CMYK", "I;16", "I;16L", "I;16B")
  
  
  def getmodebase(mode):
      """
      Gets the "base" mode for given mode.  This function returns "L" for
      images that contain grayscale data, and "RGB" for images that
      contain color data.
  
      :param mode: Input mode.
      :returns: "L" or "RGB".
      :exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
      """
      return ImageMode.getmode(mode).basemode
  
  
  def getmodetype(mode):
      """
      Gets the storage type mode.  Given a mode, this function returns a
      single-layer mode suitable for storing individual bands.
  
      :param mode: Input mode.
      :returns: "L", "I", or "F".
      :exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
      """
      return ImageMode.getmode(mode).basetype
  
  
  def getmodebandnames(mode):
      """
      Gets a list of individual band names.  Given a mode, this function returns
      a tuple containing the names of individual bands (use
      :py:method:`~PIL.Image.getmodetype` to get the mode used to store each
      individual band.
  
      :param mode: Input mode.
      :returns: A tuple containing band names.  The length of the tuple
          gives the number of bands in an image of the given mode.
      :exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
      """
      return ImageMode.getmode(mode).bands
  
  
  def getmodebands(mode):
      """
      Gets the number of individual bands for this mode.
  
      :param mode: Input mode.
      :returns: The number of bands in this mode.
      :exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
      """
      return len(ImageMode.getmode(mode).bands)
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Helpers
  
  _initialized = 0
  
  
  def preinit():
      "Explicitly load standard file format drivers."
  
      global _initialized
      if _initialized >= 1:
          return
  
      try:
          from PIL import BmpImagePlugin
      except ImportError:
          pass
      try:
          from PIL import GifImagePlugin
      except ImportError:
          pass
      try:
          from PIL import JpegImagePlugin
      except ImportError:
          pass
      try:
          from PIL import PpmImagePlugin
      except ImportError:
          pass
      try:
          from PIL import PngImagePlugin
      except ImportError:
          pass
  #   try:
  #       import TiffImagePlugin
  #   except ImportError:
  #       pass
  
      _initialized = 1
  
  
  def init():
      """
      Explicitly initializes the Python Imaging Library. This function
      loads all available file format drivers.
      """
  
      global _initialized
      if _initialized >= 2:
          return 0
  
      for plugin in _plugins:
          try:
              if DEBUG:
                  print ("Importing %s" % plugin)
              __import__("PIL.%s" % plugin, globals(), locals(), [])
          except ImportError:
              if DEBUG:
                  print("Image: failed to import", end=' ')
                  print(plugin, ":", sys.exc_info()[1])
  
      if OPEN or SAVE:
          _initialized = 2
          return 1
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Codec factories (used by tobytes/frombytes and ImageFile.load)
  
  def _getdecoder(mode, decoder_name, args, extra=()):
  
      # tweak arguments
      if args is None:
          args = ()
      elif not isinstance(args, tuple):
          args = (args,)
  
      try:
          # get decoder
          decoder = getattr(core, decoder_name + "_decoder")
          # print(decoder, mode, args + extra)
          return decoder(mode, *args + extra)
      except AttributeError:
          raise IOError("decoder %s not available" % decoder_name)
  
  
  def _getencoder(mode, encoder_name, args, extra=()):
  
      # tweak arguments
      if args is None:
          args = ()
      elif not isinstance(args, tuple):
          args = (args,)
  
      try:
          # get encoder
          encoder = getattr(core, encoder_name + "_encoder")
          # print(encoder, mode, args + extra)
          return encoder(mode, *args + extra)
      except AttributeError:
          raise IOError("encoder %s not available" % encoder_name)
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Simple expression analyzer
  
  def coerce_e(value):
      return value if isinstance(value, _E) else _E(value)
  
  
  class _E:
      def __init__(self, data):
          self.data = data
  
      def __add__(self, other):
          return _E((self.data, "__add__", coerce_e(other).data))
  
      def __mul__(self, other):
          return _E((self.data, "__mul__", coerce_e(other).data))
  
  
  def _getscaleoffset(expr):
      stub = ["stub"]
      data = expr(_E(stub)).data
      try:
          (a, b, c) = data  # simplified syntax
          if (a is stub and b == "__mul__" and isinstance(c, numbers.Number)):
              return c, 0.0
          if a is stub and b == "__add__" and isinstance(c, numbers.Number):
              return 1.0, c
      except TypeError:
          pass
      try:
          ((a, b, c), d, e) = data  # full syntax
          if (a is stub and b == "__mul__" and isinstance(c, numbers.Number) and
                  d == "__add__" and isinstance(e, numbers.Number)):
              return c, e
      except TypeError:
          pass
      raise ValueError("illegal expression")
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Implementation wrapper
  
  class Image:
      """
      This class represents an image object.  To create
      :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
      functions.  There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
      directly.
  
      * :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
      * :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
      * :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
      """
      format = None
      format_description = None
  
      def __init__(self):
          # FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
          # FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
          self.im = None
          self.mode = ""
          self.size = (0, 0)
          self.palette = None
          self.info = {}
          self.category = NORMAL
          self.readonly = 0
          self.pyaccess = None
  
      def _new(self, im):
          new = Image()
          new.im = im
          new.mode = im.mode
          new.size = im.size
          new.palette = self.palette
          if im.mode == "P" and not new.palette:
              from PIL import ImagePalette
              new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
          try:
              new.info = self.info.copy()
          except AttributeError:
              # fallback (pre-1.5.2)
              new.info = {}
              for k, v in self.info:
                  new.info[k] = v
          return new
  
      _makeself = _new  # compatibility
  
      # Context Manager Support
      def __enter__(self):
          return self
  
      def __exit__(self, *args):
          self.close()
  
      def close(self):
          """
          Closes the file pointer, if possible.
  
          This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
          The image data will be unusable afterward.
  
          This function is only required to close images that have not
          had their file read and closed by the
          :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method.
          """
          try:
              self.fp.close()
          except Exception as msg:
              if DEBUG:
                  print ("Error closing: %s" % msg)
  
          # Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
          # deferred error that will better explain that the core image
          # object is gone.
          self.im = deferred_error(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
  
      def _copy(self):
          self.load()
          self.im = self.im.copy()
          self.pyaccess = None
          self.readonly = 0
  
      def _dump(self, file=None, format=None):
          import tempfile
          suffix = ''
          if format:
              suffix = '.'+format
          if not file:
              f, file = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
              os.close(f)
  
          self.load()
          if not format or format == "PPM":
              self.im.save_ppm(file)
          else:
              if not file.endswith(format):
                  file = file + "." + format
              self.save(file, format)
          return file
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          if self.__class__.__name__ != other.__class__.__name__:
              return False
          a = (self.mode == other.mode)
          b = (self.size == other.size)
          c = (self.getpalette() == other.getpalette())
          d = (self.info == other.info)
          e = (self.category == other.category)
          f = (self.readonly == other.readonly)
          g = (self.tobytes() == other.tobytes())
          return a and b and c and d and e and f and g
  
      def __ne__(self, other):
          eq = (self == other)
          return not eq
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
              self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.mode, self.size[0], self.size[1],
              id(self)
              )
  
      def __getattr__(self, name):
          if name == "__array_interface__":
              # numpy array interface support
              new = {}
              shape, typestr = _conv_type_shape(self)
              new['shape'] = shape
              new['typestr'] = typestr
              new['data'] = self.tobytes()
              return new
          raise AttributeError(name)
  
      def __getstate__(self):
          return [
              self.info,
              self.mode,
              self.size,
              self.getpalette(),
              self.tobytes()]
  
      def __setstate__(self, state):
          Image.__init__(self)
          self.tile = []
          info, mode, size, palette, data = state
          self.info = info
          self.mode = mode
          self.size = size
          self.im = core.new(mode, size)
          if mode in ("L", "P"):
              self.putpalette(palette)
          self.frombytes(data)
  
      def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
          """
          Return image as a bytes object
  
          :param encoder_name: What encoder to use.  The default is to
                               use the standard "raw" encoder.
          :param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
          :rtype: A bytes object.
          """
  
          # may pass tuple instead of argument list
          if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
              args = args[0]
  
          if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
              args = self.mode
  
          self.load()
  
          # unpack data
          e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
          e.setimage(self.im)
  
          bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4)  # see RawEncode.c
  
          data = []
          while True:
              l, s, d = e.encode(bufsize)
              data.append(d)
              if s:
                  break
          if s < 0:
              raise RuntimeError("encoder error %d in tobytes" % s)
  
          return b"".join(data)
  
      # Declare tostring as alias to tobytes
      def tostring(self, *args, **kw):
          """Deprecated alias to tobytes.
  
          .. deprecated:: 2.0
          """
          warnings.warn(
              'tostring() is deprecated. Please call tobytes() instead.',
              DeprecationWarning,
              stacklevel=2,
          )
          return self.tobytes(*args, **kw)
  
      def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
          """
          Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
  
          .. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
  
          :param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
          :returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
          :raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
          """
  
          self.load()
          if self.mode != "1":
              raise ValueError("not a bitmap")
          data = self.tobytes("xbm")
          return b"".join([
              ("#define %s_width %d\n" % (name, self.size[0])).encode('ascii'),
              ("#define %s_height %d\n" % (name, self.size[1])).encode('ascii'),
              ("static char %s_bits[] = {\n" % name).encode('ascii'), data, b"};"
              ])
  
      def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
          """
          Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
  
          This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
          but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
          """
  
          # may pass tuple instead of argument list
          if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
              args = args[0]
  
          # default format
          if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
              args = self.mode
  
          # unpack data
          d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
          d.setimage(self.im)
          s = d.decode(data)
  
          if s[0] >= 0:
              raise ValueError("not enough image data")
          if s[1] != 0:
              raise ValueError("cannot decode image data")
  
      def fromstring(self, *args, **kw):
          """Deprecated alias to frombytes.
  
          .. deprecated:: 2.0
          """
          warnings.warn(
              'fromstring() is deprecated. Please call frombytes() instead.',
              DeprecationWarning)
          return self.frombytes(*args, **kw)
  
      def load(self):
          """
          Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data.  In
          normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
          Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
          accessed for the first time. This method will close the file
          associated with the image.
  
          :returns: An image access object.
          """
          if self.im and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
              # realize palette
              self.im.putpalette(*self.palette.getdata())
              self.palette.dirty = 0
              self.palette.mode = "RGB"
              self.palette.rawmode = None
              if "transparency" in self.info:
                  if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
                      self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
                  else:
                      self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
                  self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
  
          if self.im:
              if HAS_CFFI and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
                  if self.pyaccess:
                      return self.pyaccess
                  from PIL import PyAccess
                  self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
                  if self.pyaccess:
                      return self.pyaccess
              return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
  
      def verify(self):
          """
          Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
          method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
          actually decoding the image data.  If this method finds any
          problems, it raises suitable exceptions.  If you need to load
          the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
          file.
          """
          pass
  
      def convert(self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None,
                  palette=WEB, colors=256):
          """
          Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
          method translates pixels through the palette.  If mode is
          omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
          and the palette can be represented without a palette.
  
          The current version supports all possible conversions between
          "L", "RGB" and "CMYK." The **matrix** argument only supports "L"
          and "RGB".
  
          When translating a color image to black and white (mode "L"),
          the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
  
              L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
  
          The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
          image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
          dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
          dither is NONE, all non-zero values are set to 255 (white). To
          use other thresholds, use the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point`
          method.
  
          :param mode: The requested mode.
          :param matrix: An optional conversion matrix.  If given, this
             should be 4- or 16-tuple containing floating point values.
          :param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
             mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
             Available methods are NONE or FLOYDSTEINBERG (default).
          :param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
             to "P".  Available palettes are WEB or ADAPTIVE.
          :param colors: Number of colors to use for the ADAPTIVE palette.
             Defaults to 256.
          :rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
          """
  
          if not mode:
              # determine default mode
              if self.mode == "P":
                  self.load()
                  if self.palette:
                      mode = self.palette.mode
                  else:
                      mode = "RGB"
              else:
                  return self.copy()
  
          self.load()
  
          if matrix:
              # matrix conversion
              if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
                  raise ValueError("illegal conversion")
              im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
              return self._new(im)
  
          if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
              return self.quantize(colors)
  
          trns = None
          delete_trns = False
          # transparency handling
          if "transparency" in self.info and \
                  self.info['transparency'] is not None:
              if self.mode in ('L', 'RGB') and mode == 'RGBA':
                  # Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
                  # color to an alpha channel.
                  return self._new(self.im.convert_transparent(
                      mode, self.info['transparency']))
              elif self.mode in ('L', 'RGB', 'P') and mode in ('L', 'RGB', 'P'):
                  t = self.info['transparency']
                  if isinstance(t, bytes):
                      # Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
                      warnings.warn('Palette images with Transparency  ' +
                                    ' expressed in bytes should be converted ' +
                                    'to RGBA images')
                      delete_trns = True
                  else:
                      # get the new transparency color.
                      # use existing conversions
                      trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
                      if self.mode == 'P':
                          trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
                      trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
  
                      if mode in ('L', 'RGB'):
                          trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
                      else:
                          # can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
                          # after quantization.
                          trns_im = trns_im.convert('RGB')
                      trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
  
              elif self.mode == 'P' and mode == 'RGBA':
                  t = self.info['transparency']
                  delete_trns = True
                  
                  if isinstance(t, bytes):
                      self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
                  elif isinstance(t, int):
                      self.im.putpalettealpha(t,0)
                  else:
                      raise ValueError("Transparency for P mode should" +
                                       " be bytes or int")
  
  
          if mode == "P" and palette == ADAPTIVE:
              im = self.im.quantize(colors)
              new = self._new(im)
              from PIL import ImagePalette
              new.palette = ImagePalette.raw("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
              if delete_trns:
                  # This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
                  # The transparency would be totally off in that case.
                  del(new.info['transparency'])
              if trns is not None:
                  try:
                      new.info['transparency'] = new.palette.getcolor(trns)
                  except:
                      # if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
                      # transparency hanging around to mess us up.
                      del(new.info['transparency'])
                      warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry " +
                                    "for transparency")
              return new
  
          # colorspace conversion
          if dither is None:
              dither = FLOYDSTEINBERG
  
          try:
              im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
          except ValueError:
              try:
                  # normalize source image and try again
                  im = self.im.convert(getmodebase(self.mode))
                  im = im.convert(mode, dither)
              except KeyError:
                  raise ValueError("illegal conversion")
  
          new_im = self._new(im)
          if delete_trns:
              # crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
              del(new_im.info['transparency'])
          if trns is not None:
              if new_im.mode == 'P':
                  try:
                      new_im.info['transparency'] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns)
                  except:
                      del(new_im.info['transparency'])
                      warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry " +
                                    "for transparency")
              else:
                  new_im.info['transparency'] = trns
          return new_im
  
      def quantize(self, colors=256, method=None, kmeans=0, palette=None):
  
          # methods:
          #    0 = median cut
          #    1 = maximum coverage
          #    2 = fast octree
  
          # NOTE: this functionality will be moved to the extended
          # quantizer interface in a later version of PIL.
  
          self.load()
  
          if method is None:
              # defaults:
              method = 0
              if self.mode == 'RGBA':
                  method = 2
  
          if self.mode == 'RGBA' and method != 2:
              # Caller specified an invalid mode.
              raise ValueError('Fast Octree (method == 2) is the ' +
                               ' only valid method for quantizing RGBA images')
  
          if palette:
              # use palette from reference image
              palette.load()
              if palette.mode != "P":
                  raise ValueError("bad mode for palette image")
              if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
                  raise ValueError(
                      "only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
                      )
              im = self.im.convert("P", 1, palette.im)
              return self._makeself(im)
  
          im = self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans)
          return self._new(im)
  
      def copy(self):
          """
          Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
          into an image, but still retain the original.
  
          :rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
          """
          self.load()
          im = self.im.copy()
          return self._new(im)
  
      def crop(self, box=None):
          """
          Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
          4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
          coordinate.
  
          This is a lazy operation.  Changes to the source image may or
          may not be reflected in the cropped image.  To break the
          connection, call the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method on
          the cropped copy.
  
          :param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
          :rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if box is None:
              return self.copy()
  
          # lazy operation
          return _ImageCrop(self, box)
  
      def draft(self, mode, size):
          """
          NYI
  
          Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
          image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
          size.  For example, you can use this method to convert a color
          JPEG to greyscale while loading it, or to extract a 128x192
          version from a PCD file.
  
          Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
          in place.  If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
          effect.
  
          :param mode: The requested mode.
          :param size: The requested size.
          """
          pass
  
      def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
          if ymargin is None:
              ymargin = xmargin
          self.load()
          return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
  
      def filter(self, filter):
          """
          Filters this image using the given filter.  For a list of
          available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
  
          :param filter: Filter kernel.
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.  """
  
          self.load()
  
          if isinstance(filter, collections.Callable):
              filter = filter()
          if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
              raise TypeError("filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter " +
                              "instance or class")
  
          if self.im.bands == 1:
              return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
          # fix to handle multiband images since _imaging doesn't
          ims = []
          for c in range(self.im.bands):
              ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
          return merge(self.mode, ims)
  
      def getbands(self):
          """
          Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
          For example, **getbands** on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
  
          :returns: A tuple containing band names.
          :rtype: tuple
          """
          return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
  
      def getbbox(self):
          """
          Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
          image.
  
          :returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
             left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. If the image
             is completely empty, this method returns None.
  
          """
  
          self.load()
          return self.im.getbbox()
  
      def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
          """
          Returns a list of colors used in this image.
  
          :param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors.  If this number is
             exceeded, this method returns None.  The default limit is
             256 colors.
          :returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
              h = self.im.histogram()
              out = []
              for i in range(256):
                  if h[i]:
                      out.append((h[i], i))
              if len(out) > maxcolors:
                  return None
              return out
          return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
  
      def getdata(self, band=None):
          """
          Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
          containing pixel values.  The sequence object is flattened, so
          that values for line one follow directly after the values of
          line zero, and so on.
  
          Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
          internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
          operations.  To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
          printing), use **list(im.getdata())**.
  
          :param band: What band to return.  The default is to return
             all bands.  To return a single band, pass in the index
             value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
          :returns: A sequence-like object.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if band is not None:
              return self.im.getband(band)
          return self.im  # could be abused
  
      def getextrema(self):
          """
          Gets the the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
          the image.
  
          :returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
             minimum and maximum pixel value.  For a multi-band image,
             a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if self.im.bands > 1:
              extrema = []
              for i in range(self.im.bands):
                  extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
              return tuple(extrema)
          return self.im.getextrema()
  
      def getim(self):
          """
          Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
  
          :returns: A capsule object.
          """
  
          self.load()
          return self.im.ptr
  
      def getpalette(self):
          """
          Returns the image palette as a list.
  
          :returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
             image has no palette.
          """
  
          self.load()
          try:
              if bytes is str:
                  return [i8(c) for c in self.im.getpalette()]
              else:
                  return list(self.im.getpalette())
          except ValueError:
              return None  # no palette
  
      def getpixel(self, xy):
          """
          Returns the pixel value at a given position.
  
          :param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y).
          :returns: The pixel value.  If the image is a multi-layer image,
             this method returns a tuple.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if self.pyaccess:
              return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
          return self.im.getpixel(xy)
  
      def getprojection(self):
          """
          Get projection to x and y axes
  
          :returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
              pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
          """
  
          self.load()
          x, y = self.im.getprojection()
          return [i8(c) for c in x], [i8(c) for c in y]
  
      def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
          """
          Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as
          a list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
          image. If the image has more than one band, the histograms for
          all bands are concatenated (for example, the histogram for an
          "RGB" image contains 768 values).
  
          A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
          by this method.
  
          If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
          parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
          image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
          bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
  
          :param mask: An optional mask.
          :returns: A list containing pixel counts.
          """
          self.load()
          if mask:
              mask.load()
              return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
          if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
              if extrema is None:
                  extrema = self.getextrema()
              return self.im.histogram(extrema)
          return self.im.histogram()
  
      def offset(self, xoffset, yoffset=None):
          """
          .. deprecated:: 2.0
  
          .. note:: New code should use :py:func:`PIL.ImageChops.offset`.
  
          Returns a copy of the image where the data has been offset by the given
          distances. Data wraps around the edges. If **yoffset** is omitted, it
          is assumed to be equal to **xoffset**.
  
          :param xoffset: The horizontal distance.
          :param yoffset: The vertical distance.  If omitted, both
             distances are set to the same value.
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
          """
          if warnings:
              warnings.warn(
                  "'offset' is deprecated; use 'ImageChops.offset' instead",
                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
                  )
          from PIL import ImageChops
          return ImageChops.offset(self, xoffset, yoffset)
  
      def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
          """
          Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
          a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
          left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
          (0, 0)).  If a 4-tuple is given, the size of the pasted image
          must match the size of the region.
  
          If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
          this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
          details).
  
          Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
          containing pixel values.  The method then fills the region
          with the given color.  When creating RGB images, you can
          also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
  
          If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
          indicated by the mask.  You can use either "1", "L" or "RGBA"
          images (in the latter case, the alpha band is used as mask).
          Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is.  Where
          the mask is 0, the current value is preserved.  Intermediate
          values can be used for transparency effects.
  
          Note that if you paste an "RGBA" image, the alpha band is
          ignored.  You can work around this by using the same image as
          both source image and mask.
  
          :param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
          :param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
             If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
             corner.  If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
             upper left corner.
  
             If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
             third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
             is interpreted as a mask image.
          :param mask: An optional mask image.
          """
  
          if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
              # abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
              mask = box
              box = None
  
          if box is None:
              # cover all of self
              box = (0, 0) + self.size
  
          if len(box) == 2:
              # lower left corner given; get size from image or mask
              if isImageType(im):
                  size = im.size
              elif isImageType(mask):
                  size = mask.size
              else:
                  # FIXME: use self.size here?
                  raise ValueError(
                      "cannot determine region size; use 4-item box"
                      )
              box = box + (box[0]+size[0], box[1]+size[1])
  
          if isStringType(im):
              from PIL import ImageColor
              im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
  
          elif isImageType(im):
              im.load()
              if self.mode != im.mode:
                  if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("RGBA", "RGBa"):
                      # should use an adapter for this!
                      im = im.convert(self.mode)
              im = im.im
  
          self.load()
          if self.readonly:
              self._copy()
  
          if mask:
              mask.load()
              self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
          else:
              self.im.paste(im, box)
  
      def point(self, lut, mode=None):
          """
          Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
  
          :param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65336 if
             self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
             image.  A function can be used instead, it should take a
             single argument. The function is called once for each
             possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
             all bands of the image.
          :param mode: Output mode (default is same as input).  In the
             current version, this can only be used if the source image
             has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
             source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
          """
  
          self.load()
  
          if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
              return lut.point(self)
  
          if callable(lut):
              # if it isn't a list, it should be a function
              if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
                  # check if the function can be used with point_transform
                  # UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
                  # a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
                  scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
                  return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
              # for other modes, convert the function to a table
              lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
  
          if self.mode == "F":
              # FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
              raise ValueError("point operation not supported for this mode")
  
          return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
  
      def putalpha(self, alpha):
          """
          Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image.  If the image
          does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
          The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
  
          :param alpha: The new alpha layer.  This can either be an "L" or "1"
             image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
             other color value.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if self.readonly:
              self._copy()
  
          if self.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA"):
              # attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
              try:
                  mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
                  try:
                      self.im.setmode(mode)
                      self.pyaccess = None
                  except (AttributeError, ValueError):
                      # do things the hard way
                      im = self.im.convert(mode)
                      if im.mode not in ("LA", "RGBA"):
                          raise ValueError  # sanity check
                      self.im = im
                      self.pyaccess = None
                  self.mode = self.im.mode
              except (KeyError, ValueError):
                  raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
  
          if self.mode == "LA":
              band = 1
          else:
              band = 3
  
          if isImageType(alpha):
              # alpha layer
              if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
                  raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
              alpha.load()
              if alpha.mode == "1":
                  alpha = alpha.convert("L")
          else:
              # constant alpha
              try:
                  self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
              except (AttributeError, ValueError):
                  # do things the hard way
                  alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
              else:
                  return
  
          self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
  
      def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
          """
          Copies pixel data to this image.  This method copies data from a
          sequence object into the image, starting at the upper left
          corner (0, 0), and continuing until either the image or the
          sequence ends.  The scale and offset values are used to adjust
          the sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
  
          :param data: A sequence object.
          :param scale: An optional scale value.  The default is 1.0.
          :param offset: An optional offset value.  The default is 0.0.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if self.readonly:
              self._copy()
  
          self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
  
      def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
          """
          Attaches a palette to this image.  The image must be a "P" or
          "L" image, and the palette sequence must contain 768 integer
          values, where each group of three values represent the red,
          green, and blue values for the corresponding pixel
          index. Instead of an integer sequence, you can use an 8-bit
          string.
  
          :param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
          """
          from PIL import ImagePalette
  
          if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
              raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
          self.load()
          if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
              palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
          else:
              if not isinstance(data, bytes):
                  if bytes is str:
                      data = "".join(chr(x) for x in data)
                  else:
                      data = bytes(data)
              palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
          self.mode = "P"
          self.palette = palette
          self.palette.mode = "RGB"
          self.load()  # install new palette
  
      def putpixel(self, xy, value):
          """
          Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
          a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
          multi-band images.
  
          Note that this method is relatively slow.  For more extensive changes,
          use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
          module instead.
  
          See:
  
          * :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
          * :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
          * :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
  
          :param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y).
          :param value: The pixel value.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if self.readonly:
              self._copy()
              self.pyaccess = None
              self.load()
  
          if self.pyaccess:
              return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
          return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
  
      def resize(self, size, resample=NEAREST):
          """
          Returns a resized copy of this image.
  
          :param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
             (width, height).
          :param resample: An optional resampling filter.  This can be
             one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
             :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
             environment), :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
             interpolation in a 4x4 environment), or
             :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS` (a high-quality downsampling filter).
             If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
             set :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
          """
  
          if resample not in (NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC, ANTIALIAS):
              raise ValueError("unknown resampling filter")
  
          self.load()
  
          if self.size == size:
              return self._new(self.im)
  
          if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
              resample = NEAREST
  
          if self.mode == 'RGBA':
              return self.convert('RGBa').resize(size, resample).convert('RGBA')
  
          if resample == ANTIALIAS:
              # requires stretch support (imToolkit & PIL 1.1.3)
              try:
                  im = self.im.stretch(size, resample)
              except AttributeError:
                  raise ValueError("unsupported resampling filter")
          else:
              im = self.im.resize(size, resample)
  
          return self._new(im)
  
      def rotate(self, angle, resample=NEAREST, expand=0):
          """
          Returns a rotated copy of this image.  This method returns a
          copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
          clockwise around its centre.
  
          :param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
          :param resample: An optional resampling filter.  This can be
             one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
             :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
             environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`
             (cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment).
             If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
             set :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
          :param expand: Optional expansion flag.  If true, expands the output
             image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
             If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
             input image.
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
          """
  
          if expand:
              import math
              angle = -angle * math.pi / 180
              matrix = [
                  math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle), 0.0,
                  -math.sin(angle), math.cos(angle), 0.0
                  ]
  
              def transform(x, y, matrix=matrix):
                  (a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
                  return a*x + b*y + c, d*x + e*y + f
  
              # calculate output size
              w, h = self.size
              xx = []
              yy = []
              for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
                  x, y = transform(x, y)
                  xx.append(x)
                  yy.append(y)
              w = int(math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx)))
              h = int(math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy)))
  
              # adjust center
              x, y = transform(w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
              matrix[2] = self.size[0] / 2.0 - x
              matrix[5] = self.size[1] / 2.0 - y
  
              return self.transform((w, h), AFFINE, matrix, resample)
  
          if resample not in (NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC):
              raise ValueError("unknown resampling filter")
  
          self.load()
  
          if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
              resample = NEAREST
  
          return self._new(self.im.rotate(angle, resample))
  
      def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
          """
          Saves this image under the given filename.  If no format is
          specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
          extension, if possible.
  
          Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
          to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
          silently ignored. The available options are described later in
          this handbook.
  
          You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
          you must always specify the format. The file object must
          implement the **seek**, **tell**, and **write**
          methods, and be opened in binary mode.
  
          :param file: File name or file object.
          :param format: Optional format override.  If omitted, the
             format to use is determined from the filename extension.
             If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
             parameter should always be used.
          :param options: Extra parameters to the image writer.
          :returns: None
          :exception KeyError: If the output format could not be determined
             from the file name.  Use the format option to solve this.
          :exception IOError: If the file could not be written.  The file
             may have been created, and may contain partial data.
          """
  
          if isPath(fp):
              filename = fp
          else:
              if hasattr(fp, "name") and isPath(fp.name):
                  filename = fp.name
              else:
                  filename = ""
  
          # may mutate self!
          self.load()
  
          self.encoderinfo = params
          self.encoderconfig = ()
  
          preinit()
  
          ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
  
          if not format:
              try:
                  format = EXTENSION[ext]
              except KeyError:
                  init()
                  try:
                      format = EXTENSION[ext]
                  except KeyError:
                      raise KeyError(ext)  # unknown extension
  
          try:
              save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
          except KeyError:
              init()
              save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]  # unknown format
  
          if isPath(fp):
              fp = builtins.open(fp, "wb")
              close = 1
          else:
              close = 0
  
          try:
              save_handler(self, fp, filename)
          finally:
              # do what we can to clean up
              if close:
                  fp.close()
  
      def seek(self, frame):
          """
          Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
          beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
          **EOFError** exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
          library automatically seeks to frame 0.
  
          Note that in the current version of the library, most sequence
          formats only allows you to seek to the next frame.
  
          See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
  
          :param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
          :exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
              of the sequence.
          """
  
          # overridden by file handlers
          if frame != 0:
              raise EOFError
  
      def show(self, title=None, command=None):
          """
          Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for
          debugging purposes.
  
          On Unix platforms, this method saves the image to a temporary
          PPM file, and calls the **xv** utility.
  
          On Windows, it saves the image to a temporary BMP file, and uses
          the standard BMP display utility to show it (usually Paint).
  
          :param title: Optional title to use for the image window,
             where possible.
          :param command: command used to show the image
          """
  
          _show(self, title=title, command=command)
  
      def split(self):
          """
          Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
          tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
          splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
          containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
          blue).
  
          :returns: A tuple containing bands.
          """
  
          self.load()
          if self.im.bands == 1:
              ims = [self.copy()]
          else:
              ims = []
              for i in range(self.im.bands):
                  ims.append(self._new(self.im.getband(i)))
          return tuple(ims)
  
      def tell(self):
          """
          Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
  
          :returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
          """
          return 0
  
      def thumbnail(self, size, resample=ANTIALIAS):
          """
          Make this image into a thumbnail.  This method modifies the
          image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
          the given size.  This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
          size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
          :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
          (where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
  
          Note that the bilinear and bicubic filters in the current
          version of PIL are not well-suited for thumbnail generation.
          You should use :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS` unless speed is much more
          important than quality.
  
          Also note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
          object in place.  If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
          apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
          image.
  
          :param size: Requested size.
          :param resample: Optional resampling filter.  This can be one
             of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR`,
             :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`, or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS`
             (best quality).  If omitted, it defaults to
             :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS`. (was :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`
             prior to version 2.5.0)
          :returns: None
          """
  
          # preserve aspect ratio
          x, y = self.size
          if x > size[0]:
              y = int(max(y * size[0] / x, 1))
              x = int(size[0])
          if y > size[1]:
              x = int(max(x * size[1] / y, 1))
              y = int(size[1])
          size = x, y
  
          if size == self.size:
              return
  
          self.draft(None, size)
  
          self.load()
  
          try:
              im = self.resize(size, resample)
          except ValueError:
              if resample != ANTIALIAS:
                  raise
              im = self.resize(size, NEAREST)  # fallback
  
          self.im = im.im
          self.mode = im.mode
          self.size = size
  
          self.readonly = 0
          self.pyaccess = None
  
      # FIXME: the different tranform methods need further explanation
      # instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
      def transform(self, size, method, data=None, resample=NEAREST, fill=1):
          """
          Transforms this image.  This method creates a new image with the
          given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
          to the new image using the given transform.
  
          :param size: The output size.
          :param method: The transformation method.  This is one of
            :py:attr:`PIL.Image.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
            :py:attr:`PIL.Image.AFFINE` (affine transform),
            :py:attr:`PIL.Image.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
            :py:attr:`PIL.Image.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
            :py:attr:`PIL.Image.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
            in one operation).
          :param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
          :param resample: Optional resampling filter.  It can be one of
             :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
             :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
             environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
             interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
             has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
          :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
          """
  
          if self.mode == 'RGBA':
              return self.convert('RGBa').transform(
                  size, method, data, resample, fill).convert('RGBA')
  
          if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
              return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
          if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
              # compatibility w. old-style transform objects
              method, data = method.getdata()
          if data is None:
              raise ValueError("missing method data")
  
          im = new(self.mode, size, None)
          if method == MESH:
              # list of quads
              for box, quad in data:
                  im.__transformer(box, self, QUAD, quad, resample, fill)
          else:
              im.__transformer((0, 0)+size, self, method, data, resample, fill)
  
          return im
  
      def __transformer(self, box, image, method, data,
                        resample=NEAREST, fill=1):
  
          # FIXME: this should be turned into a lazy operation (?)
  
          w = box[2]-box[0]
          h = box[3]-box[1]
  
          if method == AFFINE:
              # change argument order to match implementation
              data = (data[2], data[0], data[1],
                      data[5], data[3], data[4])
          elif method == EXTENT:
              # convert extent to an affine transform
              x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
              xs = float(x1 - x0) / w
              ys = float(y1 - y0) / h
              method = AFFINE
              data = (x0 + xs/2, xs, 0, y0 + ys/2, 0, ys)
          elif method == PERSPECTIVE:
              # change argument order to match implementation
              data = (data[2], data[0], data[1],
                      data[5], data[3], data[4],
                      data[6], data[7])
          elif method == QUAD:
              # quadrilateral warp.  data specifies the four corners
              # given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
              nw = data[0:2]
              sw = data[2:4]
              se = data[4:6]
              ne = data[6:8]
              x0, y0 = nw
              As = 1.0 / w
              At = 1.0 / h
              data = (x0, (ne[0]-x0)*As, (sw[0]-x0)*At,
                      (se[0]-sw[0]-ne[0]+x0)*As*At,
                      y0, (ne[1]-y0)*As, (sw[1]-y0)*At,
                      (se[1]-sw[1]-ne[1]+y0)*As*At)
          else:
              raise ValueError("unknown transformation method")
  
          if resample not in (NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC):
              raise ValueError("unknown resampling filter")
  
          image.load()
  
          self.load()
  
          if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
              resample = NEAREST
  
          self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
  
      def transpose(self, method):
          """
          Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
  
          :param method: One of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
            :py:attr:`PIL.Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_90`,
            :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_180`, or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_270`.
          :returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
          """
  
          self.load()
          im = self.im.transpose(method)
          return self._new(im)
  
      def effect_spread(self, distance):
          """
          Randomly spread pixels in an image.
  
          :param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
          """
          self.load()
          im = self.im.effect_spread(distance)
          return self._new(im)
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Lazy operations
  
  class _ImageCrop(Image):
  
      def __init__(self, im, box):
  
          Image.__init__(self)
  
          x0, y0, x1, y1 = box
          if x1 < x0:
              x1 = x0
          if y1 < y0:
              y1 = y0
  
          self.mode = im.mode
          self.size = x1-x0, y1-y0
  
          self.__crop = x0, y0, x1, y1
  
          self.im = im.im
  
      def load(self):
  
          # lazy evaluation!
          if self.__crop:
              self.im = self.im.crop(self.__crop)
              self.__crop = None
  
          if self.im:
              return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
  
          # FIXME: future versions should optimize crop/paste
          # sequences!
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Abstract handlers.
  
  class ImagePointHandler:
      # used as a mixin by point transforms (for use with im.point)
      pass
  
  
  class ImageTransformHandler:
      # used as a mixin by geometry transforms (for use with im.transform)
      pass
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Factories
  
  #
  # Debugging
  
  def _wedge():
      "Create greyscale wedge (for debugging only)"
  
      return Image()._new(core.wedge("L"))
  
  
  def new(mode, size, color=0):
      """
      Creates a new image with the given mode and size.
  
      :param mode: The mode to use for the new image.
      :param size: A 2-tuple, containing (width, height) in pixels.
      :param color: What color to use for the image.  Default is black.
         If given, this should be a single integer or floating point value
         for single-band modes, and a tuple for multi-band modes (one value
         per band).  When creating RGB images, you can also use color
         strings as supported by the ImageColor module.  If the color is
         None, the image is not initialised.
      :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
      """
  
      if color is None:
          # don't initialize
          return Image()._new(core.new(mode, size))
  
      if isStringType(color):
          # css3-style specifier
  
          from PIL import ImageColor
          color = ImageColor.getcolor(color, mode)
  
      return Image()._new(core.fill(mode, size, color))
  
  
  def frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
      """
      Creates a copy of an image memory from pixel data in a buffer.
  
      In its simplest form, this function takes three arguments
      (mode, size, and unpacked pixel data).
  
      You can also use any pixel decoder supported by PIL.  For more
      information on available decoders, see the section
      **Writing Your Own File Decoder**.
  
      Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
      If you have an entire image in a string, wrap it in a
      :py:class:`~io.BytesIO` object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load
      it.
  
      :param mode: The image mode.
      :param size: The image size.
      :param data: A byte buffer containing raw data for the given mode.
      :param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
      :param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder.
      :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
      """
  
      # may pass tuple instead of argument list
      if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
          args = args[0]
  
      if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
          args = mode
  
      im = new(mode, size)
      im.frombytes(data, decoder_name, args)
      return im
  
  
  def fromstring(*args, **kw):
      """Deprecated alias to frombytes.
  
      .. deprecated:: 2.0
      """
      warnings.warn(
          'fromstring() is deprecated. Please call frombytes() instead.',
          DeprecationWarning,
          stacklevel=2
      )
      return frombytes(*args, **kw)
  
  
  def frombuffer(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
      """
      Creates an image memory referencing pixel data in a byte buffer.
  
      This function is similar to :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`, but uses data
      in the byte buffer, where possible.  This means that changes to the
      original buffer object are reflected in this image).  Not all modes can
      share memory; supported modes include "L", "RGBX", "RGBA", and "CMYK".
  
      Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
      If you have an entire image file in a string, wrap it in a
      **BytesIO** object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load it.
  
      In the current version, the default parameters used for the "raw" decoder
      differs from that used for :py:func:`~PIL.Image.fromstring`.  This is a
      bug, and will probably be fixed in a future release.  The current release
      issues a warning if you do this; to disable the warning, you should provide
      the full set of parameters.  See below for details.
  
      :param mode: The image mode.
      :param size: The image size.
      :param data: A bytes or other buffer object containing raw
          data for the given mode.
      :param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
      :param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder.  For the
          default encoder ("raw"), it's recommended that you provide the
          full set of parameters::
  
              frombuffer(mode, size, data, "raw", mode, 0, 1)
  
      :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
  
      .. versionadded:: 1.1.4
      """
  
      # may pass tuple instead of argument list
      if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
          args = args[0]
  
      if decoder_name == "raw":
          if args == ():
              if warnings:
                  warnings.warn(
                      "the frombuffer defaults may change in a future release; "
                      "for portability, change the call to read:\n"
                      "  frombuffer(mode, size, data, 'raw', mode, 0, 1)",
                      RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2
                  )
              args = mode, 0, -1  # may change to (mode, 0, 1) post-1.1.6
          if args[0] in _MAPMODES:
              im = new(mode, (1, 1))
              im = im._new(
                  core.map_buffer(data, size, decoder_name, None, 0, args)
                  )
              im.readonly = 1
              return im
  
      return frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name, args)
  
  
  def fromarray(obj, mode=None):
      """
      Creates an image memory from an object exporting the array interface
      (using the buffer protocol).
  
      If obj is not contiguous, then the tobytes method is called
      and :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombuffer` is used.
  
      :param obj: Object with array interface
      :param mode: Mode to use (will be determined from type if None)
      :returns: An image memory.
  
      .. versionadded:: 1.1.6
      """
      arr = obj.__array_interface__
      shape = arr['shape']
      ndim = len(shape)
      try:
          strides = arr['strides']
      except KeyError:
          strides = None
      if mode is None:
          try:
              typekey = (1, 1) + shape[2:], arr['typestr']
              mode, rawmode = _fromarray_typemap[typekey]
          except KeyError:
              # print typekey
              raise TypeError("Cannot handle this data type")
      else:
          rawmode = mode
      if mode in ["1", "L", "I", "P", "F"]:
          ndmax = 2
      elif mode == "RGB":
          ndmax = 3
      else:
          ndmax = 4
      if ndim > ndmax:
          raise ValueError("Too many dimensions: %d > %d." % (ndim, ndmax))
  
      size = shape[1], shape[0]
      if strides is not None:
          if hasattr(obj, 'tobytes'):
              obj = obj.tobytes()
          else:
              obj = obj.tostring()
  
      return frombuffer(mode, size, obj, "raw", rawmode, 0, 1)
  
  _fromarray_typemap = {
      # (shape, typestr) => mode, rawmode
      # first two members of shape are set to one
      # ((1, 1), "|b1"): ("1", "1"), # broken
      ((1, 1), "|u1"): ("L", "L"),
      ((1, 1), "|i1"): ("I", "I;8"),
      ((1, 1), "<i2"): ("I", "I;16"),
      ((1, 1), ">i2"): ("I", "I;16B"),
      ((1, 1), "<i4"): ("I", "I;32"),
      ((1, 1), ">i4"): ("I", "I;32B"),
      ((1, 1), "<f4"): ("F", "F;32F"),
      ((1, 1), ">f4"): ("F", "F;32BF"),
      ((1, 1), "<f8"): ("F", "F;64F"),
      ((1, 1), ">f8"): ("F", "F;64BF"),
      ((1, 1, 3), "|u1"): ("RGB", "RGB"),
      ((1, 1, 4), "|u1"): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
      }
  
  # shortcuts
  _fromarray_typemap[((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "i4")] = ("I", "I")
  _fromarray_typemap[((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "f4")] = ("F", "F")
  
  
  def _decompression_bomb_check(size):
      if MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS is None:
          return
  
      pixels = size[0] * size[1]
  
      if pixels > MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS:
          warnings.warn(
              "Image size (%d pixels) exceeds limit of %d pixels, "
              "could be decompression bomb DOS attack." %
              (pixels, MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS),
              DecompressionBombWarning)
  
  
  def open(fp, mode="r"):
      """
      Opens and identifies the given image file.
  
      This is a lazy operation; this function identifies the file, but
      the file remains open and the actual image data is not read from
      the file until you try to process the data (or call the
      :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method).  See
      :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`.
  
      :param file: A filename (string) or a file object.  The file object
         must implement :py:meth:`~file.read`, :py:meth:`~file.seek`, and
         :py:meth:`~file.tell` methods, and be opened in binary mode.
      :param mode: The mode.  If given, this argument must be "r".
      :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
      :exception IOError: If the file cannot be found, or the image cannot be
         opened and identified.
      """
  
      if mode != "r":
          raise ValueError("bad mode %r" % mode)
  
      if isPath(fp):
          filename = fp
          fp = builtins.open(fp, "rb")
      else:
          filename = ""
  
      prefix = fp.read(16)
  
      preinit()
  
      for i in ID:
          try:
              factory, accept = OPEN[i]
              if not accept or accept(prefix):
                  fp.seek(0)
                  im = factory(fp, filename)
                  _decompression_bomb_check(im.size)
                  return im
          except (SyntaxError, IndexError, TypeError):
              # import traceback
              # traceback.print_exc()
              pass
  
      if init():
  
          for i in ID:
              try:
                  factory, accept = OPEN[i]
                  if not accept or accept(prefix):
                      fp.seek(0)
                      im = factory(fp, filename)
                      _decompression_bomb_check(im.size)
                      return im
              except (SyntaxError, IndexError, TypeError):
                  # import traceback
                  # traceback.print_exc()
                  pass
  
      raise IOError("cannot identify image file %r"
                    % (filename if filename else fp))
  
  
  #
  # Image processing.
  
  def alpha_composite(im1, im2):
      """
      Alpha composite im2 over im1.
  
      :param im1: The first image.
      :param im2: The second image.  Must have the same mode and size as
         the first image.
      :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
      """
  
      im1.load()
      im2.load()
      return im1._new(core.alpha_composite(im1.im, im2.im))
  
  
  def blend(im1, im2, alpha):
      """
      Creates a new image by interpolating between two input images, using
      a constant alpha.::
  
          out = image1 * (1.0 - alpha) + image2 * alpha
  
      :param im1: The first image.
      :param im2: The second image.  Must have the same mode and size as
         the first image.
      :param alpha: The interpolation alpha factor.  If alpha is 0.0, a
         copy of the first image is returned. If alpha is 1.0, a copy of
         the second image is returned. There are no restrictions on the
         alpha value. If necessary, the result is clipped to fit into
         the allowed output range.
      :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
      """
  
      im1.load()
      im2.load()
      return im1._new(core.blend(im1.im, im2.im, alpha))
  
  
  def composite(image1, image2, mask):
      """
      Create composite image by blending images using a transparency mask.
  
      :param image1: The first image.
      :param image2: The second image.  Must have the same mode and
         size as the first image.
      :param mask: A mask image.  This image can can have mode
         "1", "L", or "RGBA", and must have the same size as the
         other two images.
      """
  
      image = image2.copy()
      image.paste(image1, None, mask)
      return image
  
  
  def eval(image, *args):
      """
      Applies the function (which should take one argument) to each pixel
      in the given image. If the image has more than one band, the same
      function is applied to each band. Note that the function is
      evaluated once for each possible pixel value, so you cannot use
      random components or other generators.
  
      :param image: The input image.
      :param function: A function object, taking one integer argument.
      :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
      """
  
      return image.point(args[0])
  
  
  def merge(mode, bands):
      """
      Merge a set of single band images into a new multiband image.
  
      :param mode: The mode to use for the output image.
      :param bands: A sequence containing one single-band image for
          each band in the output image.  All bands must have the
          same size.
      :returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
      """
  
      if getmodebands(mode) != len(bands) or "*" in mode:
          raise ValueError("wrong number of bands")
      for im in bands[1:]:
          if im.mode != getmodetype(mode):
              raise ValueError("mode mismatch")
          if im.size != bands[0].size:
              raise ValueError("size mismatch")
      im = core.new(mode, bands[0].size)
      for i in range(getmodebands(mode)):
          bands[i].load()
          im.putband(bands[i].im, i)
      return bands[0]._new(im)
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Plugin registry
  
  def register_open(id, factory, accept=None):
      """
      Register an image file plugin.  This function should not be used
      in application code.
  
      :param id: An image format identifier.
      :param factory: An image file factory method.
      :param accept: An optional function that can be used to quickly
         reject images having another format.
      """
      id = id.upper()
      ID.append(id)
      OPEN[id] = factory, accept
  
  
  def register_mime(id, mimetype):
      """
      Registers an image MIME type.  This function should not be used
      in application code.
  
      :param id: An image format identifier.
      :param mimetype: The image MIME type for this format.
      """
      MIME[id.upper()] = mimetype
  
  
  def register_save(id, driver):
      """
      Registers an image save function.  This function should not be
      used in application code.
  
      :param id: An image format identifier.
      :param driver: A function to save images in this format.
      """
      SAVE[id.upper()] = driver
  
  
  def register_extension(id, extension):
      """
      Registers an image extension.  This function should not be
      used in application code.
  
      :param id: An image format identifier.
      :param extension: An extension used for this format.
      """
      EXTENSION[extension.lower()] = id.upper()
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Simple display support.  User code may override this.
  
  def _show(image, **options):
      # override me, as necessary
      _showxv(image, **options)
  
  
  def _showxv(image, title=None, **options):
      from PIL import ImageShow
      ImageShow.show(image, title, **options)
  
  
  # --------------------------------------------------------------------
  # Effects
  
  def effect_mandelbrot(size, extent, quality):
      """
      Generate a Mandelbrot set covering the given extent.
  
      :param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
         (width, height).
      :param extent: The extent to cover, as a 4-tuple:
         (x0, y0, x1, y2).
      :param quality: Quality.
      """
      return Image()._new(core.effect_mandelbrot(size, extent, quality))
  
  
  def effect_noise(size, sigma):
      """
      Generate Gaussian noise centered around 128.
  
      :param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
         (width, height).
      :param sigma: Standard deviation of noise.
      """
      return Image()._new(core.effect_noise(size, sigma))
  
  # End of file
  