text: """Module containing functions to calculate nonconformity measures."""
  
  import numpy as np
  
  
  def absolute_error(predictions, response):
      """Function to calculate absolute error."""
  
      return np.abs(predictions - response)
  
  
  def scaled_absolute_error(predictions, response, scaling):
      """Function to apply scaling factor to absolute error."""
  
      return absolute_error(predictions, response) / scaling
  
  
  def nonconformity_at_alpha(nonconformity_scores, alpha):
      """Function to return the nonconformity score at a given confidence level
      alpha.
      """
  
      selected_score = np.quantile(nonconformity_scores, alpha, interpolation="higher")
  
      return selected_score
  