text: // Copyright (c) 2017-2020, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
  // under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
  // All rights reserved.
  //
  // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
  
  #pragma once
  
  // [CLI11:public_includes:set]
  #include <cstdint>
  #include <exception>
  #include <memory>
  #include <string>
  #include <type_traits>
  #include <utility>
  #include <vector>
  // [CLI11:public_includes:end]
  
  #include "StringTools.hpp"
  
  namespace CLI {
  // [CLI11:type_tools_hpp:verbatim]
  
  // Type tools
  
  // Utilities for type enabling
  namespace detail {
  // Based generally on https://rmf.io/cxx11/almost-static-if
  /// Simple empty scoped class
  enum class enabler {};
  
  /// An instance to use in EnableIf
  constexpr enabler dummy = {};
  }  // namespace detail
  
  /// A copy of enable_if_t from C++14, compatible with C++11.
  ///
  /// We could check to see if C++14 is being used, but it does not hurt to redefine this
  /// (even Google does this: https://github.com/google/skia/blob/master/include/private/SkTLogic.h)
  /// It is not in the std namespace anyway, so no harm done.
  template <bool B, class T = void> using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
  
  /// A copy of std::void_t from C++17 (helper for C++11 and C++14)
  template <typename... Ts> struct make_void { using type = void; };
  
  /// A copy of std::void_t from C++17 - same reasoning as enable_if_t, it does not hurt to redefine
  template <typename... Ts> using void_t = typename make_void<Ts...>::type;
  
  /// A copy of std::conditional_t from C++14 - same reasoning as enable_if_t, it does not hurt to redefine
  template <bool B, class T, class F> using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
  
  /// Check to see if something is bool (fail check by default)
  template <typename T> struct is_bool : std::false_type {};
  
  /// Check to see if something is bool (true if actually a bool)
  template <> struct is_bool<bool> : std::true_type {};
  
  /// Check to see if something is a shared pointer
  template <typename T> struct is_shared_ptr : std::false_type {};
  
  /// Check to see if something is a shared pointer (True if really a shared pointer)
  template <typename T> struct is_shared_ptr<std::shared_ptr<T>> : std::true_type {};
  
  /// Check to see if something is a shared pointer (True if really a shared pointer)
  template <typename T> struct is_shared_ptr<const std::shared_ptr<T>> : std::true_type {};
  
  /// Check to see if something is copyable pointer
  template <typename T> struct is_copyable_ptr {
      static bool const value = is_shared_ptr<T>::value || std::is_pointer<T>::value;
  };
  
  /// This can be specialized to override the type deduction for IsMember.
  template <typename T> struct IsMemberType { using type = T; };
  
  /// The main custom type needed here is const char * should be a string.
  template <> struct IsMemberType<const char *> { using type = std::string; };
  
  namespace detail {
  
  // These are utilities for IsMember and other transforming objects
  
  /// Handy helper to access the element_type generically. This is not part of is_copyable_ptr because it requires that
  /// pointer_traits<T> be valid.
  
  /// not a pointer
  template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct element_type { using type = T; };
  
  template <typename T> struct element_type<T, typename std::enable_if<is_copyable_ptr<T>::value>::type> {
      using type = typename std::pointer_traits<T>::element_type;
  };
  
  /// Combination of the element type and value type - remove pointer (including smart pointers) and get the value_type of
  /// the container
  template <typename T> struct element_value_type { using type = typename element_type<T>::type::value_type; };
  
  /// Adaptor for set-like structure: This just wraps a normal container in a few utilities that do almost nothing.
  template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct pair_adaptor : std::false_type {
      using value_type = typename T::value_type;
      using first_type = typename std::remove_const<value_type>::type;
      using second_type = typename std::remove_const<value_type>::type;
  
      /// Get the first value (really just the underlying value)
      template <typename Q> static auto first(Q &&pair_value) -> decltype(std::forward<Q>(pair_value)) {
          return std::forward<Q>(pair_value);
      }
      /// Get the second value (really just the underlying value)
      template <typename Q> static auto second(Q &&pair_value) -> decltype(std::forward<Q>(pair_value)) {
          return std::forward<Q>(pair_value);
      }
  };
  
  /// Adaptor for map-like structure (true version, must have key_type and mapped_type).
  /// This wraps a mapped container in a few utilities access it in a general way.
  template <typename T>
  struct pair_adaptor<
      T,
      conditional_t<false, void_t<typename T::value_type::first_type, typename T::value_type::second_type>, void>>
      : std::true_type {
      using value_type = typename T::value_type;
      using first_type = typename std::remove_const<typename value_type::first_type>::type;
      using second_type = typename std::remove_const<typename value_type::second_type>::type;
  
      /// Get the first value (really just the underlying value)
      template <typename Q> static auto first(Q &&pair_value) -> decltype(std::get<0>(std::forward<Q>(pair_value))) {
          return std::get<0>(std::forward<Q>(pair_value));
      }
      /// Get the second value (really just the underlying value)
      template <typename Q> static auto second(Q &&pair_value) -> decltype(std::get<1>(std::forward<Q>(pair_value))) {
          return std::get<1>(std::forward<Q>(pair_value));
      }
  };
  
  // Warning is suppressed due to "bug" in gcc<5.0 and gcc 7.0 with c++17 enabled that generates a Wnarrowing warning
  // in the unevaluated context even if the function that was using this wasn't used.  The standard says narrowing in
  // brace initialization shouldn't be allowed but for backwards compatibility gcc allows it in some contexts.  It is a
  // little fuzzy what happens in template constructs and I think that was something GCC took a little while to work out.
  // But regardless some versions of gcc generate a warning when they shouldn't from the following code so that should be
  // suppressed
  #ifdef __GNUC__
  #pragma GCC diagnostic push
  #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wnarrowing"
  #endif
  // check for constructibility from a specific type and copy assignable used in the parse detection
  template <typename T, typename C> class is_direct_constructible {
      template <typename TT, typename CC>
      static auto test(int, std::true_type) -> decltype(
  // NVCC warns about narrowing conversions here
  #ifdef __CUDACC__
  #pragma diag_suppress 2361
  #endif
          TT { std::declval<CC>() }
  #ifdef __CUDACC__
  #pragma diag_default 2361
  #endif
          ,
          std::is_move_assignable<TT>());
  
      template <typename TT, typename CC> static auto test(int, std::false_type) -> std::false_type;
  
      template <typename, typename> static auto test(...) -> std::false_type;
  
    public:
      static constexpr bool value = decltype(test<T, C>(0, typename std::is_constructible<T, C>::type()))::value;
  };
  #ifdef __GNUC__
  #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
  #endif
  
  // Check for output streamability
  // Based on https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22758291/how-can-i-detect-if-a-type-can-be-streamed-to-an-stdostream
  
  template <typename T, typename S = std::ostringstream> class is_ostreamable {
      template <typename TT, typename SS>
      static auto test(int) -> decltype(std::declval<SS &>() << std::declval<TT>(), std::true_type());
  
      template <typename, typename> static auto test(...) -> std::false_type;
  
    public:
      static constexpr bool value = decltype(test<T, S>(0))::value;
  };
  
  /// Check for input streamability
  template <typename T, typename S = std::istringstream> class is_istreamable {
      template <typename TT, typename SS>
      static auto test(int) -> decltype(std::declval<SS &>() >> std::declval<TT &>(), std::true_type());
  
      template <typename, typename> static auto test(...) -> std::false_type;
  
    public:
      static constexpr bool value = decltype(test<T, S>(0))::value;
  };
  
  /// Check for complex
  template <typename T> class is_complex {
      template <typename TT>
      static auto test(int) -> decltype(std::declval<TT>().real(), std::declval<TT>().imag(), std::true_type());
  
      template <typename> static auto test(...) -> std::false_type;
  
    public:
      static constexpr bool value = decltype(test<T>(0))::value;
  };
  
  /// Templated operation to get a value from a stream
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<is_istreamable<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool from_stream(const std::string &istring, T &obj) {
      std::istringstream is;
      is.str(istring);
      is >> obj;
      return !is.fail() && !is.rdbuf()->in_avail();
  }
  
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<!is_istreamable<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool from_stream(const std::string & /*istring*/, T & /*obj*/) {
      return false;
  }
  
  // check to see if an object is a mutable container (fail by default)
  template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_mutable_container : std::false_type {};
  
  /// type trait to test if a type is a mutable container meaning it has a value_type, it has an iterator, a clear, and
  /// end methods and an insert function.  And for our purposes we exclude std::string and types that can be constructed
  /// from a std::string
  template <typename T>
  struct is_mutable_container<
      T,
      conditional_t<false,
                    void_t<typename T::value_type,
                           decltype(std::declval<T>().end()),
                           decltype(std::declval<T>().clear()),
                           decltype(std::declval<T>().insert(std::declval<decltype(std::declval<T>().end())>(),
                                                             std::declval<const typename T::value_type &>()))>,
                    void>>
      : public conditional_t<std::is_constructible<T, std::string>::value, std::false_type, std::true_type> {};
  
  // check to see if an object is a mutable container (fail by default)
  template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_readable_container : std::false_type {};
  
  /// type trait to test if a type is a container meaning it has a value_type, it has an iterator, a clear, and an end
  /// methods and an insert function.  And for our purposes we exclude std::string and types that can be constructed from
  /// a std::string
  template <typename T>
  struct is_readable_container<
      T,
      conditional_t<false, void_t<decltype(std::declval<T>().end()), decltype(std::declval<T>().begin())>, void>>
      : public std::true_type {};
  
  // check to see if an object is a wrapper (fail by default)
  template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_wrapper : std::false_type {};
  
  // check if an object is a wrapper (it has a value_type defined)
  template <typename T>
  struct is_wrapper<T, conditional_t<false, void_t<typename T::value_type>, void>> : public std::true_type {};
  
  // Check for tuple like types, as in classes with a tuple_size type trait
  template <typename S> class is_tuple_like {
      template <typename SS>
      // static auto test(int)
      //     -> decltype(std::conditional<(std::tuple_size<SS>::value > 0), std::true_type, std::false_type>::type());
      static auto test(int) -> decltype(std::tuple_size<typename std::decay<SS>::type>::value, std::true_type{});
      template <typename> static auto test(...) -> std::false_type;
  
    public:
      static constexpr bool value = decltype(test<S>(0))::value;
  };
  
  /// Convert an object to a string (directly forward if this can become a string)
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<T, std::string>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  auto to_string(T &&value) -> decltype(std::forward<T>(value)) {
      return std::forward<T>(value);
  }
  
  /// Construct a string from the object
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<std::string, T>::value && !std::is_convertible<T, std::string>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string to_string(const T &value) {
      return std::string(value);
  }
  
  /// Convert an object to a string (streaming must be supported for that type)
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<!std::is_convertible<std::string, T>::value && !std::is_constructible<std::string, T>::value &&
                            is_ostreamable<T>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string to_string(T &&value) {
      std::stringstream stream;
      stream << value;
      return stream.str();
  }
  
  /// If conversion is not supported, return an empty string (streaming is not supported for that type)
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<!std::is_constructible<std::string, T>::value && !is_ostreamable<T>::value &&
                            !is_readable_container<typename std::remove_const<T>::type>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string to_string(T &&) {
      return std::string{};
  }
  
  /// convert a readable container to a string
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<!std::is_constructible<std::string, T>::value && !is_ostreamable<T>::value &&
                            is_readable_container<T>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string to_string(T &&variable) {
      std::vector<std::string> defaults;
      auto cval = variable.begin();
      auto end = variable.end();
      while(cval != end) {
          defaults.emplace_back(CLI::detail::to_string(*cval));
          ++cval;
      }
      return std::string("[" + detail::join(defaults) + "]");
  }
  
  /// special template overload
  template <typename T1,
            typename T2,
            typename T,
            enable_if_t<std::is_same<T1, T2>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  auto checked_to_string(T &&value) -> decltype(to_string(std::forward<T>(value))) {
      return to_string(std::forward<T>(value));
  }
  
  /// special template overload
  template <typename T1,
            typename T2,
            typename T,
            enable_if_t<!std::is_same<T1, T2>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string checked_to_string(T &&) {
      return std::string{};
  }
  /// get a string as a convertible value for arithmetic types
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string value_string(const T &value) {
      return std::to_string(value);
  }
  /// get a string as a convertible value for enumerations
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_enum<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string value_string(const T &value) {
      return std::to_string(static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(value));
  }
  /// for other types just use the regular to_string function
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<!std::is_enum<T>::value && !std::is_arithmetic<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  auto value_string(const T &value) -> decltype(to_string(value)) {
      return to_string(value);
  }
  
  /// template to get the underlying value type if it exists or use a default
  template <typename T, typename def, typename Enable = void> struct wrapped_type { using type = def; };
  
  /// Type size for regular object types that do not look like a tuple
  template <typename T, typename def> struct wrapped_type<T, def, typename std::enable_if<is_wrapper<T>::value>::type> {
      using type = typename T::value_type;
  };
  
  /// This will only trigger for actual void type
  template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct type_count_base { static const int value{0}; };
  
  /// Type size for regular object types that do not look like a tuple
  template <typename T>
  struct type_count_base<T,
                         typename std::enable_if<!is_tuple_like<T>::value && !is_mutable_container<T>::value &&
                                                 !std::is_void<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{1};
  };
  
  /// the base tuple size
  template <typename T>
  struct type_count_base<T, typename std::enable_if<is_tuple_like<T>::value && !is_mutable_container<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{std::tuple_size<T>::value};
  };
  
  /// Type count base for containers is the type_count_base of the individual element
  template <typename T> struct type_count_base<T, typename std::enable_if<is_mutable_container<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{type_count_base<typename T::value_type>::value};
  };
  
  /// Set of overloads to get the type size of an object
  
  /// forward declare the subtype_count structure
  template <typename T> struct subtype_count;
  
  /// forward declare the subtype_count_min structure
  template <typename T> struct subtype_count_min;
  
  /// This will only trigger for actual void type
  template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct type_count { static const int value{0}; };
  
  /// Type size for regular object types that do not look like a tuple
  template <typename T>
  struct type_count<T,
                    typename std::enable_if<!is_wrapper<T>::value && !is_tuple_like<T>::value && !is_complex<T>::value &&
                                            !std::is_void<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{1};
  };
  
  /// Type size for complex since it sometimes looks like a wrapper
  template <typename T> struct type_count<T, typename std::enable_if<is_complex<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{2};
  };
  
  /// Type size of types that are wrappers,except complex and tuples(which can also be wrappers sometimes)
  template <typename T> struct type_count<T, typename std::enable_if<is_mutable_container<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{subtype_count<typename T::value_type>::value};
  };
  
  /// Type size of types that are wrappers,except containers complex and tuples(which can also be wrappers sometimes)
  template <typename T>
  struct type_count<T,
                    typename std::enable_if<is_wrapper<T>::value && !is_complex<T>::value && !is_tuple_like<T>::value &&
                                            !is_mutable_container<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{type_count<typename T::value_type>::value};
  };
  
  /// 0 if the index > tuple size
  template <typename T, std::size_t I>
  constexpr typename std::enable_if<I == type_count_base<T>::value, int>::type tuple_type_size() {
      return 0;
  }
  
  /// Recursively generate the tuple type name
  template <typename T, std::size_t I>
      constexpr typename std::enable_if < I<type_count_base<T>::value, int>::type tuple_type_size() {
      return subtype_count<typename std::tuple_element<I, T>::type>::value + tuple_type_size<T, I + 1>();
  }
  
  /// Get the type size of the sum of type sizes for all the individual tuple types
  template <typename T> struct type_count<T, typename std::enable_if<is_tuple_like<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{tuple_type_size<T, 0>()};
  };
  
  /// definition of subtype count
  template <typename T> struct subtype_count {
      static constexpr int value{is_mutable_container<T>::value ? expected_max_vector_size : type_count<T>::value};
  };
  
  /// This will only trigger for actual void type
  template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct type_count_min { static const int value{0}; };
  
  /// Type size for regular object types that do not look like a tuple
  template <typename T>
  struct type_count_min<
      T,
      typename std::enable_if<!is_mutable_container<T>::value && !is_tuple_like<T>::value && !is_wrapper<T>::value &&
                              !is_complex<T>::value && !std::is_void<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{type_count<T>::value};
  };
  
  /// Type size for complex since it sometimes looks like a wrapper
  template <typename T> struct type_count_min<T, typename std::enable_if<is_complex<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{1};
  };
  
  /// Type size min of types that are wrappers,except complex and tuples(which can also be wrappers sometimes)
  template <typename T>
  struct type_count_min<
      T,
      typename std::enable_if<is_wrapper<T>::value && !is_complex<T>::value && !is_tuple_like<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{subtype_count_min<typename T::value_type>::value};
  };
  
  /// 0 if the index > tuple size
  template <typename T, std::size_t I>
  constexpr typename std::enable_if<I == type_count_base<T>::value, int>::type tuple_type_size_min() {
      return 0;
  }
  
  /// Recursively generate the tuple type name
  template <typename T, std::size_t I>
      constexpr typename std::enable_if < I<type_count_base<T>::value, int>::type tuple_type_size_min() {
      return subtype_count_min<typename std::tuple_element<I, T>::type>::value + tuple_type_size_min<T, I + 1>();
  }
  
  /// Get the type size of the sum of type sizes for all the individual tuple types
  template <typename T> struct type_count_min<T, typename std::enable_if<is_tuple_like<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{tuple_type_size_min<T, 0>()};
  };
  
  /// definition of subtype count
  template <typename T> struct subtype_count_min {
      static constexpr int value{is_mutable_container<T>::value
                                     ? ((type_count<T>::value < expected_max_vector_size) ? type_count<T>::value : 0)
                                     : type_count_min<T>::value};
  };
  
  /// This will only trigger for actual void type
  template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct expected_count { static const int value{0}; };
  
  /// For most types the number of expected items is 1
  template <typename T>
  struct expected_count<T,
                        typename std::enable_if<!is_mutable_container<T>::value && !is_wrapper<T>::value &&
                                                !std::is_void<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{1};
  };
  /// number of expected items in a vector
  template <typename T> struct expected_count<T, typename std::enable_if<is_mutable_container<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{expected_max_vector_size};
  };
  
  /// number of expected items in a vector
  template <typename T>
  struct expected_count<T, typename std::enable_if<!is_mutable_container<T>::value && is_wrapper<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr int value{expected_count<typename T::value_type>::value};
  };
  
  // Enumeration of the different supported categorizations of objects
  enum class object_category : int {
      char_value = 1,
      integral_value = 2,
      unsigned_integral = 4,
      enumeration = 6,
      boolean_value = 8,
      floating_point = 10,
      number_constructible = 12,
      double_constructible = 14,
      integer_constructible = 16,
      // string like types
      string_assignable = 23,
      string_constructible = 24,
      other = 45,
      // special wrapper or container types
      wrapper_value = 50,
      complex_number = 60,
      tuple_value = 70,
      container_value = 80,
  
  };
  
  /// Set of overloads to classify an object according to type
  
  /// some type that is not otherwise recognized
  template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct classify_object {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::other};
  };
  
  /// Signed integers
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<
      T,
      typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, char>::value && std::is_signed<T>::value &&
                              !is_bool<T>::value && !std::is_enum<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::integral_value};
  };
  
  /// Unsigned integers
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<T,
                         typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value && std::is_unsigned<T>::value &&
                                                 !std::is_same<T, char>::value && !is_bool<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::unsigned_integral};
  };
  
  /// single character values
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<T, char>::value && !std::is_enum<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::char_value};
  };
  
  /// Boolean values
  template <typename T> struct classify_object<T, typename std::enable_if<is_bool<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::boolean_value};
  };
  
  /// Floats
  template <typename T> struct classify_object<T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::floating_point};
  };
  
  /// String and similar direct assignment
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<T,
                         typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<T>::value && !std::is_integral<T>::value &&
                                                 std::is_assignable<T &, std::string>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::string_assignable};
  };
  
  /// String and similar constructible and copy assignment
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<
      T,
      typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<T>::value && !std::is_integral<T>::value &&
                              !std::is_assignable<T &, std::string>::value && (type_count<T>::value == 1) &&
                              std::is_constructible<T, std::string>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::string_constructible};
  };
  
  /// Enumerations
  template <typename T> struct classify_object<T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::enumeration};
  };
  
  template <typename T> struct classify_object<T, typename std::enable_if<is_complex<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::complex_number};
  };
  
  /// Handy helper to contain a bunch of checks that rule out many common types (integers, string like, floating point,
  /// vectors, and enumerations
  template <typename T> struct uncommon_type {
      using type = typename std::conditional<!std::is_floating_point<T>::value && !std::is_integral<T>::value &&
                                                 !std::is_assignable<T &, std::string>::value &&
                                                 !std::is_constructible<T, std::string>::value && !is_complex<T>::value &&
                                                 !is_mutable_container<T>::value && !std::is_enum<T>::value,
                                             std::true_type,
                                             std::false_type>::type;
      static constexpr bool value = type::value;
  };
  
  /// wrapper type
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<T,
                         typename std::enable_if<(!is_mutable_container<T>::value && is_wrapper<T>::value &&
                                                  !is_tuple_like<T>::value && uncommon_type<T>::value)>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::wrapper_value};
  };
  
  /// Assignable from double or int
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<T,
                         typename std::enable_if<uncommon_type<T>::value && type_count<T>::value == 1 &&
                                                 !is_wrapper<T>::value && is_direct_constructible<T, double>::value &&
                                                 is_direct_constructible<T, int>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::number_constructible};
  };
  
  /// Assignable from int
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<T,
                         typename std::enable_if<uncommon_type<T>::value && type_count<T>::value == 1 &&
                                                 !is_wrapper<T>::value && !is_direct_constructible<T, double>::value &&
                                                 is_direct_constructible<T, int>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::integer_constructible};
  };
  
  /// Assignable from double
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<T,
                         typename std::enable_if<uncommon_type<T>::value && type_count<T>::value == 1 &&
                                                 !is_wrapper<T>::value && is_direct_constructible<T, double>::value &&
                                                 !is_direct_constructible<T, int>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::double_constructible};
  };
  
  /// Tuple type
  template <typename T>
  struct classify_object<
      T,
      typename std::enable_if<is_tuple_like<T>::value &&
                              ((type_count<T>::value >= 2 && !is_wrapper<T>::value) ||
                               (uncommon_type<T>::value && !is_direct_constructible<T, double>::value &&
                                !is_direct_constructible<T, int>::value))>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::tuple_value};
      // the condition on this class requires it be like a tuple, but on some compilers (like Xcode) tuples can be
      // constructed from just the first element so tuples of <string, int,int> can be constructed from a string, which
      // could lead to issues so there are two variants of the condition, the first isolates things with a type size >=2
      // mainly to get tuples on Xcode with the exception of wrappers, the second is the main one and just separating out
      // those cases that are caught by other object classifications
  };
  
  /// container type
  template <typename T> struct classify_object<T, typename std::enable_if<is_mutable_container<T>::value>::type> {
      static constexpr object_category value{object_category::container_value};
  };
  
  // Type name print
  
  /// Was going to be based on
  ///  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1055452/c-get-name-of-type-in-template
  /// But this is cleaner and works better in this case
  
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::char_value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  constexpr const char *type_name() {
      return "CHAR";
  }
  
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::integral_value ||
                            classify_object<T>::value == object_category::integer_constructible,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  constexpr const char *type_name() {
      return "INT";
  }
  
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::unsigned_integral, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  constexpr const char *type_name() {
      return "UINT";
  }
  
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::floating_point ||
                            classify_object<T>::value == object_category::number_constructible ||
                            classify_object<T>::value == object_category::double_constructible,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  constexpr const char *type_name() {
      return "FLOAT";
  }
  
  /// Print name for enumeration types
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::enumeration, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  constexpr const char *type_name() {
      return "ENUM";
  }
  
  /// Print name for enumeration types
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::boolean_value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  constexpr const char *type_name() {
      return "BOOLEAN";
  }
  
  /// Print name for enumeration types
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::complex_number, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  constexpr const char *type_name() {
      return "COMPLEX";
  }
  
  /// Print for all other types
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value >= object_category::string_assignable &&
                            classify_object<T>::value <= object_category::other,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  constexpr const char *type_name() {
      return "TEXT";
  }
  /// typename for tuple value
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::tuple_value && type_count_base<T>::value >= 2,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string type_name();  // forward declaration
  
  /// Generate type name for a wrapper or container value
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::container_value ||
                            classify_object<T>::value == object_category::wrapper_value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  std::string type_name();  // forward declaration
  
  /// Print name for single element tuple types
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::tuple_value && type_count_base<T>::value == 1,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  inline std::string type_name() {
      return type_name<typename std::decay<typename std::tuple_element<0, T>::type>::type>();
  }
  
  /// Empty string if the index > tuple size
  template <typename T, std::size_t I>
  inline typename std::enable_if<I == type_count_base<T>::value, std::string>::type tuple_name() {
      return std::string{};
  }
  
  /// Recursively generate the tuple type name
  template <typename T, std::size_t I>
  inline typename std::enable_if<(I < type_count_base<T>::value), std::string>::type tuple_name() {
      std::string str = std::string(type_name<typename std::decay<typename std::tuple_element<I, T>::type>::type>()) +
                        ',' + tuple_name<T, I + 1>();
      if(str.back() == ',')
          str.pop_back();
      return str;
  }
  
  /// Print type name for tuples with 2 or more elements
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::tuple_value && type_count_base<T>::value >= 2,
                        detail::enabler>>
  inline std::string type_name() {
      auto tname = std::string(1, '[') + tuple_name<T, 0>();
      tname.push_back(']');
      return tname;
  }
  
  /// get the type name for a type that has a value_type member
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::container_value ||
                            classify_object<T>::value == object_category::wrapper_value,
                        detail::enabler>>
  inline std::string type_name() {
      return type_name<typename T::value_type>();
  }
  
  // Lexical cast
  
  /// Convert to an unsigned integral
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool integral_conversion(const std::string &input, T &output) noexcept {
      if(input.empty()) {
          return false;
      }
      char *val = nullptr;
      std::uint64_t output_ll = std::strtoull(input.c_str(), &val, 0);
      output = static_cast<T>(output_ll);
      return val == (input.c_str() + input.size()) && static_cast<std::uint64_t>(output) == output_ll;
  }
  
  /// Convert to a signed integral
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_signed<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool integral_conversion(const std::string &input, T &output) noexcept {
      if(input.empty()) {
          return false;
      }
      char *val = nullptr;
      std::int64_t output_ll = std::strtoll(input.c_str(), &val, 0);
      output = static_cast<T>(output_ll);
      return val == (input.c_str() + input.size()) && static_cast<std::int64_t>(output) == output_ll;
  }
  
  /// Convert a flag into an integer value  typically binary flags
  inline std::int64_t to_flag_value(std::string val) {
      static const std::string trueString("true");
      static const std::string falseString("false");
      if(val == trueString) {
          return 1;
      }
      if(val == falseString) {
          return -1;
      }
      val = detail::to_lower(val);
      std::int64_t ret;
      if(val.size() == 1) {
          if(val[0] >= '1' && val[0] <= '9') {
              return (static_cast<std::int64_t>(val[0]) - '0');
          }
          switch(val[0]) {
          case '0':
          case 'f':
          case 'n':
          case '-':
              ret = -1;
              break;
          case 't':
          case 'y':
          case '+':
              ret = 1;
              break;
          default:
              throw std::invalid_argument("unrecognized character");
          }
          return ret;
      }
      if(val == trueString || val == "on" || val == "yes" || val == "enable") {
          ret = 1;
      } else if(val == falseString || val == "off" || val == "no" || val == "disable") {
          ret = -1;
      } else {
          ret = std::stoll(val);
      }
      return ret;
  }
  
  /// Integer conversion
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::integral_value ||
                            classify_object<T>::value == object_category::unsigned_integral,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      return integral_conversion(input, output);
  }
  
  /// char values
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::char_value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      if(input.size() == 1) {
          output = static_cast<T>(input[0]);
          return true;
      }
      return integral_conversion(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Boolean values
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::boolean_value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      try {
          auto out = to_flag_value(input);
          output = (out > 0);
          return true;
      } catch(const std::invalid_argument &) {
          return false;
      } catch(const std::out_of_range &) {
          // if the number is out of the range of a 64 bit value then it is still a number and for this purpose is still
          // valid all we care about the sign
          output = (input[0] != '-');
          return true;
      }
  }
  
  /// Floats
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::floating_point, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      if(input.empty()) {
          return false;
      }
      char *val = nullptr;
      auto output_ld = std::strtold(input.c_str(), &val);
      output = static_cast<T>(output_ld);
      return val == (input.c_str() + input.size());
  }
  
  /// complex
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::complex_number, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      using XC = typename wrapped_type<T, double>::type;
      XC x{0.0}, y{0.0};
      auto str1 = input;
      bool worked = false;
      auto nloc = str1.find_last_of("+-");
      if(nloc != std::string::npos && nloc > 0) {
          worked = detail::lexical_cast(str1.substr(0, nloc), x);
          str1 = str1.substr(nloc);
          if(str1.back() == 'i' || str1.back() == 'j')
              str1.pop_back();
          worked = worked && detail::lexical_cast(str1, y);
      } else {
          if(str1.back() == 'i' || str1.back() == 'j') {
              str1.pop_back();
              worked = detail::lexical_cast(str1, y);
              x = XC{0};
          } else {
              worked = detail::lexical_cast(str1, x);
              y = XC{0};
          }
      }
      if(worked) {
          output = T{x, y};
          return worked;
      }
      return from_stream(input, output);
  }
  
  /// String and similar direct assignment
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::string_assignable, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      output = input;
      return true;
  }
  
  /// String and similar constructible and copy assignment
  template <
      typename T,
      enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::string_constructible, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      output = T(input);
      return true;
  }
  
  /// Enumerations
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::enumeration, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      typename std::underlying_type<T>::type val;
      if(!integral_conversion(input, val)) {
          return false;
      }
      output = static_cast<T>(val);
      return true;
  }
  
  /// wrapper types
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::wrapper_value &&
                            std::is_assignable<T &, typename T::value_type>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      typename T::value_type val;
      if(lexical_cast(input, val)) {
          output = val;
          return true;
      }
      return from_stream(input, output);
  }
  
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::wrapper_value &&
                            !std::is_assignable<T &, typename T::value_type>::value && std::is_assignable<T &, T>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      typename T::value_type val;
      if(lexical_cast(input, val)) {
          output = T{val};
          return true;
      }
      return from_stream(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Assignable from double or int
  template <
      typename T,
      enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::number_constructible, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      int val;
      if(integral_conversion(input, val)) {
          output = T(val);
          return true;
      } else {
          double dval;
          if(lexical_cast(input, dval)) {
              output = T{dval};
              return true;
          }
      }
      return from_stream(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Assignable from int
  template <
      typename T,
      enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::integer_constructible, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      int val;
      if(integral_conversion(input, val)) {
          output = T(val);
          return true;
      }
      return from_stream(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Assignable from double
  template <
      typename T,
      enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::double_constructible, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      double val;
      if(lexical_cast(input, val)) {
          output = T{val};
          return true;
      }
      return from_stream(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Non-string convertible from an int
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::other && std::is_assignable<T &, int>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      int val;
      if(integral_conversion(input, val)) {
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
  #pragma warning(push)
  #pragma warning(disable : 4800)
  #endif
          // with Atomic<XX> this could produce a warning due to the conversion but if atomic gets here it is an old style
          // so will most likely still work
          output = val;
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
  #pragma warning(pop)
  #endif
          return true;
      }
      // LCOV_EXCL_START
      // This version of cast is only used for odd cases in an older compilers the fail over
      // from_stream is tested elsewhere an not relevent for coverage here
      return from_stream(input, output);
      // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
  }
  
  /// Non-string parsable by a stream
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<T>::value == object_category::other && !std::is_assignable<T &, int>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_cast(const std::string &input, T &output) {
      static_assert(is_istreamable<T>::value,
                    "option object type must have a lexical cast overload or streaming input operator(>>) defined, if it "
                    "is convertible from another type use the add_option<T, XC>(...) with XC being the known type");
      return from_stream(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Assign a value through lexical cast operations
  /// Strings can be empty so we need to do a little different
  template <typename AssignTo,
            typename ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<std::is_same<AssignTo, ConvertTo>::value &&
                            (classify_object<AssignTo>::value == object_category::string_assignable ||
                             classify_object<AssignTo>::value == object_category::string_constructible),
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_assign(const std::string &input, AssignTo &output) {
      return lexical_cast(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Assign a value through lexical cast operations
  template <typename AssignTo,
            typename ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<std::is_same<AssignTo, ConvertTo>::value && std::is_assignable<AssignTo &, AssignTo>::value &&
                            classify_object<AssignTo>::value != object_category::string_assignable &&
                            classify_object<AssignTo>::value != object_category::string_constructible,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_assign(const std::string &input, AssignTo &output) {
      if(input.empty()) {
          output = AssignTo{};
          return true;
      }
  
      return lexical_cast(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Assign a value through lexical cast operations
  template <typename AssignTo,
            typename ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<std::is_same<AssignTo, ConvertTo>::value && !std::is_assignable<AssignTo &, AssignTo>::value &&
                            classify_object<AssignTo>::value == object_category::wrapper_value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_assign(const std::string &input, AssignTo &output) {
      if(input.empty()) {
          typename AssignTo::value_type emptyVal{};
          output = emptyVal;
          return true;
      }
      return lexical_cast(input, output);
  }
  
  /// Assign a value through lexical cast operations for int compatible values
  /// mainly for atomic operations on some compilers
  template <typename AssignTo,
            typename ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<std::is_same<AssignTo, ConvertTo>::value && !std::is_assignable<AssignTo &, AssignTo>::value &&
                            classify_object<AssignTo>::value != object_category::wrapper_value &&
                            std::is_assignable<AssignTo &, int>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_assign(const std::string &input, AssignTo &output) {
      if(input.empty()) {
          output = 0;
          return true;
      }
      int val;
      if(lexical_cast(input, val)) {
          output = val;
          return true;
      }
      return false;
  }
  
  /// Assign a value converted from a string in lexical cast to the output value directly
  template <typename AssignTo,
            typename ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<!std::is_same<AssignTo, ConvertTo>::value && std::is_assignable<AssignTo &, ConvertTo &>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_assign(const std::string &input, AssignTo &output) {
      ConvertTo val{};
      bool parse_result = (!input.empty()) ? lexical_cast<ConvertTo>(input, val) : true;
      if(parse_result) {
          output = val;
      }
      return parse_result;
  }
  
  /// Assign a value from a lexical cast through constructing a value and move assigning it
  template <
      typename AssignTo,
      typename ConvertTo,
      enable_if_t<!std::is_same<AssignTo, ConvertTo>::value && !std::is_assignable<AssignTo &, ConvertTo &>::value &&
                      std::is_move_assignable<AssignTo>::value,
                  detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_assign(const std::string &input, AssignTo &output) {
      ConvertTo val{};
      bool parse_result = input.empty() ? true : lexical_cast<ConvertTo>(input, val);
      if(parse_result) {
          output = AssignTo(val);  // use () form of constructor to allow some implicit conversions
      }
      return parse_result;
  }
  
  /// primary lexical conversion operation, 1 string to 1 type of some kind
  template <typename AssignTo,
            typename ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<ConvertTo>::value <= object_category::other &&
                            classify_object<AssignTo>::value <= object_category::wrapper_value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std ::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      return lexical_assign<AssignTo, ConvertTo>(strings[0], output);
  }
  
  /// Lexical conversion if there is only one element but the conversion type is for two, then call a two element
  /// constructor
  template <typename AssignTo,
            typename ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<(type_count<AssignTo>::value <= 2) && expected_count<AssignTo>::value == 1 &&
                            is_tuple_like<ConvertTo>::value && type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value == 2,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std ::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      // the remove const is to handle pair types coming from a container
      typename std::remove_const<typename std::tuple_element<0, ConvertTo>::type>::type v1;
      typename std::tuple_element<1, ConvertTo>::type v2;
      bool retval = lexical_assign<decltype(v1), decltype(v1)>(strings[0], v1);
      if(strings.size() > 1) {
          retval = retval && lexical_assign<decltype(v2), decltype(v2)>(strings[1], v2);
      }
      if(retval) {
          output = AssignTo{v1, v2};
      }
      return retval;
  }
  
  /// Lexical conversion of a container types of single elements
  template <class AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<is_mutable_container<AssignTo>::value && is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value &&
                            type_count<ConvertTo>::value == 1,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std ::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      output.erase(output.begin(), output.end());
      for(const auto &elem : strings) {
          typename AssignTo::value_type out;
          bool retval = lexical_assign<typename AssignTo::value_type, typename ConvertTo::value_type>(elem, out);
          if(!retval) {
              return false;
          }
          output.insert(output.end(), std::move(out));
      }
      return (!output.empty());
  }
  
  /// Lexical conversion for complex types
  template <class AssignTo, class ConvertTo, enable_if_t<is_complex<ConvertTo>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
  
      if(strings.size() >= 2 && !strings[1].empty()) {
          using XC2 = typename wrapped_type<ConvertTo, double>::type;
          XC2 x{0.0}, y{0.0};
          auto str1 = strings[1];
          if(str1.back() == 'i' || str1.back() == 'j') {
              str1.pop_back();
          }
          auto worked = detail::lexical_cast(strings[0], x) && detail::lexical_cast(str1, y);
          if(worked) {
              output = ConvertTo{x, y};
          }
          return worked;
      } else {
          return lexical_assign<AssignTo, ConvertTo>(strings[0], output);
      }
  }
  
  /// Conversion to a vector type using a particular single type as the conversion type
  template <class AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<is_mutable_container<AssignTo>::value && (expected_count<ConvertTo>::value == 1) &&
                            (type_count<ConvertTo>::value == 1),
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std ::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      bool retval = true;
      output.clear();
      output.reserve(strings.size());
      for(const auto &elem : strings) {
  
          output.emplace_back();
          retval = retval && lexical_assign<typename AssignTo::value_type, ConvertTo>(elem, output.back());
      }
      return (!output.empty()) && retval;
  }
  
  // forward declaration
  
  /// Lexical conversion of a container types with conversion type of two elements
  template <class AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<is_mutable_container<AssignTo>::value && is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value &&
                            type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value == 2,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(std::vector<std::string> strings, AssignTo &output);
  
  /// Lexical conversion of a vector types with type_size >2 forward declaration
  template <class AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<is_mutable_container<AssignTo>::value && is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value &&
                            type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value != 2 &&
                            ((type_count<ConvertTo>::value > 2) ||
                             (type_count<ConvertTo>::value > type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value)),
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std::string> &strings, AssignTo &output);
  
  /// Conversion for tuples
  template <class AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<is_tuple_like<AssignTo>::value && is_tuple_like<ConvertTo>::value &&
                            (type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value != type_count<ConvertTo>::value ||
                             type_count<ConvertTo>::value > 2),
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std::string> &strings, AssignTo &output);  // forward declaration
  
  /// Conversion for operations where the assigned type is some class but the conversion is a mutable container or large
  /// tuple
  template <typename AssignTo,
            typename ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<!is_tuple_like<AssignTo>::value && !is_mutable_container<AssignTo>::value &&
                            classify_object<ConvertTo>::value != object_category::wrapper_value &&
                            (is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value || type_count<ConvertTo>::value > 2),
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std ::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
  
      if(strings.size() > 1 || (!strings.empty() && !(strings.front().empty()))) {
          ConvertTo val;
          auto retval = lexical_conversion<ConvertTo, ConvertTo>(strings, val);
          output = AssignTo{val};
          return retval;
      }
      output = AssignTo{};
      return true;
  }
  
  /// function template for converting tuples if the static Index is greater than the tuple size
  template <class AssignTo, class ConvertTo, std::size_t I>
  inline typename std::enable_if<(I >= type_count_base<AssignTo>::value), bool>::type
  tuple_conversion(const std::vector<std::string> &, AssignTo &) {
      return true;
  }
  
  /// Conversion of a tuple element where the type size ==1 and not a mutable container
  template <class AssignTo, class ConvertTo>
  inline typename std::enable_if<!is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value && type_count<ConvertTo>::value == 1, bool>::type
  tuple_type_conversion(std::vector<std::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      auto retval = lexical_assign<AssignTo, ConvertTo>(strings[0], output);
      strings.erase(strings.begin());
      return retval;
  }
  
  /// Conversion of a tuple element where the type size !=1 but the size is fixed and not a mutable container
  template <class AssignTo, class ConvertTo>
  inline typename std::enable_if<!is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value && (type_count<ConvertTo>::value > 1) &&
                                     type_count<ConvertTo>::value == type_count_min<ConvertTo>::value,
                                 bool>::type
  tuple_type_conversion(std::vector<std::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      auto retval = lexical_conversion<AssignTo, ConvertTo>(strings, output);
      strings.erase(strings.begin(), strings.begin() + type_count<ConvertTo>::value);
      return retval;
  }
  
  /// Conversion of a tuple element where the type is a mutable container or a type with different min and max type sizes
  template <class AssignTo, class ConvertTo>
  inline typename std::enable_if<is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value ||
                                     type_count<ConvertTo>::value != type_count_min<ConvertTo>::value,
                                 bool>::type
  tuple_type_conversion(std::vector<std::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
  
      std::size_t index{subtype_count_min<ConvertTo>::value};
      const std::size_t mx_count{subtype_count<ConvertTo>::value};
      const std::size_t mx{(std::max)(mx_count, strings.size())};
  
      while(index < mx) {
          if(is_separator(strings[index])) {
              break;
          }
          ++index;
      }
      bool retval = lexical_conversion<AssignTo, ConvertTo>(
          std::vector<std::string>(strings.begin(), strings.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(index)), output);
      strings.erase(strings.begin(), strings.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(index) + 1);
      return retval;
  }
  
  /// Tuple conversion operation
  template <class AssignTo, class ConvertTo, std::size_t I>
  inline typename std::enable_if<(I < type_count_base<AssignTo>::value), bool>::type
  tuple_conversion(std::vector<std::string> strings, AssignTo &output) {
      bool retval = true;
      using ConvertToElement = typename std::
          conditional<is_tuple_like<ConvertTo>::value, typename std::tuple_element<I, ConvertTo>::type, ConvertTo>::type;
      if(!strings.empty()) {
          retval = retval && tuple_type_conversion<typename std::tuple_element<I, AssignTo>::type, ConvertToElement>(
                                 strings, std::get<I>(output));
      }
      retval = retval && tuple_conversion<AssignTo, ConvertTo, I + 1>(std::move(strings), output);
      return retval;
  }
  
  /// Lexical conversion of a container types with tuple elements of size 2
  template <class AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<is_mutable_container<AssignTo>::value && is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value &&
                            type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value == 2,
                        detail::enabler>>
  bool lexical_conversion(std::vector<std::string> strings, AssignTo &output) {
      output.clear();
      while(!strings.empty()) {
  
          typename std::remove_const<typename std::tuple_element<0, typename ConvertTo::value_type>::type>::type v1;
          typename std::tuple_element<1, typename ConvertTo::value_type>::type v2;
          bool retval = tuple_type_conversion<decltype(v1), decltype(v1)>(strings, v1);
          if(!strings.empty()) {
              retval = retval && tuple_type_conversion<decltype(v2), decltype(v2)>(strings, v2);
          }
          if(retval) {
              output.insert(output.end(), typename AssignTo::value_type{v1, v2});
          } else {
              return false;
          }
      }
      return (!output.empty());
  }
  
  /// lexical conversion of tuples with type count>2 or tuples of types of some element with a type size>=2
  template <class AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<is_tuple_like<AssignTo>::value && is_tuple_like<ConvertTo>::value &&
                            (type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value != type_count<ConvertTo>::value ||
                             type_count<ConvertTo>::value > 2),
                        detail::enabler>>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std ::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      static_assert(
          !is_tuple_like<ConvertTo>::value || type_count_base<AssignTo>::value == type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value,
          "if the conversion type is defined as a tuple it must be the same size as the type you are converting to");
      return tuple_conversion<AssignTo, ConvertTo, 0>(strings, output);
  }
  
  /// Lexical conversion of a vector types for everything but tuples of two elements and types of size 1
  template <class AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<is_mutable_container<AssignTo>::value && is_mutable_container<ConvertTo>::value &&
                            type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value != 2 &&
                            ((type_count<ConvertTo>::value > 2) ||
                             (type_count<ConvertTo>::value > type_count_base<ConvertTo>::value)),
                        detail::enabler>>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std ::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      bool retval = true;
      output.clear();
      std::vector<std::string> temp;
      std::size_t ii{0};
      std::size_t icount{0};
      std::size_t xcm{type_count<ConvertTo>::value};
      auto ii_max = strings.size();
      while(ii < ii_max) {
          temp.push_back(strings[ii]);
          ++ii;
          ++icount;
          if(icount == xcm || is_separator(temp.back()) || ii == ii_max) {
              if(static_cast<int>(xcm) > type_count_min<ConvertTo>::value && is_separator(temp.back())) {
                  temp.pop_back();
              }
              typename AssignTo::value_type temp_out;
              retval = retval &&
                       lexical_conversion<typename AssignTo::value_type, typename ConvertTo::value_type>(temp, temp_out);
              temp.clear();
              if(!retval) {
                  return false;
              }
              output.insert(output.end(), std::move(temp_out));
              icount = 0;
          }
      }
      return retval;
  }
  
  /// conversion for wrapper types
  template <typename AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<ConvertTo>::value == object_category::wrapper_value &&
                            std::is_assignable<ConvertTo &, ConvertTo>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      if(strings.empty() || strings.front().empty()) {
          output = ConvertTo{};
          return true;
      }
      typename ConvertTo::value_type val;
      if(lexical_conversion<typename ConvertTo::value_type, typename ConvertTo::value_type>(strings, val)) {
          output = ConvertTo{val};
          return true;
      }
      return false;
  }
  
  /// conversion for wrapper types
  template <typename AssignTo,
            class ConvertTo,
            enable_if_t<classify_object<ConvertTo>::value == object_category::wrapper_value &&
                            !std::is_assignable<AssignTo &, ConvertTo>::value,
                        detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  bool lexical_conversion(const std::vector<std::string> &strings, AssignTo &output) {
      using ConvertType = typename ConvertTo::value_type;
      if(strings.empty() || strings.front().empty()) {
          output = ConvertType{};
          return true;
      }
      ConvertType val;
      if(lexical_conversion<typename ConvertTo::value_type, typename ConvertTo::value_type>(strings, val)) {
          output = val;
          return true;
      }
      return false;
  }
  
  /// Sum a vector of flag representations
  /// The flag vector produces a series of strings in a vector,  simple true is represented by a "1",  simple false is
  /// by
  /// "-1" an if numbers are passed by some fashion they are captured as well so the function just checks for the most
  /// common true and false strings then uses stoll to convert the rest for summing
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  void sum_flag_vector(const std::vector<std::string> &flags, T &output) {
      std::int64_t count{0};
      for(auto &flag : flags) {
          count += detail::to_flag_value(flag);
      }
      output = (count > 0) ? static_cast<T>(count) : T{0};
  }
  
  /// Sum a vector of flag representations
  /// The flag vector produces a series of strings in a vector,  simple true is represented by a "1",  simple false is
  /// by
  /// "-1" an if numbers are passed by some fashion they are captured as well so the function just checks for the most
  /// common true and false strings then uses stoll to convert the rest for summing
  template <typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_signed<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  void sum_flag_vector(const std::vector<std::string> &flags, T &output) {
      std::int64_t count{0};
      for(auto &flag : flags) {
          count += detail::to_flag_value(flag);
      }
      output = static_cast<T>(count);
  }
  
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
  #pragma warning(push)
  #pragma warning(disable : 4800)
  #endif
  // with Atomic<XX> this could produce a warning due to the conversion but if atomic gets here it is an old style so will
  // most likely still work
  
  /// Sum a vector of flag representations
  /// The flag vector produces a series of strings in a vector,  simple true is represented by a "1",  simple false is
  /// by
  /// "-1" an if numbers are passed by some fashion they are captured as well so the function just checks for the most
  /// common true and false strings then uses stoll to convert the rest for summing
  template <typename T,
            enable_if_t<!std::is_signed<T>::value && !std::is_unsigned<T>::value, detail::enabler> = detail::dummy>
  void sum_flag_vector(const std::vector<std::string> &flags, T &output) {
      std::int64_t count{0};
      for(auto &flag : flags) {
          count += detail::to_flag_value(flag);
      }
      std::string out = detail::to_string(count);
      lexical_cast(out, output);
  }
  
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
  #pragma warning(pop)
  #endif
  
  }  // namespace detail
  // [CLI11:type_tools_hpp:end]
  }  // namespace CLI
  