text: /*****************************************************************************
  #                                                                            *
  # Copyright 2019 AT&T Intellectual Property                                  *
  #                                                                            *
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");            *
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.           *
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at                                    *
  #                                                                            *
  #      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0                            *
  #                                                                            *
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software        *
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,          *
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.   *
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and        *
  # limitations under the License.                                             *
  #                                                                            *
  ******************************************************************************/
  
  /*-
   * Copyright (c) 2003-2017 Lev Walkin <vlm@lionet.info>.
   * All rights reserved.
   * Redistribution and modifications are permitted subject to BSD license.
   */
  #include <asn_internal.h>
  #include <OCTET_STRING.h>
  #include <BIT_STRING.h>	/* for .bits_unused member */
  #include <errno.h>
  
  /*
   * OCTET STRING basic type description.
   */
  static const ber_tlv_tag_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[] = {
  	(ASN_TAG_CLASS_UNIVERSAL | (4 << 2))
  };
  asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs = {
  	sizeof(OCTET_STRING_t),
  	offsetof(OCTET_STRING_t, _asn_ctx),
  	ASN_OSUBV_STR
  };
  
  asn_TYPE_operation_t asn_OP_OCTET_STRING = {
  	OCTET_STRING_free,
  	OCTET_STRING_print,	/* OCTET STRING generally means a non-ascii sequence */
  	OCTET_STRING_compare,
  	OCTET_STRING_decode_ber,
  	OCTET_STRING_encode_der,
  	OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_hex,
  	OCTET_STRING_encode_xer,
  #ifdef	ASN_DISABLE_OER_SUPPORT
  	0,
  	0,
  #else
  	OCTET_STRING_decode_oer,
  	OCTET_STRING_encode_oer,
  #endif  /* ASN_DISABLE_OER_SUPPORT */
  #ifdef	ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT
  	0,
  	0,
  	0,
  	0,
  #else
  	OCTET_STRING_decode_uper,	/* Unaligned PER decoder */
  	OCTET_STRING_encode_uper,	/* Unaligned PER encoder */
  	OCTET_STRING_decode_aper,	/* Aligned PER decoder */
  	OCTET_STRING_encode_aper,	/* Aligned PER encoder */
  #endif	/* ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT */
  	OCTET_STRING_random_fill,
  	0	/* Use generic outmost tag fetcher */
  };
  asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING = {
  	"OCTET STRING",		/* Canonical name */
  	"OCTET_STRING",		/* XML tag name */
  	&asn_OP_OCTET_STRING,
  	asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags,
  	sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags)
  	  / sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[0]),
  	asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags,	/* Same as above */
  	sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags)
  	  / sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[0]),
  	{ 0, 0, asn_generic_no_constraint },
  	0, 0,	/* No members */
  	&asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs
  };
  
  #undef	_CH_PHASE
  #undef	NEXT_PHASE
  #undef	PREV_PHASE
  #define	_CH_PHASE(ctx, inc) do {					\
  		if(ctx->phase == 0)					\
  			ctx->context = 0;				\
  		ctx->phase += inc;					\
  	} while(0)
  #define	NEXT_PHASE(ctx)	_CH_PHASE(ctx, +1)
  #define	PREV_PHASE(ctx)	_CH_PHASE(ctx, -1)
  
  #undef	ADVANCE
  #define	ADVANCE(num_bytes)	do {					\
  		size_t num = (num_bytes);				\
  		buf_ptr = ((const char *)buf_ptr) + num;		\
  		size -= num;						\
  		consumed_myself += num;					\
  	} while(0)
  
  #undef	RETURN
  #define	RETURN(_code)	do {						\
  		asn_dec_rval_t tmprval;					\
  		tmprval.code = _code;					\
  		tmprval.consumed = consumed_myself;			\
  		return tmprval;						\
  	} while(0)
  
  #undef	APPEND
  #define	APPEND(bufptr, bufsize)	do {					\
  		size_t _bs = (bufsize);		/* Append size */	\
  		size_t _ns = ctx->context;	/* Allocated now */	\
  		size_t _es = st->size + _bs;	/* Expected size */	\
  		/* int is really a typeof(st->size): */			\
  		if((int)_es < 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);			\
  		if(_ns <= _es) {					\
  			void *ptr;					\
  			/* Be nice and round to the memory allocator */	\
  			do { _ns = _ns ? _ns << 1 : 16; }		\
  			    while(_ns <= _es);				\
  			/* int is really a typeof(st->size): */		\
  			if((int)_ns < 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);		\
  			ptr = REALLOC(st->buf, _ns);			\
  			if(ptr) {					\
  				st->buf = (uint8_t *)ptr;		\
  				ctx->context = _ns;			\
  			} else {					\
  				RETURN(RC_FAIL);			\
  			}						\
  			ASN_DEBUG("Reallocating into %ld", (long)_ns);	\
  		}							\
  		memcpy(st->buf + st->size, bufptr, _bs);		\
  		/* Convenient nul-termination */			\
  		st->buf[_es] = '\0';					\
  		st->size = _es;						\
  	} while(0)
  
  /*
   * The main reason why ASN.1 is still alive is that too much time and effort
   * is necessary for learning it more or less adequately, thus creating a gut
   * necessity to demonstrate that aquired skill everywhere afterwards.
   * No, I am not going to explain what the following stuff is.
   */
  struct _stack_el {
      ber_tlv_len_t left;     /* What's left to read (or -1) */
      ber_tlv_len_t got;      /* What was actually processed */
      unsigned cont_level;    /* Depth of subcontainment */
      int want_nulls;         /* Want null "end of content" octets? */
      int bits_chopped;       /* Flag in BIT STRING mode */
      ber_tlv_tag_t tag;      /* For debugging purposes */
      struct _stack_el *prev;
      struct _stack_el *next;
  };
  struct _stack {
  	struct _stack_el *tail;
  	struct _stack_el *cur_ptr;
  };
  
  static struct _stack_el *
  OS__add_stack_el(struct _stack *st) {
  	struct _stack_el *nel;
  
  	/*
  	 * Reuse the old stack frame or allocate a new one.
  	 */
  	if(st->cur_ptr && st->cur_ptr->next) {
  		nel = st->cur_ptr->next;
  		nel->bits_chopped = 0;
  		nel->got = 0;
  		/* Retain the nel->cont_level, it's correct. */
  	} else {
  		nel = (struct _stack_el *)CALLOC(1, sizeof(struct _stack_el));
  		if(nel == NULL)
  			return NULL;
  	
  		if(st->tail) {
  			/* Increase a subcontainment depth */
  			nel->cont_level = st->tail->cont_level + 1;
  			st->tail->next = nel;
  		}
  		nel->prev = st->tail;
  		st->tail = nel;
  	}
  
  	st->cur_ptr = nel;
  
  	return nel;
  }
  
  static struct _stack *
  _new_stack(void) {
  	return (struct _stack *)CALLOC(1, sizeof(struct _stack));
  }
  
  /*
   * Decode OCTET STRING type.
   */
  asn_dec_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_decode_ber(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
                          const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
                          const void *buf_ptr, size_t size, int tag_mode) {
      const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
  				? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  				: &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
  	BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)*sptr;
  	asn_dec_rval_t rval;
  	asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx;
  	ssize_t consumed_myself = 0;
  	struct _stack *stck;		/* Expectations stack structure */
  	struct _stack_el *sel = 0;	/* Stack element */
  	int tlv_constr;
  	enum asn_OS_Subvariant type_variant = specs->subvariant;
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("Decoding %s as %s (frame %ld)",
  		td->name,
  		(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_STR) ?
  			"OCTET STRING" : "OS-SpecialCase",
  		(long)size);
  
  	/*
  	 * Create the string if does not exist.
  	 */
  	if(st == NULL) {
  		st = (BIT_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
  		if(st == NULL) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  	}
  
  	/* Restore parsing context */
  	ctx = (asn_struct_ctx_t *)((char *)st + specs->ctx_offset);
  
  	switch(ctx->phase) {
  	case 0:
  		/*
  		 * Check tags.
  		 */
  		rval = ber_check_tags(opt_codec_ctx, td, ctx,
  			buf_ptr, size, tag_mode, -1,
  			&ctx->left, &tlv_constr);
  		if(rval.code != RC_OK)
  			return rval;
  
  		if(tlv_constr) {
  			/*
  			 * Complex operation, requires stack of expectations.
  			 */
  			ctx->ptr = _new_stack();
  			if(!ctx->ptr) {
  				RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  			}
  		} else {
  			/*
  			 * Jump into stackless primitive decoding.
  			 */
  			_CH_PHASE(ctx, 3);
  			if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY && tag_mode != 1)
  				APPEND(buf_ptr, rval.consumed);
  			ADVANCE(rval.consumed);
  			goto phase3;
  		}
  
  		NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
  		/* Fall through */
  	case 1:
  	phase1:
  		/*
  		 * Fill the stack with expectations.
  		 */
  		stck = (struct _stack *)ctx->ptr;
  		sel = stck->cur_ptr;
  	  do {
  		ber_tlv_tag_t tlv_tag;
  		ber_tlv_len_t tlv_len;
  		ber_tlv_tag_t expected_tag;
  		ssize_t tl, ll, tlvl;
  				/* This one works even if (sel->left == -1) */
  		size_t Left = ((!sel||(size_t)sel->left >= size)
  					?size:(size_t)sel->left);
  
  
  		ASN_DEBUG("%p, s->l=%ld, s->wn=%ld, s->g=%ld\n", (void *)sel,
  			(long)(sel?sel->left:0),
  			(long)(sel?sel->want_nulls:0),
  			(long)(sel?sel->got:0)
  		);
  		if(sel && sel->left <= 0 && sel->want_nulls == 0) {
  			if(sel->prev) {
  				struct _stack_el *prev = sel->prev;
  				if(prev->left != -1) {
  					if(prev->left < sel->got)
  						RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  					prev->left -= sel->got;
  				}
  				prev->got += sel->got;
  				sel = stck->cur_ptr = prev;
  				if(!sel) break;
  				tlv_constr = 1;
  				continue;
  			} else {
  				sel = stck->cur_ptr = 0;
  				break;	/* Nothing to wait */
  			}
  		}
  
  		tl = ber_fetch_tag(buf_ptr, Left, &tlv_tag);
  		ASN_DEBUG("fetch tag(size=%ld,L=%ld), %sstack, left=%ld, wn=%ld, tl=%ld",
  			(long)size, (long)Left, sel?"":"!",
  			(long)(sel?sel->left:0),
  			(long)(sel?sel->want_nulls:0),
  			(long)tl);
  		switch(tl) {
  		case -1: RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		case 0: RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		}
  
  		tlv_constr = BER_TLV_CONSTRUCTED(buf_ptr);
  
  		ll = ber_fetch_length(tlv_constr,
  				(const char *)buf_ptr + tl,Left - tl,&tlv_len);
  		ASN_DEBUG("Got tag=%s, tc=%d, left=%ld, tl=%ld, len=%ld, ll=%ld",
  			ber_tlv_tag_string(tlv_tag), tlv_constr,
  				(long)Left, (long)tl, (long)tlv_len, (long)ll);
  		switch(ll) {
  		case -1: RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		case 0: RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		}
  
  		if(sel && sel->want_nulls
  			&& ((const uint8_t *)buf_ptr)[0] == 0
  			&& ((const uint8_t *)buf_ptr)[1] == 0)
  		{
  
  			ASN_DEBUG("Eat EOC; wn=%d--", sel->want_nulls);
  
  			if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY
  			&& (tag_mode != 1 || sel->cont_level))
  				APPEND("\0\0", 2);
  
  			ADVANCE(2);
  			sel->got += 2;
  			if(sel->left != -1) {
  				sel->left -= 2;	/* assert(sel->left >= 2) */
  			}
  
  			sel->want_nulls--;
  			if(sel->want_nulls == 0) {
  				/* Move to the next expectation */
  				sel->left = 0;
  				tlv_constr = 1;
  			}
  
  			continue;
  		}
  
  		/*
  		 * Set up expected tags,
  		 * depending on ASN.1 type being decoded.
  		 */
  		switch(type_variant) {
  		case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
  			/* X.690: 8.6.4.1, NOTE 2 */
  			/* Fall through */
  		case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
  		default:
  			if(sel) {
  				unsigned level = sel->cont_level;
  				if(level < td->all_tags_count) {
  					expected_tag = td->all_tags[level];
  					break;
  				} else if(td->all_tags_count) {
  					expected_tag = td->all_tags
  						[td->all_tags_count - 1];
  					break;
  				}
  				/* else, Fall through */
  			}
  			/* Fall through */
  		case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
  			expected_tag = tlv_tag;
  			break;
  		}
  
  
  		if(tlv_tag != expected_tag) {
  			char buf[2][32];
  			ber_tlv_tag_snprint(tlv_tag,
  				buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]));
  			ber_tlv_tag_snprint(td->tags[td->tags_count-1],
  				buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]));
  			ASN_DEBUG("Tag does not match expectation: %s != %s",
  				buf[0], buf[1]);
  			RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		}
  
  		tlvl = tl + ll;	/* Combined length of T and L encoding */
  		if((tlv_len + tlvl) < 0) {
  			/* tlv_len value is too big */
  			ASN_DEBUG("TLV encoding + length (%ld) is too big",
  				(long)tlv_len);
  			RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		}
  
  		/*
  		 * Append a new expectation.
  		 */
  		sel = OS__add_stack_el(stck);
  		if(!sel) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  
  		sel->tag = tlv_tag;
  
  		sel->want_nulls = (tlv_len==-1);
  		if(sel->prev && sel->prev->left != -1) {
  			/* Check that the parent frame is big enough */
  			if(sel->prev->left < tlvl + (tlv_len==-1?0:tlv_len))
  				RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  			if(tlv_len == -1)
  				sel->left = sel->prev->left - tlvl;
  			else
  				sel->left = tlv_len;
  		} else {
  			sel->left = tlv_len;
  		}
  		if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY
  		&& (tag_mode != 1 || sel->cont_level))
  			APPEND(buf_ptr, tlvl);
  		sel->got += tlvl;
  		ADVANCE(tlvl);
  
  		ASN_DEBUG("+EXPECT2 got=%ld left=%ld, wn=%d, clvl=%u",
  			(long)sel->got, (long)sel->left,
  			sel->want_nulls, sel->cont_level);
  
  	  } while(tlv_constr);
  		if(sel == NULL) {
  			/* Finished operation, "phase out" */
  			ASN_DEBUG("Phase out");
  			_CH_PHASE(ctx, +3);
  			break;
  		}
  
  		NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
  		/* Fall through */
  	case 2:
  		stck = (struct _stack *)ctx->ptr;
  		sel = stck->cur_ptr;
  		ASN_DEBUG("Phase 2: Need %ld bytes, size=%ld, alrg=%ld, wn=%d",
  			(long)sel->left, (long)size, (long)sel->got,
  				sel->want_nulls);
  	    {
  		ber_tlv_len_t len;
  
  		assert(sel->left >= 0);
  
  		len = ((ber_tlv_len_t)size < sel->left)
  				? (ber_tlv_len_t)size : sel->left;
  		if(len > 0) {
  			if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT
  			&& sel->bits_chopped == 0) {
  				/* Put the unused-bits-octet away */
  				st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
  				APPEND(((const char *)buf_ptr+1), (len - 1));
  				sel->bits_chopped = 1;
  			} else {
  				APPEND(buf_ptr, len);
  			}
  			ADVANCE(len);
  			sel->left -= len;
  			sel->got += len;
  		}
  
  		if(sel->left) {
  			ASN_DEBUG("OS left %ld, size = %ld, wn=%d\n",
  				(long)sel->left, (long)size, sel->want_nulls);
  			RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		}
  
  		PREV_PHASE(ctx);
  		goto phase1;
  	    }
  		break;
  	case 3:
  	phase3:
  		/*
  		 * Primitive form, no stack required.
  		 */
  		assert(ctx->left >= 0);
  
  		if(size < (size_t)ctx->left) {
  			if(!size) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  			if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT && !ctx->context) {
  				st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
  				ctx->left--;
  				ADVANCE(1);
  			}
  			APPEND(buf_ptr, size);
  			assert(ctx->context > 0);
  			ctx->left -= size;
  			ADVANCE(size);
  			RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		} else {
  			if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT
  			&& !ctx->context && ctx->left) {
  				st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
  				ctx->left--;
  				ADVANCE(1);
  			}
  			APPEND(buf_ptr, ctx->left);
  			ADVANCE(ctx->left);
  			ctx->left = 0;
  
  			NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
  		}
  		break;
  	}
  
  	if(sel) {
  		ASN_DEBUG("3sel p=%p, wn=%d, l=%ld, g=%ld, size=%ld",
  			(void *)sel->prev, sel->want_nulls,
  			(long)sel->left, (long)sel->got, (long)size);
  		if(sel->prev || sel->want_nulls > 1 || sel->left > 0) {
  			RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		}
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * BIT STRING-specific processing.
  	 */
  	if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) {
          if(st->size) {
  			if(st->bits_unused < 0 || st->bits_unused > 7) {
  				RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  			}
  			/* Finalize BIT STRING: zero out unused bits. */
  			st->buf[st->size-1] &= 0xff << st->bits_unused;
  		} else {
  			if(st->bits_unused) {
  				RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  			}
  		}
  	}
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("Took %ld bytes to encode %s: [%s]:%ld",
  		(long)consumed_myself, td->name,
  		(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_STR) ? (char *)st->buf : "<data>",
  		(long)st->size);
  
  
  	RETURN(RC_OK);
  }
  
  /*
   * Encode OCTET STRING type using DER.
   */
  asn_enc_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_encode_der(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
                          int tag_mode, ber_tlv_tag_t tag,
                          asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
      asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
  	const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
  				? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  				: &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
  	const BIT_STRING_t *st = (const BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	enum asn_OS_Subvariant type_variant = specs->subvariant;
  	int fix_last_byte = 0;
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("%s %s as OCTET STRING",
  		cb?"Estimating":"Encoding", td->name);
  
  	/*
  	 * Write tags.
  	 */
  	if(type_variant != ASN_OSUBV_ANY || tag_mode == 1) {
  		er.encoded = der_write_tags(td,
  				(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) + st->size,
  			tag_mode, type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY, tag,
  			cb, app_key);
  		if(er.encoded == -1) {
  			er.failed_type = td;
  			er.structure_ptr = sptr;
  			return er;
  		}
  	} else {
  		/* Disallow: [<tag>] IMPLICIT ANY */
  		assert(type_variant != ASN_OSUBV_ANY || tag_mode != -1);
  		er.encoded = 0;
  	}
  
  	if(!cb) {
  		er.encoded += (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) + st->size;
  		ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Prepare to deal with the last octet of BIT STRING.
  	 */
  	if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) {
  		uint8_t b = st->bits_unused & 0x07;
  		if(b && st->size) fix_last_byte = 1;
  		ASN__CALLBACK(&b, 1);
  	}
  
  	/* Invoke callback for the main part of the buffer */
  	ASN__CALLBACK(st->buf, st->size - fix_last_byte);
  
  	/* The last octet should be stripped off the unused bits */
  	if(fix_last_byte) {
  		uint8_t b = st->buf[st->size-1] & (0xff << st->bits_unused);
  		ASN__CALLBACK(&b, 1);
  	}
  
  	ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
  cb_failed:
  	ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  }
  
  asn_enc_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_encode_xer(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
                          int ilevel, enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,
                          asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
      const char * const h2c = "0123456789ABCDEF";
  	const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
  	char scratch[16 * 3 + 4];
  	char *p = scratch;
  	uint8_t *buf;
  	uint8_t *end;
  	size_t i;
  
  	if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
  		ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
  	er.encoded = 0;
  
  	/*
  	 * Dump the contents of the buffer in hexadecimal.
  	 */
  	buf = st->buf;
  	end = buf + st->size;
  	if(flags & XER_F_CANONICAL) {
  		char *scend = scratch + (sizeof(scratch) - 2);
  		for(; buf < end; buf++) {
  			if(p >= scend) {
  				ASN__CALLBACK(scratch, p - scratch);
  				p = scratch;
  			}
  			*p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
  			*p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
  		}
  
  		ASN__CALLBACK(scratch, p-scratch);	/* Dump the rest */
  	} else {
  		for(i = 0; buf < end; buf++, i++) {
  			if(!(i % 16) && (i || st->size > 16)) {
  				ASN__CALLBACK(scratch, p-scratch);
  				p = scratch;
  				ASN__TEXT_INDENT(1, ilevel);
  			}
  			*p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
  			*p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
  			*p++ = 0x20;
  		}
  		if(p - scratch) {
  			p--;	/* Remove the tail space */
  			ASN__CALLBACK(scratch, p-scratch); /* Dump the rest */
  			if(st->size > 16)
  				ASN__TEXT_INDENT(1, ilevel-1);
  		}
  	}
  
  	ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
  cb_failed:
  	ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  }
  
  static const struct OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table_s {
  	const char *string;
  	int size;
  } OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[] = {
  #define	OSXET(s)	{ s, sizeof(s) - 1 }
  	OSXET("\074\156\165\154\057\076"),	/* <nul/> */
  	OSXET("\074\163\157\150\057\076"),	/* <soh/> */
  	OSXET("\074\163\164\170\057\076"),	/* <stx/> */
  	OSXET("\074\145\164\170\057\076"),	/* <etx/> */
  	OSXET("\074\145\157\164\057\076"),	/* <eot/> */
  	OSXET("\074\145\156\161\057\076"),	/* <enq/> */
  	OSXET("\074\141\143\153\057\076"),	/* <ack/> */
  	OSXET("\074\142\145\154\057\076"),	/* <bel/> */
  	OSXET("\074\142\163\057\076"),		/* <bs/> */
  	OSXET("\011"),				/* \t */
  	OSXET("\012"),				/* \n */
  	OSXET("\074\166\164\057\076"),		/* <vt/> */
  	OSXET("\074\146\146\057\076"),		/* <ff/> */
  	OSXET("\015"),				/* \r */
  	OSXET("\074\163\157\057\076"),		/* <so/> */
  	OSXET("\074\163\151\057\076"),		/* <si/> */
  	OSXET("\074\144\154\145\057\076"),	/* <dle/> */
  	OSXET("\074\144\143\061\057\076"),	/* <de1/> */
  	OSXET("\074\144\143\062\057\076"),	/* <de2/> */
  	OSXET("\074\144\143\063\057\076"),	/* <de3/> */
  	OSXET("\074\144\143\064\057\076"),	/* <de4/> */
  	OSXET("\074\156\141\153\057\076"),	/* <nak/> */
  	OSXET("\074\163\171\156\057\076"),	/* <syn/> */
  	OSXET("\074\145\164\142\057\076"),	/* <etb/> */
  	OSXET("\074\143\141\156\057\076"),	/* <can/> */
  	OSXET("\074\145\155\057\076"),		/* <em/> */
  	OSXET("\074\163\165\142\057\076"),	/* <sub/> */
  	OSXET("\074\145\163\143\057\076"),	/* <esc/> */
  	OSXET("\074\151\163\064\057\076"),	/* <is4/> */
  	OSXET("\074\151\163\063\057\076"),	/* <is3/> */
  	OSXET("\074\151\163\062\057\076"),	/* <is2/> */
  	OSXET("\074\151\163\061\057\076"),	/* <is1/> */
  	{ 0, 0 },	/* " " */
  	{ 0, 0 },	/* ! */
  	{ 0, 0 },	/* \" */
  	{ 0, 0 },	/* # */
  	{ 0, 0 },	/* $ */
  	{ 0, 0 },	/* % */
  	OSXET("\046\141\155\160\073"),	/* &amp; */
  	{ 0, 0 },	/* ' */
  	{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0}, /* ()*+,-./ */
  	{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0}, /* 01234567 */
  	{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},			 /* 89:; */
  	OSXET("\046\154\164\073"),	/* &lt; */
  	{ 0, 0 },	/* = */
  	OSXET("\046\147\164\073"),	/* &gt; */
  };
  
  static int
  OS__check_escaped_control_char(const void *buf, int size) {
  	size_t i;
  	/*
  	 * Inefficient algorithm which translates the escape sequences
  	 * defined above into characters. Returns -1 if not found.
  	 * TODO: replace by a faster algorithm (bsearch(), hash or
  	 * nested table lookups).
  	 */
  	for(i = 0; i < 32 /* Don't spend time on the bottom half */; i++) {
  		const struct OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table_s *el;
  		el = &OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[i];
  		if(el->size == size && memcmp(buf, el->string, size) == 0)
  			return i;
  	}
  	return -1;
  }
  
  static int
  OCTET_STRING__handle_control_chars(void *struct_ptr, const void *chunk_buf, size_t chunk_size) {
  	/*
  	 * This might be one of the escape sequences
  	 * for control characters. Check it out.
  	 * #11.15.5
  	 */
  	int control_char = OS__check_escaped_control_char(chunk_buf,chunk_size);
  	if(control_char >= 0) {
  		OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)struct_ptr;
  		void *p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + 2);
  		if(p) {
  			st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
  			st->buf[st->size++] = control_char;
  			st->buf[st->size] = '\0';	/* nul-termination */
  			return 0;
  		}
  	}
  	
  	return -1;	/* No, it's not */
  }
  
  asn_enc_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_encode_xer_utf8(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
                               int ilevel, enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,
                               asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
  	const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
  	uint8_t *buf, *end;
  	uint8_t *ss;	/* Sequence start */
  	ssize_t encoded_len = 0;
  
  	(void)ilevel;	/* Unused argument */
  	(void)flags;	/* Unused argument */
  
  	if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
  		ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
  	buf = st->buf;
  	end = buf + st->size;
  	for(ss = buf; buf < end; buf++) {
  		unsigned int ch = *buf;
  		int s_len;	/* Special encoding sequence length */
  
  		/*
  		 * Escape certain characters: X.680/11.15
  		 */
  		if(ch < sizeof(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table)
  			/sizeof(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[0])
  		&& (s_len = OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[ch].size)) {
  			if(((buf - ss) && cb(ss, buf - ss, app_key) < 0)
  			|| cb(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[ch].string, s_len,
  					app_key) < 0)
  				ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  			encoded_len += (buf - ss) + s_len;
  			ss = buf + 1;
  		}
  	}
  
  	encoded_len += (buf - ss);
  	if((buf - ss) && cb(ss, buf - ss, app_key) < 0)
  		ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
  	er.encoded = encoded_len;
  	ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
  }
  
  /*
   * Convert from hexadecimal format (cstring): "AB CD EF"
   */
  static ssize_t OCTET_STRING__convert_hexadecimal(void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf, size_t chunk_size, int have_more) {
  	OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	const char *chunk_stop = (const char *)chunk_buf;
  	const char *p = chunk_stop;
  	const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
  	unsigned int clv = 0;
  	int half = 0;	/* Half bit */
  	uint8_t *buf;
  
  	/* Reallocate buffer according to high cap estimation */
  	size_t new_size = st->size + (chunk_size + 1) / 2;
  	void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, new_size + 1);
  	if(!nptr) return -1;
  	st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
  	buf = st->buf + st->size;
  
  	/*
  	 * If something like " a b c " appears here, the " a b":3 will be
  	 * converted, and the rest skipped. That is, unless buf_size is greater
  	 * than chunk_size, then it'll be equivalent to "ABC0".
  	 */
  	for(; p < pend; p++) {
  		int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
  		switch(ch) {
  		case 0x09: case 0x0a: case 0x0c: case 0x0d:
  		case 0x20:
  			/* Ignore whitespace */
  			continue;
  		case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34: /*01234*/
  		case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39: /*56789*/
  			clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x30);
  			break;
  		case 0x41: case 0x42: case 0x43:	/* ABC */
  		case 0x44: case 0x45: case 0x46:	/* DEF */
  			clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x41 + 10);
  			break;
  		case 0x61: case 0x62: case 0x63:	/* abc */
  		case 0x64: case 0x65: case 0x66:	/* def */
  			clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x61 + 10);
  			break;
  		default:
  			*buf = 0;	/* JIC */
  			return -1;
  		}
  		if(half++) {
  			half = 0;
  			*buf++ = clv;
  			chunk_stop = p + 1;
  		}
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Check partial decoding.
  	 */
  	if(half) {
  		if(have_more) {
  			/*
  			 * Partial specification is fine,
  			 * because no more more PXER_TEXT data is available.
  			 */
  			*buf++ = clv << 4;
  			chunk_stop = p;
  		}
  	} else {
  		chunk_stop = p;
  	}
  
  	st->size = buf - st->buf;	/* Adjust the buffer size */
  	assert(st->size <= new_size);
  	st->buf[st->size] = 0;		/* Courtesy termination */
  
  	return (chunk_stop - (const char *)chunk_buf);	/* Converted size */
  }
  
  /*
   * Convert from binary format: "00101011101"
   */
  static ssize_t OCTET_STRING__convert_binary(void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf, size_t chunk_size, int have_more) {
  	BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	const char *p = (const char *)chunk_buf;
  	const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
  	int bits_unused = st->bits_unused & 0x7;
  	uint8_t *buf;
  
  	/* Reallocate buffer according to high cap estimation */
  	size_t new_size = st->size + (chunk_size + 7) / 8;
  	void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, new_size + 1);
  	if(!nptr) return -1;
  	st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
  	buf = st->buf + st->size;
  
  	(void)have_more;
  
  	if(bits_unused == 0)
  		bits_unused = 8;
  	else if(st->size)
  		buf--;
  
  	/*
  	 * Convert series of 0 and 1 into the octet string.
  	 */
  	for(; p < pend; p++) {
  		int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
  		switch(ch) {
  		case 0x09: case 0x0a: case 0x0c: case 0x0d:
  		case 0x20:
  			/* Ignore whitespace */
  			break;
  		case 0x30:
  		case 0x31:
  			if(bits_unused-- <= 0) {
  				*++buf = 0;	/* Clean the cell */
  				bits_unused = 7;
  			}
  			*buf |= (ch&1) << bits_unused;
  			break;
  		default:
  			st->bits_unused = bits_unused;
  			return -1;
  		}
  	}
  
  	if(bits_unused == 8) {
  		st->size = buf - st->buf;
  		st->bits_unused = 0;
  	} else {
  		st->size = buf - st->buf + 1;
  		st->bits_unused = bits_unused;
  	}
  
  	assert(st->size <= new_size);
  	st->buf[st->size] = 0;		/* Courtesy termination */
  
  	return chunk_size;	/* Converted in full */
  }
  
  /*
   * Something like strtod(), but with stricter rules.
   */
  static int
  OS__strtoent(int base, const char *buf, const char *end, int32_t *ret_value) {
  	const int32_t last_unicode_codepoint = 0x10ffff;
  	int32_t val = 0;
  	const char *p;
  
  	for(p = buf; p < end; p++) {
  		int ch = *p;
  
  		switch(ch) {
  		case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34: /*01234*/
  		case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39: /*56789*/
  			val = val * base + (ch - 0x30);
  			break;
  		case 0x41: case 0x42: case 0x43:	/* ABC */
  		case 0x44: case 0x45: case 0x46:	/* DEF */
  			val = val * base + (ch - 0x41 + 10);
  			break;
  		case 0x61: case 0x62: case 0x63:	/* abc */
  		case 0x64: case 0x65: case 0x66:	/* def */
  			val = val * base + (ch - 0x61 + 10);
  			break;
  		case 0x3b:	/* ';' */
  			*ret_value = val;
  			return (p - buf) + 1;
  		default:
  			return -1;	/* Character set error */
  		}
  
  		/* Value exceeds the Unicode range. */
  		if(val > last_unicode_codepoint) {
  			return -1;
  		}
  	}
  
  	*ret_value = -1;
  	return (p - buf);
  }
  
  /*
   * Convert from the plain UTF-8 format, expanding entity references: "2 &lt; 3"
   */
  static ssize_t
  OCTET_STRING__convert_entrefs(void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf,
                                size_t chunk_size, int have_more) {
      OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	const char *p = (const char *)chunk_buf;
  	const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
  	uint8_t *buf;
  
  	/* Reallocate buffer */
  	size_t new_size = st->size + chunk_size;
  	void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, new_size + 1);
  	if(!nptr) return -1;
  	st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
  	buf = st->buf + st->size;
  
  	/*
  	 * Convert series of 0 and 1 into the octet string.
  	 */
  	for(; p < pend; p++) {
  		int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
  		int len;	/* Length of the rest of the chunk */
  
  		if(ch != 0x26 /* '&' */) {
  			*buf++ = ch;
  			continue;	/* That was easy... */
  		}
  
  		/*
  		 * Process entity reference.
  		 */
  		len = chunk_size - (p - (const char *)chunk_buf);
  		if(len == 1 /* "&" */) goto want_more;
  		if(p[1] == 0x23 /* '#' */) {
  			const char *pval;	/* Pointer to start of digits */
  			int32_t val = 0;	/* Entity reference value */
  			int base;
  
  			if(len == 2 /* "&#" */) goto want_more;
  			if(p[2] == 0x78 /* 'x' */)
  				pval = p + 3, base = 16;
  			else
  				pval = p + 2, base = 10;
  			len = OS__strtoent(base, pval, p + len, &val);
  			if(len == -1) {
  				/* Invalid charset. Just copy verbatim. */
  				*buf++ = ch;
  				continue;
  			}
  			if(!len || pval[len-1] != 0x3b) goto want_more;
  			assert(val > 0);
  			p += (pval - p) + len - 1; /* Advance past entref */
  
  			if(val < 0x80) {
  				*buf++ = (char)val;
  			} else if(val < 0x800) {
  				*buf++ = 0xc0 | ((val >> 6));
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
  			} else if(val < 0x10000) {
  				*buf++ = 0xe0 | ((val >> 12));
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
  			} else if(val < 0x200000) {
  				*buf++ = 0xf0 | ((val >> 18));
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
  			} else if(val < 0x4000000) {
  				*buf++ = 0xf8 | ((val >> 24));
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 18) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
  			} else {
  				*buf++ = 0xfc | ((val >> 30) & 0x1);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 24) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 18) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
  				*buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
  			}
  		} else {
  			/*
  			 * Ugly, limited parsing of &amp; &gt; &lt;
  			 */
  			char *sc = (char *)memchr(p, 0x3b, len > 5 ? 5 : len);
  			if(!sc) goto want_more;
  			if((sc - p) == 4
  				&& p[1] == 0x61	/* 'a' */
  				&& p[2] == 0x6d	/* 'm' */
  				&& p[3] == 0x70	/* 'p' */) {
  				*buf++ = 0x26;
  				p = sc;
  				continue;
  			}
  			if((sc - p) == 3) {
  				if(p[1] == 0x6c) {
  					*buf = 0x3c;	/* '<' */
  				} else if(p[1] == 0x67) {
  					*buf = 0x3e;	/* '>' */
  				} else {
  					/* Unsupported entity reference */
  					*buf++ = ch;
  					continue;
  				}
  				if(p[2] != 0x74) {
  					/* Unsupported entity reference */
  					*buf++ = ch;
  					continue;
  				}
  				buf++;
  				p = sc;
  				continue;
  			}
  			/* Unsupported entity reference */
  			*buf++ = ch;
  		}
  
  		continue;
  	want_more:
  		if(have_more) {
  			/*
  			 * We know that no more data (of the same type)
  			 * is coming. Copy the rest verbatim.
  			 */
  			*buf++ = ch;
  			continue;
  		}
  		chunk_size = (p - (const char *)chunk_buf);
  		/* Processing stalled: need more data */
  		break;
  	}
  
  	st->size = buf - st->buf;
  	assert(st->size <= new_size);
  	st->buf[st->size] = 0;		/* Courtesy termination */
  
  	return chunk_size;	/* Converted in full */
  }
  
  /*
   * Decode OCTET STRING from the XML element's body.
   */
  static asn_dec_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(
      const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx, const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
      void **sptr, const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr, size_t size,
      int (*opt_unexpected_tag_decoder)(void *struct_ptr, const void *chunk_buf,
                                        size_t chunk_size),
      ssize_t (*body_receiver)(void *struct_ptr, const void *chunk_buf,
                               size_t chunk_size, int have_more)) {
      OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)*sptr;
  	const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
  				? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  				: &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
  	const char *xml_tag = opt_mname ? opt_mname : td->xml_tag;
  	asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx;		/* Per-structure parser context */
  	asn_dec_rval_t rval;		/* Return value from the decoder */
  	int st_allocated;
  
  	/*
  	 * Create the string if does not exist.
  	 */
  	if(!st) {
  		st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size);
  		*sptr = (void *)st;
  		if(!st) goto sta_failed;
  		st_allocated = 1;
  	} else {
  		st_allocated = 0;
  	}
  	if(!st->buf) {
  		/* This is separate from above section */
  		st->buf = (uint8_t *)CALLOC(1, 1);
  		if(!st->buf) {
  			if(st_allocated) {
  				*sptr = 0;
  				goto stb_failed;
  			} else {
  				goto sta_failed;
  			}
  		}
  	}
  
  	/* Restore parsing context */
  	ctx = (asn_struct_ctx_t *)(((char *)*sptr) + specs->ctx_offset);
  
  	return xer_decode_general(opt_codec_ctx, ctx, *sptr, xml_tag,
  		buf_ptr, size, opt_unexpected_tag_decoder, body_receiver);
  
  stb_failed:
  	FREEMEM(st);
  sta_failed:
  	rval.code = RC_FAIL;
  	rval.consumed = 0;
  	return rval;
  }
  
  /*
   * Decode OCTET STRING from the hexadecimal data.
   */
  asn_dec_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_hex(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
                              const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
                              const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr,
                              size_t size) {
      return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname,
  		buf_ptr, size, 0, OCTET_STRING__convert_hexadecimal);
  }
  
  /*
   * Decode OCTET STRING from the binary (0/1) data.
   */
  asn_dec_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_binary(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
                                 const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
                                 const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr,
                                 size_t size) {
      return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname,
  		buf_ptr, size, 0, OCTET_STRING__convert_binary);
  }
  
  /*
   * Decode OCTET STRING from the string (ASCII/UTF-8) data.
   */
  asn_dec_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_utf8(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
                               const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
                               const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr,
                               size_t size) {
      return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname,
  		buf_ptr, size,
  		OCTET_STRING__handle_control_chars,
  		OCTET_STRING__convert_entrefs);
  }
  
  #ifndef  ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT
  
  static int
  OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(asn_per_data_t *po, uint8_t *buf,
  		size_t units, unsigned int bpc, unsigned int unit_bits,
  		long lb, long ub, const asn_per_constraints_t *pc) {
  	uint8_t *end = buf + units * bpc;
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("Expanding %d characters into (%ld..%ld):%d",
  		(int)units, lb, ub, unit_bits);
  
  	/* X.691: 27.5.4 */
  	if((unsigned long)ub <= ((unsigned long)2 << (unit_bits - 1))) {
  		/* Decode without translation */
  		lb = 0;
  	} else if(pc && pc->code2value) {
  		if(unit_bits > 16)
  			return 1;	/* FATAL: can't have constrained
  					 * UniversalString with more than
  					 * 16 million code points */
  		for(; buf < end; buf += bpc) {
  			int value;
  			int code = per_get_few_bits(po, unit_bits);
  			if(code < 0) return -1;	/* WMORE */
  			value = pc->code2value(code);
  			if(value < 0) {
  				ASN_DEBUG("Code %d (0x%02x) is"
  					" not in map (%ld..%ld)",
  					code, code, lb, ub);
  				return 1;	/* FATAL */
  			}
  			switch(bpc) {
  			case 1: *buf = value; break;
  			case 2: buf[0] = value >> 8; buf[1] = value; break;
  			case 4: buf[0] = value >> 24; buf[1] = value >> 16;
  				buf[2] = value >> 8; buf[3] = value; break;
  			}
  		}
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	/* Shortcut the no-op copying to the aligned structure */
  	if(lb == 0 && (unit_bits == 8 * bpc)) {
  		return per_get_many_bits(po, buf, 0, unit_bits * units);
  	}
  
  	for(; buf < end; buf += bpc) {
  		int32_t code = per_get_few_bits(po, unit_bits);
  		int32_t ch = code + lb;
  		if(code < 0) return -1;	/* WMORE */
  		if(ch > ub) {
  			ASN_DEBUG("Code %d is out of range (%ld..%ld)",
  				ch, lb, ub);
  			return 1;	/* FATAL */
  		}
  		switch(bpc) {
  		case 1: *buf = ch; break;
  		case 2: buf[0] = ch >> 8; buf[1] = ch; break;
  		case 4: buf[0] = ch >> 24; buf[1] = ch >> 16;
  			buf[2] = ch >> 8; buf[3] = ch; break;
  		}
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static int
  OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(asn_per_outp_t *po, const uint8_t *buf,
  		size_t units, unsigned int bpc, unsigned int unit_bits,
  		long lb, long ub, const asn_per_constraints_t *pc) {
  	const uint8_t *end = buf + units * bpc;
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("Squeezing %d characters into (%ld..%ld):%d (%d bpc)",
  		(int)units, lb, ub, unit_bits, bpc);
  
  	/* X.691: 27.5.4 */
  	if((unsigned long)ub <= ((unsigned long)2 << (unit_bits - 1))) {
  		/* Encode as is */
  		lb = 0;
  	} else if(pc && pc->value2code) {
  		for(; buf < end; buf += bpc) {
  			int code;
  			uint32_t value;
  			switch(bpc) {
  			case 1: value = *(const uint8_t *)buf; break;
  			case 2: value = (buf[0] << 8) | buf[1]; break;
  			case 4: value = (buf[0] << 24) | (buf[1] << 16)
  					| (buf[2] << 8) | buf[3]; break;
  			default: return -1;
  			}
  			code = pc->value2code(value);
  			if(code < 0) {
  				ASN_DEBUG("Character %d (0x%02x) is"
  					" not in map (%ld..%ld)",
  					*buf, *buf, lb, ub);
  				return -1;
  			}
  			if(per_put_few_bits(po, code, unit_bits))
  				return -1;
  		}
  	}
  
  	/* Shortcut the no-op copying to the aligned structure */
  	if(lb == 0 && (unit_bits == 8 * bpc)) {
  		return per_put_many_bits(po, buf, unit_bits * units);
  	}
  
      for(ub -= lb; buf < end; buf += bpc) {
          int ch;
          uint32_t value;
          switch(bpc) {
          case 1:
              value = *(const uint8_t *)buf;
              break;
          case 2:
              value = (buf[0] << 8) | buf[1];
              break;
          case 4:
              value = (buf[0] << 24) | (buf[1] << 16) | (buf[2] << 8) | buf[3];
              break;
          default:
              return -1;
          }
          ch = value - lb;
          if(ch < 0 || ch > ub) {
              ASN_DEBUG("Character %d (0x%02x) is out of range (%ld..%ld)", *buf,
                        value, lb, ub + lb);
              return -1;
          }
          if(per_put_few_bits(po, ch, unit_bits)) return -1;
      }
  
      return 0;
  }
  
  static asn_per_constraints_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints = {
  	{ APC_CONSTRAINED, 8, 8, 0, 255 },
  	{ APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED, -1, -1, 0, 0 },
  	0, 0
  };
  
  asn_dec_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_decode_uper(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
                           const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
                           const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, void **sptr,
                           asn_per_data_t *pd) {
      const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
  		? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  		: &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
      const asn_per_constraints_t *pc =
          constraints ? constraints : td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
      const asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
  	const asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
  	asn_dec_rval_t rval = { RC_OK, 0 };
  	OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)*sptr;
  	ssize_t consumed_myself = 0;
  	int repeat;
  	enum {
  		OS__BPC_CHAR	= 1,
  		OS__BPC_U16	= 2,
  		OS__BPC_U32	= 4
  	} bpc;	/* Bytes per character */
  	unsigned int unit_bits;
  	unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
  
  	(void)opt_codec_ctx;
  
  	if(pc) {
  		cval = &pc->value;
  		csiz = &pc->size;
  	} else {
  		cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
  		csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
  	}
  
  	switch(specs->subvariant) {
  	default:
  	case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
  	case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
  		ASN_DEBUG("Unrecognized subvariant %d", specs->subvariant);
  		RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
  		break;
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Allocate the string.
  	 */
  	if(!st) {
  		st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
  		if(!st) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  	}
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("PER Decoding %s size %ld .. %ld bits %d",
  		csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE ? "extensible" : "non-extensible",
  		csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound, csiz->effective_bits);
  
  	if(csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
  		int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
  		if(inext < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		if(inext) {
  			csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
  			unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
  		}
  	}
  
  	if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
  		FREEMEM(st->buf);
  		if(bpc) {
  			st->size = csiz->upper_bound * bpc;
  		} else {
  			st->size = (csiz->upper_bound + 7) >> 3;
  		}
  		st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(st->size + 1);
  		if(!st->buf) { st->size = 0; RETURN(RC_FAIL); }
  	}
  
  	/* X.691, #16.5: zero-length encoding */
  	/* X.691, #16.6: short fixed length encoding (up to 2 octets) */
  	/* X.691, #16.7: long fixed length encoding (up to 64K octets) */
  	if(csiz->effective_bits == 0) {
  		int ret;
  		if(bpc) {
  			ASN_DEBUG("Encoding OCTET STRING size %ld",
  				csiz->upper_bound);
  			ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(pd, st->buf,
  				csiz->upper_bound, bpc, unit_bits,
  				cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
  			if(ret > 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		} else {
  			ASN_DEBUG("Encoding BIT STRING size %ld",
  				csiz->upper_bound);
  			ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, st->buf, 0,
  					    unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound);
  		}
  		if(ret < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		consumed_myself += unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound;
  		st->buf[st->size] = 0;
  		RETURN(RC_OK);
  	}
  
  	st->size = 0;
  	do {
  		ssize_t raw_len;
  		ssize_t len_bytes;
  		void *p;
  		int ret;
  
  		/* Get the PER length */
  		raw_len = uper_get_length(pd, csiz->effective_bits, csiz->lower_bound,
  		                          &repeat);
  		if(raw_len < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		if(raw_len == 0 && st->buf) break;
  
  		ASN_DEBUG("Got PER length eb %ld, len %ld, %s (%s)",
  			(long)csiz->effective_bits, (long)raw_len,
  			repeat ? "repeat" : "once", td->name);
          len_bytes = raw_len * bpc;
  		p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len_bytes + 1);
  		if(!p) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
  
          ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(pd, &st->buf[st->size], raw_len,
                                                bpc, unit_bits, cval->lower_bound,
                                                cval->upper_bound, pc);
          if(ret > 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		if(ret < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		st->size += len_bytes;
  	} while(repeat);
  	st->buf[st->size] = 0;	/* nul-terminate */
  
  	return rval;
  }
  
  asn_enc_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_encode_uper(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
                           const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
                           const void *sptr, asn_per_outp_t *po) {
      const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
  		? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  		: &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
  	const asn_per_constraints_t *pc = constraints ? constraints
  				: td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
  	const asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
  	const asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
  	const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
  	int inext = 0;		/* Lies not within extension root */
  	unsigned int unit_bits;
  	unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
  	size_t size_in_units;
  	const uint8_t *buf;
  	int ret;
  	enum {
  		OS__BPC_CHAR	= 1,
  		OS__BPC_U16	= 2,
  		OS__BPC_U32	= 4
  	} bpc;	/* Bytes per character */
  	int ct_extensible;
  
  	if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
  		ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
  	if(pc) {
  		cval = &pc->value;
  		csiz = &pc->size;
  	} else {
  		cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
  		csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
  	}
  	ct_extensible = csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE;
  
  	switch(specs->subvariant) {
  	default:
  	case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
  	case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
  		ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
  		size_in_units = st->size;
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
  		size_in_units = st->size >> 1;
  		if(st->size & 1) {
  			ASN_DEBUG("%s string size is not modulo 2", td->name);
  			ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  		}
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
  		size_in_units = st->size >> 2;
  		if(st->size & 3) {
  			ASN_DEBUG("%s string size is not modulo 4", td->name);
  			ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  		}
  		break;
  	}
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %s into %" ASN_PRI_SIZE " units of %d bits"
  		" (%ld..%ld, effective %d)%s",
  		td->name, size_in_units, unit_bits,
  		csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound,
  		csiz->effective_bits, ct_extensible ? " EXT" : "");
  
  	/* Figure out whether size lies within PER visible constraint */
  
      if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
          if((ssize_t)size_in_units < csiz->lower_bound
             || (ssize_t)size_in_units > csiz->upper_bound) {
              if(ct_extensible) {
                  csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
                  unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
                  inext = 1;
              } else {
                  ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
              }
          }
      } else {
          inext = 0;
      }
  
      if(ct_extensible) {
  		/* Declare whether length is [not] within extension root */
  		if(per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
  			ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  	}
  
      if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0 && !inext) {
          ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %" ASN_PRI_SIZE " bytes (%ld), length in %d bits", st->size,
                    size_in_units - csiz->lower_bound, csiz->effective_bits);
          ret = per_put_few_bits(po, size_in_units - csiz->lower_bound,
                                 csiz->effective_bits);
          if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
          ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(po, st->buf, size_in_units, bpc,
                                                unit_bits, cval->lower_bound,
                                                cval->upper_bound, pc);
          if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
          ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
      }
  
      ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %" ASN_PRI_SIZE " bytes", st->size);
  
      buf = st->buf;
      ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %" ASN_PRI_SIZE " in units", size_in_units);
      do {
          int need_eom = 0;
          ssize_t may_save = uper_put_length(po, size_in_units, &need_eom);
          if(may_save < 0) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
          ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %" ASN_PRI_SSIZE " of %" ASN_PRI_SIZE "%s", may_save, size_in_units,
                    need_eom ? ",+EOM" : "");
  
          ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(po, buf, may_save, bpc, unit_bits,
                                                cval->lower_bound,
                                                cval->upper_bound, pc);
          if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
          buf += may_save * bpc;
          size_in_units -= may_save;
          assert(!(may_save & 0x07) || !size_in_units);
          if(need_eom && uper_put_length(po, 0, 0))
              ASN__ENCODE_FAILED; /* End of Message length */
      } while(size_in_units);
  
      ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
  }
  
  asn_dec_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_decode_aper(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
                           const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
                           const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
                           void **sptr, asn_per_data_t *pd) {
  
  	const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
  		? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  		: &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
  	const asn_per_constraints_t *pc = constraints ? constraints
  				: td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
  	const asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
  	const asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
  	asn_dec_rval_t rval = { RC_OK, 0 };
  	BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)*sptr;
  	ssize_t consumed_myself = 0;
  	int repeat;
  	enum {
  		OS__BPC_BIT	= 0,
  		OS__BPC_CHAR	= 1,
  		OS__BPC_U16	= 2,
  		OS__BPC_U32	= 4
  	} bpc;	/* Bytes per character */
  	unsigned int unit_bits;
  	unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
  
  	(void)opt_codec_ctx;
  
  	if(pc) {
  		cval = &pc->value;
  		csiz = &pc->size;
  	} else {
  		cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
  		csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
  	}
  
  	switch(specs->subvariant) {
  	default:
  /* 	case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
  		ASN_DEBUG("Unrecognized subvariant %d", specs->subvariant);
  		RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  */
  	case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 1;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_BIT;
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
  	case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
  /* 		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  */
  		bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
  		break;
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Allocate the string.
  	 */
  	if(!st) {
  		st = (BIT_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
  		if(!st) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  	}
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("PER Decoding %s size %ld .. %ld bits %d",
  		csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE ? "extensible" : "non-extensible",
  		csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound, csiz->effective_bits);
  
  	if(csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
  		int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
  		if(inext < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		if(inext) {
  			csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
  			cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
  			unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
  		}
  	}
  
  	if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
  		FREEMEM(st->buf);
  		if(bpc) {
  			st->size = csiz->upper_bound * bpc;
  		} else {
  			st->size = (csiz->upper_bound + 7) >> 3;
  		}
  		st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(st->size + 1);
  		if(!st->buf) { st->size = 0; RETURN(RC_FAIL); }
  	}
  
  	/* X.691, #16.5: zero-length encoding */
  	/* X.691, #16.6: short fixed length encoding (up to 2 octets) */
  	/* X.691, #16.7: long fixed length encoding (up to 64K octets) */
  	if(csiz->effective_bits == 0) {
  		int ret;
  		if (st->size > 2) { /* X.691 #16 NOTE 1 */
  			if (aper_get_align(pd) < 0)
  				RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		}
  		if(bpc) {
  			ASN_DEBUG("Decoding OCTET STRING size %ld",
  				csiz->upper_bound);
  			ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(pd, st->buf,
  				csiz->upper_bound, bpc, unit_bits,
  				cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
  			if(ret > 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		} else {
  			ASN_DEBUG("Decoding BIT STRING size %ld",
  				csiz->upper_bound);
  			ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, st->buf, 0,
  					    unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound);
  		}
  		if(ret < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		consumed_myself += unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound;
  		st->buf[st->size] = 0;
  		if(bpc == 0) {
  			int ubs = (csiz->upper_bound & 0x7);
  			st->bits_unused = ubs ? 8 - ubs : 0;
  		}
  		RETURN(RC_OK);
  	}
  
  	st->size = 0;
  	do {
  		ssize_t raw_len;
  		ssize_t len_bytes;
  		ssize_t len_bits;
  		void *p;
  		int ret;
  
  		/* Get the PER length */
  		if (csiz->upper_bound - csiz->lower_bound == 0)
  			/* Indefinite length case */
  			raw_len = aper_get_length(pd, -1, csiz->effective_bits, &repeat);
  		else
  			raw_len = aper_get_length(pd, csiz->upper_bound - csiz->lower_bound + 1, csiz->effective_bits, &repeat);
  		repeat = 0;
  		if(raw_len < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		raw_len += csiz->lower_bound;
  
  		ASN_DEBUG("Got PER length eb %ld, len %ld, %s (%s)",
  			(long)csiz->effective_bits, (long)raw_len,
  			repeat ? "repeat" : "once", td->name);
  
  		if (raw_len > 2) { /* X.691 #16 NOTE 1 */
  			if (aper_get_align(pd) < 0)
  				RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		}
  
  		if(bpc) {
  			len_bytes = raw_len * bpc;
  			len_bits = len_bytes * unit_bits;
  		} else {
  			len_bits = raw_len;
  			len_bytes = (len_bits + 7) >> 3;
  			if(len_bits & 0x7)
  				st->bits_unused = 8 - (len_bits & 0x7);
  			/* len_bits be multiple of 16K if repeat is set */
  		}
  		p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len_bytes + 1);
  		if(!p) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
  
  		if(bpc) {
  			ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(pd,
  				&st->buf[st->size], raw_len, bpc, unit_bits,
  				cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
  			if(ret > 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
  		} else {
  			ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, &st->buf[st->size],
  				0, len_bits);
  		}
  		if(ret < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
  		st->size += len_bytes;
  	} while(repeat);
  	st->buf[st->size] = 0;	/* nul-terminate */
  
  	return rval;
  }
  
  asn_enc_rval_t
  OCTET_STRING_encode_aper(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
                           const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
                           const void *sptr, asn_per_outp_t *po) {
  
  	const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
  		? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  		: &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
  	const asn_per_constraints_t *pc = constraints ? constraints
  	: td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
  	const asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
  	const asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
  	const BIT_STRING_t *st = (const BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
  	int inext = 0;          /* Lies not within extension root */
  	unsigned int unit_bits;
  	unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
  	unsigned int sizeinunits;
  	const uint8_t *buf;
  	int ret;
  	enum {
  		OS__BPC_BIT     = 0,
  		OS__BPC_CHAR    = 1,
  		OS__BPC_U16     = 2,
  		OS__BPC_U32     = 4
  	} bpc;  /* Bytes per character */
  	int ct_extensible;
  
  	if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
  		ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
  	if(pc) {
  		cval = &pc->value;
  		csiz = &pc->size;
  	} else {
  		cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
  		csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
  	}
  	ct_extensible = csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE;
  
  	switch(specs->subvariant) {
  		default:
  			/*         case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
  			                 ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  			*/
  		case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
  			canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 1;
  			bpc = OS__BPC_BIT;
  			sizeinunits = st->size * 8 - (st->bits_unused & 0x07);
  			ASN_DEBUG("BIT STRING of %d bytes",
  								sizeinunits);
  		break;
          case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
  	case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
  /* 		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = 8;
  */
  		bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
  		sizeinunits = st->size;
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
  		sizeinunits = st->size / 2;
  		break;
  	case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
  		canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
  		if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
  			unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
  		bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
  		sizeinunits = st->size / 4;
  		break;
  	}
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %s into %d units of %d bits"
  		" (%ld..%ld, effective %d)%s",
  		td->name, sizeinunits, unit_bits,
  		csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound,
  		csiz->effective_bits, ct_extensible ? " EXT" : "");
  
  	/* Figure out wheter size lies within PER visible constraint */
  
  	if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
  		if((int)sizeinunits < csiz->lower_bound
  		|| (int)sizeinunits > csiz->upper_bound) {
  			if(ct_extensible) {
  				cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
  				csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
  				unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
  				inext = 1;
  			} else
  				ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  		}
  	} else {
  		inext = 0;
  	}
  
  
  	if(ct_extensible) {
  		/* Declare whether length is [not] within extension root */
  		if(per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
  			ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  	}
  
  	/* X.691, #16.5: zero-length encoding */
  	/* X.691, #16.6: short fixed length encoding (up to 2 octets) */
  	/* X.691, #16.7: long fixed length encoding (up to 64K octets) */
  	if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
  		ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %lu bytes (%ld), length in %d bits",
  				st->size, sizeinunits - csiz->lower_bound,
  				csiz->effective_bits);
  		if (csiz->effective_bits > 0) {
  		        ret = aper_put_length(po, csiz->upper_bound - csiz->lower_bound + 1, sizeinunits - csiz->lower_bound);
  		        if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  		}
  		if (st->size > 2) { /* X.691 #16 NOTE 1 */
  			if (aper_put_align(po) < 0)
  				ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  		}
  		if(bpc) {
  			ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(po, st->buf,
  				sizeinunits, bpc, unit_bits,
  				cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
  		} else {
  			ret = per_put_many_bits(po, st->buf,
  				sizeinunits * unit_bits);
  		}
  		if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  		ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
  	}
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %lu bytes", st->size);
  
  	if(sizeinunits == 0) {
  		if(aper_put_length(po, -1, 0))
  			ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  		ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
  	}
  
  	buf = st->buf;
  	while(sizeinunits) {
  		ssize_t maySave = aper_put_length(po, -1, sizeinunits);
  
  		if(maySave < 0) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
  		ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %ld of %ld",
  			(long)maySave, (long)sizeinunits);
  
  		if(bpc) {
  			ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(po, buf,
  				maySave, bpc, unit_bits,
  				cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
  		} else {
  			ret = per_put_many_bits(po, buf, maySave * unit_bits);
  		}
  		if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
  
  		if(bpc)
  			buf += maySave * bpc;
  		else
  			buf += maySave >> 3;
  		sizeinunits -= maySave;
  		assert(!(maySave & 0x07) || !sizeinunits);
  	}
  
  	ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
  }
  
  #endif  /* ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT */
  
  int
  OCTET_STRING_print(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
                     int ilevel, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
      const char * const h2c = "0123456789ABCDEF";
  	const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	char scratch[16 * 3 + 4];
  	char *p = scratch;
  	uint8_t *buf;
  	uint8_t *end;
  	size_t i;
  
  	(void)td;	/* Unused argument */
  
  	if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
  		return (cb("<absent>", 8, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
  
  	/*
  	 * Dump the contents of the buffer in hexadecimal.
  	 */
  	buf = st->buf;
  	end = buf + st->size;
  	for(i = 0; buf < end; buf++, i++) {
  		if(!(i % 16) && (i || st->size > 16)) {
  			if(cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0)
  				return -1;
  			_i_INDENT(1);
  			p = scratch;
  		}
  		*p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
  		*p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
  		*p++ = 0x20;
  	}
  
  	if(p > scratch) {
  		p--;	/* Remove the tail space */
  		if(cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0)
  			return -1;
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  int
  OCTET_STRING_print_utf8(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
                          int ilevel, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb,
                          void *app_key) {
      const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
  
  	(void)td;	/* Unused argument */
  	(void)ilevel;	/* Unused argument */
  
  	if(st && (st->buf || !st->size)) {
  		return (cb(st->buf, st->size, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
  	} else {
  		return (cb("<absent>", 8, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
  	}
  }
  
  void
  OCTET_STRING_free(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr,
                    enum asn_struct_free_method method) {
  	OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
  	const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs;
  	asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx;
  	struct _stack *stck;
  
  	if(!td || !st)
  		return;
  
  	specs = td->specifics
  		    ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  		    : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
  	ctx = (asn_struct_ctx_t *)((char *)st + specs->ctx_offset);
  
  	ASN_DEBUG("Freeing %s as OCTET STRING", td->name);
  
  	if(st->buf) {
  		FREEMEM(st->buf);
  		st->buf = 0;
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Remove decode-time stack.
  	 */
  	stck = (struct _stack *)ctx->ptr;
  	if(stck) {
  		while(stck->tail) {
  			struct _stack_el *sel = stck->tail;
  			stck->tail = sel->prev;
  			FREEMEM(sel);
  		}
  		FREEMEM(stck);
  	}
  
      switch(method) {
      case ASFM_FREE_EVERYTHING:
          FREEMEM(sptr);
          break;
      case ASFM_FREE_UNDERLYING:
          break;
      case ASFM_FREE_UNDERLYING_AND_RESET:
          memset(sptr, 0,
                 td->specifics
                     ? ((const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)(td->specifics))
                           ->struct_size
                     : sizeof(OCTET_STRING_t));
          break;
      }
  }
  
  /*
   * Conversion routines.
   */
  int
  OCTET_STRING_fromBuf(OCTET_STRING_t *st, const char *str, int len) {
  	void *buf;
  
  	if(st == 0 || (str == 0 && len)) {
  		errno = EINVAL;
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Clear the OCTET STRING.
  	 */
  	if(str == NULL) {
  		FREEMEM(st->buf);
  		st->buf = 0;
  		st->size = 0;
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	/* Determine the original string size, if not explicitly given */
  	if(len < 0)
  		len = strlen(str);
  
  	/* Allocate and fill the memory */
  	buf = MALLOC(len + 1);
  	if(buf == NULL)
  		return -1;
  
  	memcpy(buf, str, len);
  	((uint8_t *)buf)[len] = '\0';	/* Couldn't use memcpy(len+1)! */
  	FREEMEM(st->buf);
  	st->buf = (uint8_t *)buf;
  	st->size = len;
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  OCTET_STRING_t *
  OCTET_STRING_new_fromBuf(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const char *str,
                           int len) {
      const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
          td->specifics ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
                        : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
      OCTET_STRING_t *st;
  
  	st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size);
  	if(st && str && OCTET_STRING_fromBuf(st, str, len)) {
  		FREEMEM(st);
  		st = NULL;
  	}
  
  	return st;
  }
  
  /*
   * Lexicographically compare the common prefix of both strings,
   * and if it is the same return -1 for the smallest string.
   */
  int
  OCTET_STRING_compare(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *aptr,
                       const void *bptr) {
      const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics;
      const OCTET_STRING_t *a = aptr;
      const OCTET_STRING_t *b = bptr;
  
      assert(!specs || specs->subvariant != ASN_OSUBV_BIT);
  
      if(a && b) {
          size_t common_prefix_size = a->size <= b->size ? a->size : b->size;
          int ret = memcmp(a->buf, b->buf, common_prefix_size);
          if(ret == 0) {
              /* Figure out which string with equal prefixes is longer. */
              if(a->size < b->size) {
                  return -1;
              } else if(a->size > b->size) {
                  return 1;
              } else {
                  return 0;
              }
          } else {
              return ret < 0 ? -1 : 1;
          }
      } else if(!a && !b) {
          return 0;
      } else if(!a) {
          return -1;
      } else {
          return 1;
      }
  
  }
  
  /*
   * Biased function for randomizing character values around their limits.
   */
  static uint32_t
  OCTET_STRING__random_char(unsigned long lb, unsigned long ub) {
      assert(lb <= ub);
      switch(asn_random_between(0, 16)) {
      case 0:
          if(lb < ub) return lb + 1;
          /* Fall through */
      case 1:
          return lb;
      case 2:
          if(lb < ub) return ub - 1;
          /* Fall through */
      case 3:
          return ub;
      default:
          return asn_random_between(lb, ub);
      }
  }
  
  
  size_t
  OCTET_STRING_random_length_constrained(
      const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
      const asn_encoding_constraints_t *constraints, size_t max_length) {
      const unsigned lengths[] = {0,     1,     2,     3,     4,     8,
                                  126,   127,   128,   16383, 16384, 16385,
                                  65534, 65535, 65536, 65537};
      size_t rnd_len;
  
      /* Figure out how far we should go */
      rnd_len = lengths[asn_random_between(
          0, sizeof(lengths) / sizeof(lengths[0]) - 1)];
  
      if(!constraints || !constraints->per_constraints)
          constraints = &td->encoding_constraints;
      if(constraints->per_constraints) {
          const asn_per_constraint_t *pc = &constraints->per_constraints->size;
          if(pc->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED) {
              long suggested_upper_bound = pc->upper_bound < (ssize_t)max_length
                                               ? pc->upper_bound
                                               : (ssize_t)max_length;
              if(max_length <= (size_t)pc->lower_bound) {
                  return pc->lower_bound;
              }
              if(pc->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
                  switch(asn_random_between(0, 5)) {
                  case 0:
                      if(pc->lower_bound > 0) {
                          rnd_len = pc->lower_bound - 1;
                          break;
                      }
                      /* Fall through */
                  case 1:
                      rnd_len = pc->upper_bound + 1;
                      break;
                  case 2:
                      /* Keep rnd_len from the table */
                      if(rnd_len <= max_length) {
                          break;
                      }
                      /* Fall through */
                  default:
                      rnd_len = asn_random_between(pc->lower_bound,
                                                   suggested_upper_bound);
                  }
              } else {
                  rnd_len =
                      asn_random_between(pc->lower_bound, suggested_upper_bound);
              }
          } else {
              rnd_len = asn_random_between(0, max_length);
          }
      } else if(rnd_len > max_length) {
          rnd_len = asn_random_between(0, max_length);
      }
  
      return rnd_len;
  }
  
  asn_random_fill_result_t
  OCTET_STRING_random_fill(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
                           const asn_encoding_constraints_t *constraints,
                           size_t max_length) {
  	const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
  				? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
  				: &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
      asn_random_fill_result_t result_ok = {ARFILL_OK, 1};
      asn_random_fill_result_t result_failed = {ARFILL_FAILED, 0};
      asn_random_fill_result_t result_skipped = {ARFILL_SKIPPED, 0};
      unsigned int unit_bytes = 1;
      unsigned long clb = 0;  /* Lower bound on char */
      unsigned long cub = 255;  /* Higher bound on char value */
      uint8_t *buf;
      uint8_t *bend;
      uint8_t *b;
      size_t rnd_len;
      OCTET_STRING_t *st;
  
      if(max_length == 0 && !*sptr) return result_skipped;
  
      switch(specs->subvariant) {
      default:
      case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
          return result_failed;
      case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
          /* Handled by BIT_STRING itself. */
          return result_failed;
      case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
          unit_bytes = 1;
          clb = 0;
          cub = 255;
          break;
      case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
          unit_bytes = 2;
          clb = 0;
          cub = 65535;
          break;
      case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
          unit_bytes = 4;
          clb = 0;
          cub = 0x10FFFF;
          break;
      }
  
      if(!constraints || !constraints->per_constraints)
          constraints = &td->encoding_constraints;
      if(constraints->per_constraints) {
          const asn_per_constraint_t *pc = &constraints->per_constraints->value;
          if(pc->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
              clb = pc->lower_bound;
          } else if(pc->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED) {
              clb = pc->lower_bound;
              cub = pc->upper_bound;
          }
      }
  
      rnd_len =
          OCTET_STRING_random_length_constrained(td, constraints, max_length);
  
      buf = CALLOC(unit_bytes, rnd_len + 1);
      if(!buf) return result_failed;
  
      bend = &buf[unit_bytes * rnd_len];
  
      switch(unit_bytes) {
      case 1:
          for(b = buf; b < bend; b += unit_bytes) {
              *(uint8_t *)b = OCTET_STRING__random_char(clb, cub);
          }
          *(uint8_t *)b = 0;
          break;
      case 2:
          for(b = buf; b < bend; b += unit_bytes) {
              uint32_t code = OCTET_STRING__random_char(clb, cub);
              b[0] = code >> 8;
              b[1] = code;
          }
          *(uint16_t *)b = 0;
          break;
      case 4:
          for(b = buf; b < bend; b += unit_bytes) {
              uint32_t code = OCTET_STRING__random_char(clb, cub);
              b[0] = code >> 24;
              b[1] = code >> 16;
              b[2] = code >> 8;
              b[3] = code;
          }
          *(uint32_t *)b = 0;
          break;
      }
  
      if(*sptr) {
          st = *sptr;
          FREEMEM(st->buf);
      } else {
          st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
          if(!st) {
              FREEMEM(buf);
              return result_failed;
          }
      }
  
      st->buf = buf;
      st->size = unit_bytes * rnd_len;
  
      result_ok.length = st->size;
      return result_ok;
  }
  