text: import functools
  import re
  from unittest import mock
  
  from django.apps import apps
  from django.conf import settings
  from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractBaseUser
  from django.core.validators import RegexValidator, validate_slug
  from django.db import connection, models
  from django.db.migrations.autodetector import MigrationAutodetector
  from django.db.migrations.graph import MigrationGraph
  from django.db.migrations.loader import MigrationLoader
  from django.db.migrations.questioner import MigrationQuestioner
  from django.db.migrations.state import ModelState, ProjectState
  from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
  from django.test.utils import isolate_lru_cache
  
  from .models import FoodManager, FoodQuerySet
  
  
  class DeconstructibleObject:
      """
      A custom deconstructible object.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
          self.args = args
          self.kwargs = kwargs
  
      def deconstruct(self):
          return (
              self.__module__ + '.' + self.__class__.__name__,
              self.args,
              self.kwargs
          )
  
  
  class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
      """
      Tests the migration autodetector.
      """
  
      author_empty = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
      author_name = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      author_name_null = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True)),
      ])
      author_name_longer = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=400)),
      ])
      author_name_renamed = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("names", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      author_name_default = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default='Ada Lovelace')),
      ])
      author_dates_of_birth_auto_now = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("date_of_birth", models.DateField(auto_now=True)),
          ("date_time_of_birth", models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
          ("time_of_birth", models.TimeField(auto_now=True)),
      ])
      author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("date_of_birth", models.DateField(auto_now_add=True)),
          ("date_time_of_birth", models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
          ("time_of_birth", models.TimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject())),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject())),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_3 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=models.IntegerField())),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_4 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=models.IntegerField())),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_list_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 123])),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_list_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 123])),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_list_3 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 999])),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 123))),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_tuple_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 123))),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_tuple_3 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 999))),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_dict_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default={
              'item': DeconstructibleObject(), 'otheritem': 123
          })),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_dict_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default={
              'item': DeconstructibleObject(), 'otheritem': 123
          })),
      ])
      author_name_deconstructible_dict_3 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default={
              'item': DeconstructibleObject(), 'otheritem': 999
          })),
      ])
      author_name_nested_deconstructible_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
              DeconstructibleObject(1),
              (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
              a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
              b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
          ))),
      ])
      author_name_nested_deconstructible_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
              DeconstructibleObject(1),
              (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
              a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
              b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
          ))),
      ])
      author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_arg = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
              DeconstructibleObject(1),
              (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2-changed'),),
              a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
              b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
          ))),
      ])
      author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_arg = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
              DeconstructibleObject(1),
              (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
              None,
              a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
              b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
          ))),
      ])
      author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_kwarg = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
              DeconstructibleObject(1),
              (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
              a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
              b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c-changed')),
          ))),
      ])
      author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_kwarg = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
              DeconstructibleObject(1),
              (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
              a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
              b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
              c=None,
          ))),
      ])
      author_custom_pk = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [("pk_field", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True))])
      author_with_biography_non_blank = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField()),
          ("biography", models.TextField()),
      ])
      author_with_biography_blank = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(blank=True)),
          ("biography", models.TextField(blank=True)),
      ])
      author_with_book = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      author_with_book_order_wrt = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
      ], options={"order_with_respect_to": "book"})
      author_renamed_with_book = ModelState("testapp", "Writer", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      author_with_publisher_string = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ("publisher_name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      author_with_publisher = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      author_with_user = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ("user", models.ForeignKey("auth.User", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      author_with_custom_user = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ("user", models.ForeignKey("thirdapp.CustomUser", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      author_proxy = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.author",))
      author_proxy_options = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {
          "proxy": True,
          "verbose_name": "Super Author",
      }, ("testapp.author", ))
      author_proxy_notproxy = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {}, ("testapp.author", ))
      author_proxy_third = ModelState("thirdapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.author", ))
      author_proxy_third_notproxy = ModelState("thirdapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {}, ("testapp.author", ))
      author_proxy_proxy = ModelState("testapp", "AAuthorProxyProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.authorproxy", ))
      author_unmanaged = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorUnmanaged", [], {"managed": False}, ("testapp.author", ))
      author_unmanaged_managed = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorUnmanaged", [], {}, ("testapp.author", ))
      author_unmanaged_default_pk = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
      author_unmanaged_custom_pk = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("pk_field", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)),
      ])
      author_with_m2m = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher")),
      ])
      author_with_m2m_blank = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", blank=True)),
      ])
      author_with_m2m_through = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", through="testapp.Contract")),
      ])
      author_with_renamed_m2m_through = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", through="testapp.Deal")),
      ])
      author_with_former_m2m = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("publishers", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
      ])
      author_with_options = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
      ], {
          "permissions": [('can_hire', 'Can hire')],
          "verbose_name": "Authi",
      })
      author_with_db_table_options = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
      ], {"db_table": "author_one"})
      author_with_new_db_table_options = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
      ], {"db_table": "author_two"})
      author_renamed_with_db_table_options = ModelState("testapp", "NewAuthor", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
      ], {"db_table": "author_one"})
      author_renamed_with_new_db_table_options = ModelState("testapp", "NewAuthor", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
      ], {"db_table": "author_three"})
      contract = ModelState("testapp", "Contract", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      contract_renamed = ModelState("testapp", "Deal", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      publisher = ModelState("testapp", "Publisher", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
      ])
      publisher_with_author = ModelState("testapp", "Publisher", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
      ])
      publisher_with_aardvark_author = ModelState("testapp", "Publisher", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Aardvark", models.CASCADE)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
      ])
      publisher_with_book = ModelState("testapp", "Publisher", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
          ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
      ])
      other_pony = ModelState("otherapp", "Pony", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
      ])
      other_pony_food = ModelState("otherapp", "Pony", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
      ], managers=[
          ('food_qs', FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
          ('food_mgr', FoodManager('a', 'b')),
          ('food_mgr_kwargs', FoodManager('x', 'y', 3, 4)),
      ])
      other_stable = ModelState("otherapp", "Stable", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
      third_thing = ModelState("thirdapp", "Thing", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
      book = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      book_proxy_fk = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("thirdapp.AuthorProxy", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      book_proxy_proxy_fk = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.AAuthorProxyProxy", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      book_migrations_fk = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.UnmigratedModel", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      book_with_no_author = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      book_with_author_renamed = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Writer", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      book_with_field_and_author_renamed = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("writer", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Writer", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      book_with_multiple_authors = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("authors", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Author")),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("authors", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Author", through="otherapp.Attribution")),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ])
      book_indexes = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ], {
          "indexes": [models.Index(fields=["author", "title"], name="book_title_author_idx")],
      })
      book_unordered_indexes = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ], {
          "indexes": [models.Index(fields=["title", "author"], name="book_author_title_idx")],
      })
      book_foo_together = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ], {
          "index_together": {("author", "title")},
          "unique_together": {("author", "title")},
      })
      book_foo_together_2 = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ], {
          "index_together": {("title", "author")},
          "unique_together": {("title", "author")},
      })
      book_foo_together_3 = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("newfield", models.IntegerField()),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ], {
          "index_together": {("title", "newfield")},
          "unique_together": {("title", "newfield")},
      })
      book_foo_together_4 = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("newfield2", models.IntegerField()),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
      ], {
          "index_together": {("title", "newfield2")},
          "unique_together": {("title", "newfield2")},
      })
      attribution = ModelState("otherapp", "Attribution", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
          ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      edition = ModelState("thirdapp", "Edition", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
      ])
      custom_user = ModelState("thirdapp", "CustomUser", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("username", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
      ], bases=(AbstractBaseUser, ))
      custom_user_no_inherit = ModelState("thirdapp", "CustomUser", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("username", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
      ])
      aardvark = ModelState("thirdapp", "Aardvark", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
      aardvark_testapp = ModelState("testapp", "Aardvark", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
      aardvark_based_on_author = ModelState("testapp", "Aardvark", [], bases=("testapp.Author", ))
      aardvark_pk_fk_author = ModelState("testapp", "Aardvark", [
          ("id", models.OneToOneField("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)),
      ])
      knight = ModelState("eggs", "Knight", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
      rabbit = ModelState("eggs", "Rabbit", [
          ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ("knight", models.ForeignKey("eggs.Knight", models.CASCADE)),
          ("parent", models.ForeignKey("eggs.Rabbit", models.CASCADE)),
      ], {
          "unique_together": {("parent", "knight")},
          "indexes": [models.Index(fields=["parent", "knight"], name='rabbit_circular_fk_index')],
      })
  
      def repr_changes(self, changes, include_dependencies=False):
          output = ""
          for app_label, migrations in sorted(changes.items()):
              output += "  %s:\n" % app_label
              for migration in migrations:
                  output += "    %s\n" % migration.name
                  for operation in migration.operations:
                      output += "      %s\n" % operation
                  if include_dependencies:
                      output += "      Dependencies:\n"
                      if migration.dependencies:
                          for dep in migration.dependencies:
                              output += "        %s\n" % (dep,)
                      else:
                          output += "        None\n"
          return output
  
      def assertNumberMigrations(self, changes, app_label, number):
          if len(changes.get(app_label, [])) != number:
              self.fail("Incorrect number of migrations (%s) for %s (expected %s)\n%s" % (
                  len(changes.get(app_label, [])),
                  app_label,
                  number,
                  self.repr_changes(changes),
              ))
  
      def assertMigrationDependencies(self, changes, app_label, position, dependencies):
          if not changes.get(app_label):
              self.fail("No migrations found for %s\n%s" % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
          if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
              self.fail("No migration at index %s for %s\n%s" % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
          migration = changes[app_label][position]
          if set(migration.dependencies) != set(dependencies):
              self.fail("Migration dependencies mismatch for %s.%s (expected %s):\n%s" % (
                  app_label,
                  migration.name,
                  dependencies,
                  self.repr_changes(changes, include_dependencies=True),
              ))
  
      def assertOperationTypes(self, changes, app_label, position, types):
          if not changes.get(app_label):
              self.fail("No migrations found for %s\n%s" % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
          if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
              self.fail("No migration at index %s for %s\n%s" % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
          migration = changes[app_label][position]
          real_types = [operation.__class__.__name__ for operation in migration.operations]
          if types != real_types:
              self.fail("Operation type mismatch for %s.%s (expected %s):\n%s" % (
                  app_label,
                  migration.name,
                  types,
                  self.repr_changes(changes),
              ))
  
      def assertOperationAttributes(self, changes, app_label, position, operation_position, **attrs):
          if not changes.get(app_label):
              self.fail("No migrations found for %s\n%s" % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
          if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
              self.fail("No migration at index %s for %s\n%s" % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
          migration = changes[app_label][position]
          if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
              self.fail("No operation at index %s for %s.%s\n%s" % (
                  operation_position,
                  app_label,
                  migration.name,
                  self.repr_changes(changes),
              ))
          operation = migration.operations[operation_position]
          for attr, value in attrs.items():
              if getattr(operation, attr, None) != value:
                  self.fail("Attribute mismatch for %s.%s op #%s, %s (expected %r, got %r):\n%s" % (
                      app_label,
                      migration.name,
                      operation_position,
                      attr,
                      value,
                      getattr(operation, attr, None),
                      self.repr_changes(changes),
                  ))
  
      def assertOperationFieldAttributes(self, changes, app_label, position, operation_position, **attrs):
          if not changes.get(app_label):
              self.fail("No migrations found for %s\n%s" % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
          if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
              self.fail("No migration at index %s for %s\n%s" % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
          migration = changes[app_label][position]
          if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
              self.fail("No operation at index %s for %s.%s\n%s" % (
                  operation_position,
                  app_label,
                  migration.name,
                  self.repr_changes(changes),
              ))
          operation = migration.operations[operation_position]
          if not hasattr(operation, 'field'):
              self.fail("No field attribute for %s.%s op #%s." % (
                  app_label,
                  migration.name,
                  operation_position,
              ))
          field = operation.field
          for attr, value in attrs.items():
              if getattr(field, attr, None) != value:
                  self.fail("Field attribute mismatch for %s.%s op #%s, field.%s (expected %r, got %r):\n%s" % (
                      app_label,
                      migration.name,
                      operation_position,
                      attr,
                      value,
                      getattr(field, attr, None),
                      self.repr_changes(changes),
                  ))
  
      def make_project_state(self, model_states):
          "Shortcut to make ProjectStates from lists of predefined models"
          project_state = ProjectState()
          for model_state in model_states:
              project_state.add_model(model_state.clone())
          return project_state
  
      def get_changes(self, before_states, after_states, questioner=None):
          return MigrationAutodetector(
              self.make_project_state(before_states),
              self.make_project_state(after_states),
              questioner,
          )._detect_changes()
  
      def test_arrange_for_graph(self):
          """Tests auto-naming of migrations for graph matching."""
          # Make a fake graph
          graph = MigrationGraph()
          graph.add_node(("testapp", "0001_initial"), None)
          graph.add_node(("testapp", "0002_foobar"), None)
          graph.add_node(("otherapp", "0001_initial"), None)
          graph.add_dependency("testapp.0002_foobar", ("testapp", "0002_foobar"), ("testapp", "0001_initial"))
          graph.add_dependency("testapp.0002_foobar", ("testapp", "0002_foobar"), ("otherapp", "0001_initial"))
          # Use project state to make a new migration change set
          before = self.make_project_state([])
          after = self.make_project_state([self.author_empty, self.other_pony, self.other_stable])
          autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
          changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
          # Run through arrange_for_graph
          changes = autodetector.arrange_for_graph(changes, graph)
          # Make sure there's a new name, deps match, etc.
          self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].name, "0003_author")
          self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].dependencies, [("testapp", "0002_foobar")])
          self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].name, "0002_pony_stable")
          self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].dependencies, [("otherapp", "0001_initial")])
  
      def test_trim_apps(self):
          """
          Trim does not remove dependencies but does remove unwanted apps.
          """
          # Use project state to make a new migration change set
          before = self.make_project_state([])
          after = self.make_project_state([self.author_empty, self.other_pony, self.other_stable, self.third_thing])
          autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_initial": True}))
          changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
          # Run through arrange_for_graph
          graph = MigrationGraph()
          changes = autodetector.arrange_for_graph(changes, graph)
          changes["testapp"][0].dependencies.append(("otherapp", "0001_initial"))
          changes = autodetector._trim_to_apps(changes, {"testapp"})
          # Make sure there's the right set of migrations
          self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].name, "0001_initial")
          self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].name, "0001_initial")
          self.assertNotIn("thirdapp", changes)
  
      def test_custom_migration_name(self):
          """Tests custom naming of migrations for graph matching."""
          # Make a fake graph
          graph = MigrationGraph()
          graph.add_node(("testapp", "0001_initial"), None)
          graph.add_node(("testapp", "0002_foobar"), None)
          graph.add_node(("otherapp", "0001_initial"), None)
          graph.add_dependency("testapp.0002_foobar", ("testapp", "0002_foobar"), ("testapp", "0001_initial"))
  
          # Use project state to make a new migration change set
          before = self.make_project_state([])
          after = self.make_project_state([self.author_empty, self.other_pony, self.other_stable])
          autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
          changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
  
          # Run through arrange_for_graph
          migration_name = 'custom_name'
          changes = autodetector.arrange_for_graph(changes, graph, migration_name)
  
          # Make sure there's a new name, deps match, etc.
          self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].name, "0003_%s" % migration_name)
          self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].dependencies, [("testapp", "0002_foobar")])
          self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].name, "0002_%s" % migration_name)
          self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].dependencies, [("otherapp", "0001_initial")])
  
      def test_new_model(self):
          """Tests autodetection of new models."""
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.other_pony_food])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="Pony")
          self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].managers],
                           ['food_qs', 'food_mgr', 'food_mgr_kwargs'])
  
      def test_old_model(self):
          """Tests deletion of old models."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["DeleteModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
  
      def test_add_field(self):
          """Tests autodetection of new fields."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_name])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name")
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition',
                  side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
      def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_not_asking_for_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, auto_now=True)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, auto_now=True)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, auto_now=True)
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition',
                  side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
      def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_add_not_asking_for_null_addition(self, mocked_ask_method):
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, auto_now_add=True)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, auto_now_add=True)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, auto_now_add=True)
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_auto_now_add_addition')
      def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_add_asking_for_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, auto_now_add=True)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, auto_now_add=True)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, auto_now_add=True)
          self.assertEqual(mocked_ask_method.call_count, 3)
  
      def test_remove_field(self):
          """Tests autodetection of removed fields."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name], [self.author_empty])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RemoveField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name")
  
      def test_alter_field(self):
          """Tests autodetection of new fields."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name], [self.author_name_longer])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True)
  
      def test_supports_functools_partial(self):
          def _content_file_name(instance, filename, key, **kwargs):
              return '{}/{}'.format(instance, filename)
  
          def content_file_name(key, **kwargs):
              return functools.partial(_content_file_name, key, **kwargs)
  
          # An unchanged partial reference.
          before = [ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ("file", models.FileField(max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name('file'))),
          ])]
          after = [ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ("file", models.FileField(max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name('file'))),
          ])]
          changes = self.get_changes(before, after)
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 0)
  
          # A changed partial reference.
          args_changed = [ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ("file", models.FileField(max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name('other-file'))),
          ])]
          changes = self.get_changes(before, args_changed)
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
          # Can't use assertOperationFieldAttributes because we need the
          # deconstructed version, i.e., the exploded func/args/keywords rather
          # than the partial: we don't care if it's not the same instance of the
          # partial, only if it's the same source function, args, and keywords.
          value = changes['testapp'][0].operations[0].field.upload_to
          self.assertEqual(
              (_content_file_name, ('other-file',), {}),
              (value.func, value.args, value.keywords)
          )
  
          kwargs_changed = [ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ("file", models.FileField(max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name('file', spam='eggs'))),
          ])]
          changes = self.get_changes(before, kwargs_changed)
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
          value = changes['testapp'][0].operations[0].field.upload_to
          self.assertEqual(
              (_content_file_name, ('file',), {'spam': 'eggs'}),
              (value.func, value.args, value.keywords)
          )
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration',
                  side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
      def test_alter_field_to_not_null_with_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
          """
          #23609 - Tests autodetection of nullable to non-nullable alterations.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_null], [self.author_name_default])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default='Ada Lovelace')
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration',
                  return_value=models.NOT_PROVIDED)
      def test_alter_field_to_not_null_without_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
          """
          #23609 - Tests autodetection of nullable to non-nullable alterations.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_null], [self.author_name])
          self.assertEqual(mocked_ask_method.call_count, 1)
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default=models.NOT_PROVIDED)
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration',
                  return_value='Some Name')
      def test_alter_field_to_not_null_oneoff_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
          """
          #23609 - Tests autodetection of nullable to non-nullable alterations.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_null], [self.author_name])
          self.assertEqual(mocked_ask_method.call_count, 1)
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=False)
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default="Some Name")
  
      def test_rename_field(self):
          """Tests autodetection of renamed fields."""
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name], [self.author_name_renamed], MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True})
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name="name", new_name="names")
  
      def test_rename_model(self):
          """Tests autodetection of renamed models."""
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_with_book, self.book],
              [self.author_renamed_with_book, self.book_with_author_renamed],
              MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="Writer")
          # Now that RenameModel handles related fields too, there should be
          # no AlterField for the related field.
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 0)
  
      def test_rename_m2m_through_model(self):
          """
          Tests autodetection of renamed models that are used in M2M relations as
          through models.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_with_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract],
              [self.author_with_renamed_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract_renamed],
              MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename_model': True})
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['RenameModel'])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name='Contract', new_name='Deal')
  
      def test_rename_model_with_renamed_rel_field(self):
          """
          Tests autodetection of renamed models while simultaneously renaming one
          of the fields that relate to the renamed model.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_with_book, self.book],
              [self.author_renamed_with_book, self.book_with_field_and_author_renamed],
              MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True, "ask_rename_model": True}),
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="Writer")
          # Right number/type of migrations for related field rename?
          # Alter is already taken care of.
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["RenameField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, old_name="author", new_name="writer")
  
      def test_rename_model_with_fks_in_different_position(self):
          """
          #24537 - The order of fields in a model does not influence
          the RenameModel detection.
          """
          before = [
              ModelState("testapp", "EntityA", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ]),
              ModelState("testapp", "EntityB", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                  ("some_label", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
                  ("entity_a", models.ForeignKey("testapp.EntityA", models.CASCADE)),
              ]),
          ]
          after = [
              ModelState("testapp", "EntityA", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ]),
              ModelState("testapp", "RenamedEntityB", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                  ("entity_a", models.ForeignKey("testapp.EntityA", models.CASCADE)),
                  ("some_label", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
              ]),
          ]
          changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}))
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="EntityB", new_name="RenamedEntityB")
  
      def test_fk_dependency(self):
          """Having a ForeignKey automatically adds a dependency."""
          # Note that testapp (author) has no dependencies,
          # otherapp (book) depends on testapp (author),
          # thirdapp (edition) depends on otherapp (book)
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_name, self.book, self.edition])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="Book")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [("testapp", "auto_1")])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 0, name="Edition")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, [("otherapp", "auto_1")])
  
      def test_proxy_fk_dependency(self):
          """FK dependencies still work on proxy models."""
          # Note that testapp (author) has no dependencies,
          # otherapp (book) depends on testapp (authorproxy)
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="Book")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [("thirdapp", "auto_1")])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 0, name="AuthorProxy")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, [("testapp", "auto_1")])
  
      def test_same_app_no_fk_dependency(self):
          """
          A migration with a FK between two models of the same app
          does not have a dependency to itself.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Publisher")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="publisher")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [])
  
      def test_circular_fk_dependency(self):
          """
          Having a circular ForeignKey dependency automatically
          resolves the situation into 2 migrations on one side and 1 on the other.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_with_book, self.book, self.publisher_with_book])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Publisher")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [("otherapp", "auto_1")])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 2)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 1, ["AddField"])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 1, [("otherapp", "auto_1"), ("testapp", "auto_1")])
          # both split migrations should be `initial`
          self.assertTrue(changes['otherapp'][0].initial)
          self.assertTrue(changes['otherapp'][1].initial)
  
      def test_same_app_circular_fk_dependency(self):
          """
          A migration with a FK between two models of the same app does
          not have a dependency to itself.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher_with_author])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Publisher")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="publisher")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [])
  
      def test_same_app_circular_fk_dependency_with_unique_together_and_indexes(self):
          """
          #22275 - A migration with circular FK dependency does not try
          to create unique together constraint and indexes before creating all
          required fields first.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.knight, self.rabbit])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'eggs', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(
              changes, 'eggs', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddIndex", "AlterUniqueTogether"]
          )
          self.assertNotIn("unique_together", changes['eggs'][0].operations[0].options)
          self.assertNotIn("unique_together", changes['eggs'][0].operations[1].options)
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'eggs', 0, [])
  
      def test_alter_db_table_add(self):
          """Tests detection for adding db_table in model's options."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_with_db_table_options])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table="author_one")
  
      def test_alter_db_table_change(self):
          """Tests detection for changing db_table in model's options'."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_with_new_db_table_options])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table="author_two")
  
      def test_alter_db_table_remove(self):
          """Tests detection for removing db_table in model's options."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_empty])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table=None)
  
      def test_alter_db_table_no_changes(self):
          """
          Alter_db_table doesn't generate a migration if no changes have been made.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_with_db_table_options])
          # Right number of migrations?
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 0)
  
      def test_keep_db_table_with_model_change(self):
          """
          Tests when model changes but db_table stays as-is, autodetector must not
          create more than one operation.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_with_db_table_options],
              [self.author_renamed_with_db_table_options],
              MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="NewAuthor")
  
      def test_alter_db_table_with_model_change(self):
          """
          Tests when model and db_table changes, autodetector must create two
          operations.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_with_db_table_options],
              [self.author_renamed_with_new_db_table_options],
              MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameModel", "AlterModelTable"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="NewAuthor")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="newauthor", table="author_three")
  
      def test_identical_regex_doesnt_alter(self):
          from_state = ModelState(
              "testapp", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[
                  RegexValidator(
                      re.compile('^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+\\Z'),
                      "Enter a valid 'slug' consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.",
                      'invalid'
                  )
              ]))]
          )
          to_state = ModelState(
              "testapp", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[validate_slug]))]
          )
          changes = self.get_changes([from_state], [to_state])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 0)
  
      def test_different_regex_does_alter(self):
          from_state = ModelState(
              "testapp", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[
                  RegexValidator(
                      re.compile('^[a-z]+\\Z', 32),
                      "Enter a valid 'slug' consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.",
                      'invalid'
                  )
              ]))]
          )
          to_state = ModelState(
              "testapp", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[validate_slug]))]
          )
          changes = self.get_changes([from_state], [to_state])
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
  
      def test_empty_foo_together(self):
          """
          #23452 - Empty unique/index_together shouldn't generate a migration.
          """
          # Explicitly testing for not specified, since this is the case after
          # a CreateModel operation w/o any definition on the original model
          model_state_not_specified = ModelState("a", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
          # Explicitly testing for None, since this was the issue in #23452 after
          # a AlterFooTogether operation with e.g. () as value
          model_state_none = ModelState("a", "model", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))
          ], {
              "index_together": None,
              "unique_together": None,
          })
          # Explicitly testing for the empty set, since we now always have sets.
          # During removal (('col1', 'col2'),) --> () this becomes set([])
          model_state_empty = ModelState("a", "model", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))
          ], {
              "index_together": set(),
              "unique_together": set(),
          })
  
          def test(from_state, to_state, msg):
              changes = self.get_changes([from_state], [to_state])
              if len(changes) > 0:
                  ops = ', '.join(o.__class__.__name__ for o in changes['a'][0].operations)
                  self.fail('Created operation(s) %s from %s' % (ops, msg))
  
          tests = (
              (model_state_not_specified, model_state_not_specified, '"not specified" to "not specified"'),
              (model_state_not_specified, model_state_none, '"not specified" to "None"'),
              (model_state_not_specified, model_state_empty, '"not specified" to "empty"'),
              (model_state_none, model_state_not_specified, '"None" to "not specified"'),
              (model_state_none, model_state_none, '"None" to "None"'),
              (model_state_none, model_state_empty, '"None" to "empty"'),
              (model_state_empty, model_state_not_specified, '"empty" to "not specified"'),
              (model_state_empty, model_state_none, '"empty" to "None"'),
              (model_state_empty, model_state_empty, '"empty" to "empty"'),
          )
  
          for t in tests:
              test(*t)
  
      def test_create_model_with_indexes(self):
          """Test creation of new model with indexes already defined."""
          author = ModelState('otherapp', 'Author', [
              ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ], {'indexes': [models.Index(fields=['name'], name='create_model_with_indexes_idx')]})
          changes = self.get_changes([], [author])
          added_index = models.Index(fields=['name'], name='create_model_with_indexes_idx')
          # Right number of migrations?
          self.assertEqual(len(changes['otherapp']), 1)
          # Right number of actions?
          migration = changes['otherapp'][0]
          self.assertEqual(len(migration.operations), 2)
          # Right actions order?
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['CreateModel', 'AddIndex'])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name='Author')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, model_name='author', index=added_index)
  
      def test_add_indexes(self):
          """Test change detection of new indexes."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book], [self.author_empty, self.book_indexes])
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['AddIndex'])
          added_index = models.Index(fields=['author', 'title'], name='book_title_author_idx')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, model_name='book', index=added_index)
  
      def test_remove_indexes(self):
          """Test change detection of removed indexes."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book_indexes], [self.author_empty, self.book])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['RemoveIndex'])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, model_name='book', name='book_title_author_idx')
  
      def test_order_fields_indexes(self):
          """Test change detection of reordering of fields in indexes."""
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.book_indexes], [self.author_empty, self.book_unordered_indexes]
          )
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['RemoveIndex', 'AddIndex'])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, model_name='book', name='book_title_author_idx')
          added_index = models.Index(fields=['title', 'author'], name='book_author_title_idx')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, model_name='book', index=added_index)
  
      def test_add_foo_together(self):
          """Tests index/unique_together detection."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together={("author", "title")})
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together={("author", "title")})
  
      def test_remove_foo_together(self):
          """Tests index/unique_together detection."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together=set())
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together=set())
  
      def test_foo_together_remove_fk(self):
          """Tests unique_together and field removal detection & ordering"""
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book_with_no_author]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, [
              "AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether", "RemoveField"
          ])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together=set())
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together=set())
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 2, model_name="book", name="author")
  
      def test_foo_together_no_changes(self):
          """
          index/unique_together doesn't generate a migration if no
          changes have been made.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together]
          )
          # Right number of migrations?
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 0)
  
      def test_foo_together_ordering(self):
          """
          index/unique_together also triggers on ordering changes.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_2]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together={("title", "author")})
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together={("title", "author")})
  
      def test_add_field_and_foo_together(self):
          """
          Added fields will be created before using them in index/unique_together.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_3])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AddField", "AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", unique_together={("title", "newfield")})
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 2, name="book", index_together={("title", "newfield")})
  
      def test_create_model_and_unique_together(self):
          author = ModelState("otherapp", "Author", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ])
          book_with_author = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ("author", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
              ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
          ], {
              "index_together": {("title", "author")},
              "unique_together": {("title", "author")},
          })
          changes = self.get_changes([self.book_with_no_author], [author, book_with_author])
          # Right number of migrations?
          self.assertEqual(len(changes['otherapp']), 1)
          # Right number of actions?
          migration = changes['otherapp'][0]
          self.assertEqual(len(migration.operations), 4)
          # Right actions order?
          self.assertOperationTypes(
              changes, 'otherapp', 0,
              ['CreateModel', 'AddField', 'AlterUniqueTogether', 'AlterIndexTogether']
          )
  
      def test_remove_field_and_foo_together(self):
          """
          Removed fields will be removed after updating index/unique_together.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_3], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, model_name="book", name="newfield")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", unique_together={("author", "title")})
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 2, name="book", index_together={("author", "title")})
  
      def test_rename_field_and_foo_together(self):
          """
          Removed fields will be removed after updating index/unique_together.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_3],
              [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_4],
              MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True}),
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["RenameField", "AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", unique_together={
              ("title", "newfield2")
          })
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 2, name="book", index_together={("title", "newfield2")})
  
      def test_proxy(self):
          """The autodetector correctly deals with proxy models."""
          # First, we test adding a proxy model
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(
              changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="AuthorProxy", options={"proxy": True, "indexes": []}
          )
          # Now, we test turning a proxy model into a non-proxy model
          # It should delete the proxy then make the real one
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_notproxy]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["DeleteModel", "CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="AuthorProxy")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="AuthorProxy", options={})
  
      def test_proxy_custom_pk(self):
          """
          #23415 - The autodetector must correctly deal with custom FK on proxy
          models.
          """
          # First, we test the default pk field name
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk])
          # The field name the FK on the book model points to
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.field_name, 'id')
          # Now, we test the custom pk field name
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_custom_pk, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk])
          # The field name the FK on the book model points to
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.field_name, 'pk_field')
  
      def test_proxy_to_mti_with_fk_to_proxy(self):
          # First, test the pk table and field name.
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [],
              [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk],
          )
          self.assertEqual(
              changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.model._meta.db_table,
              'testapp_author',
          )
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.field_name, 'id')
  
          # Change AuthorProxy to use MTI.
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk],
              [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third_notproxy, self.book_proxy_fk],
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations for the AuthorProxy model?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ['DeleteModel', 'CreateModel'])
          # Right number/type of migrations for the Book model with a FK to
          # AuthorProxy?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
          # otherapp should depend on thirdapp.
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [('thirdapp', 'auto_1')])
          # Now, test the pk table and field name.
          self.assertEqual(
              changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].field.remote_field.model._meta.db_table,
              'thirdapp_authorproxy',
          )
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].field.remote_field.field_name, 'author_ptr')
  
      def test_proxy_to_mti_with_fk_to_proxy_proxy(self):
          # First, test the pk table and field name.
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [],
              [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy, self.author_proxy_proxy, self.book_proxy_proxy_fk],
          )
          self.assertEqual(
              changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[1][1].remote_field.model._meta.db_table,
              'testapp_author',
          )
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[1][1].remote_field.field_name, 'id')
  
          # Change AuthorProxy to use MTI. FK still points to AAuthorProxyProxy,
          # a proxy of AuthorProxy.
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy, self.author_proxy_proxy, self.book_proxy_proxy_fk],
              [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_notproxy, self.author_proxy_proxy, self.book_proxy_proxy_fk],
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations for the AuthorProxy model?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['DeleteModel', 'CreateModel'])
          # Right number/type of migrations for the Book model with a FK to
          # AAuthorProxyProxy?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
          # otherapp should depend on testapp.
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [('testapp', 'auto_1')])
          # Now, test the pk table and field name.
          self.assertEqual(
              changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].field.remote_field.model._meta.db_table,
              'testapp_authorproxy',
          )
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].field.remote_field.field_name, 'author_ptr')
  
      def test_unmanaged_create(self):
          """The autodetector correctly deals with managed models."""
          # First, we test adding an unmanaged model
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="AuthorUnmanaged", options={"managed": False})
  
      def test_unmanaged_to_managed(self):
          # Now, we test turning an unmanaged model into a managed model
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged], [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged_managed]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="authorunmanaged", options={})
  
      def test_managed_to_unmanaged(self):
          # Now, we turn managed to unmanaged.
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged_managed], [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="authorunmanaged", options={"managed": False})
  
      def test_unmanaged_custom_pk(self):
          """
          #23415 - The autodetector must correctly deal with custom FK on
          unmanaged models.
          """
          # First, we test the default pk field name
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_unmanaged_default_pk, self.book])
          # The field name the FK on the book model points to
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.field_name, 'id')
          # Now, we test the custom pk field name
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_unmanaged_custom_pk, self.book])
          # The field name the FK on the book model points to
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.field_name, 'pk_field')
  
      @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="thirdapp.CustomUser")
      def test_swappable(self):
          with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
              changes = self.get_changes([self.custom_user], [self.custom_user, self.author_with_custom_user])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [("__setting__", "AUTH_USER_MODEL")])
  
      def test_swappable_changed(self):
          with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
              before = self.make_project_state([self.custom_user, self.author_with_user])
              with override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="thirdapp.CustomUser"):
                  after = self.make_project_state([self.custom_user, self.author_with_custom_user])
              autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
              changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, model_name="author", name='user')
          fk_field = changes['testapp'][0].operations[0].field
          to_model = '%s.%s' % (
              fk_field.remote_field.model._meta.app_label,
              fk_field.remote_field.model._meta.object_name,
          )
          self.assertEqual(to_model, 'thirdapp.CustomUser')
  
      def test_add_field_with_default(self):
          """#22030 - Adding a field with a default should work."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_name_default])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="name")
  
      def test_custom_deconstructible(self):
          """
          Two instances which deconstruct to the same value aren't considered a
          change.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_2])
          # Right number of migrations?
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 0)
  
      def test_deconstruct_field_kwarg(self):
          """Field instances are handled correctly by nested deconstruction."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_deconstructible_3], [self.author_name_deconstructible_4])
          self.assertEqual(changes, {})
  
      def test_deconstructible_list(self):
          """Nested deconstruction descends into lists."""
          # When lists contain items that deconstruct to identical values, those lists
          # should be considered equal for the purpose of detecting state changes
          # (even if the original items are unequal).
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_2]
          )
          self.assertEqual(changes, {})
          # Legitimate differences within the deconstructed lists should be reported
          # as a change
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_3]
          )
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
  
      def test_deconstructible_tuple(self):
          """Nested deconstruction descends into tuples."""
          # When tuples contain items that deconstruct to identical values, those tuples
          # should be considered equal for the purpose of detecting state changes
          # (even if the original items are unequal).
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_2]
          )
          self.assertEqual(changes, {})
          # Legitimate differences within the deconstructed tuples should be reported
          # as a change
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_3]
          )
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
  
      def test_deconstructible_dict(self):
          """Nested deconstruction descends into dict values."""
          # When dicts contain items whose values deconstruct to identical values,
          # those dicts should be considered equal for the purpose of detecting
          # state changes (even if the original values are unequal).
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_2]
          )
          self.assertEqual(changes, {})
          # Legitimate differences within the deconstructed dicts should be reported
          # as a change
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_3]
          )
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
  
      def test_nested_deconstructible_objects(self):
          """
          Nested deconstruction is applied recursively to the args/kwargs of
          deconstructed objects.
          """
          # If the items within a deconstructed object's args/kwargs have the same
          # deconstructed values - whether or not the items themselves are different
          # instances - then the object as a whole is regarded as unchanged.
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_2]
          )
          self.assertEqual(changes, {})
          # Differences that exist solely within the args list of a deconstructed object
          # should be reported as changes
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_arg]
          )
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
          # Additional args should also be reported as a change
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_arg]
          )
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
          # Differences that exist solely within the kwargs dict of a deconstructed object
          # should be reported as changes
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_kwarg]
          )
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
          # Additional kwargs should also be reported as a change
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_kwarg]
          )
          self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
  
      def test_deconstruct_type(self):
          """
          #22951 -- Uninstantiated classes with deconstruct are correctly returned
          by deep_deconstruct during serialization.
          """
          author = ModelState(
              "testapp",
              "Author",
              [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                  ("name", models.CharField(
                      max_length=200,
                      # IntegerField intentionally not instantiated.
                      default=models.IntegerField,
                  ))
              ],
          )
          changes = self.get_changes([], [author])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
  
      def test_replace_string_with_foreignkey(self):
          """
          #22300 - Adding an FK in the same "spot" as a deleted CharField should
          work.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_publisher_string], [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "RemoveField", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Publisher")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="publisher_name")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="publisher")
  
      def test_foreign_key_removed_before_target_model(self):
          """
          Removing an FK and the model it targets in the same change must remove
          the FK field before the model to maintain consistency.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher], [self.author_name]
          )  # removes both the model and FK
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RemoveField", "DeleteModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="publisher")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="Publisher")
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition',
                  side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
      def test_add_many_to_many(self, mocked_ask_method):
          """#22435 - Adding a ManyToManyField should not prompt for a default."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.publisher], [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="publishers")
  
      def test_alter_many_to_many(self):
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher], [self.author_with_m2m_blank, self.publisher]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="publishers")
  
      def test_create_with_through_model(self):
          """
          Adding a m2m with a through model and the models that use it should be
          ordered correctly.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_with_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, [
              "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddField", "AddField"
          ])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="Contract")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="Publisher")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 3, model_name='contract', name='publisher')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 4, model_name='author', name='publishers')
  
      def test_many_to_many_removed_before_through_model(self):
          """
          Removing a ManyToManyField and the "through" model in the same change
          must remove the field before the model to maintain consistency.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution, self.author_name, self.attribution],
              [self.book_with_no_author, self.author_name],
          )
          # Remove both the through model and ManyToMany
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "RemoveField", "RemoveField", "DeleteModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="author", model_name='attribution')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, name="book", model_name='attribution')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 2, name="authors", model_name='book')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 3, name='Attribution')
  
      def test_many_to_many_removed_before_through_model_2(self):
          """
          Removing a model that contains a ManyToManyField and the "through" model
          in the same change must remove the field before the model to maintain
          consistency.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution, self.author_name, self.attribution],
              [self.author_name],
          )
          # Remove both the through model and ManyToMany
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, [
              "RemoveField", "RemoveField", "RemoveField", "DeleteModel", "DeleteModel"
          ])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="author", model_name='attribution')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, name="book", model_name='attribution')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 2, name="authors", model_name='book')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 3, name='Attribution')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 4, name='Book')
  
      def test_m2m_w_through_multistep_remove(self):
          """
          A model with a m2m field that specifies a "through" model cannot be
          removed in the same migration as that through model as the schema will
          pass through an inconsistent state. The autodetector should produce two
          migrations to avoid this issue.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract], [self.publisher])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, [
              "RemoveField", "RemoveField", "RemoveField", "DeleteModel", "DeleteModel"
          ])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="publishers", model_name='author')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="author", model_name='contract')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="publisher", model_name='contract')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 3, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 4, name="Contract")
  
      def test_concrete_field_changed_to_many_to_many(self):
          """
          #23938 - Changing a concrete field into a ManyToManyField
          first removes the concrete field and then adds the m2m field.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_former_m2m], [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "RemoveField", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name='Publisher')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="publishers", model_name='author')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="publishers", model_name='author')
  
      def test_many_to_many_changed_to_concrete_field(self):
          """
          #23938 - Changing a ManyToManyField into a concrete field
          first removes the m2m field and then adds the concrete field.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher], [self.author_with_former_m2m])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "AddField", "DeleteModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="publishers", model_name='author')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="publishers", model_name='author')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name='Publisher')
          self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, max_length=100)
  
      def test_non_circular_foreignkey_dependency_removal(self):
          """
          If two models with a ForeignKey from one to the other are removed at the
          same time, the autodetector should remove them in the correct order.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher_with_author], [])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "RemoveField", "DeleteModel", "DeleteModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="publisher", model_name='author')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="author", model_name='publisher')
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 3, name="Publisher")
  
      def test_alter_model_options(self):
          """Changing a model's options should make a change."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_with_options])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, options={
              "permissions": [('can_hire', 'Can hire')],
              "verbose_name": "Authi",
          })
  
          # Changing them back to empty should also make a change
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_options], [self.author_empty])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", options={})
  
      def test_alter_model_options_proxy(self):
          """Changing a proxy model's options should also make a change."""
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_proxy, self.author_empty], [self.author_proxy_options, self.author_empty]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="authorproxy", options={
              "verbose_name": "Super Author"
          })
  
      def test_set_alter_order_with_respect_to(self):
          """Setting order_with_respect_to adds a field."""
          changes = self.get_changes([self.book, self.author_with_book], [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterOrderWithRespectTo"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="author", order_with_respect_to="book")
  
      def test_add_alter_order_with_respect_to(self):
          """
          Setting order_with_respect_to when adding the FK too does
          things in the right order.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name], [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AlterOrderWithRespectTo"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, model_name="author", name="book")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="author", order_with_respect_to="book")
  
      def test_remove_alter_order_with_respect_to(self):
          """
          Removing order_with_respect_to when removing the FK too does
          things in the right order.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt], [self.author_name])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterOrderWithRespectTo", "RemoveField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="author", order_with_respect_to=None)
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, model_name="author", name="book")
  
      def test_add_model_order_with_respect_to(self):
          """
          Setting order_with_respect_to when adding the whole model
          does things in the right order.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "AlterOrderWithRespectTo"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="author", order_with_respect_to="book")
          self.assertNotIn("_order", [name for name, field in changes['testapp'][0].operations[0].fields])
  
      def test_alter_model_managers(self):
          """
          Changing the model managers adds a new operation.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.other_pony], [self.other_pony_food])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["AlterModelManagers"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="pony")
          self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].managers],
                           ['food_qs', 'food_mgr', 'food_mgr_kwargs'])
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].managers[1][1].args, ('a', 'b', 1, 2))
          self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].managers[2][1].args, ('x', 'y', 3, 4))
  
      def test_swappable_first_inheritance(self):
          """Swappable models get their CreateModel first."""
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.custom_user, self.aardvark])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 0, name="CustomUser")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
  
      @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="thirdapp.CustomUser")
      def test_swappable_first_setting(self):
          """Swappable models get their CreateModel first."""
          with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
              changes = self.get_changes([], [self.custom_user_no_inherit, self.aardvark])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 0, name="CustomUser")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
  
      def test_bases_first(self):
          """Bases of other models come first."""
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.aardvark_based_on_author, self.author_name])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
  
      def test_multiple_bases(self):
          """#23956 - Inheriting models doesn't move *_ptr fields into AddField operations."""
          A = ModelState("app", "A", [("a_id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
          B = ModelState("app", "B", [("b_id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
          C = ModelState("app", "C", [], bases=("app.A", "app.B"))
          D = ModelState("app", "D", [], bases=("app.A", "app.B"))
          E = ModelState("app", "E", [], bases=("app.A", "app.B"))
          changes = self.get_changes([], [A, B, C, D, E])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, [
              "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel"
          ])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 0, name="A")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 1, name="B")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 2, name="C")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 3, name="D")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 4, name="E")
  
      def test_proxy_bases_first(self):
          """Bases of proxies come first."""
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy, self.author_proxy_proxy])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="AuthorProxy")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="AAuthorProxyProxy")
  
      def test_pk_fk_included(self):
          """
          A relation used as the primary key is kept as part of CreateModel.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([], [self.aardvark_pk_fk_author, self.author_name])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
  
      def test_first_dependency(self):
          """
          A dependency to an app with no migrations uses __first__.
          """
          # Load graph
          loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
          before = self.make_project_state([])
          after = self.make_project_state([self.book_migrations_fk])
          after.real_apps = ["migrations"]
          autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
          changes = autodetector._detect_changes(graph=loader.graph)
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="Book")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [("migrations", "__first__")])
  
      @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
      def test_last_dependency(self):
          """
          A dependency to an app with existing migrations uses the
          last migration of that app.
          """
          # Load graph
          loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
          before = self.make_project_state([])
          after = self.make_project_state([self.book_migrations_fk])
          after.real_apps = ["migrations"]
          autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
          changes = autodetector._detect_changes(graph=loader.graph)
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="Book")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [("migrations", "0002_second")])
  
      def test_alter_fk_before_model_deletion(self):
          """
          ForeignKeys are altered _before_ the model they used to
          refer to are deleted.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes(
              [self.author_name, self.publisher_with_author],
              [self.aardvark_testapp, self.publisher_with_aardvark_author]
          )
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "AlterField", "DeleteModel"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Aardvark")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="author")
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="Author")
  
      def test_fk_dependency_other_app(self):
          """
          #23100 - ForeignKeys correctly depend on other apps' models.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name, self.book], [self.author_with_book, self.book])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="book")
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [("otherapp", "__first__")])
  
      def test_circular_dependency_mixed_addcreate(self):
          """
          #23315 - The dependency resolver knows to put all CreateModel
          before AddField and not become unsolvable.
          """
          address = ModelState("a", "Address", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ("country", models.ForeignKey("b.DeliveryCountry", models.CASCADE)),
          ])
          person = ModelState("a", "Person", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ])
          apackage = ModelState("b", "APackage", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
              ("person", models.ForeignKey("a.Person", models.CASCADE)),
          ])
          country = ModelState("b", "DeliveryCountry", [
              ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
          ])
          changes = self.get_changes([], [address, person, apackage, country])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 2)
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'b', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 1, ["AddField"])
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'b', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
  
      @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="a.Tenant")
      def test_circular_dependency_swappable(self):
          """
          #23322 - The dependency resolver knows to explicitly resolve
          swappable models.
          """
          with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
              tenant = ModelState("a", "Tenant", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                  ("primary_address", models.ForeignKey("b.Address", models.CASCADE))],
                  bases=(AbstractBaseUser, )
              )
              address = ModelState("b", "Address", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                  ("tenant", models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE)),
              ])
              changes = self.get_changes([], [address, tenant])
  
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 2)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 1, ["AddField"])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 0, [])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 1, [('a', 'auto_1'), ('b', 'auto_1')])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'b', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'b', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'b', 0, [('__setting__', 'AUTH_USER_MODEL')])
  
      @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="b.Tenant")
      def test_circular_dependency_swappable2(self):
          """
          #23322 - The dependency resolver knows to explicitly resolve
          swappable models but with the swappable not being the first migrated
          model.
          """
          with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
              address = ModelState("a", "Address", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                  ("tenant", models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE)),
              ])
              tenant = ModelState("b", "Tenant", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                  ("primary_address", models.ForeignKey("a.Address", models.CASCADE))],
                  bases=(AbstractBaseUser, )
              )
              changes = self.get_changes([], [address, tenant])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 2)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 1, ["AddField"])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 0, [])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 1, [('__setting__', 'AUTH_USER_MODEL'), ('a', 'auto_1')])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'b', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'b', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'b', 0, [('a', 'auto_1')])
  
      @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="a.Person")
      def test_circular_dependency_swappable_self(self):
          """
          #23322 - The dependency resolver knows to explicitly resolve
          swappable models.
          """
          with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
              person = ModelState("a", "Person", [
                  ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                  ("parent1", models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE, related_name='children'))
              ])
              changes = self.get_changes([], [person])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ["CreateModel"])
          self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 0, [])
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition',
                  side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
      def test_add_blank_textfield_and_charfield(self, mocked_ask_method):
          """
          #23405 - Adding a NOT NULL and blank `CharField` or `TextField`
          without default should not prompt for a default.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_with_biography_blank])
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0)
  
      @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition')
      def test_add_non_blank_textfield_and_charfield(self, mocked_ask_method):
          """
          #23405 - Adding a NOT NULL and non-blank `CharField` or `TextField`
          without default should prompt for a default.
          """
          changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_with_biography_non_blank])
          self.assertEqual(mocked_ask_method.call_count, 2)
          # Right number/type of migrations?
          self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
          self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField"])
          self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0)
  