text: //                        FastDelegate.h 
  //    Efficient delegates in C++ that generate only two lines of asm code!
  //  Documentation is found at http://www.codeproject.com/cpp/FastDelegate.asp
  //
  //                        - Don Clugston, Mar 2004.
  //        Major contributions were made by Jody Hagins.
  // History:
  // 24-Apr-04 1.0  * Submitted to CodeProject. 
  // 28-Apr-04 1.1  * Prevent most unsafe uses of evil static function hack.
  //                  * Improved syntax for horrible_cast (thanks Paul Bludov).
  //                  * Tested on Metrowerks MWCC and Intel ICL (IA32)
  //                  * Compiled, but not run, on Comeau C++ and Intel Itanium ICL.
  //    27-Jun-04 1.2 * Now works on Borland C++ Builder 5.5
  //                  * Now works on /clr "managed C++" code on VC7, VC7.1
  //                  * Comeau C++ now compiles without warnings.
  //                  * Prevent the virtual inheritance case from being used on 
  //                      VC6 and earlier, which generate incorrect code.
  //                  * Improved warning and error messages. Non-standard hacks
  //                     now have compile-time checks to make them safer.
  //                  * implicit_cast used instead of static_cast in many cases.
  //                  * If calling a const member function, a const class pointer can be used.
  //                  * MakeDelegate() global helper function added to simplify pass-by-value.
  //                  * Added fastdelegate.clear()
  // 16-Jul-04 1.2.1* Workaround for gcc bug (const member function pointers in templates)
  // 30-Oct-04 1.3  * Support for (non-void) return values.
  //                  * No more workarounds in client code!
  //                     MSVC and Intel now use a clever hack invented by John Dlugosz:
  //                     - The FASTDELEGATEDECLARE workaround is no longer necessary.
  //                     - No more warning messages for VC6
  //                  * Less use of macros. Error messages should be more comprehensible.
  //                  * Added include guards
  //                  * Added FastDelegate::empty() to test if invocation is safe (Thanks Neville Franks).
  //                  * Now tested on VS 2005 Express Beta, PGI C++
  // 24-Dec-04 1.4  * Added DelegateMemento, to allow collections of disparate delegates.
  //                * <,>,<=,>= comparison operators to allow storage in ordered containers.
  //                  * Substantial reduction of code size, especially the 'Closure' class.
  //                  * Standardised all the compiler-specific workarounds.
  //                * MFP conversion now works for CodePlay (but not yet supported in the full code).
  //                * Now compiles without warnings on _any_ supported compiler, including BCC 5.5.1
  //                  * New syntax: FastDelegate< int (char *, double) >. 
  // 14-Feb-05 1.4.1* Now treats =0 as equivalent to .clear(), ==0 as equivalent to .empty(). (Thanks elfric).
  //                  * Now tested on Intel ICL for AMD64, VS2005 Beta for AMD64 and Itanium.
  // 30-Mar-05 1.5  * Safebool idiom: "if (dg)" is now equivalent to "if (!dg.empty())"
  //                  * Fully supported by CodePlay VectorC
  //                * Bugfix for Metrowerks: empty() was buggy because a valid MFP can be 0 on MWCC!
  //                * More optimal assignment,== and != operators for static function pointers.
  
  #ifndef FASTDELEGATE_H
  #define FASTDELEGATE_H
  #if _MSC_VER > 1000
  #pragma once
  #endif // _MSC_VER > 1000
  
  #include <memory.h> // to allow <,> comparisons
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Configuration options
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  // Uncomment the following #define for optimally-sized delegates.
  // In this case, the generated asm code is almost identical to the code you'd get
  // if the compiler had native support for delegates.
  // It will not work on systems where sizeof(dataptr) < sizeof(codeptr). 
  // Thus, it will not work for DOS compilers using the medium model.
  // It will also probably fail on some DSP systems.
  #define FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK
  
  // Uncomment the next line to allow function declarator syntax.
  // It is automatically enabled for those compilers where it is known to work.
  //#define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Compiler identification for workarounds
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  // Compiler identification. It's not easy to identify Visual C++ because
  // many vendors fraudulently define Microsoft's identifiers.
  #if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MWERKS__) && !defined(__VECTOR_C) && !defined(__ICL) && !defined(__BORLANDC__)
  #define FASTDLGT_ISMSVC
  
  #if (_MSC_VER <1300) // Many workarounds are required for VC6.
  #define FASTDLGT_VC6
  #pragma warning(disable:4786) // disable this ridiculous warning
  #endif
  
  #endif
  
  // Does the compiler uses Microsoft's member function pointer structure?
  // If so, it needs special treatment.
  // Metrowerks CodeWarrior, Intel, and CodePlay fraudulently define Microsoft's 
  // identifier, _MSC_VER. We need to filter Metrowerks out.
  #if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MWERKS__)
  #define FASTDLGT_MICROSOFT_MFP
  
  #if !defined(__VECTOR_C)
  // CodePlay doesn't have the __single/multi/virtual_inheritance keywords
  #define FASTDLGT_HASINHERITANCE_KEYWORDS
  #endif
  #endif
  
  // Does it allow function declarator syntax? The following compilers are known to work:
  #if   _MSC_VER >=1310  // VC 7.1
  #define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
  #endif
  
  // Gcc(2.95+), and versions of Digital Mars, Intel and Comeau in common use.
  #if defined (__DMC__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__ICL) || defined(__COMO__)
  #define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
  #endif
  
  // It works on Metrowerks MWCC 3.2.2. From boost.Config it should work on earlier ones too.
  #if defined (__MWERKS__)
  #define FASTDELEGATE_ALLOW_FUNCTION_TYPE_SYNTAX
  #endif
  
  #ifdef __GNUC__ // Workaround GCC bug #8271 
      // At present, GCC doesn't recognize constness of MFPs in templates
  #define FASTDELEGATE_GCC_BUG_8271
  #endif
  
  
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        General tricks used in this code
  //
  // (a) Error messages are generated by typdefing an array of negative size to
  //     generate compile-time errors.
  // (b) Warning messages on MSVC are generated by declaring unused variables, and
  //        enabling the "variable XXX is never used" warning.
  // (c) Unions are used in a few compiler-specific cases to perform illegal casts.
  // (d) For Microsoft and Intel, when adjusting the 'this' pointer, it's cast to
  //     (char *) first to ensure that the correct number of *bytes* are added.
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Helper templates
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  
  namespace fastdelegate {
  namespace detail {    // we'll hide the implementation details in a nested namespace.
  
  //        implicit_cast< >
  // I believe this was originally going to be in the C++ standard but 
  // was left out by accident. It's even milder than static_cast.
  // I use it instead of static_cast<> to emphasize that I'm not doing
  // anything nasty. 
  // Usage is identical to static_cast<>
  template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
  inline OutputClass implicit_cast(InputClass input){
      return input;
  }
  
  //        horrible_cast< >
  // This is truly evil. It completely subverts C++'s type system, allowing you 
  // to cast from any class to any other class. Technically, using a union 
  // to perform the cast is undefined behaviour (even in C). But we can see if
  // it is OK by checking that the union is the same size as each of its members.
  // horrible_cast<> should only be used for compiler-specific workarounds. 
  // Usage is identical to reinterpret_cast<>.
  
  // This union is declared outside the horrible_cast because BCC 5.5.1
  // can't inline a function with a nested class, and gives a warning.
  template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
  union horrible_union{
      OutputClass out;
      InputClass in;
  };
  
  template <class OutputClass, class InputClass>
  inline OutputClass horrible_cast(const InputClass input){
      horrible_union<OutputClass, InputClass> u;
      // Cause a compile-time error if in, out and u are not the same size.
      // If the compile fails here, it means the compiler has peculiar
      // unions which would prevent the cast from working.
      typedef int ERROR_CantUseHorrible_cast[sizeof(InputClass)==sizeof(u) 
          && sizeof(InputClass)==sizeof(OutputClass) ? 1 : -1];
      u.in = input;
      return u.out;
  }
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Workarounds
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  // Backwards compatibility: This macro used to be necessary in the virtual inheritance
  // case for Intel and Microsoft. Now it just forward-declares the class.
  #define FASTDELEGATEDECLARE(CLASSNAME)    class CLASSNAME;
  
  // Prevent use of the static function hack with the DOS medium model.
  #ifdef __MEDIUM__
  #undef FASTDELEGATE_USESTATICFUNCTIONHACK
  #endif
  
  //            DefaultVoid - a workaround for 'void' templates in VC6.
  //
  //  (1) VC6 and earlier do not allow 'void' as a default template argument.
  //  (2) They also doesn't allow you to return 'void' from a function.
  //
  // Workaround for (1): Declare a dummy type 'DefaultVoid' which we use
  //   when we'd like to use 'void'. We convert it into 'void' and back
  //   using the templates DefaultVoidToVoid<> and VoidToDefaultVoid<>.
  // Workaround for (2): On VC6, the code for calling a void function is
  //   identical to the code for calling a non-void function in which the
  //   return value is never used, provided the return value is returned
  //   in the EAX register, rather than on the stack. 
  //   This is true for most fundamental types such as int, enum, void *.
  //   Const void * is the safest option since it doesn't participate 
  //   in any automatic conversions. But on a 16-bit compiler it might
  //   cause extra code to be generated, so we disable it for all compilers
  //   except for VC6 (and VC5).
  
  // VC6 workaround
  typedef const void * DefaultVoid;
  
  
  
  
  
  // Translate from 'DefaultVoid' to 'void'.
  // Everything else is unchanged
  template <class T>
  struct DefaultVoidToVoid { typedef T type; };
  
  template <>
  struct DefaultVoidToVoid<DefaultVoid> {    typedef void type; };
  
  // Translate from 'void' into 'DefaultVoid'
  // Everything else is unchanged
  template <class T>
  struct VoidToDefaultVoid { typedef T type; };
  
  template <>
  struct VoidToDefaultVoid<void> { typedef DefaultVoid type; };
  
  
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Fast Delegates, part 1:
  //
  //        Conversion of member function pointer to a standard form
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  // GenericClass is a fake class, ONLY used to provide a type.
  // It is vitally important that it is never defined, so that the compiler doesn't
  // think it can optimize the invocation. For example, Borland generates simpler
  // code if it knows the class only uses single inheritance.
  
  // Compilers using Microsoft's structure need to be treated as a special case.
  
  
  
      // For Microsoft and Intel, we want to ensure that it's the most efficient type of MFP 
      // (4 bytes), even when the /vmg option is used. Declaring an empty class 
      // would give 16 byte pointers in this case....
      class __single_inheritance GenericClass;
  
      // ...but for Codeplay, an empty class *always* gives 4 byte pointers.
      // If compiled with the /clr option ("managed C++"), the JIT compiler thinks
      // it needs to load GenericClass before it can call any of its functions,
      // (compiles OK but crashes at runtime!), so we need to declare an 
      // empty class to make it happy.
      // Codeplay and VC4 can't cope with the unknown_inheritance case either.
      class GenericClass {};
  
  
  
  
  // The size of a single inheritance member function pointer.
  const int SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE = sizeof(void (GenericClass::*)());
  
  //                        SimplifyMemFunc< >::Convert()
  //
  //    A template function that converts an arbitrary member function pointer into the 
  //    simplest possible form of member function pointer, using a supplied 'this' pointer.
  //  According to the standard, this can be done legally with reinterpret_cast<>.
  //    For (non-standard) compilers which use member function pointers which vary in size 
  //  depending on the class, we need to use    knowledge of the internal structure of a 
  //  member function pointer, as used by the compiler. Template specialization is used
  //  to distinguish between the sizes. Because some compilers don't support partial 
  //    template specialisation, I use full specialisation of a wrapper struct.
  
  // general case -- don't know how to convert it. Force a compile failure
  template <int N>
  struct SimplifyMemFunc {
      template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
      inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
          GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) { 
          // Unsupported member function type -- force a compile failure.
          // (it's illegal to have a array with negative size).
          typedef char ERROR_Unsupported_member_function_pointer_on_this_compiler[N-100];
          return 0; 
      }
  };
  
  // For compilers where all member func ptrs are the same size, everything goes here.
  // For non-standard compilers, only single_inheritance classes go here.
  template <>
  struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE>  {    
      template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
      inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
              GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) {
  #if defined __DMC__  
          // Digital Mars doesn't allow you to cast between abitrary PMF's, 
          // even though the standard says you can. The 32-bit compiler lets you
          // static_cast through an int, but the DOS compiler doesn't.
          bound_func = horrible_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(function_to_bind);
  #else 
          bound_func = reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(function_to_bind);
  #endif
          return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(pthis);
      }
  };
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Fast Delegates, part 1b:
  //
  //                    Workarounds for Microsoft and Intel
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  
  // Compilers with member function pointers which violate the standard (MSVC, Intel, Codeplay),
  // need to be treated as a special case.
  
  
  // We use unions to perform horrible_casts. I would like to use #pragma pack(push, 1)
  // at the start of each function for extra safety, but VC6 seems to ICE
  // intermittently if you do this inside a template.
  
  // __multiple_inheritance classes go here
  // Nasty hack for Microsoft and Intel (IA32 and Itanium)
  template<>
  struct SimplifyMemFunc< SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + sizeof(int) >  {
      template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
      inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
          GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) { 
          // We need to use a horrible_cast to do this conversion.
          // In MSVC, a multiple inheritance member pointer is internally defined as:
          union {
              XFuncType func;
              struct {     
                  GenericMemFuncType funcaddress; // points to the actual member function
                  int delta;         // #BYTES to be added to the 'this' pointer
              }s;
          } u;
          // Check that the horrible_cast will work
          typedef int ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast[sizeof(function_to_bind)==sizeof(u.s)? 1 : -1];
          u.func = function_to_bind;
          bound_func = u.s.funcaddress;
          return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(reinterpret_cast<char *>(pthis) + u.s.delta); 
      }
  };
  
  // virtual inheritance is a real nuisance. It's inefficient and complicated.
  // On MSVC and Intel, there isn't enough information in the pointer itself to
  // enable conversion to a closure pointer. Earlier versions of this code didn't
  // work for all cases, and generated a compile-time error instead.
  // But a very clever hack invented by John M. Dlugosz solves this problem.
  // My code is somewhat different to his: I have no asm code, and I make no 
  // assumptions about the calling convention that is used.
  
  // In VC++ and ICL, a virtual_inheritance member pointer 
  // is internally defined as:
  struct MicrosoftVirtualMFP {
      void (GenericClass::*codeptr)(); // points to the actual member function
      int delta;        // #bytes to be added to the 'this' pointer
      int vtable_index; // or 0 if no virtual inheritance
  };
  // The CRUCIAL feature of Microsoft/Intel MFPs which we exploit is that the
  // m_codeptr member is *always* called, regardless of the values of the other
  // members. (This is *not* true for other compilers, eg GCC, which obtain the
  // function address from the vtable if a virtual function is being called).
  // Dlugosz's trick is to make the codeptr point to a probe function which
  // returns the 'this' pointer that was used.
  
  // Define a generic class that uses virtual inheritance.
  // It has a trival member function that returns the value of the 'this' pointer.
  struct GenericVirtualClass : virtual public GenericClass
  {
      typedef GenericVirtualClass * (GenericVirtualClass::*ProbePtrType)();
      GenericVirtualClass * GetThis() { return this; }
  };
  
  // __virtual_inheritance classes go here
  template <>
  struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 2*sizeof(int) >
  {
  
      template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
      inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
          GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) {
          union {
              XFuncType func;
              GenericClass* (X::*ProbeFunc)();
              MicrosoftVirtualMFP s;
          } u;
          u.func = function_to_bind;
          bound_func = reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFuncType>(u.s.codeptr);
          union {
              GenericVirtualClass::ProbePtrType virtfunc;
              MicrosoftVirtualMFP s;
          } u2;
          // Check that the horrible_cast<>s will work
          typedef int ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast[sizeof(function_to_bind)==sizeof(u.s)
              && sizeof(function_to_bind)==sizeof(u.ProbeFunc)
              && sizeof(u2.virtfunc)==sizeof(u2.s) ? 1 : -1];
     // Unfortunately, taking the address of a MF prevents it from being inlined, so 
     // this next line can't be completely optimised away by the compiler.
          u2.virtfunc = &GenericVirtualClass::GetThis;
          u.s.codeptr = u2.s.codeptr;
          return (pthis->*u.ProbeFunc)();
      }
  };
  
  #if (_MSC_VER <1300)
  
  // Nasty hack for Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0
  // unknown_inheritance classes go here
  // There is a compiler bug in MSVC6 which generates incorrect code in this case!!
  template <>
  struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 3*sizeof(int) >
  {
      template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
      inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
          GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) {
          // There is an apalling but obscure compiler bug in MSVC6 and earlier:
          // vtable_index and 'vtordisp' are always set to 0 in the 
          // unknown_inheritance case!
          // This means that an incorrect function could be called!!!
          // Compiling with the /vmg option leads to potentially incorrect code.
          // This is probably the reason that the IDE has a user interface for specifying
          // the /vmg option, but it is disabled -  you can only specify /vmg on 
          // the command line. In VC1.5 and earlier, the compiler would ICE if it ever
          // encountered this situation.
          // It is OK to use the /vmg option if /vmm or /vms is specified.
  
          // Fortunately, the wrong function is only called in very obscure cases.
          // It only occurs when a derived class overrides a virtual function declared 
          // in a virtual base class, and the member function 
          // points to the *Derived* version of that function. The problem can be
          // completely averted in 100% of cases by using the *Base class* for the 
          // member fpointer. Ie, if you use the base class as an interface, you'll
          // stay out of trouble.
          // Occasionally, you might want to point directly to a derived class function
          // that isn't an override of a base class. In this case, both vtable_index 
          // and 'vtordisp' are zero, but a virtual_inheritance pointer will be generated.
          // We can generate correct code in this case. To prevent an incorrect call from
          // ever being made, on MSVC6 we generate a warning, and call a function to 
          // make the program crash instantly. 
          typedef char ERROR_VC6CompilerBug[-100];
          return 0; 
      }
  };
  
  
  #else 
  
  // Nasty hack for Microsoft and Intel (IA32 and Itanium)
  // unknown_inheritance classes go here 
  // This is probably the ugliest bit of code I've ever written. Look at the casts!
  // There is a compiler bug in MSVC6 which prevents it from using this code.
  template <>
  struct SimplifyMemFunc<SINGLE_MEMFUNCPTR_SIZE + 3*sizeof(int) >
  {
      template <class X, class XFuncType, class GenericMemFuncType>
      inline static GenericClass *Convert(X *pthis, XFuncType function_to_bind, 
              GenericMemFuncType &bound_func) {
          // The member function pointer is 16 bytes long. We can't use a normal cast, but
          // we can use a union to do the conversion.
          union {
              XFuncType func;
              // In VC++ and ICL, an unknown_inheritance member pointer 
              // is internally defined as:
              struct {
                  GenericMemFuncType m_funcaddress; // points to the actual member function
                  int delta;        // #bytes to be added to the 'this' pointer
                  int vtordisp;        // #bytes to add to 'this' to find the vtable
                  int vtable_index; // or 0 if no virtual inheritance
              } s;
          } u;
          // Check that the horrible_cast will work
          typedef int ERROR_CantUsehorrible_cast[sizeof(XFuncType)==sizeof(u.s)? 1 : -1];
          u.func = function_to_bind;
          bound_func = u.s.funcaddress;
          int virtual_delta = 0;
          if (u.s.vtable_index) { // Virtual inheritance is used
              // First, get to the vtable. 
              // It is 'vtordisp' bytes from the start of the class.
              const int * vtable = *reinterpret_cast<const int *const*>(
                  reinterpret_cast<const char *>(pthis) + u.s.vtordisp );
  
              // 'vtable_index' tells us where in the table we should be looking.
              virtual_delta = u.s.vtordisp + *reinterpret_cast<const int *>( 
                  reinterpret_cast<const char *>(vtable) + u.s.vtable_index);
          }
          // The int at 'virtual_delta' gives us the amount to add to 'this'.
          // Finally we can add the three components together. Phew!
          return reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(
              reinterpret_cast<char *>(pthis) + u.s.delta + virtual_delta);
      };
  };
  #endif // MSVC 7 and greater
  
  
  
  }  // namespace detail
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Fast Delegates, part 2:
  //
  //    Define the delegate storage, and cope with static functions
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  // DelegateMemento -- an opaque structure which can hold an arbitary delegate.
  // It knows nothing about the calling convention or number of arguments used by
  // the function pointed to.
  // It supplies comparison operators so that it can be stored in STL collections.
  // It cannot be set to anything other than null, nor invoked directly: 
  //   it must be converted to a specific delegate.
  
  // Implementation:
  // There are two possible implementations: the Safe method and the Evil method.
  //                DelegateMemento - Safe version
  //
  // This implementation is standard-compliant, but a bit tricky.
  // A static function pointer is stored inside the class. 
  // Here are the valid values:
  // +-- Static pointer --+--pThis --+-- pMemFunc-+-- Meaning------+
  // |   0                |  0       |   0        | Empty          |
  // |   !=0              |(dontcare)|  Invoker   | Static function|
  // |   0                |  !=0     |  !=0*      | Method call    |
  // +--------------------+----------+------------+----------------+
  //  * For Metrowerks, this can be 0. (first virtual function in a 
  //       single_inheritance class).
  // When stored stored inside a specific delegate, the 'dontcare' entries are replaced
  // with a reference to the delegate itself. This complicates the = and == operators
  // for the delegate class.
  
  //                DelegateMemento - Evil version
  //
  // For compilers where data pointers are at least as big as code pointers, it is 
  // possible to store the function pointer in the this pointer, using another 
  // horrible_cast. In this case the DelegateMemento implementation is simple:
  // +--pThis --+-- pMemFunc-+-- Meaning---------------------+
  // |    0     |  0         | Empty                         |
  // |  !=0     |  !=0*      | Static function or method call|
  // +----------+------------+-------------------------------+
  //  * For Metrowerks, this can be 0. (first virtual function in a 
  //       single_inheritance class).
  // Note that the Sun C++ and MSVC documentation explicitly state that they 
  // support static_cast between void * and function pointers.
  
  class DelegateMemento {
  protected: 
      // the data is protected, not private, because many
      // compilers have problems with template friends.
      typedef void (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFuncType)(); // arbitrary MFP.
      detail::GenericClass *m_pthis;
      GenericMemFuncType m_pFunction;
  
  
      typedef void (*GenericFuncPtr)(); // arbitrary code pointer
      GenericFuncPtr m_pStaticFunction;
  
  
  public:
  
      DelegateMemento() : m_pthis(0), m_pFunction(0), m_pStaticFunction(0) {};
      void clear() {
          m_pthis=0; m_pFunction=0; m_pStaticFunction=0;
      }
  
  
  
  
  public:
  
      inline bool IsEqual (const DelegateMemento &x) const{
          // We have to cope with the static function pointers as a special case
          if (m_pFunction!=x.m_pFunction) return false;
          // the static function ptrs must either both be equal, or both be 0.
          if (m_pStaticFunction!=x.m_pStaticFunction) return false;
          if (m_pStaticFunction!=0) return m_pthis==x.m_pthis;
          else return true;
      }
  
  
  
  
  
      // Provide a strict weak ordering for DelegateMementos.
      inline bool IsLess(const DelegateMemento &right) const {
          // deal with static function pointers first
  
          if (m_pStaticFunction !=0 || right.m_pStaticFunction!=0) 
                  return m_pStaticFunction < right.m_pStaticFunction;
  
          if (m_pthis !=right.m_pthis) return m_pthis < right.m_pthis;
      // There are no ordering operators for member function pointers, 
      // but we can fake one by comparing each byte. The resulting ordering is
      // arbitrary (and compiler-dependent), but it permits storage in ordered STL containers.
          return memcmp(&m_pFunction, &right.m_pFunction, sizeof(m_pFunction)) < 0;
  
      }
      // BUGFIX (Mar 2005):
      // We can't just compare m_pFunction because on Metrowerks,
      // m_pFunction can be zero even if the delegate is not empty!
      inline bool operator ! () const        // Is it bound to anything?
      { return m_pthis==0 && m_pFunction==0; }
      inline bool empty() const        // Is it bound to anything?
      { return m_pthis==0 && m_pFunction==0; }
  public:
      DelegateMemento & operator = (const DelegateMemento &right)  {
          SetMementoFrom(right); 
          return *this;
      }
      inline bool operator <(const DelegateMemento &right) {
          return IsLess(right);
      }
      inline bool operator >(const DelegateMemento &right) {
          return right.IsLess(*this);
      }
      DelegateMemento (const DelegateMemento &right)  : 
          m_pFunction(right.m_pFunction), m_pthis(right.m_pthis)
  
          , m_pStaticFunction (right.m_pStaticFunction)
  
          {}
  protected:
      void SetMementoFrom(const DelegateMemento &right)  {
          m_pFunction = right.m_pFunction;
          m_pthis = right.m_pthis;
  
          m_pStaticFunction = right.m_pStaticFunction;
  
      }
  };
  
  
  //                        ClosurePtr<>
  //
  // A private wrapper class that adds function signatures to DelegateMemento.
  // It's the class that does most of the actual work.
  // The signatures are specified by:
  // GenericMemFunc: must be a type of GenericClass member function pointer. 
  // StaticFuncPtr:  must be a type of function pointer with the same signature 
  //                 as GenericMemFunc.
  // UnvoidStaticFuncPtr: is the same as StaticFuncPtr, except on VC6
  //                 where it never returns void (returns DefaultVoid instead).
  
  // An outer class, FastDelegateN<>, handles the invoking and creates the
  // necessary typedefs.
  // This class does everything else.
  
  namespace detail {
  
  template < class GenericMemFunc, class StaticFuncPtr, class UnvoidStaticFuncPtr>
  class ClosurePtr : public DelegateMemento {
  public:
      // These functions are for setting the delegate to a member function.
  
      // Here's the clever bit: we convert an arbitrary member function into a 
      // standard form. XMemFunc should be a member function of class X, but I can't 
      // enforce that here. It needs to be enforced by the wrapper class.
      template < class X, class XMemFunc >
      inline void bindmemfunc(X *pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind ) {
          m_pthis = SimplifyMemFunc< sizeof(function_to_bind) >
              ::Convert(pthis, function_to_bind, m_pFunction);
  
          m_pStaticFunction = 0;
  
      }
      // For const member functions, we only need a const class pointer.
      // Since we know that the member function is const, it's safe to 
      // remove the const qualifier from the 'this' pointer with a const_cast.
      // VC6 has problems if we just overload 'bindmemfunc', so we give it a different name.
      template < class X, class XMemFunc>
      inline void bindconstmemfunc(const X *pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind) {
          m_pthis= SimplifyMemFunc< sizeof(function_to_bind) >
              ::Convert(const_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind, m_pFunction);
  
          m_pStaticFunction = 0;
  
      }
  
      template < class X, class XMemFunc>
      inline void bindmemfunc(const X *pthis, XMemFunc function_to_bind) {
          bindconstmemfunc(pthis, function_to_bind);
  
          m_pStaticFunction = 0;
  
      }
  
      // These functions are required for invoking the stored function
      inline GenericClass *GetClosureThis() const { return m_pthis; }
      inline GenericMemFunc GetClosureMemPtr() const { return reinterpret_cast<GenericMemFunc>(m_pFunction); }
  
  // There are a few ways of dealing with static function pointers.
  // There's a standard-compliant, but tricky method.
  // There's also a straightforward hack, that won't work on DOS compilers using the
  // medium memory model. It's so evil that I can't recommend it, but I've
  // implemented it anyway because it produces very nice asm code.
  
  
  
  //                ClosurePtr<> - Safe version
  //
  // This implementation is standard-compliant, but a bit tricky.
  // I store the function pointer inside the class, and the delegate then
  // points to itself. Whenever the delegate is copied, these self-references
  // must be transformed, and this complicates the = and == operators.
  public:
      // The next two functions are for operator ==, =, and the copy constructor.
      // We may need to convert the m_pthis pointers, so that
      // they remain as self-references.
      template< class DerivedClass >
      inline void CopyFrom (DerivedClass *pParent, const DelegateMemento &x) {
          SetMementoFrom(x);
          if (m_pStaticFunction!=0) {
              // transform self references...
              m_pthis=reinterpret_cast<GenericClass *>(pParent);
          }
      }
      // For static functions, the 'static_function_invoker' class in the parent 
      // will be called. The parent then needs to call GetStaticFunction() to find out 
      // the actual function to invoke.
      template < class DerivedClass, class ParentInvokerSig >
      inline void bindstaticfunc(DerivedClass *pParent, ParentInvokerSig static_function_invoker, 
                  StaticFuncPtr function_to_bind ) {
          if (function_to_bind==0) { // cope with assignment to 0
              m_pFunction=0;
          } else { 
              bindmemfunc(pParent, static_function_invoker);
          }
          m_pStaticFunction=reinterpret_cast<GenericFuncPtr>(function_to_bind);
      }
      inline UnvoidStaticFuncPtr GetStaticFunction() const { 
          return reinterpret_cast<UnvoidStaticFuncPtr>(m_pStaticFunction); 
      }
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
      // Does the closure contain this static function?
      inline bool IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(StaticFuncPtr funcptr){
          if (funcptr==0) return empty(); 
      // For the Evil method, if it doesn't actually contain a static function, this will return an arbitrary
      // value that is not equal to any valid function pointer.
          else return funcptr==reinterpret_cast<StaticFuncPtr>(GetStaticFunction());
      }
  };
  
  
  } // namespace detail
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Fast Delegates, part 3:
  //
  //                Wrapper classes to ensure type safety
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  
  // Once we have the member function conversion templates, it's easy to make the
  // wrapper classes. So that they will work with as many compilers as possible, 
  // the classes are of the form
  //   FastDelegate3<int, char *, double>
  // They can cope with any combination of parameters. The max number of parameters
  // allowed is 8, but it is trivial to increase this limit.
  // Note that we need to treat const member functions seperately.
  // All this class does is to enforce type safety, and invoke the delegate with
  // the correct list of parameters.
  
  // Because of the weird rule about the class of derived member function pointers,
  // you sometimes need to apply a downcast to the 'this' pointer.
  // This is the reason for the use of "implicit_cast<X*>(pthis)" in the code below. 
  // If CDerivedClass is derived from CBaseClass, but doesn't override SimpleVirtualFunction,
  // without this trick you'd need to write:
  //        MyDelegate(static_cast<CBaseClass *>(&d), &CDerivedClass::SimpleVirtualFunction);
  // but with the trick you can write
  //        MyDelegate(&d, &CDerivedClass::SimpleVirtualFunction);
  
  // RetType is the type the compiler uses in compiling the template. For VC6,
  // it cannot be void. DesiredRetType is the real type which is returned from
  // all of the functions. It can be void.
  
  // Implicit conversion to "bool" is achieved using the safe_bool idiom,
  // using member data pointers (MDP). This allows "if (dg)..." syntax
  // Because some compilers (eg codeplay) don't have a unique value for a zero
  // MDP, an extra padding member is added to the SafeBool struct.
  // Some compilers (eg VC6) won't implicitly convert from 0 to an MDP, so
  // in that case the static function constructor is not made explicit; this
  // allows "if (dg==0) ..." to compile.
  
  //N=0
  template<class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate0 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)();
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)();
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)();
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate0 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate0() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate0(const FastDelegate0 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate0 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate0 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate0 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate0 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate0 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate0(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)() ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)()) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate0(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)() const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)() const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate0(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)() ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)() ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)()) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate0::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() () const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction() const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(); }
  };
  
  //N=1
  template<class Param1, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate1 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1);
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1);
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1);
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate1 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate1() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate1(const FastDelegate1 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate1 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate1 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate1 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate1 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate1 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate1(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate1(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate1(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1)) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate1::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() (Param1 p1) const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1) const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1); }
  };
  
  //N=2
  template<class Param1, class Param2, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate2 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2);
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate2 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate2() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate2(const FastDelegate2 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate2 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate2 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate2 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate2 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate2 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate2(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate2(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate2(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate2::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2); }
  };
  
  //N=3
  template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate3 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3);
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3);
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3);
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate3 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate3() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate3(const FastDelegate3 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate3 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate3 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate3 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate3 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate3 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate3(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3)) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate3(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate3(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3)) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate3::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3); }
  };
  
  //N=4
  template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate4 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4);
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4);
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4);
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate4 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate4() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate4(const FastDelegate4 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate4 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate4 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate4 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate4 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate4 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate4(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate4(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate4(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate4::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4); }
  };
  
  //N=5
  template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate5 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5);
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5);
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5);
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate5 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate5() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate5(const FastDelegate5 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate5 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate5 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate5 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate5 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate5 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate5(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5)) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate5(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate5(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5)) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate5::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5); }
  };
  
  //N=6
  template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate6 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6);
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate6 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate6() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate6(const FastDelegate6 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate6 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate6 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate6 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate6 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate6 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate6(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate6(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate6(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate6::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6); }
  };
  
  //N=7
  template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate7 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7);
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7);
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7);
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate7 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate7() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate7(const FastDelegate7 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate7 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate7 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate7 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate7 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate7 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate7(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate7(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate7(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate7::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7); }
  };
  
  //N=8
  template<class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8, class RetType=detail::DefaultVoid>
  class FastDelegate8 {
  private:
      typedef typename detail::DefaultVoidToVoid<RetType>::type DesiredRetType;
      typedef DesiredRetType (*StaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
      typedef RetType (*UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
      typedef RetType (detail::GenericClass::*GenericMemFn)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8);
      typedef detail::ClosurePtr<GenericMemFn, StaticFunctionPtr, UnvoidStaticFunctionPtr> ClosureType;
      ClosureType m_Closure;
  public:
      // Typedefs to aid generic programming
      typedef FastDelegate8 type;
  
      // Construction and comparison functions
      FastDelegate8() { clear(); }
      FastDelegate8(const FastDelegate8 &x) {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      void operator = (const FastDelegate8 &x)  {
          m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator ==(const FastDelegate8 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator !=(const FastDelegate8 &x) const {
          return !m_Closure.IsEqual(x.m_Closure); }
      bool operator <(const FastDelegate8 &x) const {
          return m_Closure.IsLess(x.m_Closure);    }
      bool operator >(const FastDelegate8 &x) const {
          return x.m_Closure.IsLess(m_Closure);    }
      // Binding to non-const member functions
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate8(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) ) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind); }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
          m_Closure.bindmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Binding to const member functions.
      template < class X, class Y >
      FastDelegate8(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X*>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      template < class X, class Y >
      inline void bind(const Y *pthis, DesiredRetType (X::* function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const) {
          m_Closure.bindconstmemfunc(detail::implicit_cast<const X *>(pthis), function_to_bind);    }
      // Static functions. We convert them into a member function call.
      // This constructor also provides implicit conversion
      FastDelegate8(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      // for efficiency, prevent creation of a temporary
      void operator = (DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) ) {
          bind(function_to_bind);    }
      inline void bind(DesiredRetType (*function_to_bind)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) {
          m_Closure.bindstaticfunc(this, &FastDelegate8::InvokeStaticFunction, 
              function_to_bind); }
      // Invoke the delegate
      RetType operator() (Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const {
      return (m_Closure.GetClosureThis()->*(m_Closure.GetClosureMemPtr()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8); }
      // Implicit conversion to "bool" using the safe_bool idiom
  private:
      typedef struct SafeBoolStruct {
          int a_data_pointer_to_this_is_0_on_buggy_compilers;
          StaticFunctionPtr m_nonzero;
      } UselessTypedef;
      typedef StaticFunctionPtr SafeBoolStruct::*unspecified_bool_type;
  public:
      operator unspecified_bool_type() const {
          return empty()? 0: &SafeBoolStruct::m_nonzero;
      }
      // necessary to allow ==0 to work despite the safe_bool idiom
      inline bool operator==(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) {
          return m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator!=(StaticFunctionPtr funcptr) { 
          return !m_Closure.IsEqualToStaticFuncPtr(funcptr);    }
      inline bool operator ! () const    {    // Is it bound to anything?
              return !m_Closure; }
      inline bool empty() const    {
              return !m_Closure; }
      void clear() { m_Closure.clear();}
      // Conversion to and from the DelegateMemento storage class
      const DelegateMemento & GetMemento() { return m_Closure; }
      void SetMemento(const DelegateMemento &any) { m_Closure.CopyFrom(this, any); }
  
  private:    // Invoker for static functions
      RetType InvokeStaticFunction(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const {
      return (*(m_Closure.GetStaticFunction()))(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8); }
  };
  
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Fast Delegates, part 4:
  // 
  //                FastDelegate<> class (Original author: Jody Hagins)
  //    Allows boost::function style syntax like:
  //            FastDelegate< double (int, long) >
  // instead of:
  //            FastDelegate2< int, long, double >
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  
  
  // Declare FastDelegate as a class template.  It will be specialized
  // later for all number of arguments.
  template <typename Signature>
  class FastDelegate;
  
  //N=0
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R (  ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate0 < R >
  template<typename R>
  class FastDelegate< R (  ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate0 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate0
    : public FastDelegate0 < R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate0 < R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)(  ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)(  ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)(  ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  //N=1
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R ( Param1 ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate1 < Param1, R >
  template<typename R, class Param1>
  class FastDelegate< R ( Param1 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate1 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate1
    : public FastDelegate1 < Param1, R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate1 < Param1, R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1 ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1 ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1 ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  //N=2
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2 ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate2 < Param1, Param2, R >
  template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2>
  class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate2 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate2
    : public FastDelegate2 < Param1, Param2, R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate2 < Param1, Param2, R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2 ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2 ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2 ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  //N=3
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3 ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate3 < Param1, Param2, Param3, R >
  template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3>
  class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate3 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate3
    : public FastDelegate3 < Param1, Param2, Param3, R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate3 < Param1, Param2, Param3, R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3 ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3 ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3 ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  //N=4
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4 ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate4 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R >
  template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4>
  class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate4 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate4
    : public FastDelegate4 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate4 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4 ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4 ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4 ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  //N=5
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5 ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate5 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R >
  template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5>
  class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate5 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate5
    : public FastDelegate5 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate5 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5 ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5 ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5 ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  //N=6
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6 ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate6 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R >
  template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6>
  class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate6 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate6
    : public FastDelegate6 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate6 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6 ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6 ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6 ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  //N=7
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7 ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate7 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, R >
  template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7>
  class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate7 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate7
    : public FastDelegate7 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate7 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7 ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7 ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7 ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  //N=8
  // Specialization to allow use of
  // FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8 ) >
  // instead of 
  // FastDelegate8 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, R >
  template<typename R, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8>
  class FastDelegate< R ( Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8 ) >
    // Inherit from FastDelegate8 so that it can be treated just like a FastDelegate8
    : public FastDelegate8 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, R >
  {
  public:
    // Make using the base type a bit easier via typedef.
    typedef FastDelegate8 < Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, R > BaseType;
  
    // Allow users access to the specific type of this delegate.
    typedef FastDelegate SelfType;
  
    // Mimic the base class constructors.
    FastDelegate() : BaseType() { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(Y * pthis, 
      R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8 ))
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)  { }
  
    template < class X, class Y >
    FastDelegate(const Y *pthis,
        R (X::* function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8 ) const)
      : BaseType(pthis, function_to_bind)
    {  }
  
    FastDelegate(R (*function_to_bind)( Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8 ))
      : BaseType(function_to_bind)  { }
    void operator = (const BaseType &x)  {      
          *static_cast<BaseType*>(this) = x; }
  };
  
  
  
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  //                        Fast Delegates, part 5:
  //
  //                MakeDelegate() helper function
  //
  //            MakeDelegate(&x, &X::func) returns a fastdelegate of the type
  //            necessary for calling x.func() with the correct number of arguments.
  //            This makes it possible to eliminate many typedefs from user code.
  //
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  // Also declare overloads of a MakeDelegate() global function to 
  // reduce the need for typedefs.
  // We need seperate overloads for const and non-const member functions.
  // Also, because of the weird rule about the class of derived member function pointers,
  // implicit downcasts may need to be applied later to the 'this' pointer.
  // That's why two classes (X and Y) appear in the definitions. Y must be implicitly
  // castable to X.
  
  // Workaround for VC6. VC6 needs void return types converted into DefaultVoid.
  // GCC 3.2 and later won't compile this unless it's preceded by 'typename',
  // but VC6 doesn't allow 'typename' in this context.
  // So, I have to use a macro.
  
  
  #define FASTDLGT_RETTYPE detail::VoidToDefaultVoid<RetType>::type
  
  
  
  
  //N=0
  template <class X, class Y, class RetType>
  FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)()) { 
      return FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class RetType>
  FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)() const) { 
      return FastDelegate0<FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  //N=1
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class RetType>
  FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1)) { 
      return FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class RetType>
  FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1) const) { 
      return FastDelegate1<Param1, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  //N=2
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class RetType>
  FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2)) { 
      return FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class RetType>
  FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2) const) { 
      return FastDelegate2<Param1, Param2, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  //N=3
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class RetType>
  FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3)) { 
      return FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class RetType>
  FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3) const) { 
      return FastDelegate3<Param1, Param2, Param3, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  //N=4
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class RetType>
  FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4)) { 
      return FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class RetType>
  FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4) const) { 
      return FastDelegate4<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  //N=5
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class RetType>
  FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5)) { 
      return FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class RetType>
  FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5) const) { 
      return FastDelegate5<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  //N=6
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class RetType>
  FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6)) { 
      return FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class RetType>
  FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6) const) { 
      return FastDelegate6<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  //N=7
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class RetType>
  FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7)) { 
      return FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class RetType>
  FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7) const) { 
      return FastDelegate7<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  //N=8
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8, class RetType>
  FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8)) { 
      return FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  template <class X, class Y, class Param1, class Param2, class Param3, class Param4, class Param5, class Param6, class Param7, class Param8, class RetType>
  FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE> MakeDelegate(Y* x, RetType (X::*func)(Param1 p1, Param2 p2, Param3 p3, Param4 p4, Param5 p5, Param6 p6, Param7 p7, Param8 p8) const) { 
      return FastDelegate8<Param1, Param2, Param3, Param4, Param5, Param6, Param7, Param8, FASTDLGT_RETTYPE>(x, func);
  }
  
  
   // clean up after ourselves...
  #undef FASTDLGT_RETTYPE
  
  } // namespace fastdelegate
  
  #endif // !defined(FASTDELEGATE_H)
  
  