text: import tempfile
  import os
  
  from PIL import Image
  
  from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
  from django.test import TestCase
  from django.urls import reverse
  
  from rest_framework import status
  from rest_framework.test import APIClient
  
  from core.models import Recipe, Tag, Ingredient
  
  from recipe.serializers import RecipeSerializer, RecipeDetailSerializer
  
  
  RECIPES_URL = reverse("recipe:recipe-list")
  
  
  def image_upload_url(recipe_id):
      """Return URL for recipe image upload"""
      return reverse("recipe:recipe-upload-image", args=[recipe_id])
  
  
  def detail_url(recipe_id):
      """Return recipe detail URL"""
  
      return reverse("recipe:recipe-detail", args=[recipe_id])
  
  
  def sample_recipe(user, **params):
      """Create and return a sample recipe"""
  
      defaults = {"title": "Sample recipe", "time_minutes": 10, "price": 5.00}
  
      defaults.update(params)
  
      return Recipe.objects.create(user=user, **defaults)
  
  
  def sample_tag(user, name="Main Course"):
      """Create and return a sample tag"""
  
      return Tag.objects.create(user=user, name=name)
  
  
  def sample_ingredient(user, name="Coconuts"):
      """Create and return a sample ingredient"""
  
      return Ingredient.objects.create(user=user, name=name)
  
  
  class PublicRecipeApiTests(TestCase):
      """Test unauthenticated recipe API access"""
  
      def setUp(self) -> None:
          self.client = APIClient()
  
      def test_auth_required(self):
          """Test that authentication is required"""
  
          res = self.client.get(RECIPES_URL)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED)
  
  
  class PrivateRecipeApiTests(TestCase):
      """Test authenticated recipe API access"""
  
      def setUp(self) -> None:
          self.client = APIClient()
          self.user = get_user_model().objects.create_user("test@londom.com", "testpass")
          self.client.force_authenticate(self.user)
  
      def test_retrieve_recipes(self):
          """Test retrieving a list of recipes"""
          sample_recipe(user=self.user, link="https://www.google.com")
          sample_recipe(user=self.user, title="Caesar Salad", time_minutes=5)
  
          res = self.client.get(RECIPES_URL)
  
          recipes = Recipe.objects.all().order_by("-id")
          serializer = RecipeSerializer(recipes, many=True)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
          self.assertEqual(res.data, serializer.data)
  
      def test_recipes_limited_to_user(self):
          """Test retrieving recipes for user"""
  
          user2 = get_user_model().objects.create_user("other@londom.com", "testpass")
          sample_recipe(user=user2)
          sample_recipe(user=self.user)
  
          res = self.client.get(RECIPES_URL)
  
          recipes = Recipe.objects.filter(user=self.user)
          serializer = RecipeSerializer(recipes, many=True)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
          self.assertEqual(len(res.data), len(serializer.data))
          self.assertEqual(res.data, serializer.data)
  
      def test_view_recipe_detail(self):
          """Teste viewing a recipe detail"""
          recipe = sample_recipe(user=self.user)
          recipe.tags.add(sample_tag(user=self.user))
          recipe.ingredients.add(sample_ingredient(user=self.user))
  
          url = detail_url(recipe.id)
          res = self.client.get(url)
  
          serializer = RecipeDetailSerializer(recipe)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
          self.assertEqual(res.data, serializer.data)
  
      def test_create_basic_recipe(self):
          """Test creating recipe"""
  
          payload = {"title": "Chessecake", "time_minutes": 30, "price": 5.00}
  
          res = self.client.post(RECIPES_URL, payload)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
          recipe = Recipe.objects.get(id=res.data["id"])
          for key in payload.keys():
              self.assertEqual(payload[key], getattr(recipe, key))
  
      def test_create_recipe_with_tags(self):
          """Test creating a recipe with tags"""
  
          tag1 = sample_tag(user=self.user, name="Vegan")
          tag2 = sample_tag(user=self.user, name="Dessert")
          payload = {
              "title": "Avocado lime",
              "tags": [tag1.id, tag2.id],
              "time_minutes": 30,
              "price": 5.25,
          }
  
          res = self.client.post(RECIPES_URL, payload)
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
          recipe = Recipe.objects.get(id=res.data["id"])
          tags = recipe.tags.all()
          self.assertEqual(tags.count(), 2)
          self.assertIn(tag1, tags)
          self.assertIn(tag2, tags)
  
      def test_create_recipe_with_ingredients(self):
          """Test creating a recipe with ingredients"""
  
          ingredient1 = sample_ingredient(user=self.user, name="Prawns")
          ingredient2 = sample_ingredient(user=self.user, name="Ginger")
  
          payload = {
              "title": "Thai prawn red curry",
              "ingredients": [ingredient1.id, ingredient2.id],
              "time_minutes": 30,
              "price": 8.25,
          }
  
          res = self.client.post(RECIPES_URL, payload)
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
          recipe = Recipe.objects.get(id=res.data["id"])
          ingredients = recipe.ingredients.all()
          self.assertEqual(ingredients.count(), 2)
          self.assertIn(ingredient1, ingredients)
          self.assertIn(ingredient2, ingredients)
  
      def test_partial_update_recipe(self):
          """Test updating a recipe with patch"""
  
          recipe = sample_recipe(user=self.user)
          recipe.tags.add(sample_tag(user=self.user))
          new_tag = sample_tag(user=self.user, name="Curry")
  
          payload = {"title": "Chicken Tikka", "tags": [new_tag.id]}
  
          url = detail_url(recipe.id)
          self.client.patch(url, payload)
  
          recipe.refresh_from_db()
  
          self.assertEqual(recipe.title, payload["title"])
          tags = recipe.tags.all()
          self.assertEqual(len(tags), 1)
          self.assertIn(new_tag, tags)
  
      def test_full_update_recipe(self):
          """Test updating a recipe with put"""
  
          recipe = sample_recipe(user=self.user)
          recipe.tags.add(sample_tag(user=self.user))
          payload = {
              "title": "Spaghetti Carbonara",
              "time_minutes": 25,
              "price": 5.00,
          }
          url = detail_url(recipe.id)
          self.client.put(url, payload)
  
          recipe.refresh_from_db()
  
          self.assertEqual(recipe.time_minutes, payload["time_minutes"])
          self.assertEqual(recipe.title, payload["title"])
          self.assertEqual(recipe.price, payload["price"])
          tags = recipe.tags.all()
          self.assertEqual(len(tags), 0)
  
  
  class RecipeImageUploadTests(TestCase):
      def setUp(self) -> None:
          self.client = APIClient()
          self.user = get_user_model().objects.create_user("user@londom.com", "testpass")
          self.client.force_authenticate(self.user)
          self.recipe = sample_recipe(user=self.user)
  
      def tearDown(self) -> None:
          self.recipe.image.delete()
  
      def test_upload_image_to_recipe(self):
          """Test uploading an image to recipe"""
  
          url = image_upload_url(self.recipe.id)
          with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".jpg") as ntf:
              img = Image.new("RGB", (10, 10))
              img.save(ntf, format="JPEG")
              ntf.seek(0)
              res = self.client.post(url, {"image": ntf}, format="multipart")
          self.recipe.refresh_from_db()
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
          self.assertIn("image", res.data)
          self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.recipe.image.path))
  
      def test_upload_image_bad_request(self):
          """Test uploading an invalid image"""
          url = image_upload_url(self.recipe.id)
          res = self.client.post(url, {"image": "notimage"}, format="multipart")
  
          self.assertEqual(res.status_code, status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
  