text: // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
  // Copyright (c) 2009-2018 The Bitcoin Core developers
  // Copyright (c) 2019 Chaintope Inc.
  // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
  // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
  
  #include <util.h>
  
  #include <chainparams.h>
  #include <random.h>
  #include <serialize.h>
  #include <utilstrencodings.h>
  
  #include <stdarg.h>
  
  #if (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__))
  #include <pthread.h>
  #include <pthread_np.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifndef WIN32
  // for posix_fallocate
  #ifdef __linux__
  
  #ifdef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
  #undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
  #endif
  
  #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L
  
  #endif // __linux__
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <sched.h>
  #include <sys/resource.h>
  #include <sys/stat.h>
  
  #else
  
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
  #pragma warning(disable:4786)
  #pragma warning(disable:4804)
  #pragma warning(disable:4805)
  #pragma warning(disable:4717)
  #endif
  
  #ifdef _WIN32_WINNT
  #undef _WIN32_WINNT
  #endif
  #define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0501
  
  #ifdef _WIN32_IE
  #undef _WIN32_IE
  #endif
  #define _WIN32_IE 0x0501
  
  #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1
  #ifndef NOMINMAX
  #define NOMINMAX
  #endif
  
  #include <io.h> /* for _commit */
  #include <shlobj.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PRCTL_H
  #include <sys/prctl.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifdef HAVE_MALLOPT_ARENA_MAX
  #include <malloc.h>
  #endif
  #include <boost/interprocess/sync/file_lock.hpp>
  
  #include <thread>
  
  // Application startup time (used for uptime calculation)
  const int64_t nStartupTime = GetTime();
  
  const char * const BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME = "tapyrus.conf";
  const char * const BITCOIN_PID_FILENAME = "tapyrus.pid";
  
  ArgsManager gArgs;
  
  CTranslationInterface translationInterface;
  
  /** A map that contains all the currently held directory locks. After
   * successful locking, these will be held here until the global destructor
   * cleans them up and thus automatically unlocks them, or ReleaseDirectoryLocks
   * is called.
   */
  static std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<boost::interprocess::file_lock>> dir_locks;
  /** Mutex to protect dir_locks. */
  static std::mutex cs_dir_locks;
  
  bool LockDirectory(const fs::path& directory, const std::string lockfile_name, bool probe_only)
  {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> ulock(cs_dir_locks);
      fs::path pathLockFile = directory / lockfile_name;
  
      // If a lock for this directory already exists in the map, don't try to re-lock it
      if (dir_locks.count(pathLockFile.string())) {
          return true;
      }
  
      // Create empty lock file if it doesn't exist.
      FILE* file = fsbridge::fopen(pathLockFile, "a");
      if (file) fclose(file);
  
      try {
          auto lock = MakeUnique<boost::interprocess::file_lock>(pathLockFile.string().c_str());
          if (!lock->try_lock()) {
              return false;
          }
          if (!probe_only) {
              // Lock successful and we're not just probing, put it into the map
              dir_locks.emplace(pathLockFile.string(), std::move(lock));
          }
      } catch (const boost::interprocess::interprocess_exception& e) {
          return error("Error while attempting to lock directory %s: %s", directory.string(), e.what());
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  void ReleaseDirectoryLocks()
  {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> ulock(cs_dir_locks);
      dir_locks.clear();
  }
  
  bool DirIsWritable(const fs::path& directory)
  {
      fs::path tmpFile = directory / fs::unique_path();
  
      FILE* file = fsbridge::fopen(tmpFile, "a");
      if (!file) return false;
  
      fclose(file);
      remove(tmpFile);
  
      return true;
  }
  
  /**
   * Interpret a string argument as a boolean.
   *
   * The definition of atoi() requires that non-numeric string values like "foo",
   * return 0. This means that if a user unintentionally supplies a non-integer
   * argument here, the return value is always false. This means that -foo=false
   * does what the user probably expects, but -foo=true is well defined but does
   * not do what they probably expected.
   *
   * The return value of atoi() is undefined when given input not representable as
   * an int. On most systems this means string value between "-2147483648" and
   * "2147483647" are well defined (this method will return true). Setting
   * -txindex=2147483648 on most systems, however, is probably undefined.
   *
   * For a more extensive discussion of this topic (and a wide range of opinions
   * on the Right Way to change this code), see PR12713.
   */
  static bool InterpretBool(const std::string& strValue)
  {
      if (strValue.empty())
          return true;
      return (atoi(strValue) != 0);
  }
  
  /** Internal helper functions for ArgsManager */
  class ArgsManagerHelper {
  public:
      typedef std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> MapArgs;
  
      /** Determine whether to use config settings in the default section,
       *  See also comments around ArgsManager::ArgsManager() below. */
      static inline bool UseDefaultSection(const ArgsManager& am, const std::string& arg)
      {
          return (am.m_network == TAPYRUS_MODES::PROD || am.m_network_only_args.count(arg) == 0);
      }
  
      /** Convert regular argument into the network-specific setting */
      static inline std::string NetworkArg(const ArgsManager& am, const std::string& arg)
      {
          assert(arg.length() > 1 && arg[0] == '-');
          return "-" + am.m_network + "." + arg.substr(1);
      }
  
      /** Find arguments in a map and add them to a vector */
      static inline void AddArgs(std::vector<std::string>& res, const MapArgs& map_args, const std::string& arg)
      {
          auto it = map_args.find(arg);
          if (it != map_args.end()) {
              res.insert(res.end(), it->second.begin(), it->second.end());
          }
      }
  
      /** Return true/false if an argument is set in a map, and also
       *  return the first (or last) of the possibly multiple values it has
       */
      static inline std::pair<bool,std::string> GetArgHelper(const MapArgs& map_args, const std::string& arg, bool getLast = false)
      {
          auto it = map_args.find(arg);
  
          if (it == map_args.end() || it->second.empty()) {
              return std::make_pair(false, std::string());
          }
  
          if (getLast) {
              return std::make_pair(true, it->second.back());
          } else {
              return std::make_pair(true, it->second.front());
          }
      }
  
      /* Get the string value of an argument, returning a pair of a boolean
       * indicating the argument was found, and the value for the argument
       * if it was found (or the empty string if not found).
       */
      static inline std::pair<bool,std::string> GetArg(const ArgsManager &am, const std::string& arg)
      {
          LOCK(am.cs_args);
          std::pair<bool,std::string> found_result(false, std::string());
  
          // We pass "true" to GetArgHelper in order to return the last
          // argument value seen from the command line (so "tapyrusd -foo=bar
          // -foo=baz" gives GetArg(am,"foo")=={true,"baz"}
          found_result = GetArgHelper(am.m_override_args, arg, true);
          if (found_result.first) {
              return found_result;
          }
  
          // But in contrast we return the first argument seen in a config file,
          // so "foo=bar \n foo=baz" in the config file gives
          // GetArg(am,"foo")={true,"bar"}
          if (!am.m_network.empty()) {
              found_result = GetArgHelper(am.m_config_args, NetworkArg(am, arg));
              if (found_result.first) {
                  return found_result;
              }
          }
  
          if (UseDefaultSection(am, arg)) {
              found_result = GetArgHelper(am.m_config_args, arg);
              if (found_result.first) {
                  return found_result;
              }
          }
  
          return found_result;
      }
  
      /* Special test for -dev args, because we
       * don't want to be confused by craziness like "[dev] testnet=1"
       */
      static inline bool GetNetBoolArg(const ArgsManager &am, const std::string& net_arg)
      {
          std::pair<bool,std::string> found_result(false,std::string());
          found_result = GetArgHelper(am.m_override_args, net_arg, true);
          if (!found_result.first) {
              found_result = GetArgHelper(am.m_config_args, net_arg, true);
              if (!found_result.first) {
                  return false; // not set
              }
          }
          return InterpretBool(found_result.second); // is set, so evaluate
      }
  };
  
  /**
   * Interpret -nofoo as if the user supplied -foo=0.
   *
   * This method also tracks when the -no form was supplied, and if so,
   * checks whether there was a double-negative (-nofoo=0 -> -foo=1).
   *
   * If there was not a double negative, it removes the "no" from the key,
   * and returns true, indicating the caller should clear the args vector
   * to indicate a negated option.
   *
   * If there was a double negative, it removes "no" from the key, sets the
   * value to "1" and returns false.
   *
   * If there was no "no", it leaves key and value untouched and returns
   * false.
   *
   * Where an option was negated can be later checked using the
   * IsArgNegated() method. One use case for this is to have a way to disable
   * options that are not normally boolean (e.g. using -nodebuglogfile to request
   * that debug log output is not sent to any file at all).
   */
  static bool InterpretNegatedOption(std::string& key, std::string& val)
  {
      assert(key[0] == '-');
  
      size_t option_index = key.find('.');
      if (option_index == std::string::npos) {
          option_index = 1;
      } else {
          ++option_index;
      }
      if (key.substr(option_index, 2) == "no") {
          bool bool_val = InterpretBool(val);
          key.erase(option_index, 2);
          if (!bool_val ) {
              // Double negatives like -nofoo=0 are supported (but discouraged)
              LogPrintf("Warning: parsed potentially confusing double-negative %s=%s\n", key, val);
              val = "1";
          } else {
              return true;
          }
      }
      return false;
  }
  
  ArgsManager::ArgsManager() :
      /* These options would cause cross-contamination if values for
       * mainnet were used while running on dev(or vice-versa).
       * Setting them as section_only_args ensures that sharing a config file
       * between mainnet and dev won't cause problems due to these
       * parameters by accident. */
      m_network_only_args{
        "-addnode", "-connect",
        "-port", "-bind",
        "-rpcport", "-rpcbind",
        "-wallet",
      }
  {
      // nothing to do
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::WarnForSectionOnlyArgs()
  {
      // if there's no section selected, don't worry
      if (m_network.empty()) return;
  
      // if it's okay to use the default section for this network, don't worry
      if (m_network == TAPYRUS_MODES::PROD) return;
  
      for (const auto& arg : m_network_only_args) {
          std::pair<bool, std::string> found_result;
  
          // if this option is overridden it's fine
          found_result = ArgsManagerHelper::GetArgHelper(m_override_args, arg);
          if (found_result.first) continue;
  
          // if there's a network-specific value for this option, it's fine
          found_result = ArgsManagerHelper::GetArgHelper(m_config_args, ArgsManagerHelper::NetworkArg(*this, arg));
          if (found_result.first) continue;
  
          // if there isn't a default value for this option, it's fine
          found_result = ArgsManagerHelper::GetArgHelper(m_config_args, arg);
          if (!found_result.first) continue;
  
          // otherwise, issue a warning
          LogPrintf("Warning: Config setting for %s only applied on %s network when in [%s] section.\n", arg, m_network, m_network);
      }
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::SelectConfigNetwork(const std::string& network)
  {
      m_network = network;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::ParseParameters(int argc, const char* const argv[], std::string& error)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      m_override_args.clear();
  
      for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
          std::string key(argv[i]);
          std::string val;
          size_t is_index = key.find('=');
          if (is_index != std::string::npos) {
              val = key.substr(is_index + 1);
              key.erase(is_index);
          }
  #ifdef WIN32
          std::transform(key.begin(), key.end(), key.begin(), ::tolower);
          if (key[0] == '/')
              key[0] = '-';
  #endif
  
          if (key[0] != '-')
              break;
  
          // Transform --foo to -foo
          if (key.length() > 1 && key[1] == '-')
              key.erase(0, 1);
  
          // Check for -nofoo
          if (InterpretNegatedOption(key, val)) {
              m_override_args[key].clear();
          } else {
              m_override_args[key].push_back(val);
          }
  
          // Check that the arg is known
          if (!(IsSwitchChar(key[0]) && key.size() == 1)) {
              if (!IsArgKnown(key)) {
                  error = strprintf("Invalid parameter %s", key.c_str());
                  return false;
              }
          }
      }
  
      // we do not allow -includeconf from command line, so we clear it here
      auto it = m_override_args.find("-includeconf");
      if (it != m_override_args.end()) {
          if (it->second.size() > 0) {
              for (const auto& ic : it->second) {
                  error += "-includeconf cannot be used from commandline; -includeconf=" + ic + "\n";
              }
              return false;
          }
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::IsArgKnown(const std::string& key) const
  {
      size_t option_index = key.find('.');
      std::string arg_no_net;
      if (option_index == std::string::npos) {
          arg_no_net = key;
      } else {
          arg_no_net = std::string("-") + key.substr(option_index + 1, std::string::npos);
      }
  
      for (const auto& arg_map : m_available_args) {
          if (arg_map.second.count(arg_no_net)) return true;
      }
      return false;
  }
  
  std::vector<std::string> ArgsManager::GetArgs(const std::string& strArg) const
  {
      std::vector<std::string> result = {};
      if (IsArgNegated(strArg)) return result; // special case
  
      LOCK(cs_args);
  
      ArgsManagerHelper::AddArgs(result, m_override_args, strArg);
      if (!m_network.empty()) {
          ArgsManagerHelper::AddArgs(result, m_config_args, ArgsManagerHelper::NetworkArg(*this, strArg));
      }
  
      if (ArgsManagerHelper::UseDefaultSection(*this, strArg)) {
          ArgsManagerHelper::AddArgs(result, m_config_args, strArg);
      }
  
      return result;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::IsArgSet(const std::string& strArg) const
  {
      if (IsArgNegated(strArg)) return true; // special case
      return ArgsManagerHelper::GetArg(*this, strArg).first;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::IsArgNegated(const std::string& strArg) const
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
  
      const auto& ov = m_override_args.find(strArg);
      if (ov != m_override_args.end()) return ov->second.empty();
  
      if (!m_network.empty()) {
          const auto& cfs = m_config_args.find(ArgsManagerHelper::NetworkArg(*this, strArg));
          if (cfs != m_config_args.end()) return cfs->second.empty();
      }
  
      const auto& cf = m_config_args.find(strArg);
      if (cf != m_config_args.end()) return cf->second.empty();
  
      return false;
  }
  
  std::string ArgsManager::GetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strDefault) const
  {
      if (IsArgNegated(strArg)) return "0";
      std::pair<bool,std::string> found_res = ArgsManagerHelper::GetArg(*this, strArg);
      if (found_res.first) return found_res.second;
      return strDefault;
  }
  
  int64_t ArgsManager::GetArg(const std::string& strArg, int64_t nDefault) const
  {
      if (IsArgNegated(strArg)) return 0;
      std::pair<bool,std::string> found_res = ArgsManagerHelper::GetArg(*this, strArg);
      if (found_res.first) return atoi64(found_res.second);
      return nDefault;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::GetBoolArg(const std::string& strArg, bool fDefault) const
  {
      if (IsArgNegated(strArg)) return false;
      std::pair<bool,std::string> found_res = ArgsManagerHelper::GetArg(*this, strArg);
      if (found_res.first) return InterpretBool(found_res.second);
      return fDefault;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::SoftSetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strValue)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      if (IsArgSet(strArg)) return false;
      ForceSetArg(strArg, strValue);
      return true;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::SoftSetBoolArg(const std::string& strArg, bool fValue)
  {
      if (fValue)
          return SoftSetArg(strArg, std::string("1"));
      else
          return SoftSetArg(strArg, std::string("0"));
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::ForceSetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strValue)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      m_override_args[strArg] = {strValue};
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::AddArg(const std::string& name, const std::string& help, const bool debug_only, const OptionsCategory& cat)
  {
      // Split arg name from its help param
      size_t eq_index = name.find('=');
      if (eq_index == std::string::npos) {
          eq_index = name.size();
      }
  
      std::map<std::string, Arg>& arg_map = m_available_args[cat];
      auto ret = arg_map.emplace(name.substr(0, eq_index), Arg(name.substr(eq_index, name.size() - eq_index), help, debug_only));
      assert(ret.second); // Make sure an insertion actually happened
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::AddHiddenArgs(const std::vector<std::string>& names)
  {
      for (const std::string& name : names) {
          AddArg(name, "", false, OptionsCategory::HIDDEN);
      }
  }
  
  std::string ArgsManager::GetHelpMessage() const
  {
      const bool show_debug = gArgs.GetBoolArg("-help-debug", false);
  
      std::string usage = "";
      for (const auto& arg_map : m_available_args) {
          switch(arg_map.first) {
              case OptionsCategory::OPTIONS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::CONNECTION:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Connection options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::ZMQ:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("ZeroMQ notification options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Debugging/Testing options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Node relay options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::BLOCK_CREATION:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Block creation options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::RPC:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("RPC server options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::WALLET:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Wallet options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::WALLET_DEBUG_TEST:
                  if (show_debug) usage += HelpMessageGroup("Wallet debugging/testing options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::CHAINPARAMS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Chain selection options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::GUI:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("UI Options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::COMMANDS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Commands:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::REGISTER_COMMANDS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Register Commands:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::GENESIS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Genesis block:");
                  break;
              default:
                  break;
          }
  
          // When we get to the hidden options, stop
          if (arg_map.first == OptionsCategory::HIDDEN) break;
  
          for (const auto& arg : arg_map.second) {
              if (show_debug || !arg.second.m_debug_only) {
                  std::string name;
                  if (arg.second.m_help_param.empty()) {
                      name = arg.first;
                  } else {
                      name = arg.first + arg.second.m_help_param;
                  }
                  usage += HelpMessageOpt(name, arg.second.m_help_text);
              }
          }
      }
      return usage;
  }
  
  bool HelpRequested(const ArgsManager& args)
  {
      return args.IsArgSet("-?") || args.IsArgSet("-h") || args.IsArgSet("-help");
  }
  
  static const int screenWidth = 79;
  static const int optIndent = 2;
  static const int msgIndent = 7;
  
  std::string HelpMessageGroup(const std::string &message) {
      return std::string(message) + std::string("\n\n");
  }
  
  std::string HelpMessageOpt(const std::string &option, const std::string &message) {
      return std::string(optIndent,' ') + std::string(option) +
             std::string("\n") + std::string(msgIndent,' ') +
             FormatParagraph(message, screenWidth - msgIndent, msgIndent) +
             std::string("\n\n");
  }
  
  static std::string FormatException(const std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread)
  {
  #ifdef WIN32
      char pszModule[MAX_PATH] = "";
      GetModuleFileNameA(nullptr, pszModule, sizeof(pszModule));
  #else
      const char* pszModule = "tapyrus";
  #endif
      if (pex)
          return strprintf(
              "EXCEPTION: %s       \n%s       \n%s in %s       \n", typeid(*pex).name(), pex->what(), pszModule, pszThread);
      else
          return strprintf(
              "UNKNOWN EXCEPTION       \n%s in %s       \n", pszModule, pszThread);
  }
  
  void PrintExceptionContinue(const std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread)
  {
      std::string message = FormatException(pex, pszThread);
      LogPrintf("\n\n************************\n%s\n", message);
      fprintf(stderr, "\n\n************************\n%s\n", message.c_str());
  }
  
  fs::path GetDefaultDataDir()
  {
      // Windows < Vista: C:\Documents and Settings\Username\Application Data\Tapyrus
      // Windows >= Vista: C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\Tapyrus
      // Mac: ~/Library/Application Support/Tapyrus
      // Unix: ~/.tapyrus
  #ifdef WIN32
      // Windows
      return GetSpecialFolderPath(CSIDL_APPDATA) / "Tapyrus";
  #else
      fs::path pathRet;
      char* pszHome = getenv("HOME");
      if (pszHome == nullptr || strlen(pszHome) == 0)
          pathRet = fs::path("/");
      else
          pathRet = fs::path(pszHome);
  #ifdef MAC_OSX
      // Mac
      return pathRet / "Library/Application Support/Tapyrus";
  #else
      // Unix
      return pathRet / ".tapyrus";
  #endif
  #endif
  }
  
  static fs::path g_blocks_path_cache_net_specific;
  static fs::path pathCached;
  static fs::path pathCachedNetSpecific;
  static CCriticalSection csPathCached;
  
  std::string GetDataDirNameFromNetworkId(const int networkId)
  {
      const std::string strNetworkId(std::to_string(networkId));
      return TAPYRUS_MODES::GetChainName(gArgs.GetChainMode()) + (strNetworkId.size() ? "-" + strNetworkId : "");
  }
  
  const fs::path &GetBlocksDir()
  {
  
      LOCK(csPathCached);
  
      fs::path &path = g_blocks_path_cache_net_specific;
  
      // This can be called during exceptions by LogPrintf(), so we cache the
      // value so we don't have to do memory allocations after that.
      if (!path.empty())
          return path;
  
      if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-blocksdir")) {
          path = fs::system_complete(gArgs.GetArg("-blocksdir", ""));
          if (!fs::is_directory(path)) {
              path = "";
              return path;
          }
      } else {
          path = GetDataDir(false);
      }
  
      path /= GetDataDirNameFromNetworkId(gArgs.GetArg("-networkid", TAPYRUS_MODES::GetDefaultNetworkId(gArgs.GetChainMode())));
  
      path /= "blocks";
      fs::create_directories(path);
      return path;
  }
  
  const fs::path &GetDataDir(bool fNetSpecific)
  {
  
      LOCK(csPathCached);
  
      fs::path &path = fNetSpecific ? pathCachedNetSpecific : pathCached;
  
      // This can be called during exceptions by LogPrintf(), so we cache the
      // value so we don't have to do memory allocations after that.
      if (!path.empty())
          return path;
  
      if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-datadir")) {
          path = fs::system_complete(gArgs.GetArg("-datadir", ""));
          if (!fs::is_directory(path)) {
              path = "";
              return path;
          }
      } else {
          path = GetDefaultDataDir();
      }
      if (fNetSpecific)
          path /= GetDataDirNameFromNetworkId(gArgs.GetArg("-networkid", TAPYRUS_MODES::GetDefaultNetworkId(gArgs.GetChainMode())));
  
      if (fs::create_directories(path)) {
          // This is the first run, create wallets subdirectory too
          fs::create_directories(path / "wallets");
      }
  
      return path;
  }
  
  void ClearDatadirCache()
  {
      LOCK(csPathCached);
  
      pathCached = fs::path();
      pathCachedNetSpecific = fs::path();
      g_blocks_path_cache_net_specific = fs::path();
  }
  
  fs::path GetConfigFile(const std::string& confPath)
  {
      return AbsPathForConfigVal(fs::path(confPath), false);
  }
  
  static std::string TrimString(const std::string& str, const std::string& pattern)
  {
      std::string::size_type front = str.find_first_not_of(pattern);
      if (front == std::string::npos) {
          return std::string();
      }
      std::string::size_type end = str.find_last_not_of(pattern);
      return str.substr(front, end - front + 1);
  }
  
  static bool GetConfigOptions(std::istream& stream, std::string& error, std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> &options)
  {
      std::string str, prefix;
      std::string::size_type pos;
      int linenr = 1;
      while (std::getline(stream, str)) {
          if ((pos = str.find('#')) != std::string::npos) {
              str = str.substr(0, pos);
          }
          const static std::string pattern = " \t\r\n";
          str = TrimString(str, pattern);
          if (!str.empty()) {
              if (*str.begin() == '[' && *str.rbegin() == ']') {
                  prefix = str.substr(1, str.size() - 2) + '.';
              } else if (*str.begin() == '-') {
                  error = strprintf("parse error on line %i: %s, options in configuration file must be specified without leading -", linenr, str);
                  return false;
              } else if ((pos = str.find('=')) != std::string::npos) {
                  std::string name = prefix + TrimString(str.substr(0, pos), pattern);
                  std::string value = TrimString(str.substr(pos + 1), pattern);
                  options.emplace_back(name, value);
              } else {
                  error = strprintf("parse error on line %i: %s", linenr, str);
                  if (str.size() >= 2 && str.substr(0, 2) == "no") {
                      error += strprintf(", if you intended to specify a negated option, use %s=1 instead", str);
                  }
                  return false;
              }
          }
          ++linenr;
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::ReadConfigStream(std::istream& stream, std::string& error, bool ignore_invalid_keys)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> options;
      if (!GetConfigOptions(stream, error, options)) {
          return false;
      }
      for (const std::pair<std::string, std::string>& option : options) {
          std::string strKey = std::string("-") + option.first;
          std::string strValue = option.second;
  
          if (InterpretNegatedOption(strKey, strValue)) {
              m_config_args[strKey].clear();
          } else {
              m_config_args[strKey].push_back(strValue);
          }
  
          // Check that the arg is known
          if (!IsArgKnown(strKey)) {
              if (!ignore_invalid_keys) {
                  error = strprintf("Invalid configuration value %s", option.first.c_str());
                  return false;
              } else {
                  LogPrintf("Ignoring unknown configuration value %s\n", option.first);
              }
          }
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::ReadConfigFiles(std::string& error, bool ignore_invalid_keys)
  {
      {
          LOCK(cs_args);
          m_config_args.clear();
      }
  
      const std::string confPath = GetArg("-conf", BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME);
      fs::ifstream stream(GetConfigFile(confPath));
  
      // ok to not have a config file
      if (stream.good()) {
          if (!ReadConfigStream(stream, error, ignore_invalid_keys)) {
              return false;
          }
          // if there is an -includeconf in the override args, but it is empty, that means the user
          // passed '-noincludeconf' on the command line, in which case we should not include anything
          if (m_override_args.count("-includeconf") == 0) {
              std::string chain_id = TAPYRUS_MODES::GetChainName( GetChainMode());
              std::vector<std::string> includeconf(GetArgs("-includeconf"));
              {
                  // We haven't set m_network yet (that happens in SelectParams()), so manually check
                  // for network.includeconf args.
                  std::vector<std::string> includeconf_net(GetArgs(std::string("-") + chain_id + ".includeconf"));
                  includeconf.insert(includeconf.end(), includeconf_net.begin(), includeconf_net.end());
              }
  
              // Remove -includeconf from configuration, so we can warn about recursion
              // later
              {
                  LOCK(cs_args);
                  m_config_args.erase("-includeconf");
                  m_config_args.erase(std::string("-") + chain_id + ".includeconf");
              }
  
              for (const std::string& to_include : includeconf) {
                  fs::ifstream include_config(GetConfigFile(to_include));
                  if (include_config.good()) {
                      if (!ReadConfigStream(include_config, error, ignore_invalid_keys)) {
                          return false;
                      }
                      LogPrintf("Included configuration file %s\n", to_include.c_str());
                  } else {
                      error = "Failed to include configuration file " + to_include;
                      return false;
                  }
              }
  
              // Warn about recursive -includeconf
              includeconf = GetArgs("-includeconf");
              {
                  std::vector<std::string> includeconf_net(GetArgs(std::string("-") + chain_id + ".includeconf"));
                  includeconf.insert(includeconf.end(), includeconf_net.begin(), includeconf_net.end());
                  std::string chain_id_final = TAPYRUS_MODES::GetChainName( GetChainMode());
                  if (chain_id_final != chain_id) {
                      // Also warn about recursive includeconf for the chain that was specified in one of the includeconfs
                      includeconf_net = GetArgs(std::string("-") + chain_id_final + ".includeconf");
                      includeconf.insert(includeconf.end(), includeconf_net.begin(), includeconf_net.end());
                  }
              }
              for (const std::string& to_include : includeconf) {
                  fprintf(stderr, "warning: -includeconf cannot be used from included files; ignoring -includeconf=%s\n", to_include.c_str());
              }
          }
      }
  
      // If datadir is changed in .conf file:
      ClearDatadirCache();
      if (!fs::is_directory(GetDataDir(false))) {
          error = strprintf("specified data directory \"%s\" does not exist.", gArgs.GetArg("-datadir", "").c_str());
          return false;
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  TAPYRUS_OP_MODE ArgsManager::GetChainMode() const
  {
      bool fRegTest = ArgsManagerHelper::GetNetBoolArg(*this, "-dev");
  
      if (fRegTest)
          return TAPYRUS_OP_MODE::DEV;
      return TAPYRUS_OP_MODE::PROD;
  }
  
  #ifndef WIN32
  fs::path GetPidFile()
  {
      return AbsPathForConfigVal(fs::path(gArgs.GetArg("-pid", BITCOIN_PID_FILENAME)));
  }
  
  void CreatePidFile(const fs::path &path, pid_t pid)
  {
      FILE* file = fsbridge::fopen(path, "w");
      if (file)
      {
          fprintf(file, "%d\n", pid);
          fclose(file);
      }
  }
  #endif
  
  bool RenameOver(fs::path src, fs::path dest)
  {
  #ifdef WIN32
      return MoveFileExA(src.string().c_str(), dest.string().c_str(),
                         MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING) != 0;
  #else
      int rc = std::rename(src.string().c_str(), dest.string().c_str());
      return (rc == 0);
  #endif /* WIN32 */
  }
  
  /**
   * Ignores exceptions thrown by Boost's create_directories if the requested directory exists.
   * Specifically handles case where path p exists, but it wasn't possible for the user to
   * write to the parent directory.
   */
  bool TryCreateDirectories(const fs::path& p)
  {
      try
      {
          return fs::create_directories(p);
      } catch (const fs::filesystem_error&) {
          if (!fs::exists(p) || !fs::is_directory(p))
              throw;
      }
  
      // create_directories didn't create the directory, it had to have existed already
      return false;
  }
  
  bool FileCommit(FILE *file)
  {
      if (fflush(file) != 0) { // harmless if redundantly called
          LogPrintf("%s: fflush failed: %d\n", __func__, errno);
          return false;
      }
  #ifdef WIN32
      HANDLE hFile = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(_fileno(file));
      if (FlushFileBuffers(hFile) == 0) {
          LogPrintf("%s: FlushFileBuffers failed: %d\n", __func__, GetLastError());
          return false;
      }
  #else
      #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
      if (fdatasync(fileno(file)) != 0 && errno != EINVAL) { // Ignore EINVAL for filesystems that don't support sync
          LogPrintf("%s: fdatasync failed: %d\n", __func__, errno);
          return false;
      }
      #elif defined(MAC_OSX) && defined(F_FULLFSYNC)
      if (fcntl(fileno(file), F_FULLFSYNC, 0) == -1) { // Manpage says "value other than -1" is returned on success
          LogPrintf("%s: fcntl F_FULLFSYNC failed: %d\n", __func__, errno);
          return false;
      }
      #else
      if (fsync(fileno(file)) != 0 && errno != EINVAL) {
          LogPrintf("%s: fsync failed: %d\n", __func__, errno);
          return false;
      }
      #endif
  #endif
      return true;
  }
  
  bool TruncateFile(FILE *file, unsigned int length) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      return _chsize(_fileno(file), length) == 0;
  #else
      return ftruncate(fileno(file), length) == 0;
  #endif
  }
  
  /**
   * this function tries to raise the file descriptor limit to the requested number.
   * It returns the actual file descriptor limit (which may be more or less than nMinFD)
   */
  int RaiseFileDescriptorLimit(int nMinFD) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      return 2048;
  #else
      struct rlimit limitFD;
      if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD) != -1) {
          if (limitFD.rlim_cur < (rlim_t)nMinFD) {
              limitFD.rlim_cur = nMinFD;
              if (limitFD.rlim_cur > limitFD.rlim_max)
                  limitFD.rlim_cur = limitFD.rlim_max;
              setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD);
              getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD);
          }
          return limitFD.rlim_cur;
      }
      return nMinFD; // getrlimit failed, assume it's fine
  #endif
  }
  
  /**
   * this function tries to make a particular range of a file allocated (corresponding to disk space)
   * it is advisory, and the range specified in the arguments will never contain live data
   */
  void AllocateFileRange(FILE *file, unsigned int offset, unsigned int length) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      // Windows-specific version
      HANDLE hFile = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(_fileno(file));
      LARGE_INTEGER nFileSize;
      int64_t nEndPos = (int64_t)offset + length;
      nFileSize.u.LowPart = nEndPos & 0xFFFFFFFF;
      nFileSize.u.HighPart = nEndPos >> 32;
      SetFilePointerEx(hFile, nFileSize, 0, FILE_BEGIN);
      SetEndOfFile(hFile);
  #elif defined(MAC_OSX)
      // OSX specific version
      fstore_t fst;
      fst.fst_flags = F_ALLOCATECONTIG;
      fst.fst_posmode = F_PEOFPOSMODE;
      fst.fst_offset = 0;
      fst.fst_length = (off_t)offset + length;
      fst.fst_bytesalloc = 0;
      if (fcntl(fileno(file), F_PREALLOCATE, &fst) == -1) {
          fst.fst_flags = F_ALLOCATEALL;
          fcntl(fileno(file), F_PREALLOCATE, &fst);
      }
      ftruncate(fileno(file), fst.fst_length);
  #elif defined(__linux__)
      // Version using posix_fallocate
      off_t nEndPos = (off_t)offset + length;
      posix_fallocate(fileno(file), 0, nEndPos);
  #else
      // Fallback version
      // TODO: just write one byte per block
      static const char buf[65536] = {};
      if (fseek(file, offset, SEEK_SET)) {
          return;
      }
      while (length > 0) {
          unsigned int now = 65536;
          if (length < now)
              now = length;
          fwrite(buf, 1, now, file); // allowed to fail; this function is advisory anyway
          length -= now;
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  #ifdef WIN32
  fs::path GetSpecialFolderPath(int nFolder, bool fCreate)
  {
      char pszPath[MAX_PATH] = "";
  
      if(SHGetSpecialFolderPathA(nullptr, pszPath, nFolder, fCreate))
      {
          return fs::path(pszPath);
      }
  
      LogPrintf("SHGetSpecialFolderPathA() failed, could not obtain requested path.\n");
      return fs::path("");
  }
  #endif
  
  void runCommand(const std::string& strCommand)
  {
      if (strCommand.empty()) return;
      int nErr = ::system(strCommand.c_str());
      if (nErr)
          LogPrintf("runCommand error: system(%s) returned %d\n", strCommand, nErr);
  }
  
  void RenameThread(const char* name)
  {
  #if defined(PR_SET_NAME)
      // Only the first 15 characters are used (16 - NUL terminator)
      ::prctl(PR_SET_NAME, name, 0, 0, 0);
  #elif (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__))
      pthread_set_name_np(pthread_self(), name);
  
  #elif defined(MAC_OSX)
      pthread_setname_np(name);
  #else
      // Prevent warnings for unused parameters...
      (void)name;
  #endif
  }
  
  void SetupEnvironment()
  {
  #ifdef HAVE_MALLOPT_ARENA_MAX
      // glibc-specific: On 32-bit systems set the number of arenas to 1.
      // By default, since glibc 2.10, the C library will create up to two heap
      // arenas per core. This is known to cause excessive virtual address space
      // usage in our usage. Work around it by setting the maximum number of
      // arenas to 1.
      if (sizeof(void*) == 4) {
          mallopt(M_ARENA_MAX, 1);
      }
  #endif
      // On most POSIX systems (e.g. Linux, but not BSD) the environment's locale
      // may be invalid, in which case the "C" locale is used as fallback.
  #if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MAC_OSX) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
      try {
          std::locale(""); // Raises a runtime error if current locale is invalid
      } catch (const std::runtime_error&) {
          setenv("LC_ALL", "C", 1);
      }
  #endif
      // The path locale is lazy initialized and to avoid deinitialization errors
      // in multithreading environments, it is set explicitly by the main thread.
      // A dummy locale is used to extract the internal default locale, used by
      // fs::path, which is then used to explicitly imbue the path.
      std::locale loc = fs::path::imbue(std::locale::classic());
      fs::path::imbue(loc);
  }
  
  bool SetupNetworking()
  {
  #ifdef WIN32
      // Initialize Windows Sockets
      WSADATA wsadata;
      int ret = WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2,2), &wsadata);
      if (ret != NO_ERROR || LOBYTE(wsadata.wVersion ) != 2 || HIBYTE(wsadata.wVersion) != 2)
          return false;
  #endif
      return true;
  }
  
  int GetNumCores()
  {
      return std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
  }
  
  std::string CopyrightHolders(const std::string& strPrefix)
  {
      std::string strCopyrightHolders = strPrefix + strprintf(_(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS), _(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION));
  
      // Check for untranslated substitution to make sure Bitcoin Core copyright is not removed by accident
      if (strprintf(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS, COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION).find("Bitcoin Core") == std::string::npos) {
          strCopyrightHolders += "\n" + strPrefix + "The Bitcoin Core developers";
      }
      return strCopyrightHolders;
  }
  
  // Obtain the application startup time (used for uptime calculation)
  int64_t GetStartupTime()
  {
      return nStartupTime;
  }
  
  fs::path AbsPathForConfigVal(const fs::path& path, bool net_specific)
  {
      return fs::absolute(path, GetDataDir(net_specific));
  }
  
  int ScheduleBatchPriority(void)
  {
  #ifdef SCHED_BATCH
      const static sched_param param{0};
      if (int ret = pthread_setschedparam(pthread_self(), SCHED_BATCH, &param)) {
          LogPrintf("Failed to pthread_setschedparam: %s\n", strerror(errno));
          return ret;
      }
      return 0;
  #else
      return 1;
  #endif
  }