text: /* Copyright 2017 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
  
  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  
      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  
  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License.
  ==============================================================================*/
  
  #include "tensorflow/compiler/xla/service/instruction_fusion.h"
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <list>
  #include <memory>
  #include <numeric>
  #include <vector>
  
  #include "absl/algorithm/container.h"
  #include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
  #include "absl/container/flat_hash_set.h"
  #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
  #include "tensorflow/compiler/xla/map_util.h"
  #include "tensorflow/compiler/xla/service/fusion_queue.h"
  #include "tensorflow/compiler/xla/service/hlo_instruction.h"
  #include "tensorflow/compiler/xla/service/hlo_opcode.h"
  #include "tensorflow/compiler/xla/service/hlo_reachability.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/lib/core/errors.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/platform/logging.h"
  
  namespace xla {
  namespace {
  // These nodes can always be duplicated into consumers, even if
  // InstructionFusion::may_duplicate_ is false.
  //
  // In general these should be nodes that get *cheaper* the more they're
  // duplicated (and fused into consumers).
  //
  // TODO(jlebar): Duplicating instructions when we have a variable called "may
  // duplicate" that's equal to false is not pretty.
  bool IsAlwaysDuplicable(const HloInstruction& instruction) {
    // We are always willing to duplicate a widening type-conversion instruction
    // if it means we can fuse the convert into a consumer.  This allows the
    // consumer to read less memory, which is almost always a performance win.
    return instruction.opcode() == HloOpcode::kConvert &&
           ShapeUtil::ByteSizeOf(instruction.operand(0)->shape()) <
               ShapeUtil::ByteSizeOf(instruction.shape());
  }
  }  // namespace
  
  /*static*/ bool InstructionFusion::IsExpensive(
      const HloInstruction& instruction) {
    switch (instruction.opcode()) {
      // Cheap instructions.
      case HloOpcode::kAdd:
      case HloOpcode::kAnd:
      case HloOpcode::kBitcast:
      case HloOpcode::kBitcastConvert:
      case HloOpcode::kBroadcast:
      case HloOpcode::kCeil:
      case HloOpcode::kClamp:
      case HloOpcode::kClz:
      case HloOpcode::kComplex:
      case HloOpcode::kConcatenate:
      case HloOpcode::kConstant:
      case HloOpcode::kConvert:
      case HloOpcode::kCopy:
      case HloOpcode::kDynamicSlice:
      case HloOpcode::kDynamicUpdateSlice:
      case HloOpcode::kEq:
      case HloOpcode::kFloor:
      case HloOpcode::kGe:
      case HloOpcode::kGetTupleElement:
      case HloOpcode::kGt:
      case HloOpcode::kImag:
      case HloOpcode::kInfeed:
      case HloOpcode::kIota:
      case HloOpcode::kIsFinite:
      case HloOpcode::kLe:
      case HloOpcode::kLt:
      case HloOpcode::kMaximum:
      case HloOpcode::kMinimum:
      case HloOpcode::kMultiply:
      case HloOpcode::kNe:
      case HloOpcode::kNegate:
      case HloOpcode::kNot:
      case HloOpcode::kOr:
      case HloOpcode::kXor:
      case HloOpcode::kOutfeed:
      case HloOpcode::kPad:
      case HloOpcode::kReal:
      case HloOpcode::kReducePrecision:
      case HloOpcode::kReplicaId:
      case HloOpcode::kReshape:
      case HloOpcode::kReverse:
      case HloOpcode::kRoundNearestAfz:
      case HloOpcode::kSelect:
      case HloOpcode::kShiftLeft:
      case HloOpcode::kShiftRightArithmetic:
      case HloOpcode::kShiftRightLogical:
      case HloOpcode::kSlice:
      case HloOpcode::kSubtract:
      case HloOpcode::kTranspose:
      case HloOpcode::kTuple:
      case HloOpcode::kTupleSelect:
        return false;
  
      // Cheap instructions for reals, but expensive for complex.
      case HloOpcode::kAbs:
      case HloOpcode::kCos:
      case HloOpcode::kSign:
      case HloOpcode::kSin:
        return ShapeUtil::ElementIsComplex(instruction.shape());
  
      // Expensive instructions or unusual instructions for which fusion is
      // nonsensical.
      case HloOpcode::kAddDependency:
      case HloOpcode::kAfterAll:
      case HloOpcode::kAtan2:
      case HloOpcode::kBatchNormGrad:
      case HloOpcode::kBatchNormInference:
      case HloOpcode::kBatchNormTraining:
      case HloOpcode::kCall:
      case HloOpcode::kConditional:
      case HloOpcode::kConvolution:
      case HloOpcode::kAllReduce:
      case HloOpcode::kAllToAll:
      case HloOpcode::kCollectivePermute:
      case HloOpcode::kCustomCall:
      case HloOpcode::kDivide:
      case HloOpcode::kDomain:
      case HloOpcode::kDot:
      case HloOpcode::kExp:
      case HloOpcode::kExpm1:
      case HloOpcode::kFft:
      case HloOpcode::kFusion:
      case HloOpcode::kGather:
      case HloOpcode::kLog:
      case HloOpcode::kLog1p:
      case HloOpcode::kMap:
      case HloOpcode::kParameter:
      case HloOpcode::kPower:
      case HloOpcode::kRecv:
      case HloOpcode::kRecvDone:
      case HloOpcode::kReduce:
      case HloOpcode::kReduceWindow:
      case HloOpcode::kRemainder:
      case HloOpcode::kRng:
      case HloOpcode::kScatter:
      case HloOpcode::kSelectAndScatter:
      case HloOpcode::kSend:
      case HloOpcode::kSendDone:
      case HloOpcode::kSort:
      case HloOpcode::kTanh:
      case HloOpcode::kTrace:
      case HloOpcode::kWhile:
      case HloOpcode::kGetDimensionSize:
        return true;
    }
  
    return false;
  }
  
  // An "effectively at most unary" operation is one that has at most one "large"
  // input with the others being negligible in terms of memory usage.
  // We use "has a smaller true rank than the output" as a heuristic
  // for "negligible" memory usage.
  bool InstructionFusion::EffectivelyAtMostUnary(HloInstruction* hlo) {
    int64 output_rank = 0;
    ShapeUtil::ForEachSubshape(
        hlo->shape(),
        [&output_rank](const Shape& subshape, const ShapeIndex& shape_index) {
          if (subshape.IsArray()) {
            output_rank = std::max(output_rank, ShapeUtil::TrueRank(subshape));
          }
        });
    return absl::c_count_if(
               hlo->operands(), [output_rank](HloInstruction* operand) {
                 if (operand->opcode() == HloOpcode::kBroadcast ||
                     operand->opcode() == HloOpcode::kIota) {
                   return false;
                 }
                 if (operand->opcode() == HloOpcode::kConstant &&
                     ShapeUtil::IsEffectiveScalar(operand->shape())) {
                   return false;
                 }
                 return ShapeUtil::TrueRank(operand->shape()) >= output_rank;
               }) <= 1;
  }
  
  bool InstructionFusion::CanFuseOnAllPaths(
      HloInstruction* producer, HloInstruction* consumer,
      const HloInstructionSet& do_not_fuse,
      absl::flat_hash_map<std::pair<HloInstruction*, HloInstruction*>, bool>*
          result_cache) {
    if (consumer == producer) {
      return true;
    }
    if (!consumer->IsFusible()) {
      return false;
    }
    auto cache_it = result_cache->find(std::make_pair(producer, consumer));
    if (cache_it != result_cache->end()) {
      return cache_it->second;
    }
    bool result = true;
    for (int64 i = 0, e = consumer->operand_count(); i < e; ++i) {
      auto* consumer_operand = consumer->mutable_operand(i);
      // If the operand is not on a path to the producer, it doesn't matter
      // whether it's fusible.
      if (!reachability_->IsReachable(producer, consumer_operand)) {
        continue;
      }
      if (do_not_fuse.count(consumer_operand) > 0 || !ShouldFuse(consumer, i)) {
        result = false;
        break;
      }
      // The producer is reachable from consumer_operand which means we need
      // to be able to fuse consumer_operand into consumer in order for
      // producer to be fusible into consumer on all paths.
      // Perform the recursive step: make sure producer can be fused into
      // consumer_operand on all paths.
      if (!CanFuseOnAllPaths(producer, consumer_operand, do_not_fuse,
                             result_cache)) {
        result = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    result_cache->emplace(std::make_pair(producer, consumer), result);
    return result;
  }
  
  InstructionFusion::HloInstructionSet
  InstructionFusion::ComputeGloballyUnfusible(
      absl::Span<HloInstruction* const> post_order) {
    // Forbid fusion of producers that:
    // a) Need to be duplicated, unless they can be fused into all consumers
    //    via all paths.
    // b) Are more than unary, that is, fusing them would likely lead to an
    //    increase in memory bandwidth use.
    //
    // Note that if we allow fusion by these global rules, we may still forbid
    // fusing operations that require duplication later depending on
    // is_expensive_().
    HloInstructionSet do_not_duplicate;
    absl::flat_hash_map<std::pair<HloInstruction*, HloInstruction*>, bool>
        can_fuse_on_all_paths_result_cache;
    for (HloInstruction* consumer : post_order) {
      for (HloInstruction* producer : consumer->operands()) {
        if (do_not_duplicate.count(producer) > 0) {
          continue;
        }
  
        // If the producer is effectively not more than unary, duplicating it
        // will not increase the number of relevant inputs read, as the fusion
        // node will only need to read at most 1 relevant input (the input of
        // the producer). In that case, we do not forbid fusion of the operation
        // here.
        if (EffectivelyAtMostUnary(producer)) {
          continue;
        }
  
        // If the total size of the inputs is less than or equal to the total size
        // of the outputs for the producer then duplicating it won't increase the
        // memory traffic. In that case, we do not forbid fusion of the operation
        // here.
        auto total_size = [](const Shape& shape) {
          int64 size = 0;
          ShapeUtil::ForEachSubshape(
              shape,
              [&size](const Shape& subshape, const ShapeIndex& shape_index) {
                if (subshape.IsArray()) {
                  size += ShapeUtil::ElementsIn(subshape);
                }
              });
          return size;
        };
        int64 operands_size = 0;
        for (const HloInstruction* op : producer->operands()) {
          operands_size += total_size(op->shape());
        }
        if (operands_size <= total_size(producer->shape())) {
          continue;
        }
  
        // Otherwise we will forbid fusing the op unless we can fuse it into
        // all of its consumers on all paths.
        //
        // That means, that for:
        // A --> B (fusible)
        //   \-> C (non-fusible)
        // A will be not allowed to be fused into B, as it cannot be fused into C.
        //
        // Similarly, for:
        // A -------------> B
        //   \-> C -> D -/
        // If:
        // - A is fusible into B and C, and D is fusible into B
        // - C is *not* fusible into D
        // A will be not allowed to be fused into B, as it cannot be fused via
        // all paths.
        if (producer->IsFusible() &&
            CanFuseOnAllPaths(producer, consumer, do_not_duplicate,
                              &can_fuse_on_all_paths_result_cache)) {
          continue;
        }
        do_not_duplicate.insert(producer);
      }
    }
  
    return do_not_duplicate;
  }
  
  namespace {
  
  // A FusionQueue that uses reverse post order.
  //
  // We want to be able to remove arbitrary instructions from the post order and
  // also compare positions of instructions in the post order. To make this
  // possible, create vector of instructions in post order and create a map from
  // HloInstruction* to the instruction's index in the vector. An instruction is
  // "removed" from the vector by setting it's element to nullptr.
  class ReversePostOrderFusionQueue : public FusionQueue {
   public:
    explicit ReversePostOrderFusionQueue(HloComputation* computation) {
      post_order_ = computation->MakeInstructionPostOrder();
  
      for (size_t i = 0; i < post_order_.size(); ++i) {
        InsertOrDie(&post_order_index_, post_order_[i], i);
      }
    }
  
    std::pair<HloInstruction*, std::vector<int64>>
    DequeueNextInstructionAndOperandsToFuseInOrder() override {
      // Instructions are "removed" from the post order by nulling out the element
      // in the vector, so if the pointer is null, continue to the next
      // instruction in the sort.
      while (!post_order_.empty() && post_order_.back() == nullptr) {
        post_order_.pop_back();
      }
      if (post_order_.empty()) {
        return std::pair<HloInstruction*, std::vector<int64>>{nullptr, {}};
      }
      // We want to iterate in reverse post order, so remove from the back of the
      // vector.
      HloInstruction* instruction = post_order_.back();
      post_order_.pop_back();
  
      CHECK(instruction != nullptr);
      // Remove instruction from the index map to ensure the vector and map stay
      // consistent.
      post_order_index_.erase(instruction);
  
      // Consider each operand of this instruction for fusion into this
      // instruction. We want to consider the operands in a particular order to
      // avoid creating duplicate instruction clones in the fusion instruction.
      // For example, consider the following expression:
      //
      //   A = ...
      //   B = op(A)
      //   C = op(A, B)
      //
      // If we are considering the operands of C for fusion into C. We might
      // fuse A or B first. If we fuse A first, we get:
      //
      //   A = ...
      //   B = op(A)
      //   C_fusion = { A' = ...
      //                C' = op(A', B) }
      //
      // Where A' and C' are clones of A and C, respectively. Now only B is an
      // operand of the fusion instruction C_fusion, so then we fuse B:
      //
      //   A = ...
      //   B = op(A)
      //   C_fusion = { A' = ...
      //                B' = op(A)
      //                C' = op(A', B') }
      //
      // Now A is an operand of C_fusion again, so we then fuse A (again!):
      //
      //   A = ...
      //   B = op(A)
      //   C_fusion = { A' = ...
      //                A" = ..
      //                B' = op(A")
      //                C' = op(A', B') }
      //
      // We prevent this duplication by considering the operands in the order
      // they appear int the queue. In the example, this ensures that B will be
      // considered before A.
      //
      // We store the original indices of the operands to pass to ShouldFuse.
      std::vector<int64> sorted_operand_numbers;
      sorted_operand_numbers.reserve(instruction->operands().size());
      for (int i = 0; i < instruction->operands().size(); ++i) {
        // This will happen if we have two possible instructions to fuse the
        // same operand into; once the operand is fused into one instruction,
        // the other instruction will get a new get-tuple-element as its
        // operand, which is not in the queue.
        // TODO(tjoerg): Look into fusing past these multi-output fuse points.
        if (!ContainsKey(post_order_index_, instruction->mutable_operand(i))) {
          continue;
        }
        sorted_operand_numbers.push_back(i);
      }
      absl::c_sort(
          sorted_operand_numbers, [&](int64 i, int64 j) {
            // Instructions with higher priority in the queue come first.
            return (
                FindOrDie(post_order_index_, instruction->mutable_operand(i)) >
                FindOrDie(post_order_index_, instruction->mutable_operand(j)));
          });
      return std::make_pair(instruction, sorted_operand_numbers);
    }
  
    void OnFusingInstruction(HloInstruction* fusion,
                             HloInstruction* original_producer,
                             HloInstruction* original_consumer) override {
      // Fusing an instruction into a fusion instruction can change the operand
      // set of the fusion instruction. For simplicity just re-enqueue the
      // instruction and reconsider it for further fusion in the next iteration.
      InsertOrDie(&post_order_index_, fusion, post_order_.size());
      post_order_.push_back(fusion);
    }
  
    void RemoveInstruction(HloInstruction* instruction) override {
      post_order_[FindOrDie(post_order_index_, instruction)] = nullptr;
      post_order_index_.erase(instruction);
    }
  
   private:
    std::vector<HloInstruction*> post_order_;
    absl::flat_hash_map<HloInstruction*, int> post_order_index_;
  };
  
  }  // namespace
  
  std::unique_ptr<FusionQueue> InstructionFusion::GetFusionQueue(
      HloComputation* computation) {
    return absl::make_unique<ReversePostOrderFusionQueue>(computation);
  }
  
  StatusOr<bool> InstructionFusion::Run(HloModule* module) {
    VLOG(2) << "Before instruction fusion:";
    XLA_VLOG_LINES(2, module->ToString());
  
    bool changed = false;
    module_ = module;
    for (auto* computation : module->MakeNonfusionComputations()) {
      CHECK(!computation->IsFusionComputation());
      computation_ = computation;
      reachability_ = HloReachabilityMap::Build(computation_);
  
      HloInstructionSet do_not_duplicate;
      // If we allow duplications, we need to compute which instructions we do not
      // want to duplicate based on a global analysis of the graph.
      if (may_duplicate_) {
        do_not_duplicate =
            ComputeGloballyUnfusible(computation_->MakeInstructionPostOrder());
      }
      auto fusion_queue = GetFusionQueue(computation_);
  
      // Instruction fusion effectively fuses edges in the computation graph
      // (producer instruction -> consumer instruction) so we iterate over all
      // edges. When we fuse an edge, we create a copy of the producer inside the
      // fusion instruction.
      while (true) {
        auto next_entry =
            fusion_queue->DequeueNextInstructionAndOperandsToFuseInOrder();
        auto instruction = next_entry.first;
        if (instruction == nullptr) {
          break;
        }
  
        if (!instruction->IsFusible() &&
            instruction->opcode() != HloOpcode::kFusion) {
          continue;
        }
  
        std::vector<int64>& sorted_operand_numbers = next_entry.second;
  
        for (int64 i : sorted_operand_numbers) {
          HloInstruction* operand = instruction->mutable_operand(i);
  
          if (!operand->IsFusible()) {
            continue;
          }
  
          HloInstruction* fusion_instruction;
          // Try "regular" fusion if the operand may be duplicated. Otherwise,
          // perform multi-output fusion, unless this creates a cycle.
          if (do_not_duplicate.count(operand) == 0 &&
              ShouldFuse(instruction, i)) {
            fusion_queue->PreFusion(operand, instruction);
            fusion_instruction = Fuse(operand, instruction);
          } else if (ShouldFuseIntoMultiOutput(instruction, i) &&
                     !MultiOutputFusionCreatesCycle(operand, instruction)) {
            fusion_queue->PreFusion(operand, instruction);
            fusion_instruction = FuseIntoMultiOutput(operand, instruction);
          } else {
            continue;
          }
  
          fusion_queue->OnFusingInstruction(fusion_instruction, operand,
                                            instruction);
          changed = true;
  
          if (operand->user_count() == 0) {
            do_not_duplicate.erase(operand);
            // Operand is now dead. Remove from queue.
            fusion_queue->RemoveInstruction(operand);
            // Remove from computation.
            TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(computation_->RemoveInstruction(operand));
          }
  
          if (fusion_instruction != instruction) {
            do_not_duplicate.erase(instruction);
          }
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  
    VLOG(2) << "After instruction fusion:";
    XLA_VLOG_LINES(2, module->ToString());
  
    return changed;
  }
  
  HloInstruction* InstructionFusion::AddFusionInstruction(
      HloInstruction* producer, HloInstruction* consumer) {
    HloInstruction* fusion_instruction;
    auto kind = ChooseKind(producer, consumer);
    if (consumer->opcode() == HloOpcode::kFusion) {
      fusion_instruction = consumer;
      if (kind != fusion_instruction->fusion_kind()) {
        fusion_instruction->set_fusion_kind(kind);
      }
    } else {
      fusion_instruction = computation_->AddInstruction(
          HloInstruction::CreateFusion(consumer->shape(), kind, consumer));
      TF_CHECK_OK(computation_->ReplaceInstruction(consumer, fusion_instruction));
    }
    return fusion_instruction;
  }
  
  HloInstruction* InstructionFusion::Fuse(HloInstruction* producer,
                                          HloInstruction* consumer) {
    VLOG(2) << "Fusing " << producer->ToString() << " into "
            << consumer->ToString();
    HloInstruction* fusion_instruction = AddFusionInstruction(producer, consumer);
    fusion_instruction->FuseInstruction(producer);
    return fusion_instruction;
  }
  
  HloInstruction* InstructionFusion::FuseIntoMultiOutput(
      HloInstruction* producer, HloInstruction* consumer) {
    VLOG(2) << "Multi-output fusing " << producer->ToString() << " into "
            << consumer->ToString();
    HloInstruction* fusion_instruction = AddFusionInstruction(producer, consumer);
    fusion_instruction->FuseInstructionIntoMultiOutput(producer);
    return fusion_instruction;
  }
  
  bool InstructionFusion::MultiOutputFusionCreatesCycle(
      HloInstruction* producer, HloInstruction* consumer) {
    absl::flat_hash_set<int> operands;
    for (const HloInstruction* operand : consumer->operands()) {
      if (operand == producer) {
        continue;
      }
  
      // If the reachability map already contains the producer and the operand of
      // the consumer, and the producer can reach the operand, then we know for
      // sure MultiOutputFusion would create a cycle. If not, we need to do a DFS
      // traversal of the computation to verify that this multioutput fusion would
      // not create a cycle.
      if (reachability_->IsPresent(producer) &&
          reachability_->IsPresent(operand) &&
          reachability_->IsReachable(producer, operand)) {
        return true;
      }
      operands.insert(operand->unique_id());
    }
  
    // Do a DFS on the producer to see if any of the other consumer operands are
    // reachable in the current state of the graph.
    std::vector<HloInstruction*> worklist = producer->users();
    absl::flat_hash_set<int> visits;
    while (!worklist.empty()) {
      const HloInstruction* user = worklist.back();
      worklist.pop_back();
      if (operands.count(user->unique_id()) != 0) {
        return true;
      }
      if (visits.count(user->unique_id()) == 0) {
        visits.insert(user->unique_id());
        worklist.insert(worklist.end(), user->users().begin(),
                        user->users().end());
      }
    }
    return false;
  }
  
  bool InstructionFusion::ShouldFuse(HloInstruction* consumer,
                                     int64 operand_index) {
    HloInstruction* producer = consumer->mutable_operand(operand_index);
  
    // Cost condition: don't duplicate expensive instructions.
    if (FusionWouldDuplicate(*producer, *consumer) &&
        (!may_duplicate_ || is_expensive_(*producer)) &&
        !IsAlwaysDuplicable(*producer)) {
      return false;
    }
  
    if (consumer->opcode() == HloOpcode::kFusion &&
        consumer->fusion_kind() != HloInstruction::FusionKind::kLoop &&
        consumer->fusion_kind() != HloInstruction::FusionKind::kInput &&
        consumer->fusion_kind() != HloInstruction::FusionKind::kOutput) {
      return false;
    }
  
    if (producer->CouldBeBitcast() &&
        // We can't fuse parameters anyhow, so we leave the user unfused to become
        // a bitcast. If the operand is not a parameter, we would break a
        // potential fusion to make it a bitcast, which is not so clear a win.
        producer->operand(0)->opcode() == HloOpcode::kParameter) {
      return false;
    }
  
    return true;
  }
  
  HloInstruction::FusionKind InstructionFusion::ChooseKind(
      const HloInstruction* producer, const HloInstruction* consumer) {
    return HloInstruction::FusionKind::kLoop;
  }
  
  }  // namespace xla
  