text: /*
   * page-types: Tool for querying page flags
   *
   * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
   * Software Foundation; version 2.
   *
   * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
   * more details.
   *
   * You should find a copy of v2 of the GNU General Public License somewhere on
   * your Linux system; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59
   * Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA.
   *
   * Copyright (C) 2009 Intel corporation
   *
   * Authors: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
   */
  
  #define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <stdint.h>
  #include <stdarg.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <getopt.h>
  #include <limits.h>
  #include <assert.h>
  #include <sys/types.h>
  #include <sys/errno.h>
  #include <sys/fcntl.h>
  #include <sys/mount.h>
  #include <sys/statfs.h>
  #include "../../include/uapi/linux/magic.h"
  #include "../../include/uapi/linux/kernel-page-flags.h"
  
  
  #ifndef MAX_PATH
  # define MAX_PATH 256
  #endif
  
  #ifndef STR
  # define _STR(x) #x
  # define STR(x) _STR(x)
  #endif
  
  /*
   * pagemap kernel ABI bits
   */
  
  #define PM_ENTRY_BYTES      sizeof(uint64_t)
  #define PM_STATUS_BITS      3
  #define PM_STATUS_OFFSET    (64 - PM_STATUS_BITS)
  #define PM_STATUS_MASK      (((1LL << PM_STATUS_BITS) - 1) << PM_STATUS_OFFSET)
  #define PM_STATUS(nr)       (((nr) << PM_STATUS_OFFSET) & PM_STATUS_MASK)
  #define PM_PSHIFT_BITS      6
  #define PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET    (PM_STATUS_OFFSET - PM_PSHIFT_BITS)
  #define PM_PSHIFT_MASK      (((1LL << PM_PSHIFT_BITS) - 1) << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET)
  #define PM_PSHIFT(x)        (((u64) (x) << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET) & PM_PSHIFT_MASK)
  #define PM_PFRAME_MASK      ((1LL << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET) - 1)
  #define PM_PFRAME(x)        ((x) & PM_PFRAME_MASK)
  
  #define PM_PRESENT          PM_STATUS(4LL)
  #define PM_SWAP             PM_STATUS(2LL)
  
  
  /*
   * kernel page flags
   */
  
  #define KPF_BYTES		8
  #define PROC_KPAGEFLAGS		"/proc/kpageflags"
  
  /* [32-] kernel hacking assistances */
  #define KPF_RESERVED		32
  #define KPF_MLOCKED		33
  #define KPF_MAPPEDTODISK	34
  #define KPF_PRIVATE		35
  #define KPF_PRIVATE_2		36
  #define KPF_OWNER_PRIVATE	37
  #define KPF_ARCH		38
  #define KPF_UNCACHED		39
  
  /* [48-] take some arbitrary free slots for expanding overloaded flags
   * not part of kernel API
   */
  #define KPF_READAHEAD		48
  #define KPF_SLOB_FREE		49
  #define KPF_SLUB_FROZEN		50
  #define KPF_SLUB_DEBUG		51
  
  #define KPF_ALL_BITS		((uint64_t)~0ULL)
  #define KPF_HACKERS_BITS	(0xffffULL << 32)
  #define KPF_OVERLOADED_BITS	(0xffffULL << 48)
  #define BIT(name)		(1ULL << KPF_##name)
  #define BITS_COMPOUND		(BIT(COMPOUND_HEAD) | BIT(COMPOUND_TAIL))
  
  static const char * const page_flag_names[] = {
  	[KPF_LOCKED]		= "L:locked",
  	[KPF_ERROR]		= "E:error",
  	[KPF_REFERENCED]	= "R:referenced",
  	[KPF_UPTODATE]		= "U:uptodate",
  	[KPF_DIRTY]		= "D:dirty",
  	[KPF_LRU]		= "l:lru",
  	[KPF_ACTIVE]		= "A:active",
  	[KPF_SLAB]		= "S:slab",
  	[KPF_WRITEBACK]		= "W:writeback",
  	[KPF_RECLAIM]		= "I:reclaim",
  	[KPF_BUDDY]		= "B:buddy",
  
  	[KPF_MMAP]		= "M:mmap",
  	[KPF_ANON]		= "a:anonymous",
  	[KPF_SWAPCACHE]		= "s:swapcache",
  	[KPF_SWAPBACKED]	= "b:swapbacked",
  	[KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD]	= "H:compound_head",
  	[KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL]	= "T:compound_tail",
  	[KPF_HUGE]		= "G:huge",
  	[KPF_UNEVICTABLE]	= "u:unevictable",
  	[KPF_HWPOISON]		= "X:hwpoison",
  	[KPF_NOPAGE]		= "n:nopage",
  	[KPF_KSM]		= "x:ksm",
  	[KPF_THP]		= "t:thp",
  
  	[KPF_RESERVED]		= "r:reserved",
  	[KPF_MLOCKED]		= "m:mlocked",
  	[KPF_MAPPEDTODISK]	= "d:mappedtodisk",
  	[KPF_PRIVATE]		= "P:private",
  	[KPF_PRIVATE_2]		= "p:private_2",
  	[KPF_OWNER_PRIVATE]	= "O:owner_private",
  	[KPF_ARCH]		= "h:arch",
  	[KPF_UNCACHED]		= "c:uncached",
  
  	[KPF_READAHEAD]		= "I:readahead",
  	[KPF_SLOB_FREE]		= "P:slob_free",
  	[KPF_SLUB_FROZEN]	= "A:slub_frozen",
  	[KPF_SLUB_DEBUG]	= "E:slub_debug",
  };
  
  
  static const char * const debugfs_known_mountpoints[] = {
  	"/sys/kernel/debug",
  	"/debug",
  	0,
  };
  
  /*
   * data structures
   */
  
  static int		opt_raw;	/* for kernel developers */
  static int		opt_list;	/* list pages (in ranges) */
  static int		opt_no_summary;	/* don't show summary */
  static pid_t		opt_pid;	/* process to walk */
  
  #define MAX_ADDR_RANGES	1024
  static int		nr_addr_ranges;
  static unsigned long	opt_offset[MAX_ADDR_RANGES];
  static unsigned long	opt_size[MAX_ADDR_RANGES];
  
  #define MAX_VMAS	10240
  static int		nr_vmas;
  static unsigned long	pg_start[MAX_VMAS];
  static unsigned long	pg_end[MAX_VMAS];
  
  #define MAX_BIT_FILTERS	64
  static int		nr_bit_filters;
  static uint64_t		opt_mask[MAX_BIT_FILTERS];
  static uint64_t		opt_bits[MAX_BIT_FILTERS];
  
  static int		page_size;
  
  static int		pagemap_fd;
  static int		kpageflags_fd;
  
  static int		opt_hwpoison;
  static int		opt_unpoison;
  
  static char		hwpoison_debug_fs[MAX_PATH+1];
  static int		hwpoison_inject_fd;
  static int		hwpoison_forget_fd;
  
  #define HASH_SHIFT	13
  #define HASH_SIZE	(1 << HASH_SHIFT)
  #define HASH_MASK	(HASH_SIZE - 1)
  #define HASH_KEY(flags)	(flags & HASH_MASK)
  
  static unsigned long	total_pages;
  static unsigned long	nr_pages[HASH_SIZE];
  static uint64_t		page_flags[HASH_SIZE];
  
  
  /*
   * helper functions
   */
  
  #define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof((x)[0]))
  
  #define min_t(type, x, y) ({			\
  	type __min1 = (x);			\
  	type __min2 = (y);			\
  	__min1 < __min2 ? __min1 : __min2; })
  
  #define max_t(type, x, y) ({			\
  	type __max1 = (x);			\
  	type __max2 = (y);			\
  	__max1 > __max2 ? __max1 : __max2; })
  
  static unsigned long pages2mb(unsigned long pages)
  {
  	return (pages * page_size) >> 20;
  }
  
  static void fatal(const char *x, ...)
  {
  	va_list ap;
  
  	va_start(ap, x);
  	vfprintf(stderr, x, ap);
  	va_end(ap);
  	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  
  static int checked_open(const char *pathname, int flags)
  {
  	int fd = open(pathname, flags);
  
  	if (fd < 0) {
  		perror(pathname);
  		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  	}
  
  	return fd;
  }
  
  /*
   * pagemap/kpageflags routines
   */
  
  static unsigned long do_u64_read(int fd, char *name,
  				 uint64_t *buf,
  				 unsigned long index,
  				 unsigned long count)
  {
  	long bytes;
  
  	if (index > ULONG_MAX / 8)
  		fatal("index overflow: %lu\n", index);
  
  	if (lseek(fd, index * 8, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
  		perror(name);
  		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  	}
  
  	bytes = read(fd, buf, count * 8);
  	if (bytes < 0) {
  		perror(name);
  		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  	}
  	if (bytes % 8)
  		fatal("partial read: %lu bytes\n", bytes);
  
  	return bytes / 8;
  }
  
  static unsigned long kpageflags_read(uint64_t *buf,
  				     unsigned long index,
  				     unsigned long pages)
  {
  	return do_u64_read(kpageflags_fd, PROC_KPAGEFLAGS, buf, index, pages);
  }
  
  static unsigned long pagemap_read(uint64_t *buf,
  				  unsigned long index,
  				  unsigned long pages)
  {
  	return do_u64_read(pagemap_fd, "/proc/pid/pagemap", buf, index, pages);
  }
  
  static unsigned long pagemap_pfn(uint64_t val)
  {
  	unsigned long pfn;
  
  	if (val & PM_PRESENT)
  		pfn = PM_PFRAME(val);
  	else
  		pfn = 0;
  
  	return pfn;
  }
  
  
  /*
   * page flag names
   */
  
  static char *page_flag_name(uint64_t flags)
  {
  	static char buf[65];
  	int present;
  	size_t i, j;
  
  	for (i = 0, j = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) {
  		present = (flags >> i) & 1;
  		if (!page_flag_names[i]) {
  			if (present)
  				fatal("unknown flag bit %d\n", i);
  			continue;
  		}
  		buf[j++] = present ? page_flag_names[i][0] : '_';
  	}
  
  	return buf;
  }
  
  static char *page_flag_longname(uint64_t flags)
  {
  	static char buf[1024];
  	size_t i, n;
  
  	for (i = 0, n = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) {
  		if (!page_flag_names[i])
  			continue;
  		if ((flags >> i) & 1)
  			n += snprintf(buf + n, sizeof(buf) - n, "%s,",
  					page_flag_names[i] + 2);
  	}
  	if (n)
  		n--;
  	buf[n] = '\0';
  
  	return buf;
  }
  
  
  /*
   * page list and summary
   */
  
  static void show_page_range(unsigned long voffset,
  			    unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags)
  {
  	static uint64_t      flags0;
  	static unsigned long voff;
  	static unsigned long index;
  	static unsigned long count;
  
  	if (flags == flags0 && offset == index + count &&
  	    (!opt_pid || voffset == voff + count)) {
  		count++;
  		return;
  	}
  
  	if (count) {
  		if (opt_pid)
  			printf("%lx\t", voff);
  		printf("%lx\t%lx\t%s\n",
  				index, count, page_flag_name(flags0));
  	}
  
  	flags0 = flags;
  	index  = offset;
  	voff   = voffset;
  	count  = 1;
  }
  
  static void show_page(unsigned long voffset,
  		      unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags)
  {
  	if (opt_pid)
  		printf("%lx\t", voffset);
  	printf("%lx\t%s\n", offset, page_flag_name(flags));
  }
  
  static void show_summary(void)
  {
  	size_t i;
  
  	printf("             flags\tpage-count       MB"
  		"  symbolic-flags\t\t\tlong-symbolic-flags\n");
  
  	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(nr_pages); i++) {
  		if (nr_pages[i])
  			printf("0x%016llx\t%10lu %8lu  %s\t%s\n",
  				(unsigned long long)page_flags[i],
  				nr_pages[i],
  				pages2mb(nr_pages[i]),
  				page_flag_name(page_flags[i]),
  				page_flag_longname(page_flags[i]));
  	}
  
  	printf("             total\t%10lu %8lu\n",
  			total_pages, pages2mb(total_pages));
  }
  
  
  /*
   * page flag filters
   */
  
  static int bit_mask_ok(uint64_t flags)
  {
  	int i;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < nr_bit_filters; i++) {
  		if (opt_bits[i] == KPF_ALL_BITS) {
  			if ((flags & opt_mask[i]) == 0)
  				return 0;
  		} else {
  			if ((flags & opt_mask[i]) != opt_bits[i])
  				return 0;
  		}
  	}
  
  	return 1;
  }
  
  static uint64_t expand_overloaded_flags(uint64_t flags)
  {
  	/* SLOB/SLUB overload several page flags */
  	if (flags & BIT(SLAB)) {
  		if (flags & BIT(PRIVATE))
  			flags ^= BIT(PRIVATE) | BIT(SLOB_FREE);
  		if (flags & BIT(ACTIVE))
  			flags ^= BIT(ACTIVE) | BIT(SLUB_FROZEN);
  		if (flags & BIT(ERROR))
  			flags ^= BIT(ERROR) | BIT(SLUB_DEBUG);
  	}
  
  	/* PG_reclaim is overloaded as PG_readahead in the read path */
  	if ((flags & (BIT(RECLAIM) | BIT(WRITEBACK))) == BIT(RECLAIM))
  		flags ^= BIT(RECLAIM) | BIT(READAHEAD);
  
  	return flags;
  }
  
  static uint64_t well_known_flags(uint64_t flags)
  {
  	/* hide flags intended only for kernel hacker */
  	flags &= ~KPF_HACKERS_BITS;
  
  	/* hide non-hugeTLB compound pages */
  	if ((flags & BITS_COMPOUND) && !(flags & BIT(HUGE)))
  		flags &= ~BITS_COMPOUND;
  
  	return flags;
  }
  
  static uint64_t kpageflags_flags(uint64_t flags)
  {
  	flags = expand_overloaded_flags(flags);
  
  	if (!opt_raw)
  		flags = well_known_flags(flags);
  
  	return flags;
  }
  
  /* verify that a mountpoint is actually a debugfs instance */
  static int debugfs_valid_mountpoint(const char *debugfs)
  {
  	struct statfs st_fs;
  
  	if (statfs(debugfs, &st_fs) < 0)
  		return -ENOENT;
  	else if (st_fs.f_type != (long) DEBUGFS_MAGIC)
  		return -ENOENT;
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /* find the path to the mounted debugfs */
  static const char *debugfs_find_mountpoint(void)
  {
  	const char *const *ptr;
  	char type[100];
  	FILE *fp;
  
  	ptr = debugfs_known_mountpoints;
  	while (*ptr) {
  		if (debugfs_valid_mountpoint(*ptr) == 0) {
  			strcpy(hwpoison_debug_fs, *ptr);
  			return hwpoison_debug_fs;
  		}
  		ptr++;
  	}
  
  	/* give up and parse /proc/mounts */
  	fp = fopen("/proc/mounts", "r");
  	if (fp == NULL)
  		perror("Can't open /proc/mounts for read");
  
  	while (fscanf(fp, "%*s %"
  		      STR(MAX_PATH)
  		      "s %99s %*s %*d %*d\n",
  		      hwpoison_debug_fs, type) == 2) {
  		if (strcmp(type, "debugfs") == 0)
  			break;
  	}
  	fclose(fp);
  
  	if (strcmp(type, "debugfs") != 0)
  		return NULL;
  
  	return hwpoison_debug_fs;
  }
  
  /* mount the debugfs somewhere if it's not mounted */
  
  static void debugfs_mount(void)
  {
  	const char *const *ptr;
  
  	/* see if it's already mounted */
  	if (debugfs_find_mountpoint())
  		return;
  
  	ptr = debugfs_known_mountpoints;
  	while (*ptr) {
  		if (mount(NULL, *ptr, "debugfs", 0, NULL) == 0) {
  			/* save the mountpoint */
  			strcpy(hwpoison_debug_fs, *ptr);
  			break;
  		}
  		ptr++;
  	}
  
  	if (*ptr == NULL) {
  		perror("mount debugfs");
  		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  	}
  }
  
  /*
   * page actions
   */
  
  static void prepare_hwpoison_fd(void)
  {
  	char buf[MAX_PATH + 1];
  
  	debugfs_mount();
  
  	if (opt_hwpoison && !hwpoison_inject_fd) {
  		snprintf(buf, MAX_PATH, "%s/hwpoison/corrupt-pfn",
  			hwpoison_debug_fs);
  		hwpoison_inject_fd = checked_open(buf, O_WRONLY);
  	}
  
  	if (opt_unpoison && !hwpoison_forget_fd) {
  		snprintf(buf, MAX_PATH, "%s/hwpoison/unpoison-pfn",
  			hwpoison_debug_fs);
  		hwpoison_forget_fd = checked_open(buf, O_WRONLY);
  	}
  }
  
  static int hwpoison_page(unsigned long offset)
  {
  	char buf[100];
  	int len;
  
  	len = sprintf(buf, "0x%lx\n", offset);
  	len = write(hwpoison_inject_fd, buf, len);
  	if (len < 0) {
  		perror("hwpoison inject");
  		return len;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static int unpoison_page(unsigned long offset)
  {
  	char buf[100];
  	int len;
  
  	len = sprintf(buf, "0x%lx\n", offset);
  	len = write(hwpoison_forget_fd, buf, len);
  	if (len < 0) {
  		perror("hwpoison forget");
  		return len;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * page frame walker
   */
  
  static size_t hash_slot(uint64_t flags)
  {
  	size_t k = HASH_KEY(flags);
  	size_t i;
  
  	/* Explicitly reserve slot 0 for flags 0: the following logic
  	 * cannot distinguish an unoccupied slot from slot (flags==0).
  	 */
  	if (flags == 0)
  		return 0;
  
  	/* search through the remaining (HASH_SIZE-1) slots */
  	for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flags); i++, k++) {
  		if (!k || k >= ARRAY_SIZE(page_flags))
  			k = 1;
  		if (page_flags[k] == 0) {
  			page_flags[k] = flags;
  			return k;
  		}
  		if (page_flags[k] == flags)
  			return k;
  	}
  
  	fatal("hash table full: bump up HASH_SHIFT?\n");
  	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  
  static void add_page(unsigned long voffset,
  		     unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags)
  {
  	flags = kpageflags_flags(flags);
  
  	if (!bit_mask_ok(flags))
  		return;
  
  	if (opt_hwpoison)
  		hwpoison_page(offset);
  	if (opt_unpoison)
  		unpoison_page(offset);
  
  	if (opt_list == 1)
  		show_page_range(voffset, offset, flags);
  	else if (opt_list == 2)
  		show_page(voffset, offset, flags);
  
  	nr_pages[hash_slot(flags)]++;
  	total_pages++;
  }
  
  #define KPAGEFLAGS_BATCH	(64 << 10)	/* 64k pages */
  static void walk_pfn(unsigned long voffset,
  		     unsigned long index,
  		     unsigned long count)
  {
  	uint64_t buf[KPAGEFLAGS_BATCH];
  	unsigned long batch;
  	unsigned long pages;
  	unsigned long i;
  
  	while (count) {
  		batch = min_t(unsigned long, count, KPAGEFLAGS_BATCH);
  		pages = kpageflags_read(buf, index, batch);
  		if (pages == 0)
  			break;
  
  		for (i = 0; i < pages; i++)
  			add_page(voffset + i, index + i, buf[i]);
  
  		index += pages;
  		count -= pages;
  	}
  }
  
  #define PAGEMAP_BATCH	(64 << 10)
  static void walk_vma(unsigned long index, unsigned long count)
  {
  	uint64_t buf[PAGEMAP_BATCH];
  	unsigned long batch;
  	unsigned long pages;
  	unsigned long pfn;
  	unsigned long i;
  
  	while (count) {
  		batch = min_t(unsigned long, count, PAGEMAP_BATCH);
  		pages = pagemap_read(buf, index, batch);
  		if (pages == 0)
  			break;
  
  		for (i = 0; i < pages; i++) {
  			pfn = pagemap_pfn(buf[i]);
  			if (pfn)
  				walk_pfn(index + i, pfn, 1);
  		}
  
  		index += pages;
  		count -= pages;
  	}
  }
  
  static void walk_task(unsigned long index, unsigned long count)
  {
  	const unsigned long end = index + count;
  	unsigned long start;
  	int i = 0;
  
  	while (index < end) {
  
  		while (pg_end[i] <= index)
  			if (++i >= nr_vmas)
  				return;
  		if (pg_start[i] >= end)
  			return;
  
  		start = max_t(unsigned long, pg_start[i], index);
  		index = min_t(unsigned long, pg_end[i], end);
  
  		assert(start < index);
  		walk_vma(start, index - start);
  	}
  }
  
  static void add_addr_range(unsigned long offset, unsigned long size)
  {
  	if (nr_addr_ranges >= MAX_ADDR_RANGES)
  		fatal("too many addr ranges\n");
  
  	opt_offset[nr_addr_ranges] = offset;
  	opt_size[nr_addr_ranges] = min_t(unsigned long, size, ULONG_MAX-offset);
  	nr_addr_ranges++;
  }
  
  static void walk_addr_ranges(void)
  {
  	int i;
  
  	kpageflags_fd = checked_open(PROC_KPAGEFLAGS, O_RDONLY);
  
  	if (!nr_addr_ranges)
  		add_addr_range(0, ULONG_MAX);
  
  	for (i = 0; i < nr_addr_ranges; i++)
  		if (!opt_pid)
  			walk_pfn(0, opt_offset[i], opt_size[i]);
  		else
  			walk_task(opt_offset[i], opt_size[i]);
  
  	close(kpageflags_fd);
  }
  
  
  /*
   * user interface
   */
  
  static const char *page_flag_type(uint64_t flag)
  {
  	if (flag & KPF_HACKERS_BITS)
  		return "(r)";
  	if (flag & KPF_OVERLOADED_BITS)
  		return "(o)";
  	return "   ";
  }
  
  static void usage(void)
  {
  	size_t i, j;
  
  	printf(
  "page-types [options]\n"
  "            -r|--raw                   Raw mode, for kernel developers\n"
  "            -d|--describe flags        Describe flags\n"
  "            -a|--addr    addr-spec     Walk a range of pages\n"
  "            -b|--bits    bits-spec     Walk pages with specified bits\n"
  "            -p|--pid     pid           Walk process address space\n"
  #if 0 /* planned features */
  "            -f|--file    filename      Walk file address space\n"
  #endif
  "            -l|--list                  Show page details in ranges\n"
  "            -L|--list-each             Show page details one by one\n"
  "            -N|--no-summary            Don't show summary info\n"
  "            -X|--hwpoison              hwpoison pages\n"
  "            -x|--unpoison              unpoison pages\n"
  "            -h|--help                  Show this usage message\n"
  "flags:\n"
  "            0x10                       bitfield format, e.g.\n"
  "            anon                       bit-name, e.g.\n"
  "            0x10,anon                  comma-separated list, e.g.\n"
  "addr-spec:\n"
  "            N                          one page at offset N (unit: pages)\n"
  "            N+M                        pages range from N to N+M-1\n"
  "            N,M                        pages range from N to M-1\n"
  "            N,                         pages range from N to end\n"
  "            ,M                         pages range from 0 to M-1\n"
  "bits-spec:\n"
  "            bit1,bit2                  (flags & (bit1|bit2)) != 0\n"
  "            bit1,bit2=bit1             (flags & (bit1|bit2)) == bit1\n"
  "            bit1,~bit2                 (flags & (bit1|bit2)) == bit1\n"
  "            =bit1,bit2                 flags == (bit1|bit2)\n"
  "bit-names:\n"
  	);
  
  	for (i = 0, j = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) {
  		if (!page_flag_names[i])
  			continue;
  		printf("%16s%s", page_flag_names[i] + 2,
  				 page_flag_type(1ULL << i));
  		if (++j > 3) {
  			j = 0;
  			putchar('\n');
  		}
  	}
  	printf("\n                                   "
  		"(r) raw mode bits  (o) overloaded bits\n");
  }
  
  static unsigned long long parse_number(const char *str)
  {
  	unsigned long long n;
  
  	n = strtoll(str, NULL, 0);
  
  	if (n == 0 && str[0] != '0')
  		fatal("invalid name or number: %s\n", str);
  
  	return n;
  }
  
  static void parse_pid(const char *str)
  {
  	FILE *file;
  	char buf[5000];
  
  	opt_pid = parse_number(str);
  
  	sprintf(buf, "/proc/%d/pagemap", opt_pid);
  	pagemap_fd = checked_open(buf, O_RDONLY);
  
  	sprintf(buf, "/proc/%d/maps", opt_pid);
  	file = fopen(buf, "r");
  	if (!file) {
  		perror(buf);
  		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  	}
  
  	while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), file) != NULL) {
  		unsigned long vm_start;
  		unsigned long vm_end;
  		unsigned long long pgoff;
  		int major, minor;
  		char r, w, x, s;
  		unsigned long ino;
  		int n;
  
  		n = sscanf(buf, "%lx-%lx %c%c%c%c %llx %x:%x %lu",
  			   &vm_start,
  			   &vm_end,
  			   &r, &w, &x, &s,
  			   &pgoff,
  			   &major, &minor,
  			   &ino);
  		if (n < 10) {
  			fprintf(stderr, "unexpected line: %s\n", buf);
  			continue;
  		}
  		pg_start[nr_vmas] = vm_start / page_size;
  		pg_end[nr_vmas] = vm_end / page_size;
  		if (++nr_vmas >= MAX_VMAS) {
  			fprintf(stderr, "too many VMAs\n");
  			break;
  		}
  	}
  	fclose(file);
  }
  
  static void parse_file(const char *name)
  {
  }
  
  static void parse_addr_range(const char *optarg)
  {
  	unsigned long offset;
  	unsigned long size;
  	char *p;
  
  	p = strchr(optarg, ',');
  	if (!p)
  		p = strchr(optarg, '+');
  
  	if (p == optarg) {
  		offset = 0;
  		size   = parse_number(p + 1);
  	} else if (p) {
  		offset = parse_number(optarg);
  		if (p[1] == '\0')
  			size = ULONG_MAX;
  		else {
  			size = parse_number(p + 1);
  			if (*p == ',') {
  				if (size < offset)
  					fatal("invalid range: %lu,%lu\n",
  							offset, size);
  				size -= offset;
  			}
  		}
  	} else {
  		offset = parse_number(optarg);
  		size   = 1;
  	}
  
  	add_addr_range(offset, size);
  }
  
  static void add_bits_filter(uint64_t mask, uint64_t bits)
  {
  	if (nr_bit_filters >= MAX_BIT_FILTERS)
  		fatal("too much bit filters\n");
  
  	opt_mask[nr_bit_filters] = mask;
  	opt_bits[nr_bit_filters] = bits;
  	nr_bit_filters++;
  }
  
  static uint64_t parse_flag_name(const char *str, int len)
  {
  	size_t i;
  
  	if (!*str || !len)
  		return 0;
  
  	if (len <= 8 && !strncmp(str, "compound", len))
  		return BITS_COMPOUND;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) {
  		if (!page_flag_names[i])
  			continue;
  		if (!strncmp(str, page_flag_names[i] + 2, len))
  			return 1ULL << i;
  	}
  
  	return parse_number(str);
  }
  
  static uint64_t parse_flag_names(const char *str, int all)
  {
  	const char *p    = str;
  	uint64_t   flags = 0;
  
  	while (1) {
  		if (*p == ',' || *p == '=' || *p == '\0') {
  			if ((*str != '~') || (*str == '~' && all && *++str))
  				flags |= parse_flag_name(str, p - str);
  			if (*p != ',')
  				break;
  			str = p + 1;
  		}
  		p++;
  	}
  
  	return flags;
  }
  
  static void parse_bits_mask(const char *optarg)
  {
  	uint64_t mask;
  	uint64_t bits;
  	const char *p;
  
  	p = strchr(optarg, '=');
  	if (p == optarg) {
  		mask = KPF_ALL_BITS;
  		bits = parse_flag_names(p + 1, 0);
  	} else if (p) {
  		mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0);
  		bits = parse_flag_names(p + 1, 0);
  	} else if (strchr(optarg, '~')) {
  		mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 1);
  		bits = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0);
  	} else {
  		mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0);
  		bits = KPF_ALL_BITS;
  	}
  
  	add_bits_filter(mask, bits);
  }
  
  static void describe_flags(const char *optarg)
  {
  	uint64_t flags = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0);
  
  	printf("0x%016llx\t%s\t%s\n",
  		(unsigned long long)flags,
  		page_flag_name(flags),
  		page_flag_longname(flags));
  }
  
  static const struct option opts[] = {
  	{ "raw"       , 0, NULL, 'r' },
  	{ "pid"       , 1, NULL, 'p' },
  	{ "file"      , 1, NULL, 'f' },
  	{ "addr"      , 1, NULL, 'a' },
  	{ "bits"      , 1, NULL, 'b' },
  	{ "describe"  , 1, NULL, 'd' },
  	{ "list"      , 0, NULL, 'l' },
  	{ "list-each" , 0, NULL, 'L' },
  	{ "no-summary", 0, NULL, 'N' },
  	{ "hwpoison"  , 0, NULL, 'X' },
  	{ "unpoison"  , 0, NULL, 'x' },
  	{ "help"      , 0, NULL, 'h' },
  	{ NULL        , 0, NULL, 0 }
  };
  
  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
  	int c;
  
  	page_size = getpagesize();
  
  	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv,
  				"rp:f:a:b:d:lLNXxh", opts, NULL)) != -1) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'r':
  			opt_raw = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'p':
  			parse_pid(optarg);
  			break;
  		case 'f':
  			parse_file(optarg);
  			break;
  		case 'a':
  			parse_addr_range(optarg);
  			break;
  		case 'b':
  			parse_bits_mask(optarg);
  			break;
  		case 'd':
  			describe_flags(optarg);
  			exit(0);
  		case 'l':
  			opt_list = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'L':
  			opt_list = 2;
  			break;
  		case 'N':
  			opt_no_summary = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'X':
  			opt_hwpoison = 1;
  			prepare_hwpoison_fd();
  			break;
  		case 'x':
  			opt_unpoison = 1;
  			prepare_hwpoison_fd();
  			break;
  		case 'h':
  			usage();
  			exit(0);
  		default:
  			usage();
  			exit(1);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (opt_list && opt_pid)
  		printf("voffset\t");
  	if (opt_list == 1)
  		printf("offset\tlen\tflags\n");
  	if (opt_list == 2)
  		printf("offset\tflags\n");
  
  	walk_addr_ranges();
  
  	if (opt_list == 1)
  		show_page_range(0, 0, 0);  /* drain the buffer */
  
  	if (opt_no_summary)
  		return 0;
  
  	if (opt_list)
  		printf("\n\n");
  
  	show_summary();
  
  	return 0;
  }
  