text: /*!
  @mainpage
  
  These pages contain the API documentation of JSON for Modern C++, a C++11
  header-only JSON class.
  
  Class @ref nlohmann::basic_json is a good entry point for the documentation.
  
  @copyright The code is licensed under the [MIT
             License](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT):
             <br>
             Copyright &copy; 2013-2015 Niels Lohmann.
             <br>
             Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
             obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
             (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
             including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
             publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
             and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
             subject to the following conditions:
             <br>
             The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
             included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
             <br>
             THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
             EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
             MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
             NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
             BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
             ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
             CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
             SOFTWARE.
  
  @author [Niels Lohmann](http://nlohmann.me)
  @see https://github.com/nlohmann/json to download the source code
  */
  
  #ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_HPP
  #define NLOHMANN_JSON_HPP
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <array>
  #include <ciso646>
  #include <cmath>
  #include <cstdio>
  #include <functional>
  #include <initializer_list>
  #include <iomanip>
  #include <iostream>
  #include <iterator>
  #include <limits>
  #include <map>
  #include <memory>
  #include <sstream>
  #include <string>
  #include <type_traits>
  #include <utility>
  #include <vector>
  
  // enable ssize_t on MinGW
  #ifdef __GNUC__
      #ifdef __MINGW32__
          #include <sys/types.h>
      #endif
  #endif
  
  // enable ssize_t for MSVC
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
      #include <basetsd.h>
      using ssize_t = SSIZE_T;
  #endif
  
  /*!
  @brief namespace for Niels Lohmann
  @see https://github.com/nlohmann
  */
  namespace nlohmann
  {
  
  
  /*!
  @brief unnamed namespace with internal helper functions
  */
  namespace
  {
  /*!
  @brief Helper to determine whether there's a key_type for T.
  @sa http://stackoverflow.com/a/7728728/266378
  */
  template<typename T>
  struct has_mapped_type
  {
    private:
      template<typename C> static char test(typename C::mapped_type*);
      template<typename C> static int  test(...);
    public:
      enum { value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(char) };
  };
  
  /// "equality" comparison for floating point numbers
  template<typename T>
  static bool approx(const T a, const T b)
  {
      return not (a > b or a < b);
  }
  }
  
  /*!
  @brief a class to store JSON values
  
  @tparam ObjectType type for JSON objects (@c std::map by default; will be used
  in @ref object_t)
  @tparam ArrayType type for JSON arrays (@c std::vector by default; will be used
  in @ref array_t)
  @tparam StringType type for JSON strings and object keys (@c std::string by
  default; will be used in @ref string_t)
  @tparam BooleanType type for JSON booleans (@c `bool` by default; will be used
  in @ref boolean_t)
  @tparam NumberIntegerType type for JSON integer numbers (@c `int64_t` by
  default; will be used in @ref number_integer_t)
  @tparam NumberFloatType type for JSON floating-point numbers (@c `double` by
  default; will be used in @ref number_float_t)
  @tparam AllocatorType type of the allocator to use (@c `std::allocator` by
  default)
  
  @requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
  - Basic
   - [DefaultConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/DefaultConstructible):
     JSON values can be default constructed. The result will be a JSON null value.
   - [MoveConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/MoveConstructible):
     A JSON value can be constructed from an rvalue argument.
   - [CopyConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/CopyConstructible):
     A JSON value can be copy-constrcuted from an lvalue expression.
   - [MoveAssignable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/MoveAssignable):
     A JSON value van be assigned from an rvalue argument.
   - [CopyAssignable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/CopyAssignable):
     A JSON value can be copy-assigned from an lvalue expression.
   - [Destructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Destructible):
     JSON values can be destructed.
  - Layout
   - [StandardLayoutType](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/StandardLayoutType):
     JSON values have
     [standard layout](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/data_members#Standard_layout):
     All non-static data members are private and standard layout types, the class
     has no virtual functions or (virtual) base classes.
  - Library-wide
   - [EqualityComparable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/EqualityComparable):
     JSON values can be compared with `==`, see @ref
     operator==(const_reference,const_reference).
   - [LessThanComparable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/LessThanComparable):
     JSON values can be compared with `<`, see @ref
     operator<(const_reference,const_reference).
   - [Swappable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Swappable):
     Any JSON lvalue or rvalue of can be swapped with any lvalue or rvalue of
     other compatible types, using unqualified function call @ref swap().
   - [NullablePointer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/NullablePointer):
     JSON values can be compared against `std::nullptr_t` objects which are used
     to model the `null` value.
  - Container
   - [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container):
     JSON values can be used like STL containers and provide iterator access.
   - [ReversibleContainer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/ReversibleContainer);
     JSON values can be used like STL containers and provide reverse iterator
     access.
  
  @internal
  @note ObjectType trick from http://stackoverflow.com/a/9860911
  @endinternal
  
  @see RFC 7159 <http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159>
  */
  template <
      template<typename U, typename V, typename... Args> class ObjectType = std::map,
      template<typename U, typename... Args> class ArrayType = std::vector,
      class StringType = std::string,
      class BooleanType = bool,
      class NumberIntegerType = int64_t,
      class NumberFloatType = double,
      template<typename U> class AllocatorType = std::allocator
      >
  class basic_json
  {
    private:
      /// workaround type for MSVC
      using basic_json_t = basic_json<ObjectType,
            ArrayType,
            StringType,
            BooleanType,
            NumberIntegerType,
            NumberFloatType,
            AllocatorType>;
  
    public:
  
      /////////////////////
      // container types //
      /////////////////////
  
      /// @name container types
      /// @{
  
      /// the type of elements in a basic_json container
      using value_type = basic_json;
  
      /// the type of an element reference
      using reference = value_type&;
  
      /// the type of an element const reference
      using const_reference = const value_type&;
  
      /// a type to represent differences between iterators
      using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
  
      /// a type to represent container sizes
      using size_type = std::size_t;
  
      /// the allocator type
      using allocator_type = AllocatorType<basic_json>;
  
      /// the type of an element pointer
      using pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer;
      /// the type of an element const pointer
      using const_pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer;
  
      // forward declaration
      template<typename Base> class json_reverse_iterator;
  
      /// an iterator for a basic_json container
      class iterator;
      /// a const iterator for a basic_json container
      class const_iterator;
      /// a reverse iterator for a basic_json container
      using reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::iterator>;
      /// a const reverse iterator for a basic_json container
      using const_reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::const_iterator>;
  
      /// @}
  
  
      /*!
      @brief returns the allocator associated with the container
      */
      static allocator_type get_allocator()
      {
          return allocator_type();
      }
  
  
      ///////////////////////////
      // JSON value data types //
      ///////////////////////////
  
      /// @name JSON value data types
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief a type for an object
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON objects as follows:
      > An object is an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs,
      > where a name is a string and a value is a string, number, boolean, null,
      > object, or array.
  
      To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters @a
      ObjectType which chooses the container (e.g., `std::map` or
      `std::unordered_map`), @a StringType which chooses the type of the keys or
      names, and @a AllocatorType which chooses the allocator to use.
  
      #### Default type
  
      With the default values for @a ObjectType (`std::map`), @a StringType
      (`std::string`), and @a AllocatorType (`std::allocator`), the default value
      for @a object_t is:
  
      @code {.cpp}
      std::map<
        std::string, // key_type
        basic_json, // value_type
        std::less<std::string>, // key_compare
        std::allocator<std::pair<const std::string, basic_json>> // allocator_type
      >
      @endcode
  
      #### Behavior
  
      The choice of @a object_t influences the behavior of the JSON class. With
      the default type, objects have the following behavior:
  
      - When all names are unique, objects will be interoperable in the sense
        that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on the
        name-value mappings.
      - When the names within an object are not unique, later stored name/value
        pairs overwrite previously stored name/value pairs, leaving the used
        names unique. For instance, `{"key": 1}` and `{"key": 2, "key": 1}` will
        be treated as equal and both stored as `{"key": 1}`.
      - Internally, name/value pairs are stored in lexicographical order of the
        names. Objects will also be serialized (see @ref dump) in this order. For
        instance, `{"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `{"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be stored and
        serialized as `{"a": 2, "b": 1}`.
      - When comparing objects, the order of the name/value pairs is irrelevant.
        This makes objects interoperable in the sense that they will not be
        affected by these differences. For instance, `{"b": 1, "a": 2}` and
        `{"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be treated as equal.
  
      #### Limits
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
      > An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
  
      In this class, the object's limit of nesting is not constraint explicitly.
      However, a maximum depth of nesting may be introduced by the compiler or
      runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the @ref
      max_size function of a JSON object.
  
      #### Storage
  
      Objects are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for any
      access to object values, a pointer of type `object_t*` must be dereferenced.
  
      @sa array_t
      */
      using object_t = ObjectType<StringType,
            basic_json,
            std::less<StringType>,
            AllocatorType<std::pair<const StringType,
            basic_json>>>;
  
      /*!
      @brief a type for an array
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON arrays as follows:
      > An array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values.
  
      To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters @a
      ArrayType which chooses the container (e.g., `std::vector` or `std::list`)
      and @a AllocatorType which chooses the allocator to use.
  
      #### Default type
  
      With the default values for @a ArrayType (`std::vector`) and @a
      AllocatorType (`std::allocator`), the default value for @a array_t is:
  
      @code {.cpp}
      std::vector<
        basic_json, // value_type
        std::allocator<basic_json> // allocator_type
      >
      @endcode
  
      #### Limits
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
      > An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
  
      In this class, the array's limit of nesting is not constraint explicitly.
      However, a maximum depth of nesting may be introduced by the compiler or
      runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the @ref
      max_size function of a JSON array.
  
      #### Storage
  
      Arrays are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for any
      access to array values, a pointer of type `array_t*` must be dereferenced.
      */
      using array_t = ArrayType<basic_json, AllocatorType<basic_json>>;
  
      /*!
      @brief a type for a string
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON strings as follows:
      > A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters.
  
      To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters @a
      StringType which chooses the container (e.g., `std::string`) to use.
  
      Unicode values are split by the JSON class into byte-sized characters
      during deserialization.
  
      #### Default type
  
      With the default values for @a StringType (`std::string`), the default
      value for @a string_t is:
  
      @code {.cpp}
      std::string
      @endcode
  
      #### String comparison
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
      > Software implementations are typically required to test names of object
      > members for equality. Implementations that transform the textual
      > representation into sequences of Unicode code units and then perform the
      > comparison numerically, code unit by code unit, are interoperable in the
      > sense that implementations will agree in all cases on equality or
      > inequality of two strings. For example, implementations that compare
      > strings with escaped characters unconverted may incorrectly find that
      > `"a\\b"` and `"a\u005Cb"` are not equal.
  
      This implementation is interoperable as it does compare strings code unit
      by code unit.
  
      #### Storage
  
      String values are stored as pointers in a `basic_json` type. That is, for
      any access to string values, a pointer of type `string_t*` must be
      dereferenced.
      */
      using string_t = StringType;
  
      /*!
      @brief a type for a boolean
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) implicitly describes a boolean as a
      type which differentiates the two literals `true` and `false`.
  
      To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter @a
      BooleanType which chooses the type to use.
  
      #### Default type
  
      With the default values for @a BooleanType (`bool`), the default value for
      @a boolean_t is:
  
      @code {.cpp}
      bool
      @endcode
  
      #### Storage
  
      Boolean values are stored directly inside a `basic_json` type.
      */
      using boolean_t = BooleanType;
  
      /*!
      @brief a type for a number (integer)
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
      > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most programming
      > languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal digits. It
      > contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an optional minus
      > sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an exponent part.
      > Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that cannot be
      > represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN) are not
      > permitted.
  
      This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers. However,
      C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number is an
      integer or a floating-point number. Therefore, two different types, @ref
      number_integer_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
  
      To store integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template
      parameter @a NumberIntegerType which chooses the type to use.
  
      #### Default type
  
      With the default values for @a NumberIntegerType (`int64_t`), the default
      value for @a number_integer_t is:
  
      @code {.cpp}
      int64_t
      @endcode
  
      #### Default behavior
  
      - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
        leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as octal
        number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For
        instance, the C++ integer literal `010` will be serialized to `8`. During
        deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
      - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
  
      #### Limits
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
      > An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
  
      When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be
      stored is `9223372036854775807` (INT64_MAX) and the minimal integer number
      that can be stored is `-9223372036854775808` (INT64_MIN). Integer numbers
      that are out of range will yield over/underflow when used in a constructor.
      During deserialization, too large or small integer numbers will be
      automatically be stored as @ref number_float_t.
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
      > Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are
      > in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are interoperable in the sense
      > that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
  
      As this range is a subrange of the exactly supported range [INT64_MIN,
      INT64_MAX], this class's integer type is interoperable.
  
      #### Storage
  
      Integer number values are stored directly inside a `basic_json` type.
      */
      using number_integer_t = NumberIntegerType;
  
      /*!
      @brief a type for a number (floating-point)
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
      > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most programming
      > languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal digits. It
      > contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an optional minus
      > sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an exponent part.
      > Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that cannot be
      > represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN) are not
      > permitted.
  
      This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers. However,
      C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number is an
      integer or a floating-point number. Therefore, two different types, @ref
      number_integer_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
  
      To store floating-point numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template
      parameter @a NumberFloatType which chooses the type to use.
  
      #### Default type
  
      With the default values for @a NumberFloatType (`double`), the default
      value for @a number_float_t is:
  
      @code {.cpp}
      double
      @endcode
  
      #### Default behavior
  
      - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
        leading zeros in floating-point literals will be ignored. Internally, the
        value will be stored as decimal number. For instance, the C++
        floating-point literal `01.2` will be serialized to `1.2`. During
        deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
      - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
  
      #### Limits
  
      [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
      > This specification allows implementations to set limits on the range and
      > precision of numbers accepted. Since software that implements IEEE
      > 754-2008 binary64 (double precision) numbers is generally available and
      > widely used, good interoperability can be achieved by implementations that
      > expect no more precision or range than these provide, in the sense that
      > implementations will approximate JSON numbers within the expected
      > precision.
  
      This implementation does exactly follow this approach, as it uses double
      precision floating-point numbers. Note values smaller than
      `-1.79769313486232e+308` and values greather than `1.79769313486232e+308`
      will be stored as NaN internally and be serialized to `null`.
  
      #### Storage
  
      Floating-point number values are stored directly inside a `basic_json` type.
      */
      using number_float_t = NumberFloatType;
  
      /// @}
  
  
      ///////////////////////////
      // JSON type enumeration //
      ///////////////////////////
  
      /*!
      @brief the JSON type enumeration
  
      This enumeration collects the different JSON types. It is internally used
      to distinguish the stored values, and the functions is_null, is_object,
      is_array, is_string, is_boolean, is_number, and is_discarded rely on it.
      */
      enum class value_t : uint8_t
      {
          null,           ///< null value
          object,         ///< object (unordered set of name/value pairs)
          array,          ///< array (ordered collection of values)
          string,         ///< string value
          boolean,        ///< boolean value
          number_integer, ///< number value (integer)
          number_float,   ///< number value (floating-point)
          discarded       ///< discarded by the the parser callback function
      };
  
  
    private:
      ////////////////////////
      // JSON value storage //
      ////////////////////////
  
      /// a JSON value
      union json_value
      {
          /// object (stored with pointer to save storage)
          object_t* object;
          /// array (stored with pointer to save storage)
          array_t* array;
          /// string (stored with pointer to save storage)
          string_t* string;
          /// boolean
          boolean_t boolean;
          /// number (integer)
          number_integer_t number_integer;
          /// number (floating-point)
          number_float_t number_float;
  
          /// default constructor (for null values)
          json_value() noexcept = default;
          /// constructor for booleans
          json_value(boolean_t v) noexcept : boolean(v) {}
          /// constructor for numbers (integer)
          json_value(number_integer_t v) noexcept : number_integer(v) {}
          /// constructor for numbers (floating-point)
          json_value(number_float_t v) noexcept : number_float(v) {}
          /// constructor for empty values of a given type
          json_value(value_t t)
          {
              switch (t)
              {
                  case (value_t::null):
                  case (value_t::discarded):
                  {
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (value_t::object):
                  {
                      AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
                      object = alloc.allocate(1);
                      alloc.construct(object);
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (value_t::array):
                  {
                      AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
                      array = alloc.allocate(1);
                      alloc.construct(array);
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (value_t::string):
                  {
                      AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
                      string = alloc.allocate(1);
                      alloc.construct(string, "");
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (value_t::boolean):
                  {
                      boolean = boolean_t(false);
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (value_t::number_integer):
                  {
                      number_integer = number_integer_t(0);
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (value_t::number_float):
                  {
                      number_float = number_float_t(0.0);
                      break;
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// constructor for strings
          json_value(const string_t& value)
          {
              AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
              string = alloc.allocate(1);
              alloc.construct(string, value);
          }
  
          /// constructor for objects
          json_value(const object_t& value)
          {
              AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
              object = alloc.allocate(1);
              alloc.construct(object, value);
          }
  
          /// constructor for arrays
          json_value(const array_t& value)
          {
              AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
              array = alloc.allocate(1);
              alloc.construct(array, value);
          }
      };
  
  
    public:
      //////////////////////////
      // JSON parser callback //
      //////////////////////////
  
      /*!
      @brief JSON callback events
  
      This enumeration lists the parser events that can trigger calling a
      callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t during parsing.
      */
      enum class parse_event_t : uint8_t
      {
          /// the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object
          object_start,
          /// the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object
          object_end,
          /// the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array
          array_start,
          /// the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array
          array_end,
          /// the parser read a key of a value in an object
          key,
          /// the parser finished reading a JSON value
          value
      };
  
      /*!
      @brief per-element parser callback type
  
      With a parser callback function, the result of parsing a JSON text can be
      influenced. When passed to @ref parse(std::istream&, parser_callback_t) or
      @ref parse(const string_t&, parser_callback_t), it is called on certain
      events (passed as @ref parse_event_t via parameter @a event) with a set
      recursion depth @a depth and context JSON value @a parsed. The return value
      of the callback function is a boolean indicating whether the element that
      emitted the callback shall be kept or not.
  
      We distinguish six scenarios (determined by the event type) in which the
      callback function can be called. The following table describes the values
      of the parameters @a depth, @a event, and @a parsed.
  
      parameter @a event | description | parameter @a depth | parameter @a parsed
      ------------------ | ----------- | ------------------ | -------------------
      parse_event_t::object_start | the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object | depth of the parent of the JSON object | a JSON value with type discarded
      parse_event_t::key | the parser read a key of a value in an object | depth of the currently parsed JSON object | a JSON string containing the key
      parse_event_t::object_end | the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object | depth of the parent of the JSON object | the parsed JSON object
      parse_event_t::array_start | the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array | depth of the parent of the JSON array | a JSON value with type discarded
      parse_event_t::array_end | the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array | depth of the parent of the JSON array | the parsed JSON array
      parse_event_t::value | the parser finished reading a JSON value | depth of the value | the parsed JSON value
  
      Discarding a value (i.e., returning `false`) has different effects depending on the
      context in which function was called:
  
      - Discarded values in structured types are skipped. That is, the parser
        will behave as if the discarded value was never read.
      - In case a value outside a structured type is skipped, it is replaced with
        `null`. This case happens if the top-level element is skipped.
  
      @param[in] depth   the depth of the recursion during parsing
  
      @param[in] event   an event of type parse_event_t indicating the context in
      the callback function has been called
  
      @param[in,out] parsed  the current intermediate parse result; note that
      writing to this value has no effect for parse_event_t::key events
  
      @return Whether the JSON value which called the function during parsing
      should be kept (`true`) or not (`false`). In the latter case, it is either
      skipped completely or replaced by an empty discarded object.
  
      @sa @ref parse(std::istream&, parser_callback_t) or
      @ref parse(const string_t&, parser_callback_t) for examples
      */
      using parser_callback_t = std::function<bool(
                                    int depth, parse_event_t event, basic_json& parsed)>;
  
  
      //////////////////
      // constructors //
      //////////////////
  
      /*!
      @brief create an empty value with a given type
  
      Create an empty JSON value with a given type. The value will be default
      initialized with an empty value which depends on the type:
  
      Value type  | initial value
      ----------- | -------------
      null        | `null`
      boolean     | `false`
      string      | `""`
      number      | `0`
      object      | `{}`
      array       | `[]`
  
      @param[in] value  the type of the value to create
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for object, array, or string value
      fails
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor for different @ref
      value_t values,basic_json__value_t}
      */
      basic_json(const value_t value)
          : m_type(value), m_value(value)
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create a null object (implicitly)
  
      Create a `null` JSON value. This is the implicit version of the `null`
      value constructor as it takes no parameters.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - As postcondition, it holds: `basic_json().empty() == true`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor for a `null` JSON
      value.,basic_json}
  
      @sa basic_json(std::nullptr_t)
      */
      basic_json() noexcept = default;
  
      /*!
      @brief create a null object (explicitly)
  
      Create a `null` JSON value. This is the explicitly version of the `null`
      value constructor as it takes a null pointer as parameter. It allows to
      create `null` values by explicitly assigning a @c nullptr to a JSON value.
      The passed null pointer itself is not read - it is only used to choose the
      right constructor.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with null pointer
      parameter.,basic_json__nullptr_t}
  
      @sa basic_json()
      */
      basic_json(std::nullptr_t) noexcept
          : basic_json(value_t::null)
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create an object (explicit)
  
      Create an object JSON value with a given content.
  
      @param[in] value  a value for the object
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the passed @a value.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for object value fails
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with an @ref object_t
      parameter.,basic_json__object_t}
  
      @sa basic_json(const CompatibleObjectType&)
      */
      basic_json(const object_t& value)
          : m_type(value_t::object), m_value(value)
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create an object (implicit)
  
      Create an object JSON value with a given content. This constructor allows
      any type that can be used to construct values of type @ref object_t.
      Examples include the types `std::map` and `std::unordered_map`.
  
      @tparam CompatibleObjectType an object type whose `key_type` and
      `value_type` is compatible to @ref object_t
  
      @param[in] value  a value for the object
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the passed @a value.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for object value fails
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with several
      compatible object type parameters.,basic_json__CompatibleObjectType}
  
      @sa basic_json(const object_t&)
      */
      template <class CompatibleObjectType, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_constructible<typename object_t::key_type, typename CompatibleObjectType::key_type>::value and
                    std::is_constructible<basic_json, typename CompatibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value, int>::type
                = 0>
      basic_json(const CompatibleObjectType& value)
          : m_type(value_t::object)
      {
          AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
          m_value.object = alloc.allocate(1);
          using std::begin;
          using std::end;
          alloc.construct(m_value.object, begin(value), end(value));
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief create an array (explicit)
  
      Create an array JSON value with a given content.
  
      @param[in] value  a value for the array
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the passed @a value.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for array value fails
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with an @ref array_t
      parameter.,basic_json__array_t}
  
      @sa basic_json(const CompatibleArrayType&)
      */
      basic_json(const array_t& value)
          : m_type(value_t::array), m_value(value)
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create an array (implicit)
  
      Create an array JSON value with a given content. This constructor allows
      any type that can be used to construct values of type @ref array_t.
      Examples include the types `std::vector`, `std::list`, and `std::set`.
  
      @tparam CompatibleArrayType an object type whose `value_type` is compatible
      to @ref array_t
  
      @param[in] value  a value for the array
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the passed @a value.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for array value fails
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with several
      compatible array type parameters.,basic_json__CompatibleArrayType}
  
      @sa basic_json(const array_t&)
      */
      template <class CompatibleArrayType, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value and
                    not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value and
                    not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename basic_json_t::reverse_iterator>::value and
                    not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename basic_json_t::const_reverse_iterator>::value and
                    not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename array_t::iterator>::value and
                    not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType, typename array_t::const_iterator>::value and
                    std::is_constructible<basic_json, typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type>::value, int>::type
                = 0>
      basic_json(const CompatibleArrayType& value)
          : m_type(value_t::array)
      {
          AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
          m_value.array = alloc.allocate(1);
          using std::begin;
          using std::end;
          alloc.construct(m_value.array, begin(value), end(value));
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief create a string (explicit)
  
      Create an string JSON value with a given content.
  
      @param[in] value  a value for the string
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the passed @a value.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for string value fails
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with an @ref string_t
      parameter.,basic_json__string_t}
  
      @sa basic_json(const typename string_t::value_type*)
      @sa basic_json(const CompatibleStringType&)
      */
      basic_json(const string_t& value)
          : m_type(value_t::string), m_value(value)
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create a string (explicit)
  
      Create a string JSON value with a given content.
  
      @param[in] value  a literal value for the string
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the passed @a value.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for string value fails
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with string literal
      parameter.,basic_json__string_t_value_type}
  
      @sa basic_json(const string_t&)
      @sa basic_json(const CompatibleStringType&)
      */
      basic_json(const typename string_t::value_type* value)
          : basic_json(string_t(value))
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create a string (implicit)
  
      Create a string JSON value with a given content.
  
      @param[in] value  a value for the string
  
      @tparam CompatibleStringType an string type which is compatible to @ref
      string_t
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the passed @a value.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for string value fails
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows the construction of a string value
      from a compatible type.,basic_json__CompatibleStringType}
  
      @sa basic_json(const string_t&)
      */
      template <class CompatibleStringType, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_constructible<string_t, CompatibleStringType>::value, int>::type
                = 0>
      basic_json(const CompatibleStringType& value)
          : basic_json(string_t(value))
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create a boolean (explicit)
  
      Creates a JSON boolean type from a given value.
  
      @param[in] value  a boolean value to store
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below demonstrates boolean
      values.,basic_json__boolean_t}
      */
      basic_json(boolean_t value)
          : m_type(value_t::boolean), m_value(value)
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create an integer number (explicit)
  
      Create an interger number JSON value with a given content.
  
      @tparam T  helper type to compare number_integer_t and int (not visible in)
      the interface.
  
      @param[in] value  an integer to create a JSON number from
  
      @note This constructor would have the same signature as @ref
      basic_json(const int value), so we need to switch this one off in case
      number_integer_t is the same as int. This is done via the helper type @a T.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows the construction of a JSON integer
      number value.,basic_json__number_integer_t}
  
      @sa basic_json(const int)
      */
      template<typename T,
               typename std::enable_if<
                   not (std::is_same<T, int>::value)
                   and std::is_same<T, number_integer_t>::value
                   , int>::type = 0>
      basic_json(const T value)
          : m_type(value_t::number_integer), m_value(value)
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create an integer number from an enum type (explicit)
  
      Create an integer number JSON value with a given content.
  
      @param[in] value  an integer to create a JSON number from
  
      @note This constructor allows to pass enums directly to a constructor. As
      C++ has no way of specifying the type of an anonymous enum explicitly, we
      can only rely on the fact that such values implicitly convert to int. As
      int may already be the same type of number_integer_t, we may need to switch
      off the constructor @ref basic_json(const number_integer_t).
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows the construction of a JSON integer
      number value from an anonymous enum.,basic_json__const_int}
  
      @sa basic_json(const number_integer_t)
      */
      basic_json(const int value)
          : m_type(value_t::number_integer),
            m_value(static_cast<number_integer_t>(value))
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create an integer number (implicit)
  
      Create an integer number JSON value with a given content. This constructor
      allows any type that can be used to construct values of type @ref
      number_integer_t. Examples may include the types `int`, `int32_t`, or
      `short`.
  
      @tparam CompatibleNumberIntegerType an integer type which is compatible to
      @ref number_integer_t.
  
      @param[in] value  an integer to create a JSON number from
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows the construction of several JSON
      integer number values from compatible
      types.,basic_json__CompatibleIntegerNumberType}
  
      @sa basic_json(const number_integer_t)
      */
      template<typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType, typename
               std::enable_if<
                   std::is_constructible<number_integer_t, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
                   std::numeric_limits<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::is_integer, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::type
               = 0>
      basic_json(const CompatibleNumberIntegerType value) noexcept
          : m_type(value_t::number_integer),
            m_value(static_cast<number_integer_t>(value))
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create a floating-point number (explicit)
  
      Create a floating-point number JSON value with a given content.
  
      @param[in] value  a floating-point value to create a JSON number from
  
      @note RFC 7159 <http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7159.txt>, section 6
      disallows NaN values:
      > Numeric values that cannot be represented in the grammar below (such
      > as Infinity and NaN) are not permitted.
      In case the parameter @a value is not a number, a JSON null value is
      created instead.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following example creates several floating-point
      values.,basic_json__number_float_t}
      */
      basic_json(const number_float_t value)
          : m_type(value_t::number_float), m_value(value)
      {
          // replace infinity and NAN by null
          if (not std::isfinite(value))
          {
              m_type = value_t::null;
              m_value = json_value();
          }
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief create an floating-point number (implicit)
  
      Create an floating-point number JSON value with a given content. This
      constructor allows any type that can be used to construct values of type
      @ref number_float_t. Examples may include the types `float`.
  
      @tparam CompatibleNumberFloatType a floating-point type which is compatible
      to @ref number_float_t.
  
      @param[in] value  a floating-point to create a JSON number from
  
      @note RFC 7159 <http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7159.txt>, section 6
      disallows NaN values:
      > Numeric values that cannot be represented in the grammar below (such
      > as Infinity and NaN) are not permitted.
      In case the parameter @a value is not a number, a JSON null value is
      created instead.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows the construction of several JSON
      floating-point number values from compatible
      types.,basic_json__CompatibleNumberFloatType}
  
      @sa basic_json(const number_float_t)
      */
      template<typename CompatibleNumberFloatType, typename = typename
               std::enable_if<
                   std::is_constructible<number_float_t, CompatibleNumberFloatType>::value and
                   std::is_floating_point<CompatibleNumberFloatType>::value>::type
               >
      basic_json(const CompatibleNumberFloatType value) noexcept
          : basic_json(number_float_t(value))
      {}
  
      /*!
      @brief create a container (array or object) from an initializer list
  
      Creates a JSON value of type array or object from the passed initializer
      list @a init. In case @a type_deduction is `true` (default), the type of
      the JSON value to be created is deducted from the initializer list @a init
      according to the following rules:
  
      1. If the list is empty, an empty JSON object value `{}` is created.
      2. If the list consists of pairs whose first element is a string, a JSON
      object value is created where the first elements of the pairs are treated
      as keys and the second elements are as values.
      3. In all other cases, an array is created.
  
      The rules aim to create the best fit between a C++ initializer list and
      JSON values. The ratioinale is as follows:
  
      1. The empty initializer list is written as `{}` which is exactly an empty
      JSON object.
      2. C++ has now way of describing mapped types other than to list a list of
      pairs. As JSON requires that keys must be of type string, rule 2 is the
      weakest constraint one can pose on initializer lists to interpret them as
      an object.
      3. In all other cases, the initializer list could not be interpreted as
      JSON object type, so interpreting it as JSON array type is safe.
  
      With the rules described above, the following JSON values cannot be
      expressed by an initializer list:
  
      - the empty array (`[]`): use @ref array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>)
        with an empty initializer list in this case
      - arrays whose elements satisfy rule 2: use @ref
        array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) with the same initializer list
        in this case
  
      @note When used without parentheses around an empty initializer list, @ref
      basic_json() is called instead of this function, yielding the JSON null
      value.
  
      @param[in] init  initializer list with JSON values
  
      @param[in] type_deduction internal parameter; when set to `true`, the type
      of the JSON value is deducted from the initializer list @a init; when set
      to `false`, the type provided via @a manual_type is forced. This mode is
      used by the functions @ref array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) and
      @ref object(std::initializer_list<basic_json>).
  
      @param[in] manual_type internal parameter; when @a type_deduction is set to
      `false`, the created JSON value will use the provided type (only @ref
      value_t::array and @ref value_t::object are valid); when @a type_deduction
      is set to `true`, this parameter has no effect
  
      @throw std::domain_error if @a type_deduction is `false`, @a manual_type is
      `value_t::object`, but @a init contains an element which is not a pair
      whose first element is a string
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the initializer list @a init.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values are created from
      initializer lists,basic_json__list_init_t}
  
      @sa basic_json array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) - create a JSON
      array value from an initializer list
      @sa basic_json object(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) - create a JSON
      object value from an initializer list
      */
      basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init,
                 bool type_deduction = true,
                 value_t manual_type = value_t::array)
      {
          // the initializer list could describe an object
          bool is_object = true;
  
          // check if each element is an array with two elements whose first element
          // is a string
          for (const auto& element : init)
          {
              if (element.m_type != value_t::array or element.size() != 2
                      or element[0].m_type != value_t::string)
              {
                  // we found an element that makes it impossible to use the
                  // initializer list as object
                  is_object = false;
                  break;
              }
          }
  
          // adjust type if type deduction is not wanted
          if (not type_deduction)
          {
              // if array is wanted, do not create an object though possible
              if (manual_type == value_t::array)
              {
                  is_object = false;
              }
  
              // if object is wanted but impossible, throw an exception
              if (manual_type == value_t::object and not is_object)
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("cannot create object from initializer list");
              }
          }
  
          if (is_object)
          {
              // the initializer list is a list of pairs -> create object
              m_type = value_t::object;
              m_value = value_t::object;
  
              for (auto& element : init)
              {
                  m_value.object->emplace(std::move(*(element[0].m_value.string)), std::move(element[1]));
              }
          }
          else
          {
              // the initializer list describes an array -> create array
              m_type = value_t::array;
              AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
              m_value.array = alloc.allocate(1);
              alloc.construct(m_value.array, std::move(init));
          }
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief explicitly create an array from an initializer list
  
      Creates a JSON array value from a given initializer list. That is, given a
      list of values `a, b, c`, creates the JSON value `[a, b, c]`. If the
      initializer list is empty, the empty array `[]` is created.
  
      @note This function is only needed to express two edge cases that cannot be
      realized with the initializer list constructor (@ref
      basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool, value_t)). These cases
      are:
      1. creating an array whose elements are all pairs whose first element is a
      string - in this case, the initializer list constructor would create an
      object, taking the first elements as keys
      2. creating an empty array - passing the empty initializer list to the
      initializer list constructor yields an empty object
  
      @param[in] init  initializer list with JSON values to create an array from
      (optional)
  
      @return JSON array value
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of @a init.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the @ref array
      function.,array}
  
      @sa basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool, value_t) - create a
      JSON value from an initializer list
      @sa basic_json object(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) - create a JSON
      object value from an initializer list
      */
      static basic_json array(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init =
                                  std::initializer_list<basic_json>())
      {
          return basic_json(init, false, value_t::array);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief explicitly create an object from an initializer list
  
      Creates a JSON object value from a given initializer list. The initializer
      lists elements must be pairs, and their first elments must be strings. If
      the initializer list is empty, the empty object `{}` is created.
  
      @note This function is only added for symmetry reasons. In contrast to the
      related function @ref basic_json array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>),
      there are no cases which can only be expressed by this function. That is,
      any initializer list @a init can also be passed to the initializer list
      constructor @ref basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool,
      value_t).
  
      @param[in] init  initializer list to create an object from (optional)
  
      @return JSON object value
  
      @throw std::domain_error if @a init is not a pair whose first elements are
      strings; thrown by @ref basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool,
      value_t)
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of @a init.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the @ref object
      function.,object}
  
      @sa basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool, value_t) - create a
      JSON value from an initializer list
      @sa basic_json array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) - create a JSON
      array value from an initializer list
      */
      static basic_json object(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init =
                                   std::initializer_list<basic_json>())
      {
          return basic_json(init, false, value_t::object);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief construct an array with count copies of given value
  
      Constructs a JSON array value by creating @a count copies of a passed
      value. In case @a count is `0`, an empty array is created. As postcondition,
      `std::distance(begin(),end()) == count` holds.
  
      @param[in] count  the number of JSON copies of @a value to create
      @param[in] value  the JSON value to copy
  
      @complexity Linear in @a count.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows examples for the @ref
      basic_json(size_type\, const basic_json&)
      constructor.,basic_json__size_type_basic_json}
      */
      basic_json(size_type count, const basic_json& value)
          : m_type(value_t::array)
      {
          AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
          m_value.array = alloc.allocate(1);
          alloc.construct(m_value.array, count, value);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief construct a JSON container given an iterator range
  
      Constructs the JSON value with the contents of the range `[first, last)`.
      The semantics depends on the different types a JSON value can have:
      - In case of primitive types (number, boolean, or string), @a first must
        be `begin()` and @a last must be `end()`. In this case, the value is
        copied. Otherwise, std::out_of_range is thrown.
      - In case of structured types (array, object), the constructor behaves
        as similar versions for `std::vector`.
      - In case of a null type, std::domain_error is thrown.
  
      @tparam InputIT an input iterator type (@ref iterator or @ref
      const_iterator)
  
      @param[in] first begin of the range to copy from (included)
      @param[in] last end of the range to copy from (excluded)
  
      @throw std::domain_error if iterators are not compatible; that is, do not
      belong to the same JSON value
      @throw std::out_of_range if iterators are for a primitive type (number,
      boolean, or string) where an out of range error can be detected easily
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for object, array, or string fails
      @throw std::domain_error if called with a null value
  
      @complexity Linear in distance between @a first and @a last.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows several ways to create JSON values by
      specifying a subrange with iterators.,basic_json__InputIt_InputIt}
      */
      template <class InputIT, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
                    std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value
                    , int>::type
                = 0>
      basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) : m_type(first.m_object->m_type)
      {
          // make sure iterator fits the current value
          if (first.m_object != last.m_object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("iterators are not compatible");
          }
  
          // check if iterator range is complete for primitive values
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case value_t::number_integer:
              case value_t::number_float:
              case value_t::boolean:
              case value_t::string:
              {
                  if (not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() or not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end())
                  {
                      throw std::out_of_range("iterators out of range");
                  }
                  break;
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  break;
              }
          }
  
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case value_t::number_integer:
              {
                  m_value.number_integer = first.m_object->m_value.number_integer;
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::number_float:
              {
                  m_value.number_float = first.m_object->m_value.number_float;
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::boolean:
              {
                  m_value.boolean = first.m_object->m_value.boolean;
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::string:
              {
                  m_value = *first.m_object->m_value.string;
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::object:
              {
                  AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
                  m_value.object = alloc.allocate(1);
                  alloc.construct(m_value.object, first.m_it.object_iterator, last.m_it.object_iterator);
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::array:
              {
                  AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
                  m_value.array = alloc.allocate(1);
                  alloc.construct(m_value.array, first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
                  break;
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("cannot use construct with iterators from " + first.m_object->type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      ///////////////////////////////////////
      // other constructors and destructor //
      ///////////////////////////////////////
  
      /*!
      @brief copy constructor
  
      Creates a copy of a given JSON value.
  
      @param[in] other  the JSON value to copy
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of @a other.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is linear.
      - As postcondition, it holds: `other == basic_json(other)`.
  
      @throw std::bad_alloc if allocation for object, array, or string fails.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the copy
      constructor.,basic_json__basic_json}
      */
      basic_json(const basic_json& other)
          : m_type(other.m_type)
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::null):
              case (value_t::discarded):
              {
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  m_value = *other.m_value.object;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  m_value = *other.m_value.array;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::string):
              {
                  m_value = *other.m_value.string;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::boolean):
              {
                  m_value = other.m_value.boolean;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::number_integer):
              {
                  m_value = other.m_value.number_integer;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::number_float):
              {
                  m_value = other.m_value.number_float;
                  break;
              }
          }
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief move constructor
  
      Move constructor. Constructs a JSON value with the contents of the given
      value @a other using move semantics. It "steals" the resources from @a
      other and leaves it as JSON null value.
  
      @param[in,out] other  value to move to this object
  
      @post @a other is a JSON null value
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The code below shows the move constructor explicitly called
      via std::move.,basic_json__moveconstructor}
      */
      basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept
          : m_type(std::move(other.m_type)),
            m_value(std::move(other.m_value))
      {
          // invalidate payload
          other.m_type = value_t::null;
          other.m_value = {};
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief copy assignment
  
      Copy assignment operator. Copies a JSON value via the "copy and swap"
      strategy: It is expressed in terms of the copy constructor, destructor, and
      the swap() member function.
  
      @param[in] other  value to copy from
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is linear.
  
      @liveexample{The code below shows and example for the copy assignment. It
      creates a copy of value `a` which is then swapped with `b`. Finally\, the
      copy of `a` (which is the null value after the swap) is
      destroyed.,basic_json__copyassignment}
      */
      reference& operator=(basic_json other) noexcept (
          std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value and
          std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value and
          std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value and
          std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
      )
      {
          using std::swap;
          std::swap(m_type, other.m_type);
          std::swap(m_value, other.m_value);
          return *this;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief destructor
  
      Destroys the JSON value and frees all allocated memory.
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is linear.
      - All stored elements are destroyed and all memory is freed.
      */
      ~basic_json()
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
                  alloc.destroy(m_value.object);
                  alloc.deallocate(m_value.object, 1);
                  m_value.object = nullptr;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
                  alloc.destroy(m_value.array);
                  alloc.deallocate(m_value.array, 1);
                  m_value.array = nullptr;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::string):
              {
                  AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
                  alloc.destroy(m_value.string);
                  alloc.deallocate(m_value.string, 1);
                  m_value.string = nullptr;
                  break;
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  // all other types need no specific destructor
                  break;
              }
          }
      }
  
  
    public:
      ///////////////////////
      // object inspection //
      ///////////////////////
  
      /// @name object inspection
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief serialization
  
      Serialization function for JSON values. The function tries to mimick
      Python's @p json.dumps() function, and currently supports its @p indent
      parameter.
  
      @param[in] indent if indent is nonnegative, then array elements and object
      members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent level of 0
      will only insert newlines. -1 (the default) selects the most compact
      representation
  
      @return string containing the serialization of the JSON value
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @liveexample{The following example shows the effect of different @a indent
      parameters to the result of the serializaion.,dump}
  
      @see https://docs.python.org/2/library/json.html#json.dump
      */
      string_t dump(const int indent = -1) const
      {
          std::stringstream ss;
  
          if (indent >= 0)
          {
              dump(ss, true, static_cast<unsigned int>(indent));
          }
          else
          {
              dump(ss, false, 0);
          }
  
          return ss.str();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return the type of the JSON value (explicit)
  
      Return the type of the JSON value as a value from the @ref value_t
      enumeration.
  
      @return the type of the JSON value
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref type() for all JSON
      types.,type}
      */
      value_t type() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether type is primitive
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON type is primitive (string, number,
      boolean, or null).
  
      @return `true` if type is primitive (string, number, boolean, or null),
      `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_primitive for all JSON
      types.,is_primitive}
      */
      bool is_primitive() const noexcept
      {
          return is_null() or is_string() or is_boolean() or is_number();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether type is structured
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON type is structured (array or
      object).
  
      @return `true` if type is structured (array or object), `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_structured for all JSON
      types.,is_structured}
      */
      bool is_structured() const noexcept
      {
          return is_array() or is_object();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is null
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value is null.
  
      @return `true` if type is null, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_null for all JSON
      types.,is_null}
      */
      bool is_null() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type == value_t::null;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is a boolean
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value is a boolean.
  
      @return `true` if type is boolean, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_boolean for all JSON
      types.,is_boolean}
      */
      bool is_boolean() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type == value_t::boolean;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is a number
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value is a number. This includes
      both integer and floating-point values.
  
      @return `true` if type is number, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_number for all JSON
      types.,is_number}
      */
      bool is_number() const noexcept
      {
          return is_number_integer() or is_number_float();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is an integer number
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value is an integer number. This
      excludes floating-point values.
  
      @return `true` if type is an integer number, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_number_integer for all
      JSON types.,is_number_integer}
      */
      bool is_number_integer() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type == value_t::number_integer;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is a floating-point number
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value is a floating-point number.
      This excludes integer values.
  
      @return `true` if type is a floating-point number, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_number_float for all
      JSON types.,is_number_float}
      */
      bool is_number_float() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type == value_t::number_float;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is an object
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value is an object.
  
      @return `true` if type is object, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_object for all JSON
      types.,is_object}
      */
      bool is_object() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type == value_t::object;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is an array
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value is an array.
  
      @return `true` if type is array, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_array for all JSON
      types.,is_array}
      */
      bool is_array() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type == value_t::array;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is a string
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value is a string.
  
      @return `true` if type is string, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_string for all JSON
      types.,is_string}
      */
      bool is_string() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type == value_t::string;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return whether value is discarded
  
      This function returns true iff the JSON value was discarded during parsing
      with a callback function (see @ref parser_callback_t).
  
      @note This function will always be `false` for JSON values after parsing.
      That is, discarded values can only occur during parsing, but will be
      removed when inside a structured value or replaced by null in other cases.
  
      @return `true` if type is discarded, `false` otherwise.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies @ref is_discarded for all JSON
      types.,is_discarded}
      */
      bool is_discarded() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type == value_t::discarded;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
  
      Implicitly return the type of the JSON value as a value from the @ref
      value_t enumeration.
  
      @return the type of the JSON value
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code exemplifies the value_t operator for all
      JSON types.,operator__value_t}
      */
      operator value_t() const noexcept
      {
          return m_type;
      }
  
      /// @}
  
    private:
      //////////////////
      // value access //
      //////////////////
  
      /// get an object (explicit)
      template <class T, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_convertible<typename object_t::key_type, typename T::key_type>::value and
                    std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, typename T::mapped_type>::value
                    , int>::type = 0>
      T get_impl(T*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  return T(m_value.object->begin(), m_value.object->end());
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be object, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get an object (explicit)
      object_t get_impl(object_t*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  return *(m_value.object);
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be object, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get an array (explicit)
      template <class T, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, typename T::value_type>::value and
                    not std::is_same<basic_json_t, typename T::value_type>::value and
                    not std::is_arithmetic<T>::value and
                    not std::is_convertible<std::string, T>::value and
                    not has_mapped_type<T>::value
                    , int>::type = 0>
      T get_impl(T*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  T to_vector;
                  std::transform(m_value.array->begin(), m_value.array->end(),
                                 std::inserter(to_vector, to_vector.end()), [](basic_json i)
                  {
                      return i.get<typename T::value_type>();
                  });
                  return to_vector;
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get an array (explicit)
      template <class T, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, T>::value and
                    not std::is_same<basic_json_t, T>::value
                    , int>::type = 0>
      std::vector<T> get_impl(std::vector<T>*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  std::vector<T> to_vector;
                  to_vector.reserve(m_value.array->size());
                  std::transform(m_value.array->begin(), m_value.array->end(),
                                 std::inserter(to_vector, to_vector.end()), [](basic_json i)
                  {
                      return i.get<T>();
                  });
                  return to_vector;
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get an array (explicit)
      template <class T, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_same<basic_json, typename T::value_type>::value and
                    not has_mapped_type<T>::value
                    , int>::type = 0>
      T get_impl(T*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  return T(m_value.array->begin(), m_value.array->end());
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get an array (explicit)
      array_t get_impl(array_t*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  return *(m_value.array);
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be array, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get a string (explicit)
      template <typename T, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_convertible<string_t, T>::value
                    , int>::type = 0>
      T get_impl(T*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::string):
              {
                  return *m_value.string;
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be string, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get a number (explicit)
      template<typename T, typename
               std::enable_if<
                   std::is_arithmetic<T>::value
                   , int>::type = 0>
      T get_impl(T*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::number_integer):
              {
                  return static_cast<T>(m_value.number_integer);
              }
              case (value_t::number_float):
              {
                  return static_cast<T>(m_value.number_float);
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be number, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get a boolean (explicit)
      boolean_t get_impl(boolean_t*) const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::boolean):
              {
                  return m_value.boolean;
              }
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("type must be boolean, but is " + type_name());
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (object)
      object_t* get_impl_ptr(object_t*) noexcept
      {
          return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (object)
      const object_t* get_impl_ptr(const object_t*) const noexcept
      {
          return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (array)
      array_t* get_impl_ptr(array_t*) noexcept
      {
          return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (array)
      const array_t* get_impl_ptr(const array_t*) const noexcept
      {
          return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (string)
      string_t* get_impl_ptr(string_t*) noexcept
      {
          return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (string)
      const string_t* get_impl_ptr(const string_t*) const noexcept
      {
          return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
      boolean_t* get_impl_ptr(boolean_t*) noexcept
      {
          return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
      const boolean_t* get_impl_ptr(const boolean_t*) const noexcept
      {
          return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
      number_integer_t* get_impl_ptr(number_integer_t*) noexcept
      {
          return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
      const number_integer_t* get_impl_ptr(const number_integer_t*) const noexcept
      {
          return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
      number_float_t* get_impl_ptr(number_float_t*) noexcept
      {
          return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
      }
  
      /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
      const number_float_t* get_impl_ptr(const number_float_t*) const noexcept
      {
          return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
      }
  
    public:
  
      /// @name value access
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief get a value (explicit)
  
      Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value.
  
      @tparam ValueType non-pointer type compatible to the JSON value, for
      instance `int` for JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or
      `std::vector` types for JSON arrays
  
      @return copy of the JSON value, converted to type @a ValueType
  
      @throw std::domain_error in case passed type @a ValueType is incompatible
      to JSON
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows serveral conversions from JSON values
      to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
      be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
      `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
      assiciative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
      json>`.,get__ValueType_const}
  
      @internal
      The idea of using a casted null pointer to choose the correct
      implementation is from <http://stackoverflow.com/a/8315197/266378>.
      @endinternal
  
      @sa @ref operator ValueType() const for implicit conversion
      @sa @ref get() for pointer-member access
      */
      template<typename ValueType, typename
               std::enable_if<
                   not std::is_pointer<ValueType>::value
                   , int>::type = 0>
      ValueType get() const
      {
          return get_impl(static_cast<ValueType*>(nullptr));
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
  
      Explicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
      made.
  
      @warning Writing data to the pointee of the result yields an undefined
      state.
  
      @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
      object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t, or @ref
      number_float_t.
  
      @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested pointer
      type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
      JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
      `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
      match.,get__PointerType}
  
      @sa @ref get_ptr() for explicit pointer-member access
      */
      template<typename PointerType, typename
               std::enable_if<
                   std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value
                   , int>::type = 0>
      PointerType get() noexcept
      {
          // delegate the call to get_ptr
          return get_ptr<PointerType>();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
      @copydoc get()
      */
      template<typename PointerType, typename
               std::enable_if<
                   std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value
                   , int>::type = 0>
      const PointerType get() const noexcept
      {
          // delegate the call to get_ptr
          return get_ptr<PointerType>();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
  
      Implict pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
      made.
  
      @warning Writing data to the pointee of the result yields an undefined
      state.
  
      @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
      object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t, or @ref
      number_float_t.
  
      @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested pointer
      type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
      JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
      `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
      match.,get_ptr}
      */
      template<typename PointerType, typename
               std::enable_if<
                   std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value
                   , int>::type = 0>
      PointerType get_ptr() noexcept
      {
          // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>()
          return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
      @copydoc get_ptr()
      */
      template<typename PointerType, typename
               std::enable_if<
                   std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value
                   and std::is_const<PointerType>::value
                   , int>::type = 0>
      const PointerType get_ptr() const noexcept
      {
          // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>() const
          return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<const PointerType>(nullptr));
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief get a value (implicit)
  
      Implict type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value. The
      call is realized by calling @ref get() const.
  
      @tparam ValueType non-pointer type compatible to the JSON value, for
      instance `int` for JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or
      `std::vector` types for JSON arrays
  
      @return copy of the JSON value, converted to type @a ValueType
  
      @throw std::domain_error in case passed type @a ValueType is incompatible
      to JSON, thrown by @ref get() const
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows serveral conversions from JSON values
      to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
      be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
      `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
      assiciative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
      json>`.,operator__ValueType}
      */
      template<typename ValueType, typename
               std::enable_if<
                   not std::is_pointer<ValueType>::value
                   , int>::type = 0>
      operator ValueType() const
      {
          // delegate the call to get<>() const
          return get<ValueType>();
      }
  
      /// @}
  
  
      ////////////////////
      // element access //
      ////////////////////
  
      /// @name element access
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
  
      Returns a reference to the element at specified location @a idx, with
      bounds checking.
  
      @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
  
      @return reference to the element at index @a idx
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an array
      @throw std::out_of_range if the index @a idx is out of range of the array;
      that is, `idx >= size()`
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read and
      written using at.,at__size_type}
      */
      reference at(size_type idx)
      {
          // at only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use at() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.array->at(idx);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
  
      Returns a const reference to the element at specified location @a idx, with
      bounds checking.
  
      @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
  
      @return const reference to the element at index @a idx
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an array
      @throw std::out_of_range if the index @a idx is out of range of the array;
      that is, `idx >= size()`
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read using
      at.,at__size_type_const}
      */
      const_reference at(size_type idx) const
      {
          // at only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use at() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.array->at(idx);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
  
      Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key, with
      bounds checking.
  
      @param[in] key  key of the element to access
  
      @return reference to the element at key @a key
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an object
      @throw std::out_of_range if the key @a key is is not stored in the object;
      that is, `find(key) == end()`
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
      written using at.,at__object_t_key_type}
      */
      reference at(const typename object_t::key_type& key)
      {
          // at only works for objects
          if (m_type != value_t::object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use at() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.object->at(key);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
  
      Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key, with
      bounds checking.
  
      @param[in] key  key of the element to access
  
      @return const reference to the element at key @a key
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an object
      @throw std::out_of_range if the key @a key is is not stored in the object;
      that is, `find(key) == end()`
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
      at.,at__object_t_key_type_const}
      */
      const_reference at(const typename object_t::key_type& key) const
      {
          // at only works for objects
          if (m_type != value_t::object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use at() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.object->at(key);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified array element
  
      Returns a reference to the element at specified location @a idx.
  
      @note If @a idx is beyond the range of the array (i.e., `idx >= size()`),
      then the array is silently filled up with `null` values to make `idx` a
      valid reference to the last stored element.
  
      @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
  
      @return reference to the element at index @a idx
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an array or null
  
      @complexity Constant if @a idx is in the range of the array. Otherwise
      linear in `idx - size()`.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read and
      written using [] operator. Note the addition of `null`
      values.,operatorarray__size_type}
      */
      reference operator[](size_type idx)
      {
          // implicitly convert null to object
          if (m_type == value_t::null)
          {
              m_type = value_t::array;
              AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
              m_value.array = alloc.allocate(1);
              alloc.construct(m_value.array);
          }
  
          // [] only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name());
          }
  
          for (size_t i = m_value.array->size(); i <= idx; ++i)
          {
              m_value.array->push_back(basic_json());
          }
  
          return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified array element
  
      Returns a const reference to the element at specified location @a idx.
  
      @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
  
      @return const reference to the element at index @a idx
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an array
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read using
      the [] operator.,operatorarray__size_type_const}
      */
      const_reference operator[](size_type idx) const
      {
          // at only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified object element
  
      Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
  
      @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
      the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
      In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
  
      @param[in] key  key of the element to access
  
      @return reference to the element at key @a key
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an object or null
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
      written using the [] operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
      */
      reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key)
      {
          // implicitly convert null to object
          if (m_type == value_t::null)
          {
              m_type = value_t::object;
              AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
              m_value.object = alloc.allocate(1);
              alloc.construct(m_value.object);
          }
  
          // [] only works for objects
          if (m_type != value_t::object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.object->operator[](key);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified object element
  
      Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
  
      @param[in] key  key of the element to access
  
      @return reference to the element at key @a key
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an object or null
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
      the [] operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
      */
      const_reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key) const
      {
          // at only works for objects
          if (m_type != value_t::object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.object->operator[](key);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified object element
  
      Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
  
      @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
      the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
      In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
  
      @note This function is required for compatibility reasons with Clang.
  
      @param[in] key  key of the element to access
  
      @return reference to the element at key @a key
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an object or null
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
      written using the [] operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
      */
      template<typename T, std::size_t n>
      reference operator[](const T (&key)[n])
      {
          // implicitly convert null to object
          if (m_type == value_t::null)
          {
              m_type = value_t::object;
              m_value = value_t::object;
          }
  
          // at only works for objects
          if (m_type != value_t::object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.object->operator[](key);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access specified object element
  
      Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
  
      @note This function is required for compatibility reasons with Clang.
  
      @param[in] key  key of the element to access
  
      @return reference to the element at key @a key
  
      @throw std::domain_error if JSON is not an object or null
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
      the [] operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
      */
      template<typename T, std::size_t n>
      const_reference operator[](const T (&key)[n]) const
      {
          // at only works for objects
          if (m_type != value_t::object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.object->operator[](key);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access the first element
  
      Returns a reference to the first element in the container. For a JSON
      container `c`, the expression `c.front()` is equivalent to `*c.begin()`.
  
      @return In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the
      first element is returned. In cast of number, string, or boolean values, a
      reference to the value is returned.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @note Calling `front` on an empty container is undefined.
  
      @throw std::out_of_range when called on null value
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref front.,front}
      */
      reference front()
      {
          return *begin();
      }
  
      /*!
      @copydoc basic_json::front()
      */
      const_reference front() const
      {
          return *cbegin();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief access the last element
  
      Returns a reference to the last element in the container. For a JSON
      container `c`, the expression `c.back()` is equivalent to `{ auto tmp =
      c.end(); --tmp; return *tmp; }`.
  
      @return In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the
      last element is returned. In cast of number, string, or boolean values, a
      reference to the value is returned.
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @note Calling `back` on an empty container is undefined.
  
      @throw std::out_of_range when called on null value.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref back.,back}
      */
      reference back()
      {
          auto tmp = end();
          --tmp;
          return *tmp;
      }
  
      /*!
      @copydoc basic_json::back()
      */
      const_reference back() const
      {
          auto tmp = cend();
          --tmp;
          return *tmp;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief remove element given an iterator
  
      Removes the element specified by iterator @a pos. Invalidates iterators and
      references at or after the point of the erase, including the end()
      iterator. The iterator @a pos must be valid and dereferenceable. Thus the
      end() iterator (which is valid, but is not dereferencable) cannot be used
      as a value for @a pos.
  
      If called on a primitive type other than null, the resulting JSON value
      will be `null`.
  
      @param[in] pos iterator to the element to remove
      @return Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator @a pos
      refers to the last element, the end() iterator is returned.
  
      @tparam InteratorType an @ref iterator or @ref const_iterator
  
      @throw std::domain_error if called on a `null` value
      @throw std::domain_error if called on an iterator which does not belong to
      the current JSON value
      @throw std::out_of_range if called on a primitive type with invalid iterator
      (i.e., any iterator which is not end())
  
      @complexity The complexity depends on the type:
      - objects: amortized constant
      - arrays: linear in distance between pos and the end of the container
      - strings: linear in the length of the string
      - other types: constant
  
      @liveexample{The example shows the result of erase for different JSON
      types.,erase__IteratorType}
      */
      template <class InteratorType, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_same<InteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
                    std::is_same<InteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value
                    , int>::type
                = 0>
      InteratorType erase(InteratorType pos)
      {
          // make sure iterator fits the current value
          if (this != pos.m_object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value");
          }
  
          InteratorType result = end();
  
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case value_t::number_integer:
              case value_t::number_float:
              case value_t::boolean:
              case value_t::string:
              {
                  if (not pos.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())
                  {
                      throw std::out_of_range("iterator out of range");
                  }
  
                  if (m_type == value_t::string)
                  {
                      delete m_value.string;
                      m_value.string = nullptr;
                  }
  
                  m_type = value_t::null;
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::object:
              {
                  result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(pos.m_it.object_iterator);
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::array:
              {
                  result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(pos.m_it.array_iterator);
                  break;
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("cannot use erase() with " + type_name());
              }
          }
  
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief remove elements given an iterator range
  
      Removes the element specified by the range `[first; last)`. Invalidates
      iterators and references at or after the point of the erase, including the
      end() iterator. The iterator @a first does not need to be dereferenceable
      if `first == last`: erasing an empty range is a no-op.
  
      If called on a primitive type other than null, the resulting JSON value
      will be `null`.
  
      @param[in] first iterator to the beginning of the range to remove
      @param[in] last iterator past the end of the range to remove
      @return Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator @a
      second refers to the last element, the end() iterator is returned.
  
      @tparam InteratorType an @ref iterator or @ref const_iterator
  
      @throw std::domain_error if called on a `null` value
      @throw std::domain_error if called on iterators which does not belong to
      the current JSON value
      @throw std::out_of_range if called on a primitive type with invalid iterators
      (i.e., if `first != begin()` and `last != end()`)
  
      @complexity The complexity depends on the type:
      - objects: `log(size()) + std::distance(first, last)`
      - arrays: linear in the distance between @a first and @a last, plus linear
        in the distance between @a last and end of the container
      - strings: linear in the length of the string
      - other types: constant
  
      @liveexample{The example shows the result of erase for different JSON
      types.,erase__IteratorType_IteratorType}
      */
      template <class InteratorType, typename
                std::enable_if<
                    std::is_same<InteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
                    std::is_same<InteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value
                    , int>::type
                = 0>
      InteratorType erase(InteratorType first, InteratorType last)
      {
          // make sure iterator fits the current value
          if (this != first.m_object or this != last.m_object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("iterators do not fit current value");
          }
  
          InteratorType result = end();
  
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case value_t::number_integer:
              case value_t::number_float:
              case value_t::boolean:
              case value_t::string:
              {
                  if (not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() or not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end())
                  {
                      throw std::out_of_range("iterators out of range");
                  }
  
                  if (m_type == value_t::string)
                  {
                      delete m_value.string;
                      m_value.string = nullptr;
                  }
  
                  m_type = value_t::null;
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::object:
              {
                  result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(first.m_it.object_iterator,
                                                last.m_it.object_iterator);
                  break;
              }
  
              case value_t::array:
              {
                  result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(first.m_it.array_iterator,
                                               last.m_it.array_iterator);
                  break;
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("cannot use erase with " + type_name());
              }
          }
  
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief remove element from a JSON object given a key
  
      Removes elements from a JSON object with the key value @a key.
  
      @param[in] key value of the elements to remove
  
      @return Number of elements removed. If ObjectType is the default `std::map`
      type, the return value will always be `0` (@a key was not found) or `1` (@a
      key was found).
  
      @throw std::domain_error when called on a type other than JSON object
  
      @complexity `log(size()) + count(key)`
  
      @liveexample{The example shows the effect of erase.,erase__key_type}
      */
      size_type erase(const typename object_t::key_type& key)
      {
          // this erase only works for objects
          if (m_type != value_t::object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use erase() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          return m_value.object->erase(key);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief remove element from a JSON array given an index
  
      Removes element from a JSON array at the index @a idx.
  
      @param[in] idx index of the element to remove
  
      @throw std::domain_error when called on a type other than JSON array
      @throw std::out_of_range when `idx >= size()`
  
      @complexity Linear in distance between @a idx and the end of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example shows the effect of erase.,erase__size_type}
      */
      void erase(const size_type idx)
      {
          // this erase only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use erase() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          if (idx >= size())
          {
              throw std::out_of_range("index out of range");
          }
  
          m_value.array->erase(m_value.array->begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx));
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief find an element in a JSON object
  
      Finds an element in a JSON object with key equivalent to @a key. If the
      element is not found or the JSON value is not an object, end() is returned.
  
      @param[in] key key value of the element to search for
  
      @return Iterator to an element with key equivalent to @a key. If no such
      element is found, past-the-end (see end()) iterator is returned.
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
  
      @liveexample{The example shows how find is used.,find__key_type}
      */
      iterator find(typename object_t::key_type key)
      {
          auto result = end();
  
          if (m_type == value_t::object)
          {
              result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(key);
          }
  
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief find an element in a JSON object
      @copydoc find(typename object_t::key_type)
      */
      const_iterator find(typename object_t::key_type key) const
      {
          auto result = cend();
  
          if (m_type == value_t::object)
          {
              result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(key);
          }
  
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns the number of occurrences of a key in a JSON object
  
      Returns the number of elements with key @a key. If ObjectType is the
      default `std::map` type, the return value will always be `0` (@a key was
      not found) or `1` (@a key was found).
  
      @param[in] key key value of the element to count
  
      @return Number of elements with key @a key. If the JSON value is not an
      object, the return value will be `0`.
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
  
      @liveexample{The example shows how count is used.,count}
      */
      size_type count(typename object_t::key_type key) const
      {
          // return 0 for all nonobject types
          return (m_type == value_t::object) ? m_value.object->count(key) : 0;
      }
  
      /// @}
  
  
      ///////////////
      // iterators //
      ///////////////
  
      /// @name iterators
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief returns an iterator to the first element
  
      Returns an iterator to the first element.
  
      @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
  
      @return iterator to the first element
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref begin.,begin}
      */
      iterator begin()
      {
          iterator result(this);
          result.set_begin();
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @copydoc basic_json::cbegin()
      */
      const_iterator begin() const
      {
          return cbegin();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns a const iterator to the first element
  
      Returns a const iterator to the first element.
  
      @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
  
      @return const iterator to the first element
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).begin()`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref cbegin.,cbegin}
      */
      const_iterator cbegin() const
      {
          const_iterator result(this);
          result.set_begin();
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns an iterator to one past the last element
  
      Returns an iterator to one past the last element.
  
      @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
  
      @return iterator one past the last element
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref end.,end}
      */
      iterator end()
      {
          iterator result(this);
          result.set_end();
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @copydoc basic_json::cend()
      */
      const_iterator end() const
      {
          return cend();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns a const iterator to one past the last element
  
      Returns a const iterator to one past the last element.
  
      @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
  
      @return const iterator one past the last element
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).end()`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref cend.,cend}
      */
      const_iterator cend() const
      {
          const_iterator result(this);
          result.set_end();
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning
  
      Returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last element.
  
      @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the ReversibleContainer requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of `reverse_iterator(end())`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref rbegin.,rbegin}
      */
      reverse_iterator rbegin()
      {
          return reverse_iterator(end());
      }
  
      /*!
      @copydoc basic_json::crbegin()
      */
      const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const
      {
          return crbegin();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-end
  
      Returns an iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before the first
      element.
  
      @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the ReversibleContainer requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of `reverse_iterator(begin())`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref rend.,rend}
      */
      reverse_iterator rend()
      {
          return reverse_iterator(begin());
      }
  
      /*!
      @copydoc basic_json::crend()
      */
      const_reverse_iterator rend() const
      {
          return crend();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns a const reverse iterator to the last element
  
      Returns a const iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last
      element.
  
      @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the ReversibleContainer requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).rbegin()`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref crbegin.,crbegin}
      */
      const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const
      {
          return const_reverse_iterator(cend());
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns a const reverse iterator to one before the first
  
      Returns a const reverse iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before
      the first element.
  
      @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the ReversibleContainer requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).rend()`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code shows an example for @ref crend.,crend}
      */
      const_reverse_iterator crend() const
      {
          return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin());
      }
  
      /// @}
  
  
      //////////////
      // capacity //
      //////////////
  
      /// @name capacity
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief checks whether the container is empty
  
      Checks if a JSON value has no elements.
  
      @return The return value depends on the different types and is
              defined as follows:
              Value type  | return value
              ----------- | -------------
              null        | @c true
              boolean     | @c false
              string      | @c false
              number      | @c false
              object      | result of function object_t::empty()
              array       | result of function array_t::empty()
  
      @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy the
                  Container concept; that is, their empty() functions have
                  constant complexity.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of `begin() == end()`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code uses @ref empty to check if a @ref json
      object contains any elements.,empty}
      */
      bool empty() const noexcept
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::null):
              {
                  return true;
              }
  
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  return m_value.array->empty();
              }
  
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  return m_value.object->empty();
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  // all other types are nonempty
                  return false;
              }
          }
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns the number of elements
  
      Returns the number of elements in a JSON value.
  
      @return The return value depends on the different types and is
              defined as follows:
              Value type  | return value
              ----------- | -------------
              null        | @c 0
              boolean     | @c 1
              string      | @c 1
              number      | @c 1
              object      | result of function object_t::size()
              array       | result of function array_t::size()
  
      @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy the
                  Container concept; that is, their size() functions have
                  constant complexity.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of `std::distance(begin(), end())`.
  
      @liveexample{The following code calls @ref size on the different value
      types.,size}
      */
      size_type size() const noexcept
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::null):
              {
                  return 0;
              }
  
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  return m_value.array->size();
              }
  
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  return m_value.object->size();
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  // all other types have size 1
                  return 1;
              }
          }
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief returns the maximum possible number of elements
  
      Returns the maximum number of elements a JSON value is able to hold due to
      system or library implementation limitations, i.e. `std::distance(begin(),
      end())` for the JSON value.
  
      @return The return value depends on the different types and is
              defined as follows:
              Value type  | return value
              ----------- | -------------
              null        | @c 0 (same as size())
              boolean     | @c 1 (same as size())
              string      | @c 1 (same as size())
              number      | @c 1 (same as size())
              object      | result of function object_t::max_size()
              array       | result of function array_t::max_size()
  
      @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy the
                  Container concept; that is, their max_size() functions have
                  constant complexity.
  
      @requirement This function satisfies the Container requirements:
      - The complexity is constant.
      - Has the semantics of returning `b.size()` where `b` is the largest
        possible JSON value.
  
      @liveexample{The following code calls @ref max_size on the different value
      types. Note the output is implementation specific.,max_size}
      */
      size_type max_size() const noexcept
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  return m_value.array->max_size();
              }
  
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  return m_value.object->max_size();
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  // all other types have max_size() == size()
                  return size();
              }
          }
      }
  
      /// @}
  
  
      ///////////////
      // modifiers //
      ///////////////
  
      /// @name modifiers
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief clears the contents
  
      Clears the content of a JSON value and resets it to the default value as
      if @ref basic_json(value_t) would have been called:
  
      Value type  | initial value
      ----------- | -------------
      null        | `null`
      boolean     | `false`
      string      | `""`
      number      | `0`
      object      | `{}`
      array       | `[]`
  
      @note Floating-point numbers are set to `0.0` which will be serialized to
      `0`. The vale type remains @ref number_float_t.
  
      @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows the effect of @ref clear to different
      JSON types.,clear}
      */
      void clear() noexcept
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::null):
              case (value_t::discarded):
              {
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::number_integer):
              {
                  m_value.number_integer = 0;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::number_float):
              {
                  m_value.number_float = 0.0;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::boolean):
              {
                  m_value.boolean = false;
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::string):
              {
                  m_value.string->clear();
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  m_value.array->clear();
                  break;
              }
  
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  m_value.object->clear();
                  break;
              }
          }
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief add an object to an array
  
      Appends the given element @a value to the end of the JSON value. If the
      function is called on a JSON null value, an empty array is created before
      appending @a value.
  
      @param value the value to add to the JSON array
  
      @throw std::domain_error when called on a type other than JSON array or null
  
      @complexity Amortized constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back` and `+=` can be used to add
      elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value was silently converted
      to a JSON array.,push_back}
      */
      void push_back(basic_json&& value)
      {
          // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
          if (not(m_type == value_t::null or m_type == value_t::array))
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use push_back() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // transform null object into an array
          if (m_type == value_t::null)
          {
              m_type = value_t::array;
              m_value = value_t::array;
          }
  
          // add element to array (move semantics)
          m_value.array->push_back(std::move(value));
          // invalidate object
          value.m_type = value_t::null;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief add an object to an array
      @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
      */
      reference operator+=(basic_json&& value)
      {
          push_back(std::move(value));
          return *this;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief add an object to an array
      @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
      */
      void push_back(const basic_json& value)
      {
          // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
          if (not(m_type == value_t::null or m_type == value_t::array))
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use push_back() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // transform null object into an array
          if (m_type == value_t::null)
          {
              m_type = value_t::array;
              m_value = value_t::array;
          }
  
          // add element to array
          m_value.array->push_back(value);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief add an object to an array
      @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
      */
      reference operator+=(const basic_json& value)
      {
          push_back(value);
          return *this;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief add an object to an object
  
      Inserts the given element @a value to the JSON object. If the function is
      called on a JSON null value, an empty object is created before inserting @a
      value.
  
      @param[in] value the value to add to the JSON object
  
      @throw std::domain_error when called on a type other than JSON object or
      null
  
      @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
  
      @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back` and `+=` can be used to add
      elements to a JSON object. Note how the `null` value was silently converted
      to a JSON object.,push_back__object_t__value}
      */
      void push_back(const typename object_t::value_type& value)
      {
          // push_back only works for null objects or objects
          if (not(m_type == value_t::null or m_type == value_t::object))
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use push_back() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // transform null object into an object
          if (m_type == value_t::null)
          {
              m_type = value_t::object;
              m_value = value_t::object;
          }
  
          // add element to array
          m_value.object->insert(value);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief add an object to an object
      @copydoc push_back(const typename object_t::value_type&)
      */
      reference operator+=(const typename object_t::value_type& value)
      {
          push_back(value);
          return operator[](value.first);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief inserts element
  
      Inserts element @a value before iterator @a pos.
  
      @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
      the end() iterator
      @param[in] value element to insert
      @return iterator pointing to the inserted @a value.
  
      @throw std::domain_error if called on JSON values other than arrays
      @throw std::domain_error if @a pos is not an iterator of *this
  
      @complexity Constant plus linear in the distance between pos and end of the
      container.
  
      @liveexample{The example shows how insert is used.,insert}
      */
      iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json& value)
      {
          // insert only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use insert() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
          if (pos.m_object != this)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value");
          }
  
          // insert to array and return iterator
          iterator result(this);
          result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, value);
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief inserts element
      @copydoc insert(const_iterator, const basic_json&)
      */
      iterator insert(const_iterator pos, basic_json&& value)
      {
          return insert(pos, value);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief inserts elements
  
      Inserts @a count copies of @a value before iterator @a pos.
  
      @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
      the end() iterator
      @param[in] count number of copies of @a value to insert
      @param[in] value element to insert
      @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
      `count==0`
  
      @throw std::domain_error if called on JSON values other than arrays
      @throw std::domain_error if @a pos is not an iterator of *this
  
      @complexity Linear in @a count plus linear in the distance between @a pos
      and end of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example shows how insert is used.,insert__count}
      */
      iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type count, const basic_json& value)
      {
          // insert only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use insert() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
          if (pos.m_object != this)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value");
          }
  
          // insert to array and return iterator
          iterator result(this);
          result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, count, value);
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief inserts elements
  
      Inserts elements from range `[first, last)` before iterator @a pos.
  
      @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
      the end() iterator
      @param[in] first begin of the range of elements to insert
      @param[in] last end of the range of elements to insert
  
      @throw std::domain_error if called on JSON values other than arrays
      @throw std::domain_error if @a pos is not an iterator of *this
      @throw std::domain_error if @a first and @a last do not belong to the same
      JSON value
      @throw std::domain_error if @a first or @a last are iterators into
      container for which insert is called
      @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
      `first==last`
  
      @complexity Linear in `std::distance(first, last)` plus linear in the
      distance between @a pos and end of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example shows how insert is used.,insert__range}
      */
      iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
      {
          // insert only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use insert() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
          if (pos.m_object != this)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value");
          }
  
          if (first.m_object != last.m_object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("iterators does not fit");
          }
  
          if (first.m_object == this or last.m_object == this)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("passed iterators may not belong to container");
          }
  
          // insert to array and return iterator
          iterator result(this);
          result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator,
                                       first.m_it.array_iterator, last.m_it.array_iterator);
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief inserts elements
  
      Inserts elements from initializer list @a ilist before iterator @a pos.
  
      @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
      the end() iterator
      @param[in] ilist initializer list to insert the values from
  
      @throw std::domain_error if called on JSON values other than arrays
      @throw std::domain_error if @a pos is not an iterator of *this
      @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
      `ilist` is empty
  
      @complexity Linear in `ilist.size()` plus linear in the distance between @a
      pos and end of the container.
  
      @liveexample{The example shows how insert is used.,insert__ilist}
      */
      iterator insert(const_iterator pos, std::initializer_list<basic_json> ilist)
      {
          // insert only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use insert() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
          if (pos.m_object != this)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("iterator does not fit current value");
          }
  
          // insert to array and return iterator
          iterator result(this);
          result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, ilist);
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief exchanges the values
  
      Exchanges the contents of the JSON value with those of @a other. Does not
      invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
      iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
      invalidated.
  
      @param[in,out] other JSON value to exchange the contents with
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON arrays can be
      swapped.,swap__reference}
      */
      void swap(reference other) noexcept (
          std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value and
          std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value and
          std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value and
          std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
      )
      {
          std::swap(m_type, other.m_type);
          std::swap(m_value, other.m_value);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief exchanges the values
  
      Exchanges the contents of a JSON array with those of @a other. Does not
      invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
      iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
      invalidated.
  
      @param[in,out] other array to exchange the contents with
  
      @throw std::domain_error when JSON value is not an array
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values can be
      swapped.,swap__array_t}
      */
      void swap(array_t& other)
      {
          // swap only works for arrays
          if (m_type != value_t::array)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use swap() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // swap arrays
          std::swap(*(m_value.array), other);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief exchanges the values
  
      Exchanges the contents of a JSON object with those of @a other. Does not
      invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
      iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
      invalidated.
  
      @param[in,out] other object to exchange the contents with
  
      @throw std::domain_error when JSON value is not an object
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values can be
      swapped.,swap__object_t}
      */
      void swap(object_t& other)
      {
          // swap only works for objects
          if (m_type != value_t::object)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use swap() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // swap objects
          std::swap(*(m_value.object), other);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief exchanges the values
  
      Exchanges the contents of a JSON string with those of @a other. Does not
      invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
      iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
      invalidated.
  
      @param[in,out] other string to exchange the contents with
  
      @throw std::domain_error when JSON value is not a string
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values can be
      swapped.,swap__string_t}
      */
      void swap(string_t& other)
      {
          // swap only works for strings
          if (m_type != value_t::string)
          {
              throw std::domain_error("cannot use swap() with " + type_name());
          }
  
          // swap strings
          std::swap(*(m_value.string), other);
      }
  
      /// @}
  
  
      //////////////////////////////////////////
      // lexicographical comparison operators //
      //////////////////////////////////////////
  
      /// @name lexicographical comparison operators
      /// @{
  
    private:
      /*!
      @brief comparison operator for JSON types
  
      Returns an ordering that is similar to Python:
      - order: null < boolean < number < object < array < string
      - furthermore, each type is not smaller than itself
      */
      friend bool operator<(const value_t lhs, const value_t rhs)
      {
          static constexpr std::array<uint8_t, 7> order = {{
                  0, // null
                  3, // object
                  4, // array
                  5, // string
                  1, // boolean
                  2, // integer
                  2  // float
              }
          };
  
          // discarded values are not comparable
          if (lhs == value_t::discarded or rhs == value_t::discarded)
          {
              return false;
          }
  
          return order[static_cast<std::size_t>(lhs)] < order[static_cast<std::size_t>(rhs)];
      }
  
    public:
      /*!
      @brief comparison: equal
  
      Compares two JSON values for equality according to the following rules:
      - Two JSON values are equal if (1) they are from the same type and (2)
        their stored values are the same.
      - Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before
        comparison. Floating-point numbers are compared indirectly: two
        floating-point numbers `f1` and `f2` are considered equal if neither
        `f1 > f2` nor `f2 > f1` holds.
      - Two JSON null values are equal.
  
      @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
      @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
      @return whether the values @a lhs and @a rhs are equal
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
      types.,operator__equal}
      */
      friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
      {
          const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
          const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();
  
          if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
          {
              switch (lhs_type)
              {
                  case (value_t::array):
                      return *lhs.m_value.array == *rhs.m_value.array;
                  case (value_t::object):
                      return *lhs.m_value.object == *rhs.m_value.object;
                  case (value_t::null):
                      return true;
                  case (value_t::string):
                      return *lhs.m_value.string == *rhs.m_value.string;
                  case (value_t::boolean):
                      return lhs.m_value.boolean == rhs.m_value.boolean;
                  case (value_t::number_integer):
                      return lhs.m_value.number_integer == rhs.m_value.number_integer;
                  case (value_t::number_float):
                      return approx(lhs.m_value.number_float, rhs.m_value.number_float);
                  case (value_t::discarded):
                      return false;
              }
          }
          else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
          {
              return approx(static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer),
                            rhs.m_value.number_float);
          }
          else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
          {
              return approx(lhs.m_value.number_float,
                            static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer));
          }
          return false;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: equal
  
      The functions compares the given JSON value against a null pointer. As the
      null pointer can be used to initialize a JSON value to null, a comparison
      of JSON value @a v with a null pointer should be equivalent to call
      `v.is_null()`.
  
      @param[in] v  JSON value to consider
      @return whether @a v is null
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example compares several JSON types to the null pointer.
      ,operator__equal__nullptr_t}
      */
      friend bool operator==(const_reference v, std::nullptr_t) noexcept
      {
          return v.is_null();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: equal
      @copydoc operator==(const_reference, std::nullptr_t)
      */
      friend bool operator==(std::nullptr_t, const_reference v) noexcept
      {
          return v.is_null();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: not equal
  
      Compares two JSON values for inequality by calculating `not (lhs == rhs)`.
  
      @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
      @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
      @return whether the values @a lhs and @a rhs are not equal
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
      types.,operator__notequal}
      */
      friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
      {
          return not (lhs == rhs);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: not equal
  
      The functions compares the given JSON value against a null pointer. As the
      null pointer can be used to initialize a JSON value to null, a comparison
      of JSON value @a v with a null pointer should be equivalent to call
      `not v.is_null()`.
  
      @param[in] v  JSON value to consider
      @return whether @a v is not null
  
      @complexity Constant.
  
      @liveexample{The example compares several JSON types to the null pointer.
      ,operator__notequal__nullptr_t}
      */
      friend bool operator!=(const_reference v, std::nullptr_t) noexcept
      {
          return not v.is_null();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: not equal
      @copydoc operator!=(const_reference, std::nullptr_t)
      */
      friend bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t, const_reference v) noexcept
      {
          return not v.is_null();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: less than
  
      Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is less than another JSON value @a
      rhs according to the following rules:
      - If @a lhs and @a rhs have the same type, the values are compared using
        the default `<` operator.
      - Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before
        comparison
      - In case @a lhs and @a rhs have different types, the values are ignored
        and the order of the types is considered, see
        @ref operator<(const value_t, const value_t).
  
      @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
      @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
      @return whether @a lhs is less than @a rhs
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
      types.,operator__less}
      */
      friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
      {
          const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
          const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();
  
          if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
          {
              switch (lhs_type)
              {
                  case (value_t::array):
                      return *lhs.m_value.array < *rhs.m_value.array;
                  case (value_t::object):
                      return *lhs.m_value.object < *rhs.m_value.object;
                  case (value_t::null):
                      return false;
                  case (value_t::string):
                      return *lhs.m_value.string < *rhs.m_value.string;
                  case (value_t::boolean):
                      return lhs.m_value.boolean < rhs.m_value.boolean;
                  case (value_t::number_integer):
                      return lhs.m_value.number_integer < rhs.m_value.number_integer;
                  case (value_t::number_float):
                      return lhs.m_value.number_float < rhs.m_value.number_float;
                  case (value_t::discarded):
                      return false;
              }
          }
          else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_float)
          {
              return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) <
                     rhs.m_value.number_float;
          }
          else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer)
          {
              return lhs.m_value.number_float <
                     static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
          }
  
          // We only reach this line if we cannot compare values. In that case,
          // we compare types. Note we have to call the operator explicitly,
          // because MSVC has problems otherwise.
          return operator<(lhs_type, rhs_type);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: less than or equal
  
      Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is less than or equal to another
      JSON value by calculating `not (rhs < lhs)`.
  
      @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
      @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
      @return whether @a lhs is less than or equal to @a rhs
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
      types.,operator__greater}
      */
      friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
      {
          return not (rhs < lhs);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: greater than
  
      Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is greater than another
      JSON value by calculating `not (lhs <= rhs)`.
  
      @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
      @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
      @return whether @a lhs is greater than to @a rhs
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
      types.,operator__lessequal}
      */
      friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
      {
          return not (lhs <= rhs);
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief comparison: greater than or equal
  
      Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is greater than or equal to another
      JSON value by calculating `not (lhs < rhs)`.
  
      @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
      @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
      @return whether @a lhs is greater than or equal to @a rhs
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
      types.,operator__greaterequal}
      */
      friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept
      {
          return not (lhs < rhs);
      }
  
      /// @}
  
  
      ///////////////////
      // serialization //
      ///////////////////
  
      /// @name serialization
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief serialize to stream
  
      Serialize the given JSON value @a j to the output stream @a o. The JSON
      value will be serialized using the @ref dump member function. The
      indentation of the output can be controlled with the member variable
      `width` of the output stream @a o. For instance, using the manipulator
      `std::setw(4)` on @a o sets the indentation level to `4` and the
      serialization result is the same as calling `dump(4)`.
  
      @param[in,out] o  stream to serialize to
      @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
  
      @return the stream @a o
  
      @complexity Linear.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows the serialization with different
      parameters to `width` to adjust the indentation level.,operator_serialize}
      */
      friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const basic_json& j)
      {
          // read width member and use it as indentation parameter if nonzero
          const bool pretty_print = (o.width() > 0);
          const auto indentation = (pretty_print ? o.width() : 0);
  
          // reset width to 0 for subsequent calls to this stream
          o.width(0);
  
          // do the actual serialization
          j.dump(o, pretty_print, static_cast<unsigned int>(indentation));
          return o;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief serialize to stream
      @copydoc operator<<(std::ostream&, const basic_json&)
      */
      friend std::ostream& operator>>(const basic_json& j, std::ostream& o)
      {
          return o << j;
      }
  
      /// @}
  
  
      /////////////////////
      // deserialization //
      /////////////////////
  
      /// @name deserialization
      /// @{
  
      /*!
      @brief deserialize from string
  
      @param[in] s  string to read a serialized JSON value from
      @param[in] cb a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
      which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
      (optional)
  
      @return result of the deserialization
  
      @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
      LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
      @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
  
      @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the parse function with and
      without callback function.,parse__string__parser_callback_t}
  
      @sa parse(std::istream&, parser_callback_t) for a version that reads from
      an input stream
      */
      static basic_json parse(const string_t& s, parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
      {
          return parser(s, cb).parse();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief deserialize from stream
  
      @param[in,out] i  stream to read a serialized JSON value from
      @param[in] cb a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
      which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
      (optional)
  
      @return result of the deserialization
  
      @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
      LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
      @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
  
      @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the parse function with and
      without callback function.,parse__istream__parser_callback_t}
  
      @sa parse(const string_t&, parser_callback_t) for a version that reads
      from a string
      */
      static basic_json parse(std::istream& i, parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
      {
          return parser(i, cb).parse();
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief deserialize from stream
  
      Deserializes an input stream to a JSON value.
  
      @param[in,out] i  input stream to read a serialized JSON value from
      @param[in,out] j  JSON value to write the deserialized input to
  
      @throw std::invalid_argument in case of parse errors
  
      @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
      LL(1) parser.
  
      @liveexample{The example below shows how a JSON value is constructed by
      reading a serialization from a stream.,operator_deserialize}
  
      @sa parse(std::istream&, parser_callback_t) for a variant with a parser
      callback function to filter values while parsing
      */
      friend std::istream& operator<<(basic_json& j, std::istream& i)
      {
          j = parser(i).parse();
          return i;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief deserialize from stream
      @copydoc operator<<(basic_json&, std::istream&)
      */
      friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& i, basic_json& j)
      {
          j = parser(i).parse();
          return i;
      }
  
      /// @}
  
  
    private:
      ///////////////////////////
      // convenience functions //
      ///////////////////////////
  
      /// return the type as string
      string_t type_name() const
      {
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::null):
              {
                  return "null";
              }
  
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  return "object";
              }
  
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  return "array";
              }
  
              case (value_t::string):
              {
                  return "string";
              }
  
              case (value_t::boolean):
              {
                  return "boolean";
              }
  
              case (value_t::discarded):
              {
                  return "discarded";
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  return "number";
              }
          }
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief calculates the extra space to escape a JSON string
  
      @param[in] s  the string to escape
      @return the number of characters required to escape string @a s
  
      @complexity Linear in the length of string @a s.
      */
      static std::size_t extra_space(const string_t& s) noexcept
      {
          std::size_t result = 0;
  
          for (const auto& c : s)
          {
              switch (c)
              {
                  case '"':
                  case '\\':
                  case '\b':
                  case '\f':
                  case '\n':
                  case '\r':
                  case '\t':
                  {
                      // from c (1 byte) to \x (2 bytes)
                      result += 1;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      if (c >= 0x00 and c <= 0x1f)
                      {
                          // from c (1 byte) to \uxxxx (6 bytes)
                          result += 5;
                      }
                      break;
                  }
              }
          }
  
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief escape a string
  
      Escape a string by replacing certain special characters by a sequence of an
      escape character (backslash) and another character and other control
      characters by a sequence of "\u" followed by a four-digit hex
      representation.
  
      @param[in] s  the string to escape
      @return  the escaped string
  
      @complexity Linear in the length of string @a s.
      */
      static string_t escape_string(const string_t& s) noexcept
      {
          const auto space = extra_space(s);
          if (space == 0)
          {
              return s;
          }
  
          // create a result string of necessary size
          string_t result(s.size() + space, '\\');
          std::size_t pos = 0;
  
          for (const auto& c : s)
          {
              switch (c)
              {
                  // quotation mark (0x22)
                  case '"':
                  {
                      result[pos + 1] = '"';
                      pos += 2;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  // reverse solidus (0x5c)
                  case '\\':
                  {
                      // nothing to change
                      pos += 2;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  // backspace (0x08)
                  case '\b':
                  {
                      result[pos + 1] = 'b';
                      pos += 2;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  // formfeed (0x0c)
                  case '\f':
                  {
                      result[pos + 1] = 'f';
                      pos += 2;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  // newline (0x0a)
                  case '\n':
                  {
                      result[pos + 1] = 'n';
                      pos += 2;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  // carriage return (0x0d)
                  case '\r':
                  {
                      result[pos + 1] = 'r';
                      pos += 2;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  // horizontal tab (0x09)
                  case '\t':
                  {
                      result[pos + 1] = 't';
                      pos += 2;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      if (c >= 0x00 and c <= 0x1f)
                      {
                          // print character c as \uxxxx
                          sprintf(&result[pos + 1], "u%04x", int(c));
                          pos += 6;
                          // overwrite trailing null character
                          result[pos] = '\\';
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          // all other characters are added as-is
                          result[pos++] = c;
                      }
                      break;
                  }
              }
          }
  
          return result;
      }
  
      /*!
      @brief internal implementation of the serialization function
  
      This function is called by the public member function dump and organizes
      the serializaion internally. The indentation level is propagated as
      additional parameter. In case of arrays and objects, the function is called
      recursively. Note that
  
      - strings and object keys are escaped using escape_string()
      - integer numbers are converted implictly via operator<<
      - floating-point numbers are converted to a string using "%g" format
  
      @param[out] o              stream to write to
      @param[in] pretty_print    whether the output shall be pretty-printed
      @param[in] indent_step     the indent level
      @param[in] current_indent  the current indent level (only used internally)
      */
      void dump(std::ostream& o, const bool pretty_print, const unsigned int indent_step,
                const unsigned int current_indent = 0) const
      {
          // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
          unsigned int new_indent = current_indent;
  
          switch (m_type)
          {
              case (value_t::object):
              {
                  if (m_value.object->empty())
                  {
                      o << "{}";
                      return;
                  }
  
                  o << "{";
  
                  // increase indentation
                  if (pretty_print)
                  {
                      new_indent += indent_step;
                      o << "\n";
                  }
  
                  for (auto i = m_value.object->cbegin(); i != m_value.object->cend(); ++i)
                  {
                      if (i != m_value.object->cbegin())
                      {
                          o << (pretty_print ? ",\n" : ",");
                      }
                      o << string_t(new_indent, ' ') << "\""
                        << escape_string(i->first) << "\":"
                        << (pretty_print ? " " : "");
                      i->second.dump(o, pretty_print, indent_step, new_indent);
                  }
  
                  // decrease indentation
                  if (pretty_print)
                  {
                      new_indent -= indent_step;
                      o << "\n";
                  }
  
                  o << string_t(new_indent, ' ') + "}";
                  return;
              }
  
              case (value_t::array):
              {
                  if (m_value.array->empty())
                  {
                      o << "[]";
                      return;
                  }
  
                  o << "[";
  
                  // increase indentation
                  if (pretty_print)
                  {
                      new_indent += indent_step;
                      o << "\n";
                  }
  
                  for (auto i = m_value.array->cbegin(); i != m_value.array->cend(); ++i)
                  {
                      if (i != m_value.array->cbegin())
                      {
                          o << (pretty_print ? ",\n" : ",");
                      }
                      o << string_t(new_indent, ' ');
                      i->dump(o, pretty_print, indent_step, new_indent);
                  }
  
                  // decrease indentation
                  if (pretty_print)
                  {
                      new_indent -= indent_step;
                      o << "\n";
                  }
  
                  o << string_t(new_indent, ' ') << "]";
                  return;
              }
  
              case (value_t::string):
              {
                  o << string_t("\"") << escape_string(*m_value.string) << "\"";
                  return;
              }
  
              case (value_t::boolean):
              {
                  o << (m_value.boolean ? "true" : "false");
                  return;
              }
  
              case (value_t::number_integer):
              {
                  o << m_value.number_integer;
                  return;
              }
  
              case (value_t::number_float):
              {
                  // 15 digits of precision allows round-trip IEEE 754
                  // string->double->string; to be safe, we read this value from
                  // std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits10
                  o << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits10) << m_value.number_float;
                  return;
              }
  
              case (value_t::discarded):
              {
                  o << "<discarded>";
                  return;
              }
  
              default:
              {
                  o << "null";
                  return;
              }
          }
      }
  
    private:
      //////////////////////
      // member variables //
      //////////////////////
  
      /// the type of the current element
      value_t m_type = value_t::null;
  
      /// the value of the current element
      json_value m_value = {};
  
  
    private:
      ///////////////
      // iterators //
      ///////////////
  
      /*!
      @brief an iterator for primitive JSON types
  
      This class models an iterator for primitive JSON types (boolean, number,
      string). It's only purpose is to allow the iterator/const_iterator classes
      to "iterate" over primitive values. Internally, the iterator is modeled by
      a `difference_type` variable. Value begin_value (`0`) models the begin,
      end_value (`1`) models past the end.
      */
      class primitive_iterator_t
      {
        public:
          /// set iterator to a defined beginning
          void set_begin()
          {
              m_it = begin_value;
          }
  
          /// set iterator to a defined past the end
          void set_end()
          {
              m_it = end_value;
          }
  
          /// return whether the iterator can be dereferenced
          bool is_begin() const
          {
              return (m_it == begin_value);
          }
  
          /// return whether the iterator is at end
          bool is_end() const
          {
              return (m_it == end_value);
          }
  
          /// return reference to the value to change and compare
          operator difference_type& ()
          {
              return m_it;
          }
  
          /// return value to compare
          operator difference_type () const
          {
              return m_it;
          }
  
        private:
          static constexpr difference_type begin_value = 0;
          static constexpr difference_type end_value = begin_value + 1;
  
          /// iterator as signed integer type
          difference_type m_it = std::numeric_limits<std::ptrdiff_t>::min();
      };
  
      /*!
      @brief an iterator value
  
      @note This structure could easily be a union, but MSVC currently does not
      allow unions members with complex constructors, see
      https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/105.
      */
      struct internal_iterator
      {
          /// iterator for JSON objects
          typename object_t::iterator object_iterator;
          /// iterator for JSON arrays
          typename array_t::iterator array_iterator;
          /// generic iterator for all other types
          primitive_iterator_t primitive_iterator;
  
          /// create an uninitialized internal_iterator
          internal_iterator()
              : object_iterator(), array_iterator(), primitive_iterator()
          {}
      };
  
    public:
      /*!
      @brief a const random access iterator for the @ref basic_json class
  
      This class implements a const iterator for the @ref basic_json class. From
      this class, the @ref iterator class is derived.
  
      @requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
      - [RandomAccessIterator](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/RandomAccessIterator):
        The iterator that can be moved to point (forward and backward) to any
        element in constant time.
      */
      class const_iterator : public std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag, const basic_json>
      {
          /// allow basic_json to access private members
          friend class basic_json;
  
        public:
          /// the type of the values when the iterator is dereferenced
          using value_type = typename basic_json::value_type;
          /// a type to represent differences between iterators
          using difference_type = typename basic_json::difference_type;
          /// defines a pointer to the type iterated over (value_type)
          using pointer = typename basic_json::const_pointer;
          /// defines a reference to the type iterated over (value_type)
          using reference = typename basic_json::const_reference;
          /// the category of the iterator
          using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
  
          /// default constructor
          const_iterator() = default;
  
          /// constructor for a given JSON instance
          const_iterator(pointer object) : m_object(object)
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      m_it.object_iterator = typename object_t::iterator();
                      break;
                  }
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      m_it.array_iterator = typename array_t::iterator();
                      break;
                  }
                  default:
                  {
                      m_it.primitive_iterator = primitive_iterator_t();
                      break;
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// copy constructor given a nonconst iterator
          const_iterator(const iterator& other) : m_object(other.m_object)
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      m_it.object_iterator = other.m_it.object_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      m_it.array_iterator = other.m_it.array_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      m_it.primitive_iterator = other.m_it.primitive_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// copy constructor
          const_iterator(const const_iterator& other) noexcept
              : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it)
          {}
  
          /// copy assignment
          const_iterator& operator=(const_iterator other) noexcept(
              std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<pointer>::value and
              std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<pointer>::value and
              std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<internal_iterator>::value and
              std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<internal_iterator>::value
          )
          {
              std::swap(m_object, other.m_object);
              std::swap(m_it, other.m_it);
              return *this;
          }
  
        private:
          /// set the iterator to the first value
          void set_begin()
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->begin();
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->begin();
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::null):
                  {
                      // set to end so begin()==end() is true: null is empty
                      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_begin();
                      break;
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// set the iterator past the last value
          void set_end()
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->end();
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->end();
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
                      break;
                  }
              }
          }
  
        public:
          /// return a reference to the value pointed to by the iterator
          reference operator*() const
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      return m_it.object_iterator->second;
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      return *m_it.array_iterator;
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::null):
                  {
                      throw std::out_of_range("cannot get value");
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      if (m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())
                      {
                          return *m_object;
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          throw std::out_of_range("cannot get value");
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// dereference the iterator
          pointer operator->() const
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      return &(m_it.object_iterator->second);
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      return &*m_it.array_iterator;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      if (m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin())
                      {
                          return m_object;
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          throw std::out_of_range("cannot get value");
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// post-increment (it++)
          const_iterator operator++(int)
          {
              auto result = *this;
              ++(*this);
  
              return result;
          }
  
          /// pre-increment (++it)
          const_iterator& operator++()
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      ++m_it.object_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      ++m_it.array_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      ++m_it.primitive_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
              }
  
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// post-decrement (it--)
          const_iterator operator--(int)
          {
              auto result = *this;
              --(*this);
  
              return result;
          }
  
          /// pre-decrement (--it)
          const_iterator& operator--()
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      --m_it.object_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      --m_it.array_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      --m_it.primitive_iterator;
                      break;
                  }
              }
  
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// comparison: equal
          bool operator==(const const_iterator& other) const
          {
              // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
              if (m_object != other.m_object)
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("cannot compare iterators of different containers");
              }
  
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      return (m_it.object_iterator == other.m_it.object_iterator);
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      return (m_it.array_iterator == other.m_it.array_iterator);
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      return (m_it.primitive_iterator == other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// comparison: not equal
          bool operator!=(const const_iterator& other) const
          {
              return not operator==(other);
          }
  
          /// comparison: smaller
          bool operator<(const const_iterator& other) const
          {
              // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
              if (m_object != other.m_object)
              {
                  throw std::domain_error("cannot compare iterators of different containers");
              }
  
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator< for object iterators");
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      return (m_it.array_iterator < other.m_it.array_iterator);
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      return (m_it.primitive_iterator < other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// comparison: less than or equal
          bool operator<=(const const_iterator& other) const
          {
              return not other.operator < (*this);
          }
  
          /// comparison: greater than
          bool operator>(const const_iterator& other) const
          {
              return not operator<=(other);
          }
  
          /// comparison: greater than or equal
          bool operator>=(const const_iterator& other) const
          {
              return not operator<(other);
          }
  
          /// add to iterator
          const_iterator& operator+=(difference_type i)
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator+= for object iterators");
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      m_it.array_iterator += i;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      m_it.primitive_iterator += i;
                      break;
                  }
              }
  
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// subtract from iterator
          const_iterator& operator-=(difference_type i)
          {
              return operator+=(-i);
          }
  
          /// add to iterator
          const_iterator operator+(difference_type i)
          {
              auto result = *this;
              result += i;
              return result;
          }
  
          /// subtract from iterator
          const_iterator operator-(difference_type i)
          {
              auto result = *this;
              result -= i;
              return result;
          }
  
          /// return difference
          difference_type operator-(const const_iterator& other) const
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator- for object iterators");
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      return m_it.array_iterator - other.m_it.array_iterator;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      return m_it.primitive_iterator - other.m_it.primitive_iterator;
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// access to successor
          reference operator[](difference_type n) const
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      throw std::domain_error("cannot use operator[] for object iterators");
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::array):
                  {
                      return *(m_it.array_iterator + n);
                  }
  
                  case (basic_json::value_t::null):
                  {
                      throw std::out_of_range("cannot get value");
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      if (m_it.primitive_iterator == -n)
                      {
                          return *m_object;
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          throw std::out_of_range("cannot get value");
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// return the key of an object iterator
          typename object_t::key_type key() const
          {
              switch (m_object->m_type)
              {
                  case (basic_json::value_t::object):
                  {
                      return m_it.object_iterator->first;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      throw std::domain_error("cannot use key() for non-object iterators");
                  }
              }
          }
  
          /// return the value of an iterator
          reference value() const
          {
              return operator*();
          }
  
        private:
          /// associated JSON instance
          pointer m_object = nullptr;
          /// the actual iterator of the associated instance
          internal_iterator m_it = internal_iterator();
      };
  
      /*!
      @brief a mutable random access iterator for the @ref basic_json class
  
      @requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
      - [RandomAccessIterator](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/RandomAccessIterator):
        The iterator that can be moved to point (forward and backward) to any
        element in constant time.
      - [OutputIterator](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/OutputIterator):
        It is possible to write to the pointed-to element.
      */
      class iterator : public const_iterator
      {
        public:
          using base_iterator = const_iterator;
          using pointer = typename basic_json::pointer;
          using reference = typename basic_json::reference;
  
          /// default constructor
          iterator() = default;
  
          /// constructor for a given JSON instance
          iterator(pointer object) noexcept : base_iterator(object)
          {}
  
          /// copy constructor
          iterator(const iterator& other) noexcept
              : base_iterator(other)
          {}
  
          /// copy assignment
          iterator& operator=(iterator other) noexcept(
              std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<pointer>::value and
              std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<pointer>::value and
              std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<internal_iterator>::value and
              std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<internal_iterator>::value
          )
          {
              base_iterator::operator=(other);
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// return a reference to the value pointed to by the iterator
          reference operator*()
          {
              return const_cast<reference>(base_iterator::operator*());
          }
  
          /// dereference the iterator
          pointer operator->()
          {
              return const_cast<pointer>(base_iterator::operator->());
          }
  
          /// post-increment (it++)
          iterator operator++(int)
          {
              iterator result = *this;
              base_iterator::operator++();
              return result;
          }
  
          /// pre-increment (++it)
          iterator& operator++()
          {
              base_iterator::operator++();
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// post-decrement (it--)
          iterator operator--(int)
          {
              iterator result = *this;
              base_iterator::operator--();
              return result;
          }
  
          /// pre-decrement (--it)
          iterator& operator--()
          {
              base_iterator::operator--();
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// add to iterator
          iterator& operator+=(difference_type i)
          {
              base_iterator::operator+=(i);
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// subtract from iterator
          iterator& operator-=(difference_type i)
          {
              base_iterator::operator-=(i);
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// add to iterator
          iterator operator+(difference_type i)
          {
              auto result = *this;
              result += i;
              return result;
          }
  
          /// subtract from iterator
          iterator operator-(difference_type i)
          {
              auto result = *this;
              result -= i;
              return result;
          }
  
          difference_type operator-(const iterator& other) const
          {
              return base_iterator::operator-(other);
          }
  
          /// access to successor
          reference operator[](difference_type n) const
          {
              return const_cast<reference>(base_iterator::operator[](n));
          }
  
          /// return the value of an iterator
          reference value() const
          {
              return const_cast<reference>(base_iterator::value());
          }
      };
  
      /*!
      @brief a template for a reverse iterator class
  
      @tparam Base the base iterator type to reverse. Valid types are @ref
      iterator (to create @ref reverse_iterator) and @ref const_iterator (to
      create @ref const_reverse_iterator).
  
      @requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
      - [RandomAccessIterator](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/RandomAccessIterator):
        The iterator that can be moved to point (forward and backward) to any
        element in constant time.
      - [OutputIterator](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/OutputIterator):
        It is possible to write to the pointed-to element (only if @a Base is
        @ref iterator).
      */
      template<typename Base>
      class json_reverse_iterator : public std::reverse_iterator<Base>
      {
        public:
          /// shortcut to the reverse iterator adaptor
          using base_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<Base>;
          /// the reference type for the pointed-to element
          using reference = typename Base::reference;
  
          /// create reverse iterator from iterator
          json_reverse_iterator(const typename base_iterator::iterator_type& it)
              : base_iterator(it) {}
  
          /// create reverse iterator from base class
          json_reverse_iterator(const base_iterator& it) : base_iterator(it) {}
  
          /// post-increment (it++)
          json_reverse_iterator operator++(int)
          {
              return base_iterator::operator++(1);
          }
  
          /// pre-increment (++it)
          json_reverse_iterator& operator++()
          {
              base_iterator::operator++();
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// post-decrement (it--)
          json_reverse_iterator operator--(int)
          {
              return base_iterator::operator--(1);
          }
  
          /// pre-decrement (--it)
          json_reverse_iterator& operator--()
          {
              base_iterator::operator--();
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// add to iterator
          json_reverse_iterator& operator+=(difference_type i)
          {
              base_iterator::operator+=(i);
              return *this;
          }
  
          /// add to iterator
          json_reverse_iterator operator+(difference_type i) const
          {
              auto result = *this;
              result += i;
              return result;
          }
  
          /// subtract from iterator
          json_reverse_iterator operator-(difference_type i) const
          {
              auto result = *this;
              result -= i;
              return result;
          }
  
          /// return difference
          difference_type operator-(const json_reverse_iterator& other) const
          {
              return this->base() - other.base();
          }
  
          /// access to successor
          reference operator[](difference_type n) const
          {
              return *(this->operator+(n));
          }
  
          /// return the key of an object iterator
          typename object_t::key_type key() const
          {
              auto it = --this->base();
              return it.key();
          }
  
          /// return the value of an iterator
          reference value() const
          {
              auto it = --this->base();
              return it.operator * ();
          }
      };
  
      /*!
      @brief wrapper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
  
      This class allows to access @ref key() and @ref value() during range-based
      for loops. In these loops, a reference to the JSON values is returned, so
      there is no access to the underlying iterator.
      */
      class iterator_wrapper
      {
        private:
          /// the container to iterate
          basic_json& container;
          /// the type of the iterator to use while iteration
          using json_iterator = decltype(std::begin(container));
  
          /// internal iterator wrapper
          class iterator_wrapper_internal
          {
            private:
              /// the iterator
              json_iterator anchor;
              /// an index for arrays
              size_t array_index = 0;
  
            public:
              /// construct wrapper given an iterator
              iterator_wrapper_internal(json_iterator i) : anchor(i)
              {}
  
              /// dereference operator (needed for range-based for)
              iterator_wrapper_internal& operator*()
              {
                  return *this;
              }
  
              /// increment operator (needed for range-based for)
              iterator_wrapper_internal& operator++()
              {
                  ++anchor;
                  ++array_index;
  
                  return *this;
              }
  
              /// inequality operator (needed for range-based for)
              bool operator!= (const iterator_wrapper_internal& o)
              {
                  return anchor != o.anchor;
              }
  
              /// stream operator
              friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const iterator_wrapper_internal& w)
              {
                  return o << w.value();
              }
  
              /// return key of the iterator
              typename basic_json::string_t key() const
              {
                  switch (anchor.m_object->type())
                  {
                      /// use integer array index as key
                      case (value_t::array):
                      {
                          return std::to_string(array_index);
                      }
  
                      /// use key from the object
                      case (value_t::object):
                      {
                          return anchor.key();
                      }
  
                      /// use an empty key for all primitive types
                      default:
                      {
                          return "";
                      }
                  }
              }
  
              /// return value of the iterator
              typename json_iterator::reference value() const
              {
                  return anchor.value();
              }
          };
  
        public:
          /// construct iterator wrapper from a container
          iterator_wrapper(basic_json& cont)
              : container(cont)
          {}
  
          /// return iterator begin (needed for range-based for)
          iterator_wrapper_internal begin()
          {
              return iterator_wrapper_internal(container.begin());
          }
  
          /// return iterator end (needed for range-based for)
          iterator_wrapper_internal end()
          {
              return iterator_wrapper_internal(container.end());
          }
      };
  
    private:
      //////////////////////
      // lexer and parser //
      //////////////////////
  
      /*!
      @brief lexical analysis
  
      This class organizes the lexical analysis during JSON deserialization. The
      core of it is a scanner generated by re2c <http://re2c.org> that processes
      a buffer and recognizes tokens according to RFC 7159.
      */
      class lexer
      {
        public:
          /// token types for the parser
          enum class token_type
          {
              uninitialized,    ///< indicating the scanner is uninitialized
              literal_true,     ///< the "true" literal
              literal_false,    ///< the "false" literal
              literal_null,     ///< the "null" literal
              value_string,     ///< a string - use get_string() for actual value
              value_number,     ///< a number - use get_number() for actual value
              begin_array,      ///< the character for array begin "["
              begin_object,     ///< the character for object begin "{"
              end_array,        ///< the character for array end "]"
              end_object,       ///< the character for object end "}"
              name_separator,   ///< the name separator ":"
              value_separator,  ///< the value separator ","
              parse_error,      ///< indicating a parse error
              end_of_input      ///< indicating the end of the input buffer
          };
  
          /// the char type to use in the lexer
          using lexer_char_t = unsigned char;
  
          /// constructor with a given buffer
          explicit lexer(const string_t& s) noexcept
              : m_stream(nullptr), m_buffer(s)
          {
              m_content = reinterpret_cast<const lexer_char_t*>(s.c_str());
              m_start = m_cursor = m_content;
              m_limit = m_content + s.size();
          }
          explicit lexer(std::istream* s) noexcept
              : m_stream(s), m_buffer()
          {
              getline(*m_stream, m_buffer);
              m_content = reinterpret_cast<const lexer_char_t*>(m_buffer.c_str());
              m_start = m_cursor = m_content;
              m_limit = m_content + m_buffer.size();
          }
  
          /// default constructor
          lexer() = default;
  
          // switch of unwanted functions
          lexer(const lexer&) = delete;
          lexer operator=(const lexer&) = delete;
  
          /*!
          @brief create a string from a Unicode code point
  
          @param[in] codepoint1  the code point (can be high surrogate)
          @param[in] codepoint2  the code point (can be low surrogate or 0)
          @return string representation of the code point
          @throw std::out_of_range if code point is >0x10ffff
          @throw std::invalid_argument if the low surrogate is invalid
  
          @see <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Sample_code>
          */
          static string_t to_unicode(const std::size_t codepoint1,
                                     const std::size_t codepoint2 = 0)
          {
              string_t result;
  
              // calculate the codepoint from the given code points
              std::size_t codepoint = codepoint1;
  
              // check if codepoint1 is a high surrogate
              if (codepoint1 >= 0xD800 and codepoint1 <= 0xDBFF)
              {
                  // check if codepoint2 is a low surrogate
                  if (codepoint2 >= 0xDC00 and codepoint2 <= 0xDFFF)
                  {
                      codepoint =
                          // high surrogate occupies the most significant 22 bits
                          (codepoint1 << 10)
                          // low surrogate occupies the least significant 15 bits
                          + codepoint2
                          // there is still the 0xD800, 0xDC00 and 0x10000 noise
                          // in the result so we have to substract with:
                          // (0xD800 << 10) + DC00 - 0x10000 = 0x35FDC00
                          - 0x35FDC00;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      throw std::invalid_argument("missing or wrong low surrogate");
                  }
              }
  
              if (codepoint < 0x80)
              {
                  // 1-byte characters: 0xxxxxxx (ASCII)
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(codepoint));
              }
              else if (codepoint <= 0x7ff)
              {
                  // 2-byte characters: 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xC0 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x1F)));
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
              }
              else if (codepoint <= 0xffff)
              {
                  // 3-byte characters: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xE0 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0x0F)));
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
              }
              else if (codepoint <= 0x10ffff)
              {
                  // 4-byte characters: 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xF0 | ((codepoint >> 18) & 0x07)));
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0x3F)));
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
                  result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
              }
              else
              {
                  throw std::out_of_range("code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid");
              }
  
              return result;
          }
  
          /// return name of values of type token_type
          static std::string token_type_name(token_type t)
          {
              switch (t)
              {
                  case (token_type::uninitialized):
                      return "<uninitialized>";
                  case (token_type::literal_true):
                      return "true literal";
                  case (token_type::literal_false):
                      return "false literal";
                  case (token_type::literal_null):
                      return "null literal";
                  case (token_type::value_string):
                      return "string literal";
                  case (token_type::value_number):
                      return "number literal";
                  case (token_type::begin_array):
                      return "[";
                  case (token_type::begin_object):
                      return "{";
                  case (token_type::end_array):
                      return "]";
                  case (token_type::end_object):
                      return "}";
                  case (token_type::name_separator):
                      return ":";
                  case (token_type::value_separator):
                      return ",";
                  case (token_type::end_of_input):
                      return "<end of input>";
                  default:
                      return "<parse error>";
              }
          }
  
          /*!
          This function implements a scanner for JSON. It is specified using
          regular expressions that try to follow RFC 7159 as close as possible.
          These regular expressions are then translated into a deterministic
          finite automaton (DFA) by the tool re2c <http://re2c.org>. As a result,
          the translated code for this function consists of a large block of code
          with goto jumps.
  
          @return the class of the next token read from the buffer
          */
          token_type scan() noexcept
          {
              // pointer for backtracking information
              m_marker = nullptr;
  
              // remember the begin of the token
              m_start = m_cursor;
  
  
              {
                  lexer_char_t yych;
                  unsigned int yyaccept = 0;
                  static const unsigned char yybm[] =
                  {
                      0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
                      0,  32,  32,   0,   0,  32,   0,   0,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      96,  64,   0,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192,
                      192, 192,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,   0,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                      64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,  64,
                  };
  
                  if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 5)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '9')
                  {
                      if (yych <= ' ')
                      {
                          if (yych <= '\n')
                          {
                              if (yych <= 0x00)
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_27;
                              }
                              if (yych <= 0x08)
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_29;
                              }
                              if (yych >= '\n')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_4;
                              }
                          }
                          else
                          {
                              if (yych == '\r')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_2;
                              }
                              if (yych <= 0x1F)
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_29;
                              }
                          }
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          if (yych <= ',')
                          {
                              if (yych == '"')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_26;
                              }
                              if (yych <= '+')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_29;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_14;
                          }
                          else
                          {
                              if (yych <= '-')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_22;
                              }
                              if (yych <= '/')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_29;
                              }
                              if (yych <= '0')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_23;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_25;
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'm')
                      {
                          if (yych <= '\\')
                          {
                              if (yych <= ':')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_16;
                              }
                              if (yych == '[')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_6;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_29;
                          }
                          else
                          {
                              if (yych <= ']')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_8;
                              }
                              if (yych == 'f')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_21;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_29;
                          }
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          if (yych <= 'z')
                          {
                              if (yych <= 'n')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_18;
                              }
                              if (yych == 't')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_20;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_29;
                          }
                          else
                          {
                              if (yych <= '{')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_10;
                              }
                              if (yych == '}')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_12;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_29;
                          }
                      }
                  }
  basic_json_parser_2:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  goto basic_json_parser_5;
  basic_json_parser_3:
                  {
                      return scan();
                  }
  basic_json_parser_4:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
  basic_json_parser_5:
                  if (yybm[0 + yych] & 32)
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_4;
                  }
                  goto basic_json_parser_3;
  basic_json_parser_6:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::begin_array;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_8:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::end_array;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_10:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::begin_object;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_12:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::end_object;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_14:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::value_separator;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_16:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::name_separator;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_18:
                  yyaccept = 0;
                  yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                  if (yych == 'u')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_59;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_19:
                  {
                      return token_type::parse_error;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_20:
                  yyaccept = 0;
                  yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                  if (yych == 'r')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_55;
                  }
                  goto basic_json_parser_19;
  basic_json_parser_21:
                  yyaccept = 0;
                  yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                  if (yych == 'a')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_50;
                  }
                  goto basic_json_parser_19;
  basic_json_parser_22:
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '/')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_19;
                  }
                  if (yych <= '0')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_49;
                  }
                  if (yych <= '9')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_40;
                  }
                  goto basic_json_parser_19;
  basic_json_parser_23:
                  yyaccept = 1;
                  yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                  if (yych <= 'D')
                  {
                      if (yych == '.')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_42;
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'E')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_43;
                      }
                      if (yych == 'e')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_43;
                      }
                  }
  basic_json_parser_24:
                  {
                      return token_type::value_number;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_25:
                  yyaccept = 1;
                  yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                  goto basic_json_parser_41;
  basic_json_parser_26:
                  yyaccept = 0;
                  yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                  if (yych <= 0x0F)
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_19;
                  }
                  goto basic_json_parser_31;
  basic_json_parser_27:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::end_of_input;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_29:
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  goto basic_json_parser_19;
  basic_json_parser_30:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
  basic_json_parser_31:
                  if (yybm[0 + yych] & 64)
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_30;
                  }
                  if (yych <= 0x0F)
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  if (yych <= '"')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_34;
                  }
                  goto basic_json_parser_33;
  basic_json_parser_32:
                  m_cursor = m_marker;
                  if (yyaccept == 0)
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_19;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_24;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_33:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= 'e')
                  {
                      if (yych <= '/')
                      {
                          if (yych == '"')
                          {
                              goto basic_json_parser_30;
                          }
                          if (yych <= '.')
                          {
                              goto basic_json_parser_32;
                          }
                          goto basic_json_parser_30;
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          if (yych <= '\\')
                          {
                              if (yych <= '[')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_32;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_30;
                          }
                          else
                          {
                              if (yych == 'b')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_30;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_32;
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'q')
                      {
                          if (yych <= 'f')
                          {
                              goto basic_json_parser_30;
                          }
                          if (yych == 'n')
                          {
                              goto basic_json_parser_30;
                          }
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          if (yych <= 's')
                          {
                              if (yych <= 'r')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_30;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_32;
                          }
                          else
                          {
                              if (yych <= 't')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_30;
                              }
                              if (yych <= 'u')
                              {
                                  goto basic_json_parser_36;
                              }
                              goto basic_json_parser_32;
                          }
                      }
                  }
  basic_json_parser_34:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::value_string;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_36:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '@')
                  {
                      if (yych <= '/')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych >= ':')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'F')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_37;
                      }
                      if (yych <= '`')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych >= 'g')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                  }
  basic_json_parser_37:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '@')
                  {
                      if (yych <= '/')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych >= ':')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'F')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_38;
                      }
                      if (yych <= '`')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych >= 'g')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                  }
  basic_json_parser_38:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '@')
                  {
                      if (yych <= '/')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych >= ':')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'F')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_39;
                      }
                      if (yych <= '`')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych >= 'g')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                  }
  basic_json_parser_39:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '@')
                  {
                      if (yych <= '/')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych <= '9')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_30;
                      }
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'F')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_30;
                      }
                      if (yych <= '`')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych <= 'f')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_30;
                      }
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_40:
                  yyaccept = 1;
                  m_marker = ++m_cursor;
                  if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 3)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
  basic_json_parser_41:
                  if (yybm[0 + yych] & 128)
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_40;
                  }
                  if (yych <= 'D')
                  {
                      if (yych != '.')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_24;
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'E')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_43;
                      }
                      if (yych == 'e')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_43;
                      }
                      goto basic_json_parser_24;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_42:
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '/')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  if (yych <= '9')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_47;
                  }
                  goto basic_json_parser_32;
  basic_json_parser_43:
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= ',')
                  {
                      if (yych != '+')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= '-')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_44;
                      }
                      if (yych <= '/')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_32;
                      }
                      if (yych <= '9')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_45;
                      }
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_44:
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '/')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  if (yych >= ':')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_45:
                  ++m_cursor;
                  if (m_limit <= m_cursor)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= '/')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_24;
                  }
                  if (yych <= '9')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_45;
                  }
                  goto basic_json_parser_24;
  basic_json_parser_47:
                  yyaccept = 1;
                  m_marker = ++m_cursor;
                  if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 3)
                  {
                      yyfill();    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE;
                  }
                  yych = *m_cursor;
                  if (yych <= 'D')
                  {
                      if (yych <= '/')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_24;
                      }
                      if (yych <= '9')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_47;
                      }
                      goto basic_json_parser_24;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'E')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_43;
                      }
                      if (yych == 'e')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_43;
                      }
                      goto basic_json_parser_24;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_49:
                  yyaccept = 1;
                  yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
                  if (yych <= 'D')
                  {
                      if (yych == '.')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_42;
                      }
                      goto basic_json_parser_24;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if (yych <= 'E')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_43;
                      }
                      if (yych == 'e')
                      {
                          goto basic_json_parser_43;
                      }
                      goto basic_json_parser_24;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_50:
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych != 'l')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych != 's')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych != 'e')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::literal_false;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_55:
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych != 'u')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych != 'e')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::literal_true;
                  }
  basic_json_parser_59:
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych != 'l')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  yych = *++m_cursor;
                  if (yych != 'l')
                  {
                      goto basic_json_parser_32;
                  }
                  ++m_cursor;
                  {
                      return token_type::literal_null;
                  }
              }
  
  
          }
  
          /// append data from the stream to the internal buffer
          void yyfill() noexcept
          {
              if (not m_stream or not * m_stream)
              {
                  return;
              }
  
              const ssize_t offset_start = m_start - m_content;
              const ssize_t offset_marker = m_marker - m_start;
              const ssize_t offset_cursor = m_cursor - m_start;
  
              m_buffer.erase(0, static_cast<size_t>(offset_start));
              std::string line;
              std::getline(*m_stream, line);
              m_buffer += "\n" + line; // add line with newline symbol
  
              m_content = reinterpret_cast<const lexer_char_t*>(m_buffer.c_str());
              m_start  = m_content;
              m_marker = m_start + offset_marker;
              m_cursor = m_start + offset_cursor;
              m_limit  = m_start + m_buffer.size() - 1;
          }
  
          /// return string representation of last read token
          string_t get_token() const noexcept
          {
              return string_t(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>(m_start),
                              static_cast<size_t>(m_cursor - m_start));
          }
  
          /*!
          @brief return string value for string tokens
  
          The function iterates the characters between the opening and closing
          quotes of the string value. The complete string is the range
          [m_start,m_cursor). Consequently, we iterate from m_start+1 to
          m_cursor-1.
  
          We differentiate two cases:
  
          1. Escaped characters. In this case, a new character is constructed
             according to the nature of the escape. Some escapes create new
             characters (e.g., @c "\\n" is replaced by @c "\n"), some are copied
             as is (e.g., @c "\\\\"). Furthermore, Unicode escapes of the shape
             @c "\\uxxxx" need special care. In this case, to_unicode takes care
             of the construction of the values.
          2. Unescaped characters are copied as is.
  
          @return string value of current token without opening and closing quotes
          @throw std::out_of_range if to_unicode fails
          */
          string_t get_string() const
          {
              string_t result;
              result.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(m_cursor - m_start - 2));
  
              // iterate the result between the quotes
              for (const lexer_char_t* i = m_start + 1; i < m_cursor - 1; ++i)
              {
                  // process escaped characters
                  if (*i == '\\')
                  {
                      // read next character
                      ++i;
  
                      switch (*i)
                      {
                          // the default escapes
                          case 't':
                          {
                              result += "\t";
                              break;
                          }
                          case 'b':
                          {
                              result += "\b";
                              break;
                          }
                          case 'f':
                          {
                              result += "\f";
                              break;
                          }
                          case 'n':
                          {
                              result += "\n";
                              break;
                          }
                          case 'r':
                          {
                              result += "\r";
                              break;
                          }
                          case '\\':
                          {
                              result += "\\";
                              break;
                          }
                          case '/':
                          {
                              result += "/";
                              break;
                          }
                          case '"':
                          {
                              result += "\"";
                              break;
                          }
  
                          // unicode
                          case 'u':
                          {
                              // get code xxxx from uxxxx
                              auto codepoint = std::strtoul(std::string(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>(i + 1),
                                                            4).c_str(), nullptr, 16);
  
                              // check if codepoint is a high surrogate
                              if (codepoint >= 0xD800 and codepoint <= 0xDBFF)
                              {
                                  // make sure there is a subsequent unicode
                                  if ((i + 6 >= m_limit) or * (i + 5) != '\\' or * (i + 6) != 'u')
                                  {
                                      throw std::invalid_argument("missing low surrogate");
                                  }
  
                                  // get code yyyy from uxxxx\uyyyy
                                  auto codepoint2 = std::strtoul(std::string(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>
                                                                 (i + 7), 4).c_str(), nullptr, 16);
                                  result += to_unicode(codepoint, codepoint2);
                                  // skip the next 11 characters (xxxx\uyyyy)
                                  i += 11;
                              }
                              else
                              {
                                  // add unicode character(s)
                                  result += to_unicode(codepoint);
                                  // skip the next four characters (xxxx)
                                  i += 4;
                              }
                              break;
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      // all other characters are just copied to the end of the
                      // string
                      result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(*i));
                  }
              }
  
              return result;
          }
  
          /*!
          @brief return number value for number tokens
  
          This function translates the last token into a floating point number.
          The pointer m_begin points to the beginning of the parsed number. We
          pass this pointer to std::strtod which sets endptr to the first
          character past the converted number. If this pointer is not the same as
          m_cursor, then either more or less characters have been used during the
          comparison. This can happen for inputs like "01" which will be treated
          like number 0 followed by number 1.
  
          @return the result of the number conversion or NAN if the conversion
          read past the current token. The latter case needs to be treated by the
          caller function.
  
          @throw std::range_error if passed value is out of range
          */
          long double get_number() const
          {
              // conversion
              typename string_t::value_type* endptr;
              const auto float_val = std::strtold(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>(m_start),
                                                  &endptr);
  
              // return float_val if the whole number was translated and NAN
              // otherwise
              return (reinterpret_cast<lexer_char_t*>(endptr) == m_cursor) ? float_val : NAN;
          }
  
        private:
          /// optional input stream
          std::istream* m_stream;
          /// the buffer
          string_t m_buffer;
          /// the buffer pointer
          const lexer_char_t* m_content = nullptr;
          /// pointer to the beginning of the current symbol
          const lexer_char_t* m_start = nullptr;
          /// pointer for backtracking information
          const lexer_char_t* m_marker = nullptr;
          /// pointer to the current symbol
          const lexer_char_t* m_cursor = nullptr;
          /// pointer to the end of the buffer
          const lexer_char_t* m_limit = nullptr;
      };
  
      /*!
      @brief syntax analysis
      */
      class parser
      {
        public:
          /// constructor for strings
          parser(const string_t& s, parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
              : callback(cb), m_lexer(s)
          {
              // read first token
              get_token();
          }
  
          /// a parser reading from an input stream
          parser(std::istream& _is, parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
              : callback(cb), m_lexer(&_is)
          {
              // read first token
              get_token();
          }
  
          /// public parser interface
          basic_json parse()
          {
              basic_json result = parse_internal(true);
  
              expect(lexer::token_type::end_of_input);
  
              // return parser result and replace it with null in case the
              // top-level value was discarded by the callback function
              return result.is_discarded() ? basic_json() : result;
          }
  
        private:
          /// the actual parser
          basic_json parse_internal(bool keep)
          {
              auto result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
  
              switch (last_token)
              {
                  case (lexer::token_type::begin_object):
                  {
                      if (keep and (not callback or (keep = callback(depth++, parse_event_t::object_start, result))))
                      {
                          // explicitly set result to object to cope with {}
                          result.m_type = value_t::object;
                          result.m_value = json_value(value_t::object);
                      }
  
                      // read next token
                      get_token();
  
                      // closing } -> we are done
                      if (last_token == lexer::token_type::end_object)
                      {
                          get_token();
                          if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::object_end, result))
                          {
                              result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
                          }
                          return result;
                      }
  
                      // no comma is expected here
                      unexpect(lexer::token_type::value_separator);
  
                      // otherwise: parse key-value pairs
                      do
                      {
                          // ugly, but could be fixed with loop reorganization
                          if (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator)
                          {
                              get_token();
                          }
  
                          // store key
                          expect(lexer::token_type::value_string);
                          const auto key = m_lexer.get_string();
  
                          bool keep_tag = false;
                          if (keep)
                          {
                              if (callback)
                              {
                                  basic_json k(key);
                                  keep_tag = callback(depth, parse_event_t::key, k);
                              }
                              else
                              {
                                  keep_tag = true;
                              }
                          }
  
                          // parse separator (:)
                          get_token();
                          expect(lexer::token_type::name_separator);
  
                          // parse and add value
                          get_token();
                          auto value = parse_internal(keep);
                          if (keep and keep_tag and not value.is_discarded())
                          {
                              result[key] = std::move(value);
                          }
                      }
                      while (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator);
  
                      // closing }
                      expect(lexer::token_type::end_object);
                      get_token();
                      if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::object_end, result))
                      {
                          result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
                      }
  
                      return result;
                  }
  
                  case (lexer::token_type::begin_array):
                  {
                      if (keep and (not callback or (keep = callback(depth++, parse_event_t::array_start, result))))
                      {
                          // explicitly set result to object to cope with []
                          result.m_type = value_t::array;
                          result.m_value = json_value(value_t::array);
                      }
  
                      // read next token
                      get_token();
  
                      // closing ] -> we are done
                      if (last_token == lexer::token_type::end_array)
                      {
                          get_token();
                          if (callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::array_end, result))
                          {
                              result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
                          }
                          return result;
                      }
  
                      // no comma is expected here
                      unexpect(lexer::token_type::value_separator);
  
                      // otherwise: parse values
                      do
                      {
                          // ugly, but could be fixed with loop reorganization
                          if (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator)
                          {
                              get_token();
                          }
  
                          // parse value
                          auto value = parse_internal(keep);
                          if (keep and not value.is_discarded())
                          {
                              result.push_back(std::move(value));
                          }
                      }
                      while (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator);
  
                      // closing ]
                      expect(lexer::token_type::end_array);
                      get_token();
                      if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::array_end, result))
                      {
                          result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
                      }
  
                      return result;
                  }
  
                  case (lexer::token_type::literal_null):
                  {
                      get_token();
                      result.m_type = value_t::null;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (lexer::token_type::value_string):
                  {
                      const auto s = m_lexer.get_string();
                      get_token();
                      result = basic_json(s);
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (lexer::token_type::literal_true):
                  {
                      get_token();
                      result.m_type = value_t::boolean;
                      result.m_value = true;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (lexer::token_type::literal_false):
                  {
                      get_token();
                      result.m_type = value_t::boolean;
                      result.m_value = false;
                      break;
                  }
  
                  case (lexer::token_type::value_number):
                  {
                      auto float_val = m_lexer.get_number();
  
                      // NAN is returned if token could not be translated
                      // completely
                      if (std::isnan(float_val))
                      {
                          throw std::invalid_argument(std::string("parse error - ") +
                                                      m_lexer.get_token() + " is not a number");
                      }
  
                      get_token();
  
                      // check if conversion loses precision
                      const auto int_val = static_cast<number_integer_t>(float_val);
                      if (approx(float_val, static_cast<long double>(int_val)))
                      {
                          // we basic_json not lose precision -> return int
                          result.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
                          result.m_value = int_val;
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          // we would lose precision -> returnfloat
                          result.m_type = value_t::number_float;
                          result.m_value = static_cast<number_float_t>(float_val);
                      }
                      break;
                  }
  
                  default:
                  {
                      // the last token was unexpected
                      unexpect(last_token);
                  }
              }
  
              if (keep and callback and not callback(depth, parse_event_t::value, result))
              {
                  result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
              }
              return result;
          }
  
          /// get next token from lexer
          typename lexer::token_type get_token()
          {
              last_token = m_lexer.scan();
              return last_token;
          }
  
          void expect(typename lexer::token_type t) const
          {
              if (t != last_token)
              {
                  std::string error_msg = "parse error - unexpected \'";
                  error_msg += m_lexer.get_token();
                  error_msg += "\' (" + lexer::token_type_name(last_token);
                  error_msg += "); expected " + lexer::token_type_name(t);
                  throw std::invalid_argument(error_msg);
              }
          }
  
          void unexpect(typename lexer::token_type t) const
          {
              if (t == last_token)
              {
                  std::string error_msg = "parse error - unexpected \'";
                  error_msg += m_lexer.get_token();
                  error_msg += "\' (";
                  error_msg += lexer::token_type_name(last_token) + ")";
                  throw std::invalid_argument(error_msg);
              }
          }
  
        private:
          /// current level of recursion
          int depth = 0;
          /// callback function
          parser_callback_t callback;
          /// the type of the last read token
          typename lexer::token_type last_token = lexer::token_type::uninitialized;
          /// the lexer
          lexer m_lexer;
      };
  };
  
  
  /////////////
  // presets //
  /////////////
  
  /*!
  @brief default JSON class
  
  This type is the default specialization of the @ref basic_json class which uses
  the standard template types.
  */
  using json = basic_json<>;
  }
  
  
  /////////////////////////
  // nonmember functions //
  /////////////////////////
  
  // specialization of std::swap, and std::hash
  namespace std
  {
  /*!
  @brief exchanges the values of two JSON objects
  */
  template <>
  inline void swap(nlohmann::json& j1,
                   nlohmann::json& j2) noexcept(
                       is_nothrow_move_constructible<nlohmann::json>::value and
                       is_nothrow_move_assignable<nlohmann::json>::value
                   )
  {
      j1.swap(j2);
  }
  
  /// hash value for JSON objects
  template <>
  struct hash<nlohmann::json>
  {
      /// return a hash value for a JSON object
      std::size_t operator()(const nlohmann::json& j) const
      {
          // a naive hashing via the string representation
          const auto& h = hash<nlohmann::json::string_t>();
          return h(j.dump());
      }
  };
  }
  
  /*!
  @brief user-defined string literal for JSON values
  
  This operator implements a user-defined string literal for JSON objects. It can
  be used by adding \p "_json" to a string literal and returns a JSON object if
  no parse error occurred.
  
  @param[in] s  a string representation of a JSON object
  @return a JSON object
  */
  inline nlohmann::json operator "" _json(const char* s, std::size_t)
  {
      return nlohmann::json::parse(reinterpret_cast<nlohmann::json::string_t::value_type*>
                                   (const_cast<char*>(s)));
  }
  
  #endif
  