text: /*
   * Copyright (c) 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Nicira, Inc.
   *
   * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
   *
   *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  #include <config.h>
  
  #include <getopt.h>
  #include <inttypes.h>
  #include <limits.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  
  #include "byte-order.h"
  #include "command-line.h"
  #include "random.h"
  #include "util.h"
  #include "vlog.h"
  #include "ovstest.h"
  
  #undef NDEBUG
  #include <assert.h>
  
  static void
  check_log_2_floor(uint32_t x, int n)
  {
      if (log_2_floor(x) != n) {
          fprintf(stderr, "log_2_floor(%"PRIu32") is %d but should be %d\n",
                  x, log_2_floor(x), n);
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_log_2_floor(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      int n;
  
      for (n = 0; n < 32; n++) {
          /* Check minimum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_log_2_floor(1 << n, n);
  
          /* Check maximum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_log_2_floor((1 << n) | ((1 << n) - 1), n);
  
          /* Check a random value in the middle. */
          check_log_2_floor((random_uint32() & ((1 << n) - 1)) | (1 << n), n);
      }
  
      /* log_2_floor(0) is undefined, so don't check it. */
  }
  
  static void
  check_ctz32(uint32_t x, int n)
  {
      if (ctz32(x) != n) {
          fprintf(stderr, "ctz32(%"PRIu32") is %d but should be %d\n",
                  x, ctz32(x), n);
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  check_ctz64(uint64_t x, int n)
  {
      if (ctz64(x) != n) {
          fprintf(stderr, "ctz64(%"PRIu64") is %d but should be %d\n",
                  x, ctz64(x), n);
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_ctz(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      int n;
  
      for (n = 0; n < 32; n++) {
          /* Check minimum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_ctz32(1 << n, n);
  
          /* Check maximum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_ctz32(UINT32_MAX << n, n);
  
          /* Check a random value in the middle. */
          check_ctz32((random_uint32() | 1) << n, n);
      }
  
  
      for (n = 0; n < 64; n++) {
          /* Check minimum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_ctz64(UINT64_C(1) << n, n);
  
          /* Check maximum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_ctz64(UINT64_MAX << n, n);
  
          /* Check a random value in the middle. */
          check_ctz64((random_uint64() | UINT64_C(1)) << n, n);
      }
  
      /* Check ctz(0). */
      check_ctz32(0, 32);
      check_ctz64(0, 64);
  }
  
  static void
  check_clz32(uint32_t x, int n)
  {
      if (clz32(x) != n) {
          fprintf(stderr, "clz32(%"PRIu32") is %d but should be %d\n",
                  x, clz32(x), n);
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  check_clz64(uint64_t x, int n)
  {
      if (clz64(x) != n) {
          fprintf(stderr, "clz64(%"PRIu64") is %d but should be %d\n",
                  x, clz64(x), n);
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_clz(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      int n;
  
      for (n = 0; n < 32; n++) {
          /* Check minimum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_clz32((1u << 31) >> n, n);
  
          /* Check maximum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_clz32(UINT32_MAX >> n, n);
  
          /* Check a random value in the middle. */
          check_clz32((random_uint32() | 1u << 31) >> n, n);
      }
  
      for (n = 0; n < 64; n++) {
          /* Check minimum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_clz64((UINT64_C(1) << 63) >> n, n);
  
          /* Check maximum x such that f(x) == n. */
          check_clz64(UINT64_MAX >> n, n);
  
          /* Check a random value in the middle. */
          check_clz64((random_uint64() | UINT64_C(1) << 63) >> n, n);
      }
  
      /* Check clz(0). */
      check_clz32(0, 32);
      check_clz64(0, 64);
  }
  
  /* Returns a random number in the range 'min'...'max' inclusive. */
  static uint32_t
  random_in_range(uint32_t min, uint32_t max)
  {
      return min == max ? min : min + random_range(max - min + 1);
  }
  
  static void
  check_rup2(uint32_t x, int n)
  {
      uint32_t rup2 = ROUND_UP_POW2(x);
      if (rup2 != n) {
          fprintf(stderr, "ROUND_UP_POW2(%#"PRIx32") is %#"PRIx32" "
                  "but should be %#"PRIx32"\n", x, rup2, n);
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_round_up_pow2(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      int n;
  
      for (n = 0; n < 32; n++) {
          /* Min, max value for which ROUND_UP_POW2 should yield (1 << n). */
          uint32_t min = ((1u << n) >> 1) + 1;
          uint32_t max = 1u << n;
  
          check_rup2(min, 1u << n);
          check_rup2(max, 1u << n);
          check_rup2(random_in_range(min, max), 1u << n);
      }
      check_rup2(0, 0);
  }
  
  static void
  check_rdp2(uint32_t x, int n)
  {
      uint32_t rdp2 = ROUND_DOWN_POW2(x);
      if (rdp2 != n) {
          fprintf(stderr, "ROUND_DOWN_POW2(%#"PRIx32") is %#"PRIx32" "
                  "but should be %#"PRIx32"\n", x, rdp2, n);
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_round_down_pow2(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      int n;
  
      for (n = 0; n < 32; n++) {
          /* Min, max value for which ROUND_DOWN_POW2 should yield (1 << n). */
          uint32_t min = 1u << n;
          uint32_t max = ((1u << n) << 1) - 1;
  
          check_rdp2(min, 1u << n);
          check_rdp2(max, 1u << n);
          check_rdp2(random_in_range(min, max), 1u << n);
      }
      check_rdp2(0, 0);
  }
  
  static void
  shuffle(uint64_t *p, size_t n)
  {
      for (; n > 1; n--, p++) {
          uint64_t *q = &p[random_range(n)];
          uint64_t tmp = *p;
          *p = *q;
          *q = tmp;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  check_count_1bits(uint64_t x, int n)
  {
      if (count_1bits(x) != n) {
          fprintf(stderr, "count_1bits(%#"PRIx64") is %d but should be %d\n",
                  x, count_1bits(x), n);
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_count_1bits(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      uint64_t bits[64];
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(bits); i++) {
          bits[i] = UINT64_C(1) << i;
      }
  
      check_count_1bits(0, 0);
  
      for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
          uint64_t x = 0;
          int j;
  
          shuffle(bits, ARRAY_SIZE(bits));
          for (j = 0; j < 64; j++) {
              x |= bits[j];
              check_count_1bits(x, j + 1);
          }
          assert(x == UINT64_MAX);
  
          shuffle(bits, ARRAY_SIZE(bits));
          for (j = 63; j >= 0; j--) {
              x &= ~bits[j];
              check_count_1bits(x, j);
          }
          assert(x == 0);
      }
  }
  
  /* Returns the sum of the squares of the first 'n' positive integers. */
  static unsigned int
  sum_of_squares(int n)
  {
      return n * (n + 1) * (2 * n + 1) / 6;
  }
  
  static void
  test_bitwise_copy(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      unsigned int n_loops;
      int src_ofs;
      int dst_ofs;
      int n_bits;
  
      n_loops = 0;
      for (n_bits = 0; n_bits <= 64; n_bits++) {
          for (src_ofs = 0; src_ofs < 64 - n_bits; src_ofs++) {
              for (dst_ofs = 0; dst_ofs < 64 - n_bits; dst_ofs++) {
                  ovs_be64 src = htonll(random_uint64());
                  ovs_be64 dst = htonll(random_uint64());
                  ovs_be64 orig_dst = dst;
                  ovs_be64 expect;
  
                  if (n_bits == 64) {
                      expect = dst;
                  } else {
                      uint64_t mask = (UINT64_C(1) << n_bits) - 1;
                      expect = orig_dst & ~htonll(mask << dst_ofs);
                      expect |= htonll(((ntohll(src) >> src_ofs) & mask)
                                       << dst_ofs);
                  }
  
                  bitwise_copy(&src, sizeof src, src_ofs,
                               &dst, sizeof dst, dst_ofs,
                               n_bits);
                  if (expect != dst) {
                      fprintf(stderr,"copy_bits(0x%016"PRIx64",8,%d, "
                              "0x%016"PRIx64",8,%d, %d) yielded 0x%016"PRIx64" "
                              "instead of the expected 0x%016"PRIx64"\n",
                              ntohll(src), src_ofs,
                              ntohll(orig_dst), dst_ofs,
                              n_bits,
                              ntohll(dst), ntohll(expect));
                      abort();
                  }
  
                  n_loops++;
              }
          }
      }
  
      if (n_loops != sum_of_squares(64)) {
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_bitwise_zero(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      unsigned int n_loops;
      int dst_ofs;
      int n_bits;
  
      n_loops = 0;
      for (n_bits = 0; n_bits <= 64; n_bits++) {
          for (dst_ofs = 0; dst_ofs < 64 - n_bits; dst_ofs++) {
              ovs_be64 dst = htonll(random_uint64());
              ovs_be64 orig_dst = dst;
              ovs_be64 expect;
  
              if (n_bits == 64) {
                  expect = htonll(0);
              } else {
                  uint64_t mask = (UINT64_C(1) << n_bits) - 1;
                  expect = orig_dst & ~htonll(mask << dst_ofs);
              }
  
              bitwise_zero(&dst, sizeof dst, dst_ofs, n_bits);
              if (expect != dst) {
                  fprintf(stderr,"bitwise_zero(0x%016"PRIx64",8,%d, %d) "
                          "yielded 0x%016"PRIx64" "
                          "instead of the expected 0x%016"PRIx64"\n",
                          ntohll(orig_dst), dst_ofs,
                          n_bits,
                          ntohll(dst), ntohll(expect));
                  abort();
              }
  
              n_loops++;
          }
      }
  
      if (n_loops != 64 * (64 + 1) / 2) {
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_bitwise_one(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      unsigned int n_loops;
      int dst_ofs;
      int n_bits;
  
      n_loops = 0;
      for (n_bits = 0; n_bits <= 64; n_bits++) {
          for (dst_ofs = 0; dst_ofs < 64 - n_bits; dst_ofs++) {
              ovs_be64 dst = htonll(random_uint64());
              ovs_be64 orig_dst = dst;
              ovs_be64 expect;
  
              if (n_bits == 64) {
                  expect = OVS_BE64_MAX;
              } else {
                  uint64_t mask = (UINT64_C(1) << n_bits) - 1;
                  expect = orig_dst | htonll(mask << dst_ofs);
              }
  
              bitwise_one(&dst, sizeof dst, dst_ofs, n_bits);
              if (expect != dst) {
                  fprintf(stderr,"bitwise_one(0x%016"PRIx64",8,%d, %d) "
                          "yielded 0x%016"PRIx64" "
                          "instead of the expected 0x%016"PRIx64"\n",
                          ntohll(orig_dst), dst_ofs,
                          n_bits,
                          ntohll(dst), ntohll(expect));
                  abort();
              }
  
              n_loops++;
          }
      }
  
      if (n_loops != 64 * (64 + 1) / 2) {
          abort();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_bitwise_is_all_zeros(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      int n_loops;
  
      for (n_loops = 0; n_loops < 100; n_loops++) {
          ovs_be64 x = htonll(0);
          int i;
  
          for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
              ovs_be64 bit;
              int ofs, n;
  
              /* Change a random 0-bit into a 1-bit. */
              do {
                  bit = htonll(UINT64_C(1) << (random_range(64)));
              } while (x & bit);
              x |= bit;
  
              for (ofs = 0; ofs < 64; ofs++) {
                  for (n = 0; n <= 64 - ofs; n++) {
                      bool expect;
                      bool answer;
  
                      expect = (n == 64
                                ? x == 0
                                : !(x & htonll(((UINT64_C(1) << n) - 1)
                                               << ofs)));
                      answer = bitwise_is_all_zeros(&x, sizeof x, ofs, n);
                      if (expect != answer) {
                          fprintf(stderr,
                                  "bitwise_is_all_zeros(0x%016"PRIx64",8,%d,%d "
                                  "returned %s instead of %s\n",
                                  ntohll(x), ofs, n,
                                  answer ? "true" : "false",
                                  expect ? "true" : "false");
                          abort();
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_follow_symlinks(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
          char *target = follow_symlinks(argv[i]);
          puts(target);
          free(target);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  test_assert(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      ovs_assert(false);
  }
  
  static void
  test_ovs_scan(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      char str[16], str2[16], str3[16];
      long double ld, ld2;
      long long ll, ll2;
      signed char c, c2;
      ptrdiff_t pd, pd2;
      intmax_t im, im2;
      size_t sz, sz2;
      int n, n2, n3;
      double d, d2;
      short s, s2;
      float f, f2;
      long l, l2;
      int i, i2;
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("", ""));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("", " "));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" ", " "));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("  ", " "));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" \t ", " "));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("xyzzy", "xyzzy"));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("xy%zzy", "xy%%zzy"));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan(" xy%zzy", "xy%%zzy"));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("    xy%\tzzy", " xy%% zzy"));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%d%d", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2d %d", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 12);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2d %d", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2d %d", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == -1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2d %d", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%*2d %d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2d %*d", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%*2d %*d"));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%u%u", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2u %u", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 12);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2u %u", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2u %u", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == -1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2u %u", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%*2u %u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2u %*u", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%*2u %*u"));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%i%i", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0x123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2i %i", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 12);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2i %i", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2i %i", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == -1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2i %i", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%*2i %i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2i %*i", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%*2i %*i"));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%o%o", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == -0123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2o %o", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 012);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2o %o", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 023);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2o %o", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == -1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 023);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2o %o", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 023);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%*2o %o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2o %*o", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 023);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%*2o %*o"));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0x123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%x%x", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0x123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == -0x123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0x123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0x123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 0x123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2x %x", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 0x12);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2x %x", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 0x23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2x %x", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == -1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 0x23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2x %x", &i, &i2));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 0x23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%*2x %x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2x %*x", &i));
      ovs_assert(i == 1);
      ovs_assert(i2 == 0x23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%*2x %*x"));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%hd", &s));
      ovs_assert(s == 123);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%hd%hd", &s, &s2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%hd", &s));
      ovs_assert(s == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%hd", &s));
      ovs_assert(s == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%hd", &s));
      ovs_assert(s == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%hd", &s));
      ovs_assert(s == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%hd", &s));
      ovs_assert(s == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2hd %hd", &s, &s2));
      ovs_assert(s == 12);
      ovs_assert(s2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2hd %hd", &s, &s2));
      ovs_assert(s == 1);
      ovs_assert(s2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2hd %hd", &s, &s2));
      ovs_assert(s == -1);
      ovs_assert(s2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2hd %hd", &s, &s2));
      ovs_assert(s == 1);
      ovs_assert(s2 == 23);
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%hhd", &c));
      ovs_assert(c == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%hhd", &c));
      ovs_assert(c == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%hhd%hhd", &c, &c2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%hhd", &c));
      ovs_assert(c == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%hhd", &c));
      ovs_assert(c == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%hhd", &c));
      ovs_assert(c == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%hhd", &c));
      ovs_assert(c == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%hhd", &c));
      ovs_assert(c == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2hhd %hhd", &c, &c2));
      ovs_assert(c == 12);
      ovs_assert(c2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2hhd %hhd", &c, &c2));
      ovs_assert(c == 1);
      ovs_assert(c2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2hhd %hhd", &c, &c2));
      ovs_assert(c == -1);
      ovs_assert(c2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2hhd %hhd", &c, &c2));
      ovs_assert(c == 1);
      ovs_assert(c2 == 23);
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%ld", &l));
      ovs_assert(l == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%ld", &l));
      ovs_assert(l == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%ld%ld", &l, &l2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%ld", &l));
      ovs_assert(l == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%ld", &l));
      ovs_assert(l == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%ld", &l));
      ovs_assert(l == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%ld", &l));
      ovs_assert(l == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%ld", &l));
      ovs_assert(l == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2ld %ld", &l, &l2));
      ovs_assert(l == 12);
      ovs_assert(l2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2ld %ld", &l, &l2));
      ovs_assert(l == 1);
      ovs_assert(l2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2ld %ld", &l, &l2));
      ovs_assert(l == -1);
      ovs_assert(l2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2ld %ld", &l, &l2));
      ovs_assert(l == 1);
      ovs_assert(l2 == 23);
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%lld", &ll));
      ovs_assert(ll == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%lld", &ll));
      ovs_assert(ll == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%lld%lld", &ll, &ll2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%lld", &ll));
      ovs_assert(ll == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%lld", &ll));
      ovs_assert(ll == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%lld", &ll));
      ovs_assert(ll == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%lld", &ll));
      ovs_assert(ll == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%lld", &ll));
      ovs_assert(ll == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2lld %lld", &ll, &ll2));
      ovs_assert(ll == 12);
      ovs_assert(ll2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2lld %lld", &ll, &ll2));
      ovs_assert(ll == 1);
      ovs_assert(ll2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2lld %lld", &ll, &ll2));
      ovs_assert(ll == -1);
      ovs_assert(ll2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2lld %lld", &ll, &ll2));
      ovs_assert(ll == 1);
      ovs_assert(ll2 == 23);
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%jd", &im));
      ovs_assert(im == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%jd", &im));
      ovs_assert(im == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%jd%jd", &im, &im2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%jd", &im));
      ovs_assert(im == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%jd", &im));
      ovs_assert(im == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%jd", &im));
      ovs_assert(im == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%jd", &im));
      ovs_assert(im == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%jd", &im));
      ovs_assert(im == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2jd %jd", &im, &im2));
      ovs_assert(im == 12);
      ovs_assert(im2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2jd %jd", &im, &im2));
      ovs_assert(im == 1);
      ovs_assert(im2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2jd %jd", &im, &im2));
      ovs_assert(im == -1);
      ovs_assert(im2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2jd %jd", &im, &im2));
      ovs_assert(im == 1);
      ovs_assert(im2 == 23);
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%td", &pd));
      ovs_assert(pd == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%td", &pd));
      ovs_assert(pd == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%td%td", &pd, &pd2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%td", &pd));
      ovs_assert(pd == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%td", &pd));
      ovs_assert(pd == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%td", &pd));
      ovs_assert(pd == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%td", &pd));
      ovs_assert(pd == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%td", &pd));
      ovs_assert(pd == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2td %td", &pd, &pd2));
      ovs_assert(pd == 12);
      ovs_assert(pd2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2td %td", &pd, &pd2));
      ovs_assert(pd == 1);
      ovs_assert(pd2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2td %td", &pd, &pd2));
      ovs_assert(pd == -1);
      ovs_assert(pd2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2td %td", &pd, &pd2));
      ovs_assert(pd == 1);
      ovs_assert(pd2 == 23);
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%zd", &sz));
      ovs_assert(sz == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0", "%zd", &sz));
      ovs_assert(sz == 0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("123", "%zd%zd", &sz, &sz2));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%zd", &sz));
      ovs_assert(sz == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%zd", &sz));
      ovs_assert(sz == -123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%zd", &sz));
      ovs_assert(sz == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" 123", "%zd", &sz));
      ovs_assert(sz == 123);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123", "%zd", &sz));
      ovs_assert(sz == 0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("123", "%2zd %zd", &sz, &sz2));
      ovs_assert(sz == 12);
      ovs_assert(sz2 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123", "%2zd %zd", &sz, &sz2));
      ovs_assert(sz == 1);
      ovs_assert(sz2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-123", "%2zd %zd", &sz, &sz2));
      ovs_assert(sz == -1);
      ovs_assert(sz2 == 23);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0123", "%2zd %zd", &sz, &sz2));
      ovs_assert(sz == 1);
      ovs_assert(sz2 == 23);
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0.25", "%f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("1.0", "%f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == 1.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-5", "%f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == -5.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+6", "%f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == 6.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-1e5", "%f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == -1e5);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-.25", "%f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == -.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123.e1", "%f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == 1230.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("25e-2", "%f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0.25", "%1f %f", &f, &f2));
      ovs_assert(f == 0);
      ovs_assert(f2 == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("1.0", "%2f %f", &f, &f2));
      ovs_assert(f == 1.0);
      ovs_assert(f2 == 0.0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-5", "%1f", &f));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("+6", "%1f", &f));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-1e5", "%2f %*f", &f));
      ovs_assert(f == -1);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-.25", "%2f", &f));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("+123.e1", "%6f", &f));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("25e-2", "%4f", &f));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0.25", "%lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("1.0", "%lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == 1.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-5", "%lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == -5.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+6", "%lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == 6.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-1e5", "%lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == -1e5);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-.25", "%lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == -.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123.e1", "%lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == 1230.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("25e-2", "%lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0.25", "%1lf %lf", &d, &d2));
      ovs_assert(d == 0);
      ovs_assert(d2 == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("1.0", "%2lf %lf", &d, &d2));
      ovs_assert(d == 1.0);
      ovs_assert(d2 == 0.0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-5", "%1lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("+6", "%1lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-1e5", "%2lf %*f", &d));
      ovs_assert(d == -1);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-.25", "%2lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("+123.e1", "%6lf", &d));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("25e-2", "%4lf", &d));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0.25", "%Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("1.0", "%Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == 1.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-5", "%Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == -5.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+6", "%Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == 6.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-1e5", "%Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == -1e5);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("-.25", "%Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == -.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("+123.e1", "%Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == 1230.0);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("25e-2", "%Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0.25", "%1Lf %Lf", &ld, &ld2));
      ovs_assert(ld == 0);
      ovs_assert(ld2 == 0.25);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("1.0", "%2Lf %Lf", &ld, &ld2));
      ovs_assert(ld == 1.0);
      ovs_assert(ld2 == 0.0);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-5", "%1Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("+6", "%1Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-1e5", "%2Lf %*f", &ld));
      ovs_assert(ld == -1);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("-.25", "%2Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("+123.e1", "%6Lf", &ld));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("25e-2", "%4Lf", &ld));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" Hello,\tworld ", "%*s%n%*s%n", &n, &n2));
      ovs_assert(n == 7);
      ovs_assert(n2 == 13);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan(" Hello,\tworld ", "%*s%*s%*s"));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" Hello,\tworld ", "%6s%n%5s%n", str, &n, str2, &n2));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "Hello,"));
      ovs_assert(n == 7);
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str2, "world"));
      ovs_assert(n2 == 13);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" Hello,\tworld ", "%5s%5s%5s", str, str2, str3));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "Hello"));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str2, ","));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str3, "world"));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan(" ", "%*s"));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" Hello,\tworld ", "%*c%n%*c%n%c%n",
                          &n, &n2, &c, &n3));
      ovs_assert(n == 1);
      ovs_assert(n2 == 2);
      ovs_assert(c == 'e');
      ovs_assert(n3 == 3);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan(" Hello,\tworld ", "%*5c%5c", str));
      ovs_assert(!memcmp(str, "o,\two", 5));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan(" Hello,\tworld ", "%*15c"));
  
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x1234xyzzy", "%9[x0-9a-fA-F]%n", str, &n));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "0x1234x"));
      ovs_assert(n == 7);
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("foo:bar=baz", "%5[^:=]%n:%5[^:=]%n=%5[^:=]%n",
                          str, &n, str2, &n2, str3, &n3));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "foo"));
      ovs_assert(n == 3);
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str2, "bar"));
      ovs_assert(n2 == 7);
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str3, "baz"));
      ovs_assert(n3 == 11);
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan(" ", "%*[0-9]"));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x123a]4xyzzy-", "%[]x0-9a-fA-F]", str));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "0x123a]4x"));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("abc]xyz","%[^]xyz]", str));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "abc"));
      ovs_assert(!ovs_scan("0x123a]4xyzzy-", "%[x0-9]a-fA-F]", str));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x12-3]xyz", "%[x0-9a-f-]", str));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "0x12-3"));
      ovs_assert(ovs_scan("0x12-3]xyz", "%[^a-f-]", str));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "0x12"));
      ovs_assert(sscanf("0x12-3]xyz", "%[^-a-f]", str));
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(str, "0x12"));
  }
  
  static void
  test_snprintf(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      char s[16];
  
      ovs_assert(snprintf(s, 4, "abcde") == 5);
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(s, "abc"));
  
      ovs_assert(snprintf(s, 5, "abcde") == 5);
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(s, "abcd"));
  
      ovs_assert(snprintf(s, 6, "abcde") == 5);
      ovs_assert(!strcmp(s, "abcde"));
  
      ovs_assert(snprintf(NULL, 0, "abcde") == 5);
  }
  
  #ifndef _WIN32
  static void
  test_file_name(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
          char *dir, *base;
  
          dir = dir_name(argv[i]);
          puts(dir);
          free(dir);
  
          base = base_name(argv[i]);
          puts(base);
          free(base);
      }
  }
  #endif /* _WIN32 */
  
  static const struct command commands[] = {
      {"ctz", 0, 0, test_ctz},
      {"clz", 0, 0, test_clz},
      {"round_up_pow2", 0, 0, test_round_up_pow2},
      {"round_down_pow2", 0, 0, test_round_down_pow2},
      {"count_1bits", 0, 0, test_count_1bits},
      {"log_2_floor", 0, 0, test_log_2_floor},
      {"bitwise_copy", 0, 0, test_bitwise_copy},
      {"bitwise_zero", 0, 0, test_bitwise_zero},
      {"bitwise_one", 0, 0, test_bitwise_one},
      {"bitwise_is_all_zeros", 0, 0, test_bitwise_is_all_zeros},
      {"follow-symlinks", 1, INT_MAX, test_follow_symlinks},
      {"assert", 0, 0, test_assert},
      {"ovs_scan", 0, 0, test_ovs_scan},
      {"snprintf", 0, 0, test_snprintf},
  #ifndef _WIN32
      {"file_name", 1, INT_MAX, test_file_name},
  #endif
      {NULL, 0, 0, NULL},
  };
  
  static void
  parse_options(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
      enum {
          VLOG_OPTION_ENUMS
      };
      static const struct option long_options[] = {
          VLOG_LONG_OPTIONS,
          {NULL, 0, NULL, 0},
      };
      char *short_options = long_options_to_short_options(long_options);
  
      for (;;) {
          int c = getopt_long(argc, argv, short_options, long_options, NULL);
          if (c == -1) {
              break;
          }
  
          switch (c) {
          VLOG_OPTION_HANDLERS
  
          case '?':
              exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  
          default:
              abort();
          }
      }
      free(short_options);
  }
  
  static void
  test_util_main(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
      set_program_name(argv[0]);
      parse_options(argc, argv);
      /* On Windows, stderr is fully buffered if connected to a pipe.
       * Make it _IONBF so that an abort does not miss log contents.
       * POSIX doesn't define the circumstances in which stderr is
       * fully buffered either. */
      setvbuf(stderr, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
      run_command(argc - optind, argv + optind, commands);
  }
  
  OVSTEST_REGISTER("test-util", test_util_main);
  