text: # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
  # or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
  # distributed with this work for additional information
  # regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
  # to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
  # "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
  # with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
  # software distributed under the License is distributed on an
  # "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
  # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
  # specific language governing permissions and limitations
  # under the License.
  """
  Auto-tuning a convolutional network for NVIDIA GPU
  ==================================================
  **Author**: `Lianmin Zheng <https://github.com/merrymercy>`_, `Eddie Yan <https://github.com/eqy/>`_
  
  Auto-tuning for specific devices and workloads is critical for getting the
  best performance. This is a tutorial on how to tune a whole convolutional
  network for NVIDIA GPU.
  
  The operator implementation for NVIDIA GPU in TVM is written in template form.
  The template has many tunable knobs (tile factor, unrolling, etc).
  We will tune all convolution and depthwise convolution operators
  in the neural network. After tuning, we produce a log file which stores
  the best knob values for all required operators. When the TVM compiler compiles
  these operators, it will query this log file to get the best knob values.
  
  We also released pre-tuned parameters for some NVIDIA GPUs. You can go to
  `NVIDIA GPU Benchmark <https://github.com/dmlc/tvm/wiki/Benchmark#nvidia-gpu>`_
  to see the results.
  """
  
  ######################################################################
  # Install dependencies
  # --------------------
  # To use the autotvm package in tvm, we need to install some extra dependencies.
  # (change "3" to "2" if you use python2):
  #
  # .. code-block:: bash
  #
  #   pip3 install --user psutil xgboost tornado
  #
  # To make TVM run faster during tuning, it is recommended to use cython
  # as FFI of tvm. In the root directory of tvm, execute:
  #
  # .. code-block:: bash
  #
  #   pip3 install --user cython
  #   sudo make cython3
  #
  # Now return to python code. Import packages.
  
  import os
  
  import numpy as np
  
  import tvm
  from tvm import autotvm
  from tvm import relay
  import tvm.relay.testing
  from tvm.autotvm.tuner import XGBTuner, GATuner, RandomTuner, GridSearchTuner
  from tvm.contrib.util import tempdir
  import tvm.contrib.graph_runtime as runtime
  
  #################################################################
  # Define Network
  # --------------
  # First we need to define the network in relay frontend API.
  # We can load some pre-defined network from :code:`nnvm.testing`.
  # We can also load models from MXNet, ONNX and TensorFlow.
  
  def get_network(name, batch_size):
      """Get the symbol definition and random weight of a network"""
      input_shape = (batch_size, 3, 224, 224)
      output_shape = (batch_size, 1000)
  
      if "resnet" in name:
          n_layer = int(name.split('-')[1])
          mod, params = relay.testing.resnet.get_workload(num_layers=n_layer, batch_size=batch_size, dtype=dtype)
      elif "vgg" in name:
          n_layer = int(name.split('-')[1])
          mod, params = relay.testing.vgg.get_workload(num_layers=n_layer, batch_size=batch_size, dtype=dtype)
      elif name == 'mobilenet':
          mod, params = relay.testing.mobilenet.get_workload(batch_size=batch_size, dtype=dtype)
      elif name == 'squeezenet_v1.1':
          mod, params = relay.testing.squeezenet.get_workload(batch_size=batch_size, version='1.1', dtype=dtype)
      elif name == 'inception_v3':
          input_shape = (1, 3, 299, 299)
          mod, params = relay.testing.inception_v3.get_workload(batch_size=batch_size, dtype=dtype)
      elif name == 'mxnet':
          # an example for mxnet model
          from mxnet.gluon.model_zoo.vision import get_model
          block = get_model('resnet18_v1', pretrained=True)
          mod, params = relay.frontend.from_mxnet(block, shape={'data': input_shape}, dtype=dtype)
          net = mod["main"]
          net = relay.Function(net.params, relay.nn.softmax(net.body), None, net.type_params, net.attrs)
          mod = relay.Module.from_expr(net)
      else:
          raise ValueError("Unsupported network: " + name)
  
      return mod, params, input_shape, output_shape
  
  ###########################################
  # Set Tuning Options
  # ------------------
  # Before tuning, we apply some configurations.
  
  #### DEVICE CONFIG ####
  target = tvm.target.cuda()
  
  #### TUNING OPTION ####
  network = 'resnet-18'
  log_file = "%s.log" % network
  dtype = 'float32'
  device_key = 'nano'
  
  tuning_option = {
      'log_filename': log_file,
  
      'tuner': 'xgb',
      'n_trial': 2000,
      'early_stopping': 600,
  
      'measure_option': autotvm.measure_option(
          builder=autotvm.LocalBuilder(timeout=10),
          #runner=autotvm.LocalRunner(number=20, repeat=3, timeout=4, min_repeat_ms=150),
          runner=autotvm.RPCRunner(
              device_key,  # change the device key to your key
              '0.0.0.0', 8192,
              number=20, repeat=3, timeout=4, min_repeat_ms=150)
      ),
  }
  
  ####################################################################
  #
  # .. note:: How to set tuning options
  #
  #   In general, the default value provided here works well.
  #
  #   If you have large time budget, you can set :code:`n_trial`, :code:`early_stopping` larger,
  #   which makes the tuning runs longer.
  #
  #   If you have multiple devices, you can use all of them for measurement to
  #   accelerate the tuning process. (see the 'Scale up measurement` section below).
  #
  
  ###################################################################
  # Begin Tuning
  # ------------
  # Now we can extract tuning tasks from the network and begin tuning.
  # Here, we provide a simple utility function to tune a list of tasks.
  # This function is just an initial implementation which tunes them in sequential order.
  # We will introduce a more sophisticated tuning scheduler in the future.
  
  # You can skip the implementation of this function for this tutorial.
  def tune_tasks(tasks,
                 measure_option,
                 tuner='xgb',
                 n_trial=1000,
                 early_stopping=None,
                 log_filename='tuning.log',
                 use_transfer_learning=True,
                 try_winograd=True):
      if try_winograd:
          for i in range(len(tasks)):
              try:  # try winograd template
                  tsk = autotvm.task.create(tasks[i].name, tasks[i].args,
                                            tasks[i].target, tasks[i].target_host, 'winograd')
                  input_channel = tsk.workload[1][1]
                  if input_channel >= 64:
                      tasks[i] = tsk
              except Exception:
                  pass
  
      # create tmp log file
      tmp_log_file = log_filename + ".tmp"
      if os.path.exists(tmp_log_file):
          os.remove(tmp_log_file)
  
      for i, tsk in enumerate(reversed(tasks)):
          prefix = "[Task %2d/%2d] " %(i+1, len(tasks))
  
          # create tuner
          if tuner == 'xgb' or tuner == 'xgb-rank':
              tuner_obj = XGBTuner(tsk, loss_type='rank')
          elif tuner == 'ga':
              tuner_obj = GATuner(tsk, pop_size=100)
          elif tuner == 'random':
              tuner_obj = RandomTuner(tsk)
          elif tuner == 'gridsearch':
              tuner_obj = GridSearchTuner(tsk)
          else:
              raise ValueError("Invalid tuner: " + tuner)
  
          if use_transfer_learning:
              if os.path.isfile(tmp_log_file):
                  tuner_obj.load_history(autotvm.record.load_from_file(tmp_log_file))
  
          # do tuning
          tuner_obj.tune(n_trial=min(n_trial, len(tsk.config_space)),
                         early_stopping=early_stopping,
                         measure_option=measure_option,
                         callbacks=[
                             autotvm.callback.progress_bar(n_trial, prefix=prefix),
                             autotvm.callback.log_to_file(tmp_log_file)])
  
      # pick best records to a cache file
      autotvm.record.pick_best(tmp_log_file, log_filename)
      os.remove(tmp_log_file)
  
  
  ########################################################################
  # Finally, we launch tuning jobs and evaluate the end-to-end performance.
  
  def tune_and_evaluate(tuning_opt):
      # extract workloads from relay program
      print("Extract tasks...")
      mod, params, input_shape, out_shape = get_network(network, batch_size=1)
      tasks = autotvm.task.extract_from_program(mod["main"], target=target,
                                                params=params, ops=(relay.op.nn.conv2d,))
  
      # run tuning tasks
      print("Tuning...")
      tune_tasks(tasks, **tuning_opt)
  
      # compile kernels with history best records
      with autotvm.apply_history_best(log_file):
          print("Compile...")
          with relay.build_config(opt_level=3):
              graph, lib, params = relay.build_module.build(
                  mod, target=target, params=params)
  
          # export library
          tmp = tempdir()
          filename = "net.tar"
          lib.export_library(tmp.relpath(filename))
  
          # load parameters
          ctx = tvm.context(str(target), 0)
          module = runtime.create(graph, lib, ctx)
          data_tvm = tvm.nd.array((np.random.uniform(size=input_shape)).astype(dtype))
          module.set_input('data', data_tvm)
          module.set_input(**params)
  
          # evaluate
          print("Evaluate inference time cost...")
          ftimer = module.module.time_evaluator("run", ctx, number=1, repeat=600)
          prof_res = np.array(ftimer().results) * 1000  # convert to millisecond
          print("Mean inference time (std dev): %.2f ms (%.2f ms)" %
                (np.mean(prof_res), np.std(prof_res)))
  
  # We do not run the tuning in our webpage server since it takes too long.
  # Uncomment the following line to run it by yourself.
  
  tune_and_evaluate(tuning_option)
  
  ######################################################################
  # Sample Output
  # -------------
  # The tuning needs to compile many programs and extract feature from them.
  # So a high performance CPU is recommended. One sample output is listed below.
  # It takes about 4 hours to get the following output on a 32T AMD Ryzen Threadripper.
  # The tuning target is NVIDIA 1080 Ti.
  # (You can see some errors during compilation. If the tuning is not stuck, it is okay.)
  #
  # .. code-block:: bash
  #
  #    Extract tasks...
  #    Tuning...
  #    [Task  1/12]  Current/Best:  541.83/3570.66 GFLOPS | Progress: (960/2000) | 1001.31 s Done.
  #    [Task  2/12]  Current/Best:    0.56/ 803.33 GFLOPS | Progress: (704/2000) | 608.08 s Done.
  #    [Task  3/12]  Current/Best:  103.69/1141.25 GFLOPS | Progress: (768/2000) | 702.13 s Done.
  #    [Task  4/12]  Current/Best: 2905.03/3925.15 GFLOPS | Progress: (864/2000) | 745.94 sterminate called without an active exception
  #    [Task  4/12]  Current/Best: 2789.36/3925.15 GFLOPS | Progress: (1056/2000) | 929.40 s Done.
  #    [Task  5/12]  Current/Best:   89.06/1076.24 GFLOPS | Progress: (704/2000) | 601.73 s Done.
  #    [Task  6/12]  Current/Best:   40.39/2129.02 GFLOPS | Progress: (1088/2000) | 1125.76 s Done.
  #    [Task  7/12]  Current/Best: 4090.53/5007.02 GFLOPS | Progress: (800/2000) | 903.90 s Done.
  #    [Task  8/12]  Current/Best:    4.78/1272.28 GFLOPS | Progress: (768/2000) | 749.14 s Done.
  #    [Task  9/12]  Current/Best: 1391.45/2325.08 GFLOPS | Progress: (992/2000) | 1084.87 s Done.
  #    [Task 10/12]  Current/Best: 1995.44/2383.59 GFLOPS | Progress: (864/2000) | 862.60 s Done.
  #    [Task 11/12]  Current/Best: 4093.94/4899.80 GFLOPS | Progress: (224/2000) | 240.92 sterminate called without an active exception
  #    [Task 11/12]  Current/Best: 3487.98/4909.91 GFLOPS | Progress: (480/2000) | 534.96 sterminate called without an active exception
  #    [Task 11/12]  Current/Best: 4636.84/4912.17 GFLOPS | Progress: (1184/2000) | 1381.16 sterminate called without an active exception
  #    [Task 11/12]  Current/Best:   50.12/4912.17 GFLOPS | Progress: (1344/2000) | 1602.81 s Done.
  #    [Task 12/12]  Current/Best: 3581.31/4286.30 GFLOPS | Progress: (736/2000) | 943.52 s Done.
  #    Compile...
  #    Evaluate inference time cost...
  #    Mean inference time (std dev): 1.07 ms (0.05 ms)
  #
  # As a reference baseline, the time cost of MXNet + TensorRT on resnet-18 is 1.30ms. So we are a little faster.
  
  ######################################################################
  #
  # .. note:: **Experiencing Difficulties?**
  #
  #   The auto tuning module is error-prone. If you always see " 0.00/ 0.00 GFLOPS",
  #   then there must be something wrong.
  #
  #   First, make sure you set the correct configuration of your device.
  #   Then, you can print debug information by adding these lines in the beginning
  #   of the script. It will print every measurement result, where you can find useful
  #   error messages.
  #
  #   .. code-block:: python
  #
  #      import logging
  #      logging.getLogger('autotvm').setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
  #
  #   Finally, always feel free to ask our community for help on https://discuss.tvm.ai
  
  
  #################################################################
  # Scale up measurement by using multiple devices
  # ----------------------------------------------
  #
  # If you have multiple devices, you can use all of them for measurement.
  # TVM uses the RPC Tracker to manage distributed devices.
  # The RPC Tracker is a centralized master node. We can register all devices to
  # the tracker. For example, if we have 10 GPU cards, we can register all of them
  # to the tracker, and run 10 measurements in parallel, accelerating the tuning process.
  #
  # To start an RPC tracker, run this command on the host machine. The tracker is
  # required during the whole tuning process, so we need to open a new terminal for
  # this command:
  #
  # .. code-block:: bash
  #
  #   python -m tvm.exec.rpc_tracker --host=0.0.0.0 --port=8192
  #
  # The expected output is
  #
  # .. code-block:: bash
  #
  #   INFO:RPCTracker:bind to 0.0.0.0:8192
  #
  # Then open another new terminal for the RPC server. We need to start one server
  # for each dedicated device. We use a string key to distinguish the types of devices.
  # You can pick a name you like.
  # (Note: For rocm backend, there are some internal errors with the compiler,
  # we need to add `--no-fork` to the argument list.)
  #
  # .. code-block:: bash
  #
  #     python -m tvm.exec.rpc_server --tracker=0.0.0.0:8192 --key=1080ti
  #
  # After registering devices, we can confirm it by querying rpc_tracker
  #
  # .. code-block:: bash
  #
  #   python -m tvm.exec.query_rpc_tracker --host=0.0.0.0 --port=8192
  #
  # For example, if we have four 1080ti, two titanx and one gfx900, the output can be
  #
  # .. code-block:: bash
  #
  #    Queue Status
  #    ----------------------------------
  #    key          total  free  pending
  #    ----------------------------------
  #    1080ti       4      4     0
  #    titanx       2      2     0
  #    gfx900       1      1     0
  #    ----------------------------------
  #
  # Finally, we need to change the tuning option to use RPCRunner. Use the code below
  # to replace the corresponding part above.
  
  
  tuning_option = {
      'log_filename': log_file,
  
      'tuner': 'xgb',
      'n_trial': 2000,
      'early_stopping': 600,
  
      'measure_option': autotvm.measure_option(
          builder=autotvm.LocalBuilder(timeout=10),
          runner=autotvm.RPCRunner(
              device_key,  # change the device key to your key
              '0.0.0.0', 8192,
              number=20, repeat=3, timeout=4, min_repeat_ms=150),
      ),
  }
  