text: // Copyright 2005, Google Inc.
  // All rights reserved.
  //
  // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
  // met:
  //
  //     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  //     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
  // copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
  // in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
  // distribution.
  //     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
  // contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
  // this software without specific prior written permission.
  //
  // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
  // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
  // A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
  // OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
  // SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  // LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
  // DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
  // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
  // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
  // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  
  //
  // Tests for Google Test itself.  This verifies that the basic constructs of
  // Google Test work.
  
  #include "gtest/gtest.h"
  
  // Verifies that the command line flag variables can be accessed in
  // code once "gtest.h" has been #included.
  // Do not move it after other gtest #includes.
  TEST(CommandLineFlagsTest, CanBeAccessedInCodeOnceGTestHIsIncluded) {
    bool dummy = testing::GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests)
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(break_on_failure)
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions)
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(color) != "unknown"
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(filter) != "unknown"
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(list_tests)
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(output) != "unknown"
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(print_time)
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(random_seed)
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(repeat) > 0
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(show_internal_stack_frames)
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(shuffle)
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(stack_trace_depth) > 0
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to) != "unknown"
        || testing::GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure);
    EXPECT_TRUE(dummy || !dummy);  // Suppresses warning that dummy is unused.
  }
  
  #include <limits.h>  // For INT_MAX.
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <time.h>
  
  #include <cstdint>
  #include <map>
  #include <ostream>
  #include <type_traits>
  #include <unordered_set>
  #include <vector>
  
  #include "gtest/gtest-spi.h"
  #include "src/gtest-internal-inl.h"
  
  namespace testing {
  namespace internal {
  
  #if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
  
  class StreamingListenerTest : public Test {
   public:
    class FakeSocketWriter : public StreamingListener::AbstractSocketWriter {
     public:
      // Sends a string to the socket.
      void Send(const std::string& message) override { output_ += message; }
  
      std::string output_;
    };
  
    StreamingListenerTest()
        : fake_sock_writer_(new FakeSocketWriter),
          streamer_(fake_sock_writer_),
          test_info_obj_("FooTest", "Bar", nullptr, nullptr,
                         CodeLocation(__FILE__, __LINE__), nullptr, nullptr) {}
  
   protected:
    std::string* output() { return &(fake_sock_writer_->output_); }
  
    FakeSocketWriter* const fake_sock_writer_;
    StreamingListener streamer_;
    UnitTest unit_test_;
    TestInfo test_info_obj_;  // The name test_info_ was taken by testing::Test.
  };
  
  TEST_F(StreamingListenerTest, OnTestProgramEnd) {
    *output() = "";
    streamer_.OnTestProgramEnd(unit_test_);
    EXPECT_EQ("event=TestProgramEnd&passed=1\n", *output());
  }
  
  TEST_F(StreamingListenerTest, OnTestIterationEnd) {
    *output() = "";
    streamer_.OnTestIterationEnd(unit_test_, 42);
    EXPECT_EQ("event=TestIterationEnd&passed=1&elapsed_time=0ms\n", *output());
  }
  
  TEST_F(StreamingListenerTest, OnTestCaseStart) {
    *output() = "";
    streamer_.OnTestCaseStart(TestCase("FooTest", "Bar", nullptr, nullptr));
    EXPECT_EQ("event=TestCaseStart&name=FooTest\n", *output());
  }
  
  TEST_F(StreamingListenerTest, OnTestCaseEnd) {
    *output() = "";
    streamer_.OnTestCaseEnd(TestCase("FooTest", "Bar", nullptr, nullptr));
    EXPECT_EQ("event=TestCaseEnd&passed=1&elapsed_time=0ms\n", *output());
  }
  
  TEST_F(StreamingListenerTest, OnTestStart) {
    *output() = "";
    streamer_.OnTestStart(test_info_obj_);
    EXPECT_EQ("event=TestStart&name=Bar\n", *output());
  }
  
  TEST_F(StreamingListenerTest, OnTestEnd) {
    *output() = "";
    streamer_.OnTestEnd(test_info_obj_);
    EXPECT_EQ("event=TestEnd&passed=1&elapsed_time=0ms\n", *output());
  }
  
  TEST_F(StreamingListenerTest, OnTestPartResult) {
    *output() = "";
    streamer_.OnTestPartResult(TestPartResult(
        TestPartResult::kFatalFailure, "foo.cc", 42, "failed=\n&%"));
  
    // Meta characters in the failure message should be properly escaped.
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "event=TestPartResult&file=foo.cc&line=42&message=failed%3D%0A%26%25\n",
        *output());
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
  
  // Provides access to otherwise private parts of the TestEventListeners class
  // that are needed to test it.
  class TestEventListenersAccessor {
   public:
    static TestEventListener* GetRepeater(TestEventListeners* listeners) {
      return listeners->repeater();
    }
  
    static void SetDefaultResultPrinter(TestEventListeners* listeners,
                                        TestEventListener* listener) {
      listeners->SetDefaultResultPrinter(listener);
    }
    static void SetDefaultXmlGenerator(TestEventListeners* listeners,
                                       TestEventListener* listener) {
      listeners->SetDefaultXmlGenerator(listener);
    }
  
    static bool EventForwardingEnabled(const TestEventListeners& listeners) {
      return listeners.EventForwardingEnabled();
    }
  
    static void SuppressEventForwarding(TestEventListeners* listeners) {
      listeners->SuppressEventForwarding();
    }
  };
  
  class UnitTestRecordPropertyTestHelper : public Test {
   protected:
    UnitTestRecordPropertyTestHelper() {}
  
    // Forwards to UnitTest::RecordProperty() to bypass access controls.
    void UnitTestRecordProperty(const char* key, const std::string& value) {
      unit_test_.RecordProperty(key, value);
    }
  
    UnitTest unit_test_;
  };
  
  }  // namespace internal
  }  // namespace testing
  
  using testing::AssertionFailure;
  using testing::AssertionResult;
  using testing::AssertionSuccess;
  using testing::DoubleLE;
  using testing::EmptyTestEventListener;
  using testing::Environment;
  using testing::FloatLE;
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(break_on_failure);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(color);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(filter);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(list_tests);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(output);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(print_time);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(random_seed);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(repeat);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(show_internal_stack_frames);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(shuffle);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(stack_trace_depth);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to);
  using testing::GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure);
  using testing::IsNotSubstring;
  using testing::IsSubstring;
  using testing::Message;
  using testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter;
  using testing::StaticAssertTypeEq;
  using testing::Test;
  using testing::TestCase;
  using testing::TestEventListeners;
  using testing::TestInfo;
  using testing::TestPartResult;
  using testing::TestPartResultArray;
  using testing::TestProperty;
  using testing::TestResult;
  using testing::TimeInMillis;
  using testing::UnitTest;
  using testing::internal::AlwaysFalse;
  using testing::internal::AlwaysTrue;
  using testing::internal::AppendUserMessage;
  using testing::internal::ArrayAwareFind;
  using testing::internal::ArrayEq;
  using testing::internal::CodePointToUtf8;
  using testing::internal::CopyArray;
  using testing::internal::CountIf;
  using testing::internal::EqFailure;
  using testing::internal::FloatingPoint;
  using testing::internal::ForEach;
  using testing::internal::FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601;
  using testing::internal::FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds;
  using testing::internal::GTestFlagSaver;
  using testing::internal::GetCurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop;
  using testing::internal::GetElementOr;
  using testing::internal::GetNextRandomSeed;
  using testing::internal::GetRandomSeedFromFlag;
  using testing::internal::GetTestTypeId;
  using testing::internal::GetTimeInMillis;
  using testing::internal::GetTypeId;
  using testing::internal::GetUnitTestImpl;
  using testing::internal::Int32FromEnvOrDie;
  using testing::internal::IsAProtocolMessage;
  using testing::internal::IsContainer;
  using testing::internal::IsContainerTest;
  using testing::internal::IsNotContainer;
  using testing::internal::NativeArray;
  using testing::internal::OsStackTraceGetter;
  using testing::internal::OsStackTraceGetterInterface;
  using testing::internal::ParseInt32Flag;
  using testing::internal::RelationToSourceCopy;
  using testing::internal::RelationToSourceReference;
  using testing::internal::ShouldRunTestOnShard;
  using testing::internal::ShouldShard;
  using testing::internal::ShouldUseColor;
  using testing::internal::Shuffle;
  using testing::internal::ShuffleRange;
  using testing::internal::SkipPrefix;
  using testing::internal::StreamableToString;
  using testing::internal::String;
  using testing::internal::TestEventListenersAccessor;
  using testing::internal::TestResultAccessor;
  using testing::internal::UnitTestImpl;
  using testing::internal::WideStringToUtf8;
  using testing::internal::edit_distance::CalculateOptimalEdits;
  using testing::internal::edit_distance::CreateUnifiedDiff;
  using testing::internal::edit_distance::EditType;
  using testing::internal::kMaxRandomSeed;
  using testing::internal::kTestTypeIdInGoogleTest;
  using testing::kMaxStackTraceDepth;
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STREAM_REDIRECTION
  using testing::internal::CaptureStdout;
  using testing::internal::GetCapturedStdout;
  #endif
  
  #if GTEST_IS_THREADSAFE
  using testing::internal::ThreadWithParam;
  #endif
  
  class TestingVector : public std::vector<int> {
  };
  
  ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os,
                             const TestingVector& vector) {
    os << "{ ";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < vector.size(); i++) {
      os << vector[i] << " ";
    }
    os << "}";
    return os;
  }
  
  // This line tests that we can define tests in an unnamed namespace.
  namespace {
  
  TEST(GetRandomSeedFromFlagTest, HandlesZero) {
    const int seed = GetRandomSeedFromFlag(0);
    EXPECT_LE(1, seed);
    EXPECT_LE(seed, static_cast<int>(kMaxRandomSeed));
  }
  
  TEST(GetRandomSeedFromFlagTest, PreservesValidSeed) {
    EXPECT_EQ(1, GetRandomSeedFromFlag(1));
    EXPECT_EQ(2, GetRandomSeedFromFlag(2));
    EXPECT_EQ(kMaxRandomSeed - 1, GetRandomSeedFromFlag(kMaxRandomSeed - 1));
    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(kMaxRandomSeed),
              GetRandomSeedFromFlag(kMaxRandomSeed));
  }
  
  TEST(GetRandomSeedFromFlagTest, NormalizesInvalidSeed) {
    const int seed1 = GetRandomSeedFromFlag(-1);
    EXPECT_LE(1, seed1);
    EXPECT_LE(seed1, static_cast<int>(kMaxRandomSeed));
  
    const int seed2 = GetRandomSeedFromFlag(kMaxRandomSeed + 1);
    EXPECT_LE(1, seed2);
    EXPECT_LE(seed2, static_cast<int>(kMaxRandomSeed));
  }
  
  TEST(GetNextRandomSeedTest, WorksForValidInput) {
    EXPECT_EQ(2, GetNextRandomSeed(1));
    EXPECT_EQ(3, GetNextRandomSeed(2));
    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(kMaxRandomSeed),
              GetNextRandomSeed(kMaxRandomSeed - 1));
    EXPECT_EQ(1, GetNextRandomSeed(kMaxRandomSeed));
  
    // We deliberately don't test GetNextRandomSeed() with invalid
    // inputs, as that requires death tests, which are expensive.  This
    // is fine as GetNextRandomSeed() is internal and has a
    // straightforward definition.
  }
  
  static void ClearCurrentTestPartResults() {
    TestResultAccessor::ClearTestPartResults(
        GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_result());
  }
  
  // Tests GetTypeId.
  
  TEST(GetTypeIdTest, ReturnsSameValueForSameType) {
    EXPECT_EQ(GetTypeId<int>(), GetTypeId<int>());
    EXPECT_EQ(GetTypeId<Test>(), GetTypeId<Test>());
  }
  
  class SubClassOfTest : public Test {};
  class AnotherSubClassOfTest : public Test {};
  
  TEST(GetTypeIdTest, ReturnsDifferentValuesForDifferentTypes) {
    EXPECT_NE(GetTypeId<int>(), GetTypeId<const int>());
    EXPECT_NE(GetTypeId<int>(), GetTypeId<char>());
    EXPECT_NE(GetTypeId<int>(), GetTestTypeId());
    EXPECT_NE(GetTypeId<SubClassOfTest>(), GetTestTypeId());
    EXPECT_NE(GetTypeId<AnotherSubClassOfTest>(), GetTestTypeId());
    EXPECT_NE(GetTypeId<AnotherSubClassOfTest>(), GetTypeId<SubClassOfTest>());
  }
  
  // Verifies that GetTestTypeId() returns the same value, no matter it
  // is called from inside Google Test or outside of it.
  TEST(GetTestTypeIdTest, ReturnsTheSameValueInsideOrOutsideOfGoogleTest) {
    EXPECT_EQ(kTestTypeIdInGoogleTest, GetTestTypeId());
  }
  
  // Tests CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning.
  
  using ::testing::internal::CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning;
  
  TEST(CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning, LeavesUnversionedNamesUnchanged) {
    EXPECT_EQ("std::bind", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::bind"));
    EXPECT_EQ("std::_", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::_"));
    EXPECT_EQ("std::__foo", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::__foo"));
    EXPECT_EQ("gtl::__1::x", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("gtl::__1::x"));
    EXPECT_EQ("__1::x", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("__1::x"));
    EXPECT_EQ("::__1::x", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("::__1::x"));
  }
  
  TEST(CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning, ElidesDoubleUnderNames) {
    EXPECT_EQ("std::bind", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::__1::bind"));
    EXPECT_EQ("std::_", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::__1::_"));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("std::bind", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::__g::bind"));
    EXPECT_EQ("std::_", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::__g::_"));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("std::bind",
              CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::__google::bind"));
    EXPECT_EQ("std::_", CanonicalizeForStdLibVersioning("std::__google::_"));
  }
  
  // Tests FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds().
  
  TEST(FormatTimeInMillisAsSecondsTest, FormatsZero) {
    EXPECT_EQ("0", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(0));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatTimeInMillisAsSecondsTest, FormatsPositiveNumber) {
    EXPECT_EQ("0.003", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("0.01", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(10));
    EXPECT_EQ("0.2", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(200));
    EXPECT_EQ("1.2", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(1200));
    EXPECT_EQ("3", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(3000));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatTimeInMillisAsSecondsTest, FormatsNegativeNumber) {
    EXPECT_EQ("-0.003", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(-3));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0.01", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(-10));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0.2", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(-200));
    EXPECT_EQ("-1.2", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(-1200));
    EXPECT_EQ("-3", FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(-3000));
  }
  
  // Tests FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601().  The correctness of conversion
  // for particular dates below was verified in Python using
  // datetime.datetime.fromutctimestamp(<timetamp>/1000).
  
  // FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601 depends on the current timezone, so we
  // have to set up a particular timezone to obtain predictable results.
  class FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601Test : public Test {
   public:
    // On Cygwin, GCC doesn't allow unqualified integer literals to exceed
    // 32 bits, even when 64-bit integer types are available.  We have to
    // force the constants to have a 64-bit type here.
    static const TimeInMillis kMillisPerSec = 1000;
  
   private:
    void SetUp() override {
      saved_tz_ = nullptr;
  
      GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_DEPRECATED_PUSH_(/* getenv, strdup: deprecated */)
      if (getenv("TZ"))
        saved_tz_ = strdup(getenv("TZ"));
      GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_DEPRECATED_POP_()
  
      // Set up the time zone for FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601 to use.  We
      // cannot use the local time zone because the function's output depends
      // on the time zone.
      SetTimeZone("UTC+00");
    }
  
    void TearDown() override {
      SetTimeZone(saved_tz_);
      free(const_cast<char*>(saved_tz_));
      saved_tz_ = nullptr;
    }
  
    static void SetTimeZone(const char* time_zone) {
      // tzset() distinguishes between the TZ variable being present and empty
      // and not being present, so we have to consider the case of time_zone
      // being NULL.
  #if _MSC_VER || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
      // ...Unless it's MSVC, whose standard library's _putenv doesn't
      // distinguish between an empty and a missing variable.
      const std::string env_var =
          std::string("TZ=") + (time_zone ? time_zone : "");
      _putenv(env_var.c_str());
      GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4996 /* deprecated function */)
      tzset();
      GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_()
  #else
      if (time_zone) {
        setenv(("TZ"), time_zone, 1);
      } else {
        unsetenv("TZ");
      }
      tzset();
  #endif
    }
  
    const char* saved_tz_;
  };
  
  const TimeInMillis FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601Test::kMillisPerSec;
  
  TEST_F(FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601Test, PrintsTwoDigitSegments) {
    EXPECT_EQ("2011-10-31T18:52:42",
              FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601(1320087162 * kMillisPerSec));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601Test, MillisecondsDoNotAffectResult) {
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "2011-10-31T18:52:42",
        FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601(1320087162 * kMillisPerSec + 234));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601Test, PrintsLeadingZeroes) {
    EXPECT_EQ("2011-09-03T05:07:02",
              FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601(1315026422 * kMillisPerSec));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601Test, Prints24HourTime) {
    EXPECT_EQ("2011-09-28T17:08:22",
              FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601(1317229702 * kMillisPerSec));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601Test, PrintsEpochStart) {
    EXPECT_EQ("1970-01-01T00:00:00", FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsIso8601(0));
  }
  
  # ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Silences warnings: "Condition is always true", "Unreachable code"
  #  pragma option push -w-ccc -w-rch
  # endif
  
  // Tests that the LHS of EXPECT_EQ or ASSERT_EQ can be used as a null literal
  // when the RHS is a pointer type.
  TEST(NullLiteralTest, LHSAllowsNullLiterals) {
    EXPECT_EQ(0, static_cast<void*>(nullptr));     // NOLINT
    ASSERT_EQ(0, static_cast<void*>(nullptr));     // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ(NULL, static_cast<void*>(nullptr));  // NOLINT
    ASSERT_EQ(NULL, static_cast<void*>(nullptr));  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, static_cast<void*>(nullptr));
    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, static_cast<void*>(nullptr));
  
    const int* const p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ(0, p);     // NOLINT
    ASSERT_EQ(0, p);     // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ(NULL, p);  // NOLINT
    ASSERT_EQ(NULL, p);  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, p);
    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, p);
  }
  
  struct ConvertToAll {
    template <typename T>
    operator T() const {  // NOLINT
      return T();
    }
  };
  
  struct ConvertToPointer {
    template <class T>
    operator T*() const {  // NOLINT
      return nullptr;
    }
  };
  
  struct ConvertToAllButNoPointers {
    template <typename T,
              typename std::enable_if<!std::is_pointer<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
    operator T() const {  // NOLINT
      return T();
    }
  };
  
  struct MyType {};
  inline bool operator==(MyType const&, MyType const&) { return true; }
  
  TEST(NullLiteralTest, ImplicitConversion) {
    EXPECT_EQ(ConvertToPointer{}, static_cast<void*>(nullptr));
  #if !defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
    // Disabled due to GCC bug gcc.gnu.org/PR89580
    EXPECT_EQ(ConvertToAll{}, static_cast<void*>(nullptr));
  #endif
    EXPECT_EQ(ConvertToAll{}, MyType{});
    EXPECT_EQ(ConvertToAllButNoPointers{}, MyType{});
  }
  
  #ifdef __clang__
  #pragma clang diagnostic push
  #if __has_warning("-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant")
  #pragma clang diagnostic error "-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant"
  #endif
  #endif
  
  TEST(NullLiteralTest, NoConversionNoWarning) {
    // Test that gtests detection and handling of null pointer constants
    // doesn't trigger a warning when '0' isn't actually used as null.
    EXPECT_EQ(0, 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(0, 0);
  }
  
  #ifdef __clang__
  #pragma clang diagnostic pop
  #endif
  
  # ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Restores warnings after previous "#pragma option push" suppressed them.
  #  pragma option pop
  # endif
  
  //
  // Tests CodePointToUtf8().
  
  // Tests that the NUL character L'\0' is encoded correctly.
  TEST(CodePointToUtf8Test, CanEncodeNul) {
    EXPECT_EQ("", CodePointToUtf8(L'\0'));
  }
  
  // Tests that ASCII characters are encoded correctly.
  TEST(CodePointToUtf8Test, CanEncodeAscii) {
    EXPECT_EQ("a", CodePointToUtf8(L'a'));
    EXPECT_EQ("Z", CodePointToUtf8(L'Z'));
    EXPECT_EQ("&", CodePointToUtf8(L'&'));
    EXPECT_EQ("\x7F", CodePointToUtf8(L'\x7F'));
  }
  
  // Tests that Unicode code-points that have 8 to 11 bits are encoded
  // as 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx.
  TEST(CodePointToUtf8Test, CanEncode8To11Bits) {
    // 000 1101 0011 => 110-00011 10-010011
    EXPECT_EQ("\xC3\x93", CodePointToUtf8(L'\xD3'));
  
    // 101 0111 0110 => 110-10101 10-110110
    // Some compilers (e.g., GCC on MinGW) cannot handle non-ASCII codepoints
    // in wide strings and wide chars. In order to accommodate them, we have to
    // introduce such character constants as integers.
    EXPECT_EQ("\xD5\xB6",
              CodePointToUtf8(static_cast<wchar_t>(0x576)));
  }
  
  // Tests that Unicode code-points that have 12 to 16 bits are encoded
  // as 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx.
  TEST(CodePointToUtf8Test, CanEncode12To16Bits) {
    // 0000 1000 1101 0011 => 1110-0000 10-100011 10-010011
    EXPECT_EQ("\xE0\xA3\x93",
              CodePointToUtf8(static_cast<wchar_t>(0x8D3)));
  
    // 1100 0111 0100 1101 => 1110-1100 10-011101 10-001101
    EXPECT_EQ("\xEC\x9D\x8D",
              CodePointToUtf8(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xC74D)));
  }
  
  #if !GTEST_WIDE_STRING_USES_UTF16_
  // Tests in this group require a wchar_t to hold > 16 bits, and thus
  // are skipped on Windows, and Cygwin, where a wchar_t is
  // 16-bit wide. This code may not compile on those systems.
  
  // Tests that Unicode code-points that have 17 to 21 bits are encoded
  // as 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx.
  TEST(CodePointToUtf8Test, CanEncode17To21Bits) {
    // 0 0001 0000 1000 1101 0011 => 11110-000 10-010000 10-100011 10-010011
    EXPECT_EQ("\xF0\x90\xA3\x93", CodePointToUtf8(L'\x108D3'));
  
    // 0 0001 0000 0100 0000 0000 => 11110-000 10-010000 10-010000 10-000000
    EXPECT_EQ("\xF0\x90\x90\x80", CodePointToUtf8(L'\x10400'));
  
    // 1 0000 1000 0110 0011 0100 => 11110-100 10-001000 10-011000 10-110100
    EXPECT_EQ("\xF4\x88\x98\xB4", CodePointToUtf8(L'\x108634'));
  }
  
  // Tests that encoding an invalid code-point generates the expected result.
  TEST(CodePointToUtf8Test, CanEncodeInvalidCodePoint) {
    EXPECT_EQ("(Invalid Unicode 0x1234ABCD)", CodePointToUtf8(L'\x1234ABCD'));
  }
  
  #endif  // !GTEST_WIDE_STRING_USES_UTF16_
  
  // Tests WideStringToUtf8().
  
  // Tests that the NUL character L'\0' is encoded correctly.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, CanEncodeNul) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("", WideStringToUtf8(L"", 0).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("", WideStringToUtf8(L"", -1).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that ASCII strings are encoded correctly.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, CanEncodeAscii) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("a", WideStringToUtf8(L"a", 1).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("ab", WideStringToUtf8(L"ab", 2).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("a", WideStringToUtf8(L"a", -1).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("ab", WideStringToUtf8(L"ab", -1).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that Unicode code-points that have 8 to 11 bits are encoded
  // as 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, CanEncode8To11Bits) {
    // 000 1101 0011 => 110-00011 10-010011
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xC3\x93", WideStringToUtf8(L"\xD3", 1).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xC3\x93", WideStringToUtf8(L"\xD3", -1).c_str());
  
    // 101 0111 0110 => 110-10101 10-110110
    const wchar_t s[] = { 0x576, '\0' };
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xD5\xB6", WideStringToUtf8(s, 1).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xD5\xB6", WideStringToUtf8(s, -1).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that Unicode code-points that have 12 to 16 bits are encoded
  // as 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, CanEncode12To16Bits) {
    // 0000 1000 1101 0011 => 1110-0000 10-100011 10-010011
    const wchar_t s1[] = { 0x8D3, '\0' };
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xE0\xA3\x93", WideStringToUtf8(s1, 1).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xE0\xA3\x93", WideStringToUtf8(s1, -1).c_str());
  
    // 1100 0111 0100 1101 => 1110-1100 10-011101 10-001101
    const wchar_t s2[] = { 0xC74D, '\0' };
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xEC\x9D\x8D", WideStringToUtf8(s2, 1).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xEC\x9D\x8D", WideStringToUtf8(s2, -1).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that the conversion stops when the function encounters \0 character.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, StopsOnNulCharacter) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("ABC", WideStringToUtf8(L"ABC\0XYZ", 100).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that the conversion stops when the function reaches the limit
  // specified by the 'length' parameter.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, StopsWhenLengthLimitReached) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("ABC", WideStringToUtf8(L"ABCDEF", 3).c_str());
  }
  
  #if !GTEST_WIDE_STRING_USES_UTF16_
  // Tests that Unicode code-points that have 17 to 21 bits are encoded
  // as 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx. This code may not compile
  // on the systems using UTF-16 encoding.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, CanEncode17To21Bits) {
    // 0 0001 0000 1000 1101 0011 => 11110-000 10-010000 10-100011 10-010011
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xF0\x90\xA3\x93", WideStringToUtf8(L"\x108D3", 1).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xF0\x90\xA3\x93", WideStringToUtf8(L"\x108D3", -1).c_str());
  
    // 1 0000 1000 0110 0011 0100 => 11110-100 10-001000 10-011000 10-110100
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xF4\x88\x98\xB4", WideStringToUtf8(L"\x108634", 1).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xF4\x88\x98\xB4", WideStringToUtf8(L"\x108634", -1).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that encoding an invalid code-point generates the expected result.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, CanEncodeInvalidCodePoint) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("(Invalid Unicode 0xABCDFF)",
                 WideStringToUtf8(L"\xABCDFF", -1).c_str());
  }
  #else  // !GTEST_WIDE_STRING_USES_UTF16_
  // Tests that surrogate pairs are encoded correctly on the systems using
  // UTF-16 encoding in the wide strings.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, CanEncodeValidUtf16SUrrogatePairs) {
    const wchar_t s[] = { 0xD801, 0xDC00, '\0' };
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xF0\x90\x90\x80", WideStringToUtf8(s, -1).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that encoding an invalid UTF-16 surrogate pair
  // generates the expected result.
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, CanEncodeInvalidUtf16SurrogatePair) {
    // Leading surrogate is at the end of the string.
    const wchar_t s1[] = { 0xD800, '\0' };
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xED\xA0\x80", WideStringToUtf8(s1, -1).c_str());
    // Leading surrogate is not followed by the trailing surrogate.
    const wchar_t s2[] = { 0xD800, 'M', '\0' };
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xED\xA0\x80M", WideStringToUtf8(s2, -1).c_str());
    // Trailing surrogate appearas without a leading surrogate.
    const wchar_t s3[] = { 0xDC00, 'P', 'Q', 'R', '\0' };
    EXPECT_STREQ("\xED\xB0\x80PQR", WideStringToUtf8(s3, -1).c_str());
  }
  #endif  // !GTEST_WIDE_STRING_USES_UTF16_
  
  // Tests that codepoint concatenation works correctly.
  #if !GTEST_WIDE_STRING_USES_UTF16_
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, ConcatenatesCodepointsCorrectly) {
    const wchar_t s[] = { 0x108634, 0xC74D, '\n', 0x576, 0x8D3, 0x108634, '\0'};
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "\xF4\x88\x98\xB4"
            "\xEC\x9D\x8D"
            "\n"
            "\xD5\xB6"
            "\xE0\xA3\x93"
            "\xF4\x88\x98\xB4",
        WideStringToUtf8(s, -1).c_str());
  }
  #else
  TEST(WideStringToUtf8Test, ConcatenatesCodepointsCorrectly) {
    const wchar_t s[] = { 0xC74D, '\n', 0x576, 0x8D3, '\0'};
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "\xEC\x9D\x8D" "\n" "\xD5\xB6" "\xE0\xA3\x93",
        WideStringToUtf8(s, -1).c_str());
  }
  #endif  // !GTEST_WIDE_STRING_USES_UTF16_
  
  // Tests the Random class.
  
  TEST(RandomDeathTest, GeneratesCrashesOnInvalidRange) {
    testing::internal::Random random(42);
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        random.Generate(0),
        "Cannot generate a number in the range \\[0, 0\\)");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        random.Generate(testing::internal::Random::kMaxRange + 1),
        "Generation of a number in \\[0, 2147483649\\) was requested, "
        "but this can only generate numbers in \\[0, 2147483648\\)");
  }
  
  TEST(RandomTest, GeneratesNumbersWithinRange) {
    constexpr uint32_t kRange = 10000;
    testing::internal::Random random(12345);
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
      EXPECT_LT(random.Generate(kRange), kRange) << " for iteration " << i;
    }
  
    testing::internal::Random random2(testing::internal::Random::kMaxRange);
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
      EXPECT_LT(random2.Generate(kRange), kRange) << " for iteration " << i;
    }
  }
  
  TEST(RandomTest, RepeatsWhenReseeded) {
    constexpr int kSeed = 123;
    constexpr int kArraySize = 10;
    constexpr uint32_t kRange = 10000;
    uint32_t values[kArraySize];
  
    testing::internal::Random random(kSeed);
    for (int i = 0; i < kArraySize; i++) {
      values[i] = random.Generate(kRange);
    }
  
    random.Reseed(kSeed);
    for (int i = 0; i < kArraySize; i++) {
      EXPECT_EQ(values[i], random.Generate(kRange)) << " for iteration " << i;
    }
  }
  
  // Tests STL container utilities.
  
  // Tests CountIf().
  
  static bool IsPositive(int n) { return n > 0; }
  
  TEST(ContainerUtilityTest, CountIf) {
    std::vector<int> v;
    EXPECT_EQ(0, CountIf(v, IsPositive));  // Works for an empty container.
  
    v.push_back(-1);
    v.push_back(0);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, CountIf(v, IsPositive));  // Works when no value satisfies.
  
    v.push_back(2);
    v.push_back(-10);
    v.push_back(10);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, CountIf(v, IsPositive));
  }
  
  // Tests ForEach().
  
  static int g_sum = 0;
  static void Accumulate(int n) { g_sum += n; }
  
  TEST(ContainerUtilityTest, ForEach) {
    std::vector<int> v;
    g_sum = 0;
    ForEach(v, Accumulate);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, g_sum);  // Works for an empty container;
  
    g_sum = 0;
    v.push_back(1);
    ForEach(v, Accumulate);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, g_sum);  // Works for a container with one element.
  
    g_sum = 0;
    v.push_back(20);
    v.push_back(300);
    ForEach(v, Accumulate);
    EXPECT_EQ(321, g_sum);
  }
  
  // Tests GetElementOr().
  TEST(ContainerUtilityTest, GetElementOr) {
    std::vector<char> a;
    EXPECT_EQ('x', GetElementOr(a, 0, 'x'));
  
    a.push_back('a');
    a.push_back('b');
    EXPECT_EQ('a', GetElementOr(a, 0, 'x'));
    EXPECT_EQ('b', GetElementOr(a, 1, 'x'));
    EXPECT_EQ('x', GetElementOr(a, -2, 'x'));
    EXPECT_EQ('x', GetElementOr(a, 2, 'x'));
  }
  
  TEST(ContainerUtilityDeathTest, ShuffleRange) {
    std::vector<int> a;
    a.push_back(0);
    a.push_back(1);
    a.push_back(2);
    testing::internal::Random random(1);
  
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        ShuffleRange(&random, -1, 1, &a),
        "Invalid shuffle range start -1: must be in range \\[0, 3\\]");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        ShuffleRange(&random, 4, 4, &a),
        "Invalid shuffle range start 4: must be in range \\[0, 3\\]");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        ShuffleRange(&random, 3, 2, &a),
        "Invalid shuffle range finish 2: must be in range \\[3, 3\\]");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        ShuffleRange(&random, 3, 4, &a),
        "Invalid shuffle range finish 4: must be in range \\[3, 3\\]");
  }
  
  class VectorShuffleTest : public Test {
   protected:
    static const size_t kVectorSize = 20;
  
    VectorShuffleTest() : random_(1) {
      for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(kVectorSize); i++) {
        vector_.push_back(i);
      }
    }
  
    static bool VectorIsCorrupt(const TestingVector& vector) {
      if (kVectorSize != vector.size()) {
        return true;
      }
  
      bool found_in_vector[kVectorSize] = { false };
      for (size_t i = 0; i < vector.size(); i++) {
        const int e = vector[i];
        if (e < 0 || e >= static_cast<int>(kVectorSize) || found_in_vector[e]) {
          return true;
        }
        found_in_vector[e] = true;
      }
  
      // Vector size is correct, elements' range is correct, no
      // duplicate elements.  Therefore no corruption has occurred.
      return false;
    }
  
    static bool VectorIsNotCorrupt(const TestingVector& vector) {
      return !VectorIsCorrupt(vector);
    }
  
    static bool RangeIsShuffled(const TestingVector& vector, int begin, int end) {
      for (int i = begin; i < end; i++) {
        if (i != vector[static_cast<size_t>(i)]) {
          return true;
        }
      }
      return false;
    }
  
    static bool RangeIsUnshuffled(
        const TestingVector& vector, int begin, int end) {
      return !RangeIsShuffled(vector, begin, end);
    }
  
    static bool VectorIsShuffled(const TestingVector& vector) {
      return RangeIsShuffled(vector, 0, static_cast<int>(vector.size()));
    }
  
    static bool VectorIsUnshuffled(const TestingVector& vector) {
      return !VectorIsShuffled(vector);
    }
  
    testing::internal::Random random_;
    TestingVector vector_;
  };  // class VectorShuffleTest
  
  const size_t VectorShuffleTest::kVectorSize;
  
  TEST_F(VectorShuffleTest, HandlesEmptyRange) {
    // Tests an empty range at the beginning...
    ShuffleRange(&random_, 0, 0, &vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsUnshuffled, vector_);
  
    // ...in the middle...
    ShuffleRange(&random_, kVectorSize/2, kVectorSize/2, &vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsUnshuffled, vector_);
  
    // ...at the end...
    ShuffleRange(&random_, kVectorSize - 1, kVectorSize - 1, &vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsUnshuffled, vector_);
  
    // ...and past the end.
    ShuffleRange(&random_, kVectorSize, kVectorSize, &vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsUnshuffled, vector_);
  }
  
  TEST_F(VectorShuffleTest, HandlesRangeOfSizeOne) {
    // Tests a size one range at the beginning...
    ShuffleRange(&random_, 0, 1, &vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsUnshuffled, vector_);
  
    // ...in the middle...
    ShuffleRange(&random_, kVectorSize/2, kVectorSize/2 + 1, &vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsUnshuffled, vector_);
  
    // ...and at the end.
    ShuffleRange(&random_, kVectorSize - 1, kVectorSize, &vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsUnshuffled, vector_);
  }
  
  // Because we use our own random number generator and a fixed seed,
  // we can guarantee that the following "random" tests will succeed.
  
  TEST_F(VectorShuffleTest, ShufflesEntireVector) {
    Shuffle(&random_, &vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    EXPECT_FALSE(VectorIsUnshuffled(vector_)) << vector_;
  
    // Tests the first and last elements in particular to ensure that
    // there are no off-by-one problems in our shuffle algorithm.
    EXPECT_NE(0, vector_[0]);
    EXPECT_NE(static_cast<int>(kVectorSize - 1), vector_[kVectorSize - 1]);
  }
  
  TEST_F(VectorShuffleTest, ShufflesStartOfVector) {
    const int kRangeSize = kVectorSize/2;
  
    ShuffleRange(&random_, 0, kRangeSize, &vector_);
  
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    EXPECT_PRED3(RangeIsShuffled, vector_, 0, kRangeSize);
    EXPECT_PRED3(RangeIsUnshuffled, vector_, kRangeSize,
                 static_cast<int>(kVectorSize));
  }
  
  TEST_F(VectorShuffleTest, ShufflesEndOfVector) {
    const int kRangeSize = kVectorSize / 2;
    ShuffleRange(&random_, kRangeSize, kVectorSize, &vector_);
  
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    EXPECT_PRED3(RangeIsUnshuffled, vector_, 0, kRangeSize);
    EXPECT_PRED3(RangeIsShuffled, vector_, kRangeSize,
                 static_cast<int>(kVectorSize));
  }
  
  TEST_F(VectorShuffleTest, ShufflesMiddleOfVector) {
    const int kRangeSize = static_cast<int>(kVectorSize) / 3;
    ShuffleRange(&random_, kRangeSize, 2*kRangeSize, &vector_);
  
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    EXPECT_PRED3(RangeIsUnshuffled, vector_, 0, kRangeSize);
    EXPECT_PRED3(RangeIsShuffled, vector_, kRangeSize, 2*kRangeSize);
    EXPECT_PRED3(RangeIsUnshuffled, vector_, 2 * kRangeSize,
                 static_cast<int>(kVectorSize));
  }
  
  TEST_F(VectorShuffleTest, ShufflesRepeatably) {
    TestingVector vector2;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < kVectorSize; i++) {
      vector2.push_back(static_cast<int>(i));
    }
  
    random_.Reseed(1234);
    Shuffle(&random_, &vector_);
    random_.Reseed(1234);
    Shuffle(&random_, &vector2);
  
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector_);
    ASSERT_PRED1(VectorIsNotCorrupt, vector2);
  
    for (size_t i = 0; i < kVectorSize; i++) {
      EXPECT_EQ(vector_[i], vector2[i]) << " where i is " << i;
    }
  }
  
  // Tests the size of the AssertHelper class.
  
  TEST(AssertHelperTest, AssertHelperIsSmall) {
    // To avoid breaking clients that use lots of assertions in one
    // function, we cannot grow the size of AssertHelper.
    EXPECT_LE(sizeof(testing::internal::AssertHelper), sizeof(void*));
  }
  
  // Tests String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive().
  TEST(StringTest, EndsWithCaseInsensitive) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive("foobar", "BAR"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive("foobaR", "bar"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive("foobar", ""));
    EXPECT_TRUE(String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive("", ""));
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive("Foobar", "foo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive("foobar", "Foo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive("", "foo"));
  }
  
  // C++Builder's preprocessor is buggy; it fails to expand macros that
  // appear in macro parameters after wide char literals.  Provide an alias
  // for NULL as a workaround.
  static const wchar_t* const kNull = nullptr;
  
  // Tests String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals
  TEST(StringTest, CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(nullptr, nullptr));
    EXPECT_FALSE(String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(kNull, L""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(L"", kNull));
    EXPECT_FALSE(String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(kNull, L"foobar"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(L"foobar", kNull));
    EXPECT_TRUE(String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(L"foobar", L"foobar"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(L"foobar", L"FOOBAR"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(L"FOOBAR", L"foobar"));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  
  // Tests String::ShowWideCString().
  TEST(StringTest, ShowWideCString) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("(null)",
                 String::ShowWideCString(NULL).c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("", String::ShowWideCString(L"").c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("foo", String::ShowWideCString(L"foo").c_str());
  }
  
  # if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  TEST(StringTest, AnsiAndUtf16Null) {
    EXPECT_EQ(NULL, String::AnsiToUtf16(NULL));
    EXPECT_EQ(NULL, String::Utf16ToAnsi(NULL));
  }
  
  TEST(StringTest, AnsiAndUtf16ConvertBasic) {
    const char* ansi = String::Utf16ToAnsi(L"str");
    EXPECT_STREQ("str", ansi);
    delete [] ansi;
    const WCHAR* utf16 = String::AnsiToUtf16("str");
    EXPECT_EQ(0, wcsncmp(L"str", utf16, 3));
    delete [] utf16;
  }
  
  TEST(StringTest, AnsiAndUtf16ConvertPathChars) {
    const char* ansi = String::Utf16ToAnsi(L".:\\ \"*?");
    EXPECT_STREQ(".:\\ \"*?", ansi);
    delete [] ansi;
    const WCHAR* utf16 = String::AnsiToUtf16(".:\\ \"*?");
    EXPECT_EQ(0, wcsncmp(L".:\\ \"*?", utf16, 3));
    delete [] utf16;
  }
  # endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  
  #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  
  // Tests TestProperty construction.
  TEST(TestPropertyTest, StringValue) {
    TestProperty property("key", "1");
    EXPECT_STREQ("key", property.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1", property.value());
  }
  
  // Tests TestProperty replacing a value.
  TEST(TestPropertyTest, ReplaceStringValue) {
    TestProperty property("key", "1");
    EXPECT_STREQ("1", property.value());
    property.SetValue("2");
    EXPECT_STREQ("2", property.value());
  }
  
  // AddFatalFailure() and AddNonfatalFailure() must be stand-alone
  // functions (i.e. their definitions cannot be inlined at the call
  // sites), or C++Builder won't compile the code.
  static void AddFatalFailure() {
    FAIL() << "Expected fatal failure.";
  }
  
  static void AddNonfatalFailure() {
    ADD_FAILURE() << "Expected non-fatal failure.";
  }
  
  class ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterTest : public Test {
   public:  // Must be public and not protected due to a bug in g++ 3.4.2.
    enum FailureMode {
      FATAL_FAILURE,
      NONFATAL_FAILURE
    };
    static void AddFailure(FailureMode failure) {
      if (failure == FATAL_FAILURE) {
        AddFatalFailure();
      } else {
        AddNonfatalFailure();
      }
    }
  };
  
  // Tests that ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter intercepts test
  // failures.
  TEST_F(ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterTest, InterceptsTestFailures) {
    TestPartResultArray results;
    {
      ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter reporter(
          ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::INTERCEPT_ONLY_CURRENT_THREAD,
          &results);
      AddFailure(NONFATAL_FAILURE);
      AddFailure(FATAL_FAILURE);
    }
  
    EXPECT_EQ(2, results.size());
    EXPECT_TRUE(results.GetTestPartResult(0).nonfatally_failed());
    EXPECT_TRUE(results.GetTestPartResult(1).fatally_failed());
  }
  
  TEST_F(ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterTest, DeprecatedConstructor) {
    TestPartResultArray results;
    {
      // Tests, that the deprecated constructor still works.
      ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter reporter(&results);
      AddFailure(NONFATAL_FAILURE);
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(1, results.size());
  }
  
  #if GTEST_IS_THREADSAFE
  
  class ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterWithThreadsTest
    : public ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterTest {
   protected:
    static void AddFailureInOtherThread(FailureMode failure) {
      ThreadWithParam<FailureMode> thread(&AddFailure, failure, nullptr);
      thread.Join();
    }
  };
  
  TEST_F(ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterWithThreadsTest,
         InterceptsTestFailuresInAllThreads) {
    TestPartResultArray results;
    {
      ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter reporter(
          ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::INTERCEPT_ALL_THREADS, &results);
      AddFailure(NONFATAL_FAILURE);
      AddFailure(FATAL_FAILURE);
      AddFailureInOtherThread(NONFATAL_FAILURE);
      AddFailureInOtherThread(FATAL_FAILURE);
    }
  
    EXPECT_EQ(4, results.size());
    EXPECT_TRUE(results.GetTestPartResult(0).nonfatally_failed());
    EXPECT_TRUE(results.GetTestPartResult(1).fatally_failed());
    EXPECT_TRUE(results.GetTestPartResult(2).nonfatally_failed());
    EXPECT_TRUE(results.GetTestPartResult(3).fatally_failed());
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_IS_THREADSAFE
  
  // Tests EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE{,ON_ALL_THREADS}.  Makes sure that they
  // work even if the failure is generated in a called function rather than
  // the current context.
  
  typedef ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterTest ExpectFatalFailureTest;
  
  TEST_F(ExpectFatalFailureTest, CatchesFatalFaliure) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(AddFatalFailure(), "Expected fatal failure.");
  }
  
  TEST_F(ExpectFatalFailureTest, AcceptsStdStringObject) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(AddFatalFailure(),
                         ::std::string("Expected fatal failure."));
  }
  
  TEST_F(ExpectFatalFailureTest, CatchesFatalFailureOnAllThreads) {
    // We have another test below to verify that the macro catches fatal
    // failures generated on another thread.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(AddFatalFailure(),
                                        "Expected fatal failure.");
  }
  
  #ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Silences warnings: "Condition is always true"
  # pragma option push -w-ccc
  #endif
  
  // Tests that EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE() can be used in a non-void
  // function even when the statement in it contains ASSERT_*.
  
  int NonVoidFunction() {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_TRUE(false), "");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(FAIL(), "");
    return 0;
  }
  
  TEST_F(ExpectFatalFailureTest, CanBeUsedInNonVoidFunction) {
    NonVoidFunction();
  }
  
  // Tests that EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(statement, ...) doesn't abort the
  // current function even though 'statement' generates a fatal failure.
  
  void DoesNotAbortHelper(bool* aborted) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_TRUE(false), "");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(FAIL(), "");
  
    *aborted = false;
  }
  
  #ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Restores warnings after previous "#pragma option push" suppressed them.
  # pragma option pop
  #endif
  
  TEST_F(ExpectFatalFailureTest, DoesNotAbort) {
    bool aborted = true;
    DoesNotAbortHelper(&aborted);
    EXPECT_FALSE(aborted);
  }
  
  // Tests that the EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE{,_ON_ALL_THREADS} accepts a
  // statement that contains a macro which expands to code containing an
  // unprotected comma.
  
  static int global_var = 0;
  #define GTEST_USE_UNPROTECTED_COMMA_ global_var++, global_var++
  
  TEST_F(ExpectFatalFailureTest, AcceptsMacroThatExpandsToUnprotectedComma) {
  #ifndef __BORLANDC__
    // ICE's in C++Builder.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({
      GTEST_USE_UNPROTECTED_COMMA_;
      AddFatalFailure();
    }, "");
  #endif
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS({
      GTEST_USE_UNPROTECTED_COMMA_;
      AddFatalFailure();
    }, "");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE{,ON_ALL_THREADS}.
  
  typedef ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterTest ExpectNonfatalFailureTest;
  
  TEST_F(ExpectNonfatalFailureTest, CatchesNonfatalFailure) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(AddNonfatalFailure(),
                            "Expected non-fatal failure.");
  }
  
  TEST_F(ExpectNonfatalFailureTest, AcceptsStdStringObject) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(AddNonfatalFailure(),
                            ::std::string("Expected non-fatal failure."));
  }
  
  TEST_F(ExpectNonfatalFailureTest, CatchesNonfatalFailureOnAllThreads) {
    // We have another test below to verify that the macro catches
    // non-fatal failures generated on another thread.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(AddNonfatalFailure(),
                                           "Expected non-fatal failure.");
  }
  
  // Tests that the EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE{,_ON_ALL_THREADS} accepts a
  // statement that contains a macro which expands to code containing an
  // unprotected comma.
  TEST_F(ExpectNonfatalFailureTest, AcceptsMacroThatExpandsToUnprotectedComma) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({
      GTEST_USE_UNPROTECTED_COMMA_;
      AddNonfatalFailure();
    }, "");
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS({
      GTEST_USE_UNPROTECTED_COMMA_;
      AddNonfatalFailure();
    }, "");
  }
  
  #if GTEST_IS_THREADSAFE
  
  typedef ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporterWithThreadsTest
      ExpectFailureWithThreadsTest;
  
  TEST_F(ExpectFailureWithThreadsTest, ExpectFatalFailureOnAllThreads) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(AddFailureInOtherThread(FATAL_FAILURE),
                                        "Expected fatal failure.");
  }
  
  TEST_F(ExpectFailureWithThreadsTest, ExpectNonFatalFailureOnAllThreads) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(
        AddFailureInOtherThread(NONFATAL_FAILURE), "Expected non-fatal failure.");
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_IS_THREADSAFE
  
  // Tests the TestProperty class.
  
  TEST(TestPropertyTest, ConstructorWorks) {
    const TestProperty property("key", "value");
    EXPECT_STREQ("key", property.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("value", property.value());
  }
  
  TEST(TestPropertyTest, SetValue) {
    TestProperty property("key", "value_1");
    EXPECT_STREQ("key", property.key());
    property.SetValue("value_2");
    EXPECT_STREQ("key", property.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("value_2", property.value());
  }
  
  // Tests the TestResult class
  
  // The test fixture for testing TestResult.
  class TestResultTest : public Test {
   protected:
    typedef std::vector<TestPartResult> TPRVector;
  
    // We make use of 2 TestPartResult objects,
    TestPartResult * pr1, * pr2;
  
    // ... and 3 TestResult objects.
    TestResult * r0, * r1, * r2;
  
    void SetUp() override {
      // pr1 is for success.
      pr1 = new TestPartResult(TestPartResult::kSuccess,
                               "foo/bar.cc",
                               10,
                               "Success!");
  
      // pr2 is for fatal failure.
      pr2 = new TestPartResult(TestPartResult::kFatalFailure,
                               "foo/bar.cc",
                               -1,  // This line number means "unknown"
                               "Failure!");
  
      // Creates the TestResult objects.
      r0 = new TestResult();
      r1 = new TestResult();
      r2 = new TestResult();
  
      // In order to test TestResult, we need to modify its internal
      // state, in particular the TestPartResult vector it holds.
      // test_part_results() returns a const reference to this vector.
      // We cast it to a non-const object s.t. it can be modified
      TPRVector* results1 = const_cast<TPRVector*>(
          &TestResultAccessor::test_part_results(*r1));
      TPRVector* results2 = const_cast<TPRVector*>(
          &TestResultAccessor::test_part_results(*r2));
  
      // r0 is an empty TestResult.
  
      // r1 contains a single SUCCESS TestPartResult.
      results1->push_back(*pr1);
  
      // r2 contains a SUCCESS, and a FAILURE.
      results2->push_back(*pr1);
      results2->push_back(*pr2);
    }
  
    void TearDown() override {
      delete pr1;
      delete pr2;
  
      delete r0;
      delete r1;
      delete r2;
    }
  
    // Helper that compares two TestPartResults.
    static void CompareTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& expected,
                                      const TestPartResult& actual) {
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.type(), actual.type());
      EXPECT_STREQ(expected.file_name(), actual.file_name());
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.line_number(), actual.line_number());
      EXPECT_STREQ(expected.summary(), actual.summary());
      EXPECT_STREQ(expected.message(), actual.message());
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.passed(), actual.passed());
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.failed(), actual.failed());
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.nonfatally_failed(), actual.nonfatally_failed());
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.fatally_failed(), actual.fatally_failed());
    }
  };
  
  // Tests TestResult::total_part_count().
  TEST_F(TestResultTest, total_part_count) {
    ASSERT_EQ(0, r0->total_part_count());
    ASSERT_EQ(1, r1->total_part_count());
    ASSERT_EQ(2, r2->total_part_count());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult::Passed().
  TEST_F(TestResultTest, Passed) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(r0->Passed());
    ASSERT_TRUE(r1->Passed());
    ASSERT_FALSE(r2->Passed());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult::Failed().
  TEST_F(TestResultTest, Failed) {
    ASSERT_FALSE(r0->Failed());
    ASSERT_FALSE(r1->Failed());
    ASSERT_TRUE(r2->Failed());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult::GetTestPartResult().
  
  typedef TestResultTest TestResultDeathTest;
  
  TEST_F(TestResultDeathTest, GetTestPartResult) {
    CompareTestPartResult(*pr1, r2->GetTestPartResult(0));
    CompareTestPartResult(*pr2, r2->GetTestPartResult(1));
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(r2->GetTestPartResult(2), "");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(r2->GetTestPartResult(-1), "");
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult has no properties when none are added.
  TEST(TestResultPropertyTest, NoPropertiesFoundWhenNoneAreAdded) {
    TestResult test_result;
    ASSERT_EQ(0, test_result.test_property_count());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult has the expected property when added.
  TEST(TestResultPropertyTest, OnePropertyFoundWhenAdded) {
    TestResult test_result;
    TestProperty property("key_1", "1");
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property);
    ASSERT_EQ(1, test_result.test_property_count());
    const TestProperty& actual_property = test_result.GetTestProperty(0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_1", actual_property.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1", actual_property.value());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult has multiple properties when added.
  TEST(TestResultPropertyTest, MultiplePropertiesFoundWhenAdded) {
    TestResult test_result;
    TestProperty property_1("key_1", "1");
    TestProperty property_2("key_2", "2");
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_1);
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_2);
    ASSERT_EQ(2, test_result.test_property_count());
    const TestProperty& actual_property_1 = test_result.GetTestProperty(0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_1", actual_property_1.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1", actual_property_1.value());
  
    const TestProperty& actual_property_2 = test_result.GetTestProperty(1);
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_2", actual_property_2.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("2", actual_property_2.value());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult::RecordProperty() overrides values for duplicate keys.
  TEST(TestResultPropertyTest, OverridesValuesForDuplicateKeys) {
    TestResult test_result;
    TestProperty property_1_1("key_1", "1");
    TestProperty property_2_1("key_2", "2");
    TestProperty property_1_2("key_1", "12");
    TestProperty property_2_2("key_2", "22");
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_1_1);
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_2_1);
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_1_2);
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_2_2);
  
    ASSERT_EQ(2, test_result.test_property_count());
    const TestProperty& actual_property_1 = test_result.GetTestProperty(0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_1", actual_property_1.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("12", actual_property_1.value());
  
    const TestProperty& actual_property_2 = test_result.GetTestProperty(1);
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_2", actual_property_2.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("22", actual_property_2.value());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult::GetTestProperty().
  TEST(TestResultPropertyTest, GetTestProperty) {
    TestResult test_result;
    TestProperty property_1("key_1", "1");
    TestProperty property_2("key_2", "2");
    TestProperty property_3("key_3", "3");
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_1);
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_2);
    TestResultAccessor::RecordProperty(&test_result, "testcase", property_3);
  
    const TestProperty& fetched_property_1 = test_result.GetTestProperty(0);
    const TestProperty& fetched_property_2 = test_result.GetTestProperty(1);
    const TestProperty& fetched_property_3 = test_result.GetTestProperty(2);
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_1", fetched_property_1.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1", fetched_property_1.value());
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_2", fetched_property_2.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("2", fetched_property_2.value());
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_3", fetched_property_3.key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("3", fetched_property_3.value());
  
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(test_result.GetTestProperty(3), "");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(test_result.GetTestProperty(-1), "");
  }
  
  // Tests the Test class.
  //
  // It's difficult to test every public method of this class (we are
  // already stretching the limit of Google Test by using it to test itself!).
  // Fortunately, we don't have to do that, as we are already testing
  // the functionalities of the Test class extensively by using Google Test
  // alone.
  //
  // Therefore, this section only contains one test.
  
  // Tests that GTestFlagSaver works on Windows and Mac.
  
  class GTestFlagSaverTest : public Test {
   protected:
    // Saves the Google Test flags such that we can restore them later, and
    // then sets them to their default values.  This will be called
    // before the first test in this test case is run.
    static void SetUpTestSuite() {
      saver_ = new GTestFlagSaver;
  
      GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(break_on_failure) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(color) = "auto";
      GTEST_FLAG(filter) = "";
      GTEST_FLAG(list_tests) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(output) = "";
      GTEST_FLAG(print_time) = true;
      GTEST_FLAG(random_seed) = 0;
      GTEST_FLAG(repeat) = 1;
      GTEST_FLAG(shuffle) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(stack_trace_depth) = kMaxStackTraceDepth;
      GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to) = "";
      GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = false;
    }
  
    // Restores the Google Test flags that the tests have modified.  This will
    // be called after the last test in this test case is run.
    static void TearDownTestSuite() {
      delete saver_;
      saver_ = nullptr;
    }
  
    // Verifies that the Google Test flags have their default values, and then
    // modifies each of them.
    void VerifyAndModifyFlags() {
      EXPECT_FALSE(GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests));
      EXPECT_FALSE(GTEST_FLAG(break_on_failure));
      EXPECT_FALSE(GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions));
      EXPECT_STREQ("auto", GTEST_FLAG(color).c_str());
      EXPECT_FALSE(GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork));
      EXPECT_STREQ("", GTEST_FLAG(filter).c_str());
      EXPECT_FALSE(GTEST_FLAG(list_tests));
      EXPECT_STREQ("", GTEST_FLAG(output).c_str());
      EXPECT_TRUE(GTEST_FLAG(print_time));
      EXPECT_EQ(0, GTEST_FLAG(random_seed));
      EXPECT_EQ(1, GTEST_FLAG(repeat));
      EXPECT_FALSE(GTEST_FLAG(shuffle));
      EXPECT_EQ(kMaxStackTraceDepth, GTEST_FLAG(stack_trace_depth));
      EXPECT_STREQ("", GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to).c_str());
      EXPECT_FALSE(GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure));
  
      GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests) = true;
      GTEST_FLAG(break_on_failure) = true;
      GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions) = true;
      GTEST_FLAG(color) = "no";
      GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork) = true;
      GTEST_FLAG(filter) = "abc";
      GTEST_FLAG(list_tests) = true;
      GTEST_FLAG(output) = "xml:foo.xml";
      GTEST_FLAG(print_time) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(random_seed) = 1;
      GTEST_FLAG(repeat) = 100;
      GTEST_FLAG(shuffle) = true;
      GTEST_FLAG(stack_trace_depth) = 1;
      GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to) = "localhost:1234";
      GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = true;
    }
  
   private:
    // For saving Google Test flags during this test case.
    static GTestFlagSaver* saver_;
  };
  
  GTestFlagSaver* GTestFlagSaverTest::saver_ = nullptr;
  
  // Google Test doesn't guarantee the order of tests.  The following two
  // tests are designed to work regardless of their order.
  
  // Modifies the Google Test flags in the test body.
  TEST_F(GTestFlagSaverTest, ModifyGTestFlags) {
    VerifyAndModifyFlags();
  }
  
  // Verifies that the Google Test flags in the body of the previous test were
  // restored to their original values.
  TEST_F(GTestFlagSaverTest, VerifyGTestFlags) {
    VerifyAndModifyFlags();
  }
  
  // Sets an environment variable with the given name to the given
  // value.  If the value argument is "", unsets the environment
  // variable.  The caller must ensure that both arguments are not NULL.
  static void SetEnv(const char* name, const char* value) {
  #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
    // Environment variables are not supported on Windows CE.
    return;
  #elif defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined(__SunOS_5_8) || defined(__SunOS_5_9)
    // C++Builder's putenv only stores a pointer to its parameter; we have to
    // ensure that the string remains valid as long as it might be needed.
    // We use an std::map to do so.
    static std::map<std::string, std::string*> added_env;
  
    // Because putenv stores a pointer to the string buffer, we can't delete the
    // previous string (if present) until after it's replaced.
    std::string *prev_env = NULL;
    if (added_env.find(name) != added_env.end()) {
      prev_env = added_env[name];
    }
    added_env[name] = new std::string(
        (Message() << name << "=" << value).GetString());
  
    // The standard signature of putenv accepts a 'char*' argument. Other
    // implementations, like C++Builder's, accept a 'const char*'.
    // We cast away the 'const' since that would work for both variants.
    putenv(const_cast<char*>(added_env[name]->c_str()));
    delete prev_env;
  #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS  // If we are on Windows proper.
    _putenv((Message() << name << "=" << value).GetString().c_str());
  #else
    if (*value == '\0') {
      unsetenv(name);
    } else {
      setenv(name, value, 1);
    }
  #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  }
  
  #if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  // Environment variables are not supported on Windows CE.
  
  using testing::internal::Int32FromGTestEnv;
  
  // Tests Int32FromGTestEnv().
  
  // Tests that Int32FromGTestEnv() returns the default value when the
  // environment variable is not set.
  TEST(Int32FromGTestEnvTest, ReturnsDefaultWhenVariableIsNotSet) {
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "TEMP", "");
    EXPECT_EQ(10, Int32FromGTestEnv("temp", 10));
  }
  
  # if !defined(GTEST_GET_INT32_FROM_ENV_)
  
  // Tests that Int32FromGTestEnv() returns the default value when the
  // environment variable overflows as an Int32.
  TEST(Int32FromGTestEnvTest, ReturnsDefaultWhenValueOverflows) {
    printf("(expecting 2 warnings)\n");
  
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "TEMP", "12345678987654321");
    EXPECT_EQ(20, Int32FromGTestEnv("temp", 20));
  
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "TEMP", "-12345678987654321");
    EXPECT_EQ(30, Int32FromGTestEnv("temp", 30));
  }
  
  // Tests that Int32FromGTestEnv() returns the default value when the
  // environment variable does not represent a valid decimal integer.
  TEST(Int32FromGTestEnvTest, ReturnsDefaultWhenValueIsInvalid) {
    printf("(expecting 2 warnings)\n");
  
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "TEMP", "A1");
    EXPECT_EQ(40, Int32FromGTestEnv("temp", 40));
  
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "TEMP", "12X");
    EXPECT_EQ(50, Int32FromGTestEnv("temp", 50));
  }
  
  # endif  // !defined(GTEST_GET_INT32_FROM_ENV_)
  
  // Tests that Int32FromGTestEnv() parses and returns the value of the
  // environment variable when it represents a valid decimal integer in
  // the range of an Int32.
  TEST(Int32FromGTestEnvTest, ParsesAndReturnsValidValue) {
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "TEMP", "123");
    EXPECT_EQ(123, Int32FromGTestEnv("temp", 0));
  
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "TEMP", "-321");
    EXPECT_EQ(-321, Int32FromGTestEnv("temp", 0));
  }
  #endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  
  // Tests ParseInt32Flag().
  
  // Tests that ParseInt32Flag() returns false and doesn't change the
  // output value when the flag has wrong format
  TEST(ParseInt32FlagTest, ReturnsFalseForInvalidFlag) {
    int32_t value = 123;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ParseInt32Flag("--a=100", "b", &value));
    EXPECT_EQ(123, value);
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(ParseInt32Flag("a=100", "a", &value));
    EXPECT_EQ(123, value);
  }
  
  // Tests that ParseInt32Flag() returns false and doesn't change the
  // output value when the flag overflows as an Int32.
  TEST(ParseInt32FlagTest, ReturnsDefaultWhenValueOverflows) {
    printf("(expecting 2 warnings)\n");
  
    int32_t value = 123;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ParseInt32Flag("--abc=12345678987654321", "abc", &value));
    EXPECT_EQ(123, value);
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(ParseInt32Flag("--abc=-12345678987654321", "abc", &value));
    EXPECT_EQ(123, value);
  }
  
  // Tests that ParseInt32Flag() returns false and doesn't change the
  // output value when the flag does not represent a valid decimal
  // integer.
  TEST(ParseInt32FlagTest, ReturnsDefaultWhenValueIsInvalid) {
    printf("(expecting 2 warnings)\n");
  
    int32_t value = 123;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ParseInt32Flag("--abc=A1", "abc", &value));
    EXPECT_EQ(123, value);
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(ParseInt32Flag("--abc=12X", "abc", &value));
    EXPECT_EQ(123, value);
  }
  
  // Tests that ParseInt32Flag() parses the value of the flag and
  // returns true when the flag represents a valid decimal integer in
  // the range of an Int32.
  TEST(ParseInt32FlagTest, ParsesAndReturnsValidValue) {
    int32_t value = 123;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ParseInt32Flag("--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "abc=456", "abc", &value));
    EXPECT_EQ(456, value);
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(ParseInt32Flag("--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "abc=-789",
                               "abc", &value));
    EXPECT_EQ(-789, value);
  }
  
  // Tests that Int32FromEnvOrDie() parses the value of the var or
  // returns the correct default.
  // Environment variables are not supported on Windows CE.
  #if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  TEST(Int32FromEnvOrDieTest, ParsesAndReturnsValidValue) {
    EXPECT_EQ(333, Int32FromEnvOrDie(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "UnsetVar", 333));
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "UnsetVar", "123");
    EXPECT_EQ(123, Int32FromEnvOrDie(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "UnsetVar", 333));
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "UnsetVar", "-123");
    EXPECT_EQ(-123, Int32FromEnvOrDie(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "UnsetVar", 333));
  }
  #endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  
  // Tests that Int32FromEnvOrDie() aborts with an error message
  // if the variable is not an int32_t.
  TEST(Int32FromEnvOrDieDeathTest, AbortsOnFailure) {
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "VAR", "xxx");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        Int32FromEnvOrDie(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "VAR", 123),
        ".*");
  }
  
  // Tests that Int32FromEnvOrDie() aborts with an error message
  // if the variable cannot be represented by an int32_t.
  TEST(Int32FromEnvOrDieDeathTest, AbortsOnInt32Overflow) {
    SetEnv(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "VAR", "1234567891234567891234");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        Int32FromEnvOrDie(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "VAR", 123),
        ".*");
  }
  
  // Tests that ShouldRunTestOnShard() selects all tests
  // where there is 1 shard.
  TEST(ShouldRunTestOnShardTest, IsPartitionWhenThereIsOneShard) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldRunTestOnShard(1, 0, 0));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldRunTestOnShard(1, 0, 1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldRunTestOnShard(1, 0, 2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldRunTestOnShard(1, 0, 3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldRunTestOnShard(1, 0, 4));
  }
  
  class ShouldShardTest : public testing::Test {
   protected:
    void SetUp() override {
      index_var_ = GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "INDEX";
      total_var_ = GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "TOTAL";
    }
  
    void TearDown() override {
      SetEnv(index_var_, "");
      SetEnv(total_var_, "");
    }
  
    const char* index_var_;
    const char* total_var_;
  };
  
  // Tests that sharding is disabled if neither of the environment variables
  // are set.
  TEST_F(ShouldShardTest, ReturnsFalseWhenNeitherEnvVarIsSet) {
    SetEnv(index_var_, "");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "");
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, true));
  }
  
  // Tests that sharding is not enabled if total_shards  == 1.
  TEST_F(ShouldShardTest, ReturnsFalseWhenTotalShardIsOne) {
    SetEnv(index_var_, "0");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "1");
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, true));
  }
  
  // Tests that sharding is enabled if total_shards > 1 and
  // we are not in a death test subprocess.
  // Environment variables are not supported on Windows CE.
  #if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  TEST_F(ShouldShardTest, WorksWhenShardEnvVarsAreValid) {
    SetEnv(index_var_, "4");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "22");
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, true));
  
    SetEnv(index_var_, "8");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "9");
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, true));
  
    SetEnv(index_var_, "0");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "9");
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, true));
  }
  #endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
  
  // Tests that we exit in error if the sharding values are not valid.
  
  typedef ShouldShardTest ShouldShardDeathTest;
  
  TEST_F(ShouldShardDeathTest, AbortsWhenShardingEnvVarsAreInvalid) {
    SetEnv(index_var_, "4");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "4");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false), ".*");
  
    SetEnv(index_var_, "4");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "-2");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false), ".*");
  
    SetEnv(index_var_, "5");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false), ".*");
  
    SetEnv(index_var_, "");
    SetEnv(total_var_, "5");
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(ShouldShard(total_var_, index_var_, false), ".*");
  }
  
  // Tests that ShouldRunTestOnShard is a partition when 5
  // shards are used.
  TEST(ShouldRunTestOnShardTest, IsPartitionWhenThereAreFiveShards) {
    // Choose an arbitrary number of tests and shards.
    const int num_tests = 17;
    const int num_shards = 5;
  
    // Check partitioning: each test should be on exactly 1 shard.
    for (int test_id = 0; test_id < num_tests; test_id++) {
      int prev_selected_shard_index = -1;
      for (int shard_index = 0; shard_index < num_shards; shard_index++) {
        if (ShouldRunTestOnShard(num_shards, shard_index, test_id)) {
          if (prev_selected_shard_index < 0) {
            prev_selected_shard_index = shard_index;
          } else {
            ADD_FAILURE() << "Shard " << prev_selected_shard_index << " and "
              << shard_index << " are both selected to run test " << test_id;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    // Check balance: This is not required by the sharding protocol, but is a
    // desirable property for performance.
    for (int shard_index = 0; shard_index < num_shards; shard_index++) {
      int num_tests_on_shard = 0;
      for (int test_id = 0; test_id < num_tests; test_id++) {
        num_tests_on_shard +=
          ShouldRunTestOnShard(num_shards, shard_index, test_id);
      }
      EXPECT_GE(num_tests_on_shard, num_tests / num_shards);
    }
  }
  
  // For the same reason we are not explicitly testing everything in the
  // Test class, there are no separate tests for the following classes
  // (except for some trivial cases):
  //
  //   TestSuite, UnitTest, UnitTestResultPrinter.
  //
  // Similarly, there are no separate tests for the following macros:
  //
  //   TEST, TEST_F, RUN_ALL_TESTS
  
  TEST(UnitTestTest, CanGetOriginalWorkingDir) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir() != nullptr);
    EXPECT_STRNE(UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir(), "");
  }
  
  TEST(UnitTestTest, ReturnsPlausibleTimestamp) {
    EXPECT_LT(0, UnitTest::GetInstance()->start_timestamp());
    EXPECT_LE(UnitTest::GetInstance()->start_timestamp(), GetTimeInMillis());
  }
  
  // When a property using a reserved key is supplied to this function, it
  // tests that a non-fatal failure is added, a fatal failure is not added,
  // and that the property is not recorded.
  void ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKey(
      const TestResult& test_result, const char* key) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(Test::RecordProperty(key, "1"), "Reserved key");
    ASSERT_EQ(0, test_result.test_property_count()) << "Property for key '" << key
                                                    << "' recorded unexpectedly.";
  }
  
  void ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTest(
      const char* key) {
    const TestInfo* test_info = UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
    ASSERT_TRUE(test_info != nullptr);
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKey(*test_info->result(),
                                                          key);
  }
  
  void ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTestSuite(
      const char* key) {
    const testing::TestSuite* test_suite =
        UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_suite();
    ASSERT_TRUE(test_suite != nullptr);
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKey(
        test_suite->ad_hoc_test_result(), key);
  }
  
  void ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
      const char* key) {
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKey(
        UnitTest::GetInstance()->ad_hoc_test_result(), key);
  }
  
  // Tests that property recording functions in UnitTest outside of tests
  // functions correcly.  Creating a separate instance of UnitTest ensures it
  // is in a state similar to the UnitTest's singleton's between tests.
  class UnitTestRecordPropertyTest :
      public testing::internal::UnitTestRecordPropertyTestHelper {
   public:
    static void SetUpTestSuite() {
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTestSuite(
          "disabled");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTestSuite(
          "errors");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTestSuite(
          "failures");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTestSuite(
          "name");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTestSuite(
          "tests");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTestSuite(
          "time");
  
      Test::RecordProperty("test_case_key_1", "1");
  
      const testing::TestSuite* test_suite =
          UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_suite();
  
      ASSERT_TRUE(test_suite != nullptr);
  
      ASSERT_EQ(1, test_suite->ad_hoc_test_result().test_property_count());
      EXPECT_STREQ("test_case_key_1",
                   test_suite->ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(0).key());
      EXPECT_STREQ("1",
                   test_suite->ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(0).value());
    }
  };
  
  // Tests TestResult has the expected property when added.
  TEST_F(UnitTestRecordPropertyTest, OnePropertyFoundWhenAdded) {
    UnitTestRecordProperty("key_1", "1");
  
    ASSERT_EQ(1, unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().test_property_count());
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_1",
                 unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(0).key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1",
                 unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(0).value());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult has multiple properties when added.
  TEST_F(UnitTestRecordPropertyTest, MultiplePropertiesFoundWhenAdded) {
    UnitTestRecordProperty("key_1", "1");
    UnitTestRecordProperty("key_2", "2");
  
    ASSERT_EQ(2, unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().test_property_count());
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_1",
                 unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(0).key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1", unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(0).value());
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_2",
                 unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(1).key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("2", unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(1).value());
  }
  
  // Tests TestResult::RecordProperty() overrides values for duplicate keys.
  TEST_F(UnitTestRecordPropertyTest, OverridesValuesForDuplicateKeys) {
    UnitTestRecordProperty("key_1", "1");
    UnitTestRecordProperty("key_2", "2");
    UnitTestRecordProperty("key_1", "12");
    UnitTestRecordProperty("key_2", "22");
  
    ASSERT_EQ(2, unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().test_property_count());
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_1",
                 unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(0).key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("12",
                 unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(0).value());
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("key_2",
                 unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(1).key());
    EXPECT_STREQ("22",
                 unit_test_.ad_hoc_test_result().GetTestProperty(1).value());
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnitTestRecordPropertyTest,
         AddFailureInsideTestsWhenUsingTestSuiteReservedKeys) {
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTest(
        "name");
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTest(
        "value_param");
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTest(
        "type_param");
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTest(
        "status");
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTest(
        "time");
    ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyForCurrentTest(
        "classname");
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnitTestRecordPropertyTest,
         AddRecordWithReservedKeysGeneratesCorrectPropertyList) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        Test::RecordProperty("name", "1"),
        "'classname', 'name', 'status', 'time', 'type_param', 'value_param',"
        " 'file', and 'line' are reserved");
  }
  
  class UnitTestRecordPropertyTestEnvironment : public Environment {
   public:
    void TearDown() override {
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
          "tests");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
          "failures");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
          "disabled");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
          "errors");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
          "name");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
          "timestamp");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
          "time");
      ExpectNonFatalFailureRecordingPropertyWithReservedKeyOutsideOfTestSuite(
          "random_seed");
    }
  };
  
  // This will test property recording outside of any test or test case.
  static Environment* record_property_env GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_ =
      AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new UnitTestRecordPropertyTestEnvironment);
  
  // This group of tests is for predicate assertions (ASSERT_PRED*, etc)
  // of various arities.  They do not attempt to be exhaustive.  Rather,
  // view them as smoke tests that can be easily reviewed and verified.
  // A more complete set of tests for predicate assertions can be found
  // in gtest_pred_impl_unittest.cc.
  
  // First, some predicates and predicate-formatters needed by the tests.
  
  // Returns true if and only if the argument is an even number.
  bool IsEven(int n) {
    return (n % 2) == 0;
  }
  
  // A functor that returns true if and only if the argument is an even number.
  struct IsEvenFunctor {
    bool operator()(int n) { return IsEven(n); }
  };
  
  // A predicate-formatter function that asserts the argument is an even
  // number.
  AssertionResult AssertIsEven(const char* expr, int n) {
    if (IsEven(n)) {
      return AssertionSuccess();
    }
  
    Message msg;
    msg << expr << " evaluates to " << n << ", which is not even.";
    return AssertionFailure(msg);
  }
  
  // A predicate function that returns AssertionResult for use in
  // EXPECT/ASSERT_TRUE/FALSE.
  AssertionResult ResultIsEven(int n) {
    if (IsEven(n))
      return AssertionSuccess() << n << " is even";
    else
      return AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd";
  }
  
  // A predicate function that returns AssertionResult but gives no
  // explanation why it succeeds. Needed for testing that
  // EXPECT/ASSERT_FALSE handles such functions correctly.
  AssertionResult ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(int n) {
    if (IsEven(n))
      return AssertionSuccess();
    else
      return AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd";
  }
  
  // A predicate-formatter functor that asserts the argument is an even
  // number.
  struct AssertIsEvenFunctor {
    AssertionResult operator()(const char* expr, int n) {
      return AssertIsEven(expr, n);
    }
  };
  
  // Returns true if and only if the sum of the arguments is an even number.
  bool SumIsEven2(int n1, int n2) {
    return IsEven(n1 + n2);
  }
  
  // A functor that returns true if and only if the sum of the arguments is an
  // even number.
  struct SumIsEven3Functor {
    bool operator()(int n1, int n2, int n3) {
      return IsEven(n1 + n2 + n3);
    }
  };
  
  // A predicate-formatter function that asserts the sum of the
  // arguments is an even number.
  AssertionResult AssertSumIsEven4(
      const char* e1, const char* e2, const char* e3, const char* e4,
      int n1, int n2, int n3, int n4) {
    const int sum = n1 + n2 + n3 + n4;
    if (IsEven(sum)) {
      return AssertionSuccess();
    }
  
    Message msg;
    msg << e1 << " + " << e2 << " + " << e3 << " + " << e4
        << " (" << n1 << " + " << n2 << " + " << n3 << " + " << n4
        << ") evaluates to " << sum << ", which is not even.";
    return AssertionFailure(msg);
  }
  
  // A predicate-formatter functor that asserts the sum of the arguments
  // is an even number.
  struct AssertSumIsEven5Functor {
    AssertionResult operator()(
        const char* e1, const char* e2, const char* e3, const char* e4,
        const char* e5, int n1, int n2, int n3, int n4, int n5) {
      const int sum = n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5;
      if (IsEven(sum)) {
        return AssertionSuccess();
      }
  
      Message msg;
      msg << e1 << " + " << e2 << " + " << e3 << " + " << e4 << " + " << e5
          << " ("
          << n1 << " + " << n2 << " + " << n3 << " + " << n4 << " + " << n5
          << ") evaluates to " << sum << ", which is not even.";
      return AssertionFailure(msg);
    }
  };
  
  
  // Tests unary predicate assertions.
  
  // Tests unary predicate assertions that don't use a custom formatter.
  TEST(Pred1Test, WithoutFormat) {
    // Success cases.
    EXPECT_PRED1(IsEvenFunctor(), 2) << "This failure is UNEXPECTED!";
    ASSERT_PRED1(IsEven, 4);
  
    // Failure cases.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED1(IsEven, 5) << "This failure is expected.";
    }, "This failure is expected.");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_PRED1(IsEvenFunctor(), 5),
                         "evaluates to false");
  }
  
  // Tests unary predicate assertions that use a custom formatter.
  TEST(Pred1Test, WithFormat) {
    // Success cases.
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(AssertIsEven, 2);
    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT1(AssertIsEvenFunctor(), 4)
      << "This failure is UNEXPECTED!";
  
    // Failure cases.
    const int n = 5;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(AssertIsEvenFunctor(), n),
                            "n evaluates to 5, which is not even.");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT1(AssertIsEven, 5) << "This failure is expected.";
    }, "This failure is expected.");
  }
  
  // Tests that unary predicate assertions evaluates their arguments
  // exactly once.
  TEST(Pred1Test, SingleEvaluationOnFailure) {
    // A success case.
    static int n = 0;
    EXPECT_PRED1(IsEven, n++);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n) << "The argument is not evaluated exactly once.";
  
    // A failure case.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT1(AssertIsEvenFunctor(), n++)
          << "This failure is expected.";
    }, "This failure is expected.");
    EXPECT_EQ(2, n) << "The argument is not evaluated exactly once.";
  }
  
  
  // Tests predicate assertions whose arity is >= 2.
  
  // Tests predicate assertions that don't use a custom formatter.
  TEST(PredTest, WithoutFormat) {
    // Success cases.
    ASSERT_PRED2(SumIsEven2, 2, 4) << "This failure is UNEXPECTED!";
    EXPECT_PRED3(SumIsEven3Functor(), 4, 6, 8);
  
    // Failure cases.
    const int n1 = 1;
    const int n2 = 2;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED2(SumIsEven2, n1, n2) << "This failure is expected.";
    }, "This failure is expected.");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_PRED3(SumIsEven3Functor(), 1, 2, 4);
    }, "evaluates to false");
  }
  
  // Tests predicate assertions that use a custom formatter.
  TEST(PredTest, WithFormat) {
    // Success cases.
    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT4(AssertSumIsEven4, 4, 6, 8, 10) <<
      "This failure is UNEXPECTED!";
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT5(AssertSumIsEven5Functor(), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10);
  
    // Failure cases.
    const int n1 = 1;
    const int n2 = 2;
    const int n3 = 4;
    const int n4 = 6;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT4(AssertSumIsEven4, n1, n2, n3, n4);
    }, "evaluates to 13, which is not even.");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT5(AssertSumIsEven5Functor(), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8)
          << "This failure is expected.";
    }, "This failure is expected.");
  }
  
  // Tests that predicate assertions evaluates their arguments
  // exactly once.
  TEST(PredTest, SingleEvaluationOnFailure) {
    // A success case.
    int n1 = 0;
    int n2 = 0;
    EXPECT_PRED2(SumIsEven2, n1++, n2++);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n1) << "Argument 1 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n2) << "Argument 2 is not evaluated exactly once.";
  
    // Another success case.
    n1 = n2 = 0;
    int n3 = 0;
    int n4 = 0;
    int n5 = 0;
    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT5(AssertSumIsEven5Functor(),
                        n1++, n2++, n3++, n4++, n5++)
                          << "This failure is UNEXPECTED!";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n1) << "Argument 1 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n2) << "Argument 2 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n3) << "Argument 3 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n4) << "Argument 4 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n5) << "Argument 5 is not evaluated exactly once.";
  
    // A failure case.
    n1 = n2 = n3 = 0;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED3(SumIsEven3Functor(), ++n1, n2++, n3++)
          << "This failure is expected.";
    }, "This failure is expected.");
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n1) << "Argument 1 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n2) << "Argument 2 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n3) << "Argument 3 is not evaluated exactly once.";
  
    // Another failure case.
    n1 = n2 = n3 = n4 = 0;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT4(AssertSumIsEven4, ++n1, n2++, n3++, n4++);
    }, "evaluates to 1, which is not even.");
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n1) << "Argument 1 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n2) << "Argument 2 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n3) << "Argument 3 is not evaluated exactly once.";
    EXPECT_EQ(1, n4) << "Argument 4 is not evaluated exactly once.";
  }
  
  // Test predicate assertions for sets
  TEST(PredTest, ExpectPredEvalFailure) {
    std::set<int> set_a = {2, 1, 3, 4, 5};
    std::set<int> set_b = {0, 4, 8};
    const auto compare_sets = [] (std::set<int>, std::set<int>) { return false; };
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        EXPECT_PRED2(compare_sets, set_a, set_b),
        "compare_sets(set_a, set_b) evaluates to false, where\nset_a evaluates "
        "to { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }\nset_b evaluates to { 0, 4, 8 }");
  }
  
  // Some helper functions for testing using overloaded/template
  // functions with ASSERT_PREDn and EXPECT_PREDn.
  
  bool IsPositive(double x) {
    return x > 0;
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  bool IsNegative(T x) {
    return x < 0;
  }
  
  template <typename T1, typename T2>
  bool GreaterThan(T1 x1, T2 x2) {
    return x1 > x2;
  }
  
  // Tests that overloaded functions can be used in *_PRED* as long as
  // their types are explicitly specified.
  TEST(PredicateAssertionTest, AcceptsOverloadedFunction) {
    // C++Builder requires C-style casts rather than static_cast.
    EXPECT_PRED1((bool (*)(int))(IsPositive), 5);  // NOLINT
    ASSERT_PRED1((bool (*)(double))(IsPositive), 6.0);  // NOLINT
  }
  
  // Tests that template functions can be used in *_PRED* as long as
  // their types are explicitly specified.
  TEST(PredicateAssertionTest, AcceptsTemplateFunction) {
    EXPECT_PRED1(IsNegative<int>, -5);
    // Makes sure that we can handle templates with more than one
    // parameter.
    ASSERT_PRED2((GreaterThan<int, int>), 5, 0);
  }
  
  
  // Some helper functions for testing using overloaded/template
  // functions with ASSERT_PRED_FORMATn and EXPECT_PRED_FORMATn.
  
  AssertionResult IsPositiveFormat(const char* /* expr */, int n) {
    return n > 0 ? AssertionSuccess() :
        AssertionFailure(Message() << "Failure");
  }
  
  AssertionResult IsPositiveFormat(const char* /* expr */, double x) {
    return x > 0 ? AssertionSuccess() :
        AssertionFailure(Message() << "Failure");
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  AssertionResult IsNegativeFormat(const char* /* expr */, T x) {
    return x < 0 ? AssertionSuccess() :
        AssertionFailure(Message() << "Failure");
  }
  
  template <typename T1, typename T2>
  AssertionResult EqualsFormat(const char* /* expr1 */, const char* /* expr2 */,
                               const T1& x1, const T2& x2) {
    return x1 == x2 ? AssertionSuccess() :
        AssertionFailure(Message() << "Failure");
  }
  
  // Tests that overloaded functions can be used in *_PRED_FORMAT*
  // without explicitly specifying their types.
  TEST(PredicateFormatAssertionTest, AcceptsOverloadedFunction) {
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(IsPositiveFormat, 5);
    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT1(IsPositiveFormat, 6.0);
  }
  
  // Tests that template functions can be used in *_PRED_FORMAT* without
  // explicitly specifying their types.
  TEST(PredicateFormatAssertionTest, AcceptsTemplateFunction) {
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(IsNegativeFormat, -5);
    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(EqualsFormat, 3, 3);
  }
  
  
  // Tests string assertions.
  
  // Tests ASSERT_STREQ with non-NULL arguments.
  TEST(StringAssertionTest, ASSERT_STREQ) {
    const char * const p1 = "good";
    ASSERT_STREQ(p1, p1);
  
    // Let p2 have the same content as p1, but be at a different address.
    const char p2[] = "good";
    ASSERT_STREQ(p1, p2);
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STREQ("bad", "good"),
                         "  \"bad\"\n  \"good\"");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_STREQ with NULL arguments.
  TEST(StringAssertionTest, ASSERT_STREQ_Null) {
    ASSERT_STREQ(static_cast<const char*>(nullptr), nullptr);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STREQ(nullptr, "non-null"), "non-null");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_STREQ with NULL arguments.
  TEST(StringAssertionTest, ASSERT_STREQ_Null2) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STREQ("non-null", nullptr), "non-null");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_STRNE.
  TEST(StringAssertionTest, ASSERT_STRNE) {
    ASSERT_STRNE("hi", "Hi");
    ASSERT_STRNE("Hi", nullptr);
    ASSERT_STRNE(nullptr, "Hi");
    ASSERT_STRNE("", nullptr);
    ASSERT_STRNE(nullptr, "");
    ASSERT_STRNE("", "Hi");
    ASSERT_STRNE("Hi", "");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STRNE("Hi", "Hi"),
                         "\"Hi\" vs \"Hi\"");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_STRCASEEQ.
  TEST(StringAssertionTest, ASSERT_STRCASEEQ) {
    ASSERT_STRCASEEQ("hi", "Hi");
    ASSERT_STRCASEEQ(static_cast<const char*>(nullptr), nullptr);
  
    ASSERT_STRCASEEQ("", "");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STRCASEEQ("Hi", "hi2"),
                         "Ignoring case");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_STRCASENE.
  TEST(StringAssertionTest, ASSERT_STRCASENE) {
    ASSERT_STRCASENE("hi1", "Hi2");
    ASSERT_STRCASENE("Hi", nullptr);
    ASSERT_STRCASENE(nullptr, "Hi");
    ASSERT_STRCASENE("", nullptr);
    ASSERT_STRCASENE(nullptr, "");
    ASSERT_STRCASENE("", "Hi");
    ASSERT_STRCASENE("Hi", "");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STRCASENE("Hi", "hi"),
                         "(ignoring case)");
  }
  
  // Tests *_STREQ on wide strings.
  TEST(StringAssertionTest, STREQ_Wide) {
    // NULL strings.
    ASSERT_STREQ(static_cast<const wchar_t*>(nullptr), nullptr);
  
    // Empty strings.
    ASSERT_STREQ(L"", L"");
  
    // Non-null vs NULL.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STREQ(L"non-null", nullptr), "non-null");
  
    // Equal strings.
    EXPECT_STREQ(L"Hi", L"Hi");
  
    // Unequal strings.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STREQ(L"abc", L"Abc"),
                            "Abc");
  
    // Strings containing wide characters.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STREQ(L"abc\x8119", L"abc\x8120"),
                            "abc");
  
    // The streaming variation.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_STREQ(L"abc\x8119", L"abc\x8121") << "Expected failure";
    }, "Expected failure");
  }
  
  // Tests *_STRNE on wide strings.
  TEST(StringAssertionTest, STRNE_Wide) {
    // NULL strings.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        {  // NOLINT
          EXPECT_STRNE(static_cast<const wchar_t*>(nullptr), nullptr);
        },
        "");
  
    // Empty strings.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRNE(L"", L""),
                            "L\"\"");
  
    // Non-null vs NULL.
    ASSERT_STRNE(L"non-null", nullptr);
  
    // Equal strings.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRNE(L"Hi", L"Hi"),
                            "L\"Hi\"");
  
    // Unequal strings.
    EXPECT_STRNE(L"abc", L"Abc");
  
    // Strings containing wide characters.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRNE(L"abc\x8119", L"abc\x8119"),
                            "abc");
  
    // The streaming variation.
    ASSERT_STRNE(L"abc\x8119", L"abc\x8120") << "This shouldn't happen";
  }
  
  // Tests for ::testing::IsSubstring().
  
  // Tests that IsSubstring() returns the correct result when the input
  // argument type is const char*.
  TEST(IsSubstringTest, ReturnsCorrectResultForCString) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsSubstring("", "", nullptr, "a"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsSubstring("", "", "b", nullptr));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsSubstring("", "", "needle", "haystack"));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsSubstring("", "", static_cast<const char*>(nullptr), nullptr));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsSubstring("", "", "needle", "two needles"));
  }
  
  // Tests that IsSubstring() returns the correct result when the input
  // argument type is const wchar_t*.
  TEST(IsSubstringTest, ReturnsCorrectResultForWideCString) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsSubstring("", "", kNull, L"a"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsSubstring("", "", L"b", kNull));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsSubstring("", "", L"needle", L"haystack"));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        IsSubstring("", "", static_cast<const wchar_t*>(nullptr), nullptr));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsSubstring("", "", L"needle", L"two needles"));
  }
  
  // Tests that IsSubstring() generates the correct message when the input
  // argument type is const char*.
  TEST(IsSubstringTest, GeneratesCorrectMessageForCString) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("Value of: needle_expr\n"
                 "  Actual: \"needle\"\n"
                 "Expected: a substring of haystack_expr\n"
                 "Which is: \"haystack\"",
                 IsSubstring("needle_expr", "haystack_expr",
                             "needle", "haystack").failure_message());
  }
  
  // Tests that IsSubstring returns the correct result when the input
  // argument type is ::std::string.
  TEST(IsSubstringTest, ReturnsCorrectResultsForStdString) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsSubstring("", "", std::string("hello"), "ahellob"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsSubstring("", "", "hello", std::string("world")));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  // Tests that IsSubstring returns the correct result when the input
  // argument type is ::std::wstring.
  TEST(IsSubstringTest, ReturnsCorrectResultForStdWstring) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsSubstring("", "", ::std::wstring(L"needle"), L"two needles"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsSubstring("", "", L"needle", ::std::wstring(L"haystack")));
  }
  
  // Tests that IsSubstring() generates the correct message when the input
  // argument type is ::std::wstring.
  TEST(IsSubstringTest, GeneratesCorrectMessageForWstring) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("Value of: needle_expr\n"
                 "  Actual: L\"needle\"\n"
                 "Expected: a substring of haystack_expr\n"
                 "Which is: L\"haystack\"",
                 IsSubstring(
                     "needle_expr", "haystack_expr",
                     ::std::wstring(L"needle"), L"haystack").failure_message());
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  
  // Tests for ::testing::IsNotSubstring().
  
  // Tests that IsNotSubstring() returns the correct result when the input
  // argument type is const char*.
  TEST(IsNotSubstringTest, ReturnsCorrectResultForCString) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsNotSubstring("", "", "needle", "haystack"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsNotSubstring("", "", "needle", "two needles"));
  }
  
  // Tests that IsNotSubstring() returns the correct result when the input
  // argument type is const wchar_t*.
  TEST(IsNotSubstringTest, ReturnsCorrectResultForWideCString) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsNotSubstring("", "", L"needle", L"haystack"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsNotSubstring("", "", L"needle", L"two needles"));
  }
  
  // Tests that IsNotSubstring() generates the correct message when the input
  // argument type is const wchar_t*.
  TEST(IsNotSubstringTest, GeneratesCorrectMessageForWideCString) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("Value of: needle_expr\n"
                 "  Actual: L\"needle\"\n"
                 "Expected: not a substring of haystack_expr\n"
                 "Which is: L\"two needles\"",
                 IsNotSubstring(
                     "needle_expr", "haystack_expr",
                     L"needle", L"two needles").failure_message());
  }
  
  // Tests that IsNotSubstring returns the correct result when the input
  // argument type is ::std::string.
  TEST(IsNotSubstringTest, ReturnsCorrectResultsForStdString) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsNotSubstring("", "", std::string("hello"), "ahellob"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsNotSubstring("", "", "hello", std::string("world")));
  }
  
  // Tests that IsNotSubstring() generates the correct message when the input
  // argument type is ::std::string.
  TEST(IsNotSubstringTest, GeneratesCorrectMessageForStdString) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("Value of: needle_expr\n"
                 "  Actual: \"needle\"\n"
                 "Expected: not a substring of haystack_expr\n"
                 "Which is: \"two needles\"",
                 IsNotSubstring(
                     "needle_expr", "haystack_expr",
                     ::std::string("needle"), "two needles").failure_message());
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  
  // Tests that IsNotSubstring returns the correct result when the input
  // argument type is ::std::wstring.
  TEST(IsNotSubstringTest, ReturnsCorrectResultForStdWstring) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        IsNotSubstring("", "", ::std::wstring(L"needle"), L"two needles"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsNotSubstring("", "", L"needle", ::std::wstring(L"haystack")));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  
  // Tests floating-point assertions.
  
  template <typename RawType>
  class FloatingPointTest : public Test {
   protected:
    // Pre-calculated numbers to be used by the tests.
    struct TestValues {
      RawType close_to_positive_zero;
      RawType close_to_negative_zero;
      RawType further_from_negative_zero;
  
      RawType close_to_one;
      RawType further_from_one;
  
      RawType infinity;
      RawType close_to_infinity;
      RawType further_from_infinity;
  
      RawType nan1;
      RawType nan2;
    };
  
    typedef typename testing::internal::FloatingPoint<RawType> Floating;
    typedef typename Floating::Bits Bits;
  
    void SetUp() override {
      const size_t max_ulps = Floating::kMaxUlps;
  
      // The bits that represent 0.0.
      const Bits zero_bits = Floating(0).bits();
  
      // Makes some numbers close to 0.0.
      values_.close_to_positive_zero = Floating::ReinterpretBits(
          zero_bits + max_ulps/2);
      values_.close_to_negative_zero = -Floating::ReinterpretBits(
          zero_bits + max_ulps - max_ulps/2);
      values_.further_from_negative_zero = -Floating::ReinterpretBits(
          zero_bits + max_ulps + 1 - max_ulps/2);
  
      // The bits that represent 1.0.
      const Bits one_bits = Floating(1).bits();
  
      // Makes some numbers close to 1.0.
      values_.close_to_one = Floating::ReinterpretBits(one_bits + max_ulps);
      values_.further_from_one = Floating::ReinterpretBits(
          one_bits + max_ulps + 1);
  
      // +infinity.
      values_.infinity = Floating::Infinity();
  
      // The bits that represent +infinity.
      const Bits infinity_bits = Floating(values_.infinity).bits();
  
      // Makes some numbers close to infinity.
      values_.close_to_infinity = Floating::ReinterpretBits(
          infinity_bits - max_ulps);
      values_.further_from_infinity = Floating::ReinterpretBits(
          infinity_bits - max_ulps - 1);
  
      // Makes some NAN's.  Sets the most significant bit of the fraction so that
      // our NaN's are quiet; trying to process a signaling NaN would raise an
      // exception if our environment enables floating point exceptions.
      values_.nan1 = Floating::ReinterpretBits(Floating::kExponentBitMask
          | (static_cast<Bits>(1) << (Floating::kFractionBitCount - 1)) | 1);
      values_.nan2 = Floating::ReinterpretBits(Floating::kExponentBitMask
          | (static_cast<Bits>(1) << (Floating::kFractionBitCount - 1)) | 200);
    }
  
    void TestSize() {
      EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(RawType), sizeof(Bits));
    }
  
    static TestValues values_;
  };
  
  template <typename RawType>
  typename FloatingPointTest<RawType>::TestValues
      FloatingPointTest<RawType>::values_;
  
  // Instantiates FloatingPointTest for testing *_FLOAT_EQ.
  typedef FloatingPointTest<float> FloatTest;
  
  // Tests that the size of Float::Bits matches the size of float.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, Size) {
    TestSize();
  }
  
  // Tests comparing with +0 and -0.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, Zeros) {
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(0.0, -0.0);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(-0.0, 1.0),
                            "1.0");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(0.0, 1.5),
                         "1.5");
  }
  
  // Tests comparing numbers close to 0.
  //
  // This ensures that *_FLOAT_EQ handles the sign correctly and no
  // overflow occurs when comparing numbers whose absolute value is very
  // small.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, AlmostZeros) {
    // In C++Builder, names within local classes (such as used by
    // EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE) cannot be resolved against static members of the
    // scoping class.  Use a static local alias as a workaround.
    // We use the assignment syntax since some compilers, like Sun Studio,
    // don't allow initializing references using construction syntax
    // (parentheses).
    static const FloatTest::TestValues& v = this->values_;
  
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(0.0, v.close_to_positive_zero);
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(-0.0, v.close_to_negative_zero);
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(v.close_to_positive_zero, v.close_to_negative_zero);
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(v.close_to_positive_zero,
                      v.further_from_negative_zero);
    }, "v.further_from_negative_zero");
  }
  
  // Tests comparing numbers close to each other.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, SmallDiff) {
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(1.0, values_.close_to_one);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(1.0, values_.further_from_one),
                            "values_.further_from_one");
  }
  
  // Tests comparing numbers far apart.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, LargeDiff) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(2.5, 3.0),
                            "3.0");
  }
  
  // Tests comparing with infinity.
  //
  // This ensures that no overflow occurs when comparing numbers whose
  // absolute value is very large.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, Infinity) {
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values_.infinity, values_.close_to_infinity);
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(-values_.infinity, -values_.close_to_infinity);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values_.infinity, -values_.infinity),
                            "-values_.infinity");
  
    // This is interesting as the representations of infinity and nan1
    // are only 1 DLP apart.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values_.infinity, values_.nan1),
                            "values_.nan1");
  }
  
  // Tests that comparing with NAN always returns false.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, NaN) {
    // In C++Builder, names within local classes (such as used by
    // EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE) cannot be resolved against static members of the
    // scoping class.  Use a static local alias as a workaround.
    // We use the assignment syntax since some compilers, like Sun Studio,
    // don't allow initializing references using construction syntax
    // (parentheses).
    static const FloatTest::TestValues& v = this->values_;
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(v.nan1, v.nan1),
                            "v.nan1");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(v.nan1, v.nan2),
                            "v.nan2");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(1.0, v.nan1),
                            "v.nan1");
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(v.nan1, v.infinity),
                         "v.infinity");
  }
  
  // Tests that *_FLOAT_EQ are reflexive.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, Reflexive) {
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(0.0, 0.0);
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(1.0, 1.0);
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(values_.infinity, values_.infinity);
  }
  
  // Tests that *_FLOAT_EQ are commutative.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, Commutative) {
    // We already tested EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(1.0, values_.close_to_one).
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values_.close_to_one, 1.0);
  
    // We already tested EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(1.0, values_.further_from_one).
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(values_.further_from_one, 1.0),
                            "1.0");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_NEAR.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, EXPECT_NEAR) {
    EXPECT_NEAR(-1.0f, -1.1f, 0.2f);
    EXPECT_NEAR(2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0f);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NEAR(1.0f, 1.5f, 0.25f),  // NOLINT
                            "The difference between 1.0f and 1.5f is 0.5, "
                            "which exceeds 0.25f");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_NEAR.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, ASSERT_NEAR) {
    ASSERT_NEAR(-1.0f, -1.1f, 0.2f);
    ASSERT_NEAR(2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0f);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_NEAR(1.0f, 1.5f, 0.25f),  // NOLINT
                         "The difference between 1.0f and 1.5f is 0.5, "
                         "which exceeds 0.25f");
  }
  
  // Tests the cases where FloatLE() should succeed.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, FloatLESucceeds) {
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, 1.0f, 2.0f);  // When val1 < val2,
    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, 1.0f, 1.0f);  // val1 == val2,
  
    // or when val1 is greater than, but almost equals to, val2.
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, values_.close_to_positive_zero, 0.0f);
  }
  
  // Tests the cases where FloatLE() should fail.
  TEST_F(FloatTest, FloatLEFails) {
    // When val1 is greater than val2 by a large margin,
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, 2.0f, 1.0f),
                            "(2.0f) <= (1.0f)");
  
    // or by a small yet non-negligible margin,
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, values_.further_from_one, 1.0f);
    }, "(values_.further_from_one) <= (1.0f)");
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, values_.nan1, values_.infinity);
    }, "(values_.nan1) <= (values_.infinity)");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, -values_.infinity, values_.nan1);
    }, "(-values_.infinity) <= (values_.nan1)");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(FloatLE, values_.nan1, values_.nan1);
    }, "(values_.nan1) <= (values_.nan1)");
  }
  
  // Instantiates FloatingPointTest for testing *_DOUBLE_EQ.
  typedef FloatingPointTest<double> DoubleTest;
  
  // Tests that the size of Double::Bits matches the size of double.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, Size) {
    TestSize();
  }
  
  // Tests comparing with +0 and -0.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, Zeros) {
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(0.0, -0.0);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(-0.0, 1.0),
                            "1.0");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(0.0, 1.0),
                         "1.0");
  }
  
  // Tests comparing numbers close to 0.
  //
  // This ensures that *_DOUBLE_EQ handles the sign correctly and no
  // overflow occurs when comparing numbers whose absolute value is very
  // small.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, AlmostZeros) {
    // In C++Builder, names within local classes (such as used by
    // EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE) cannot be resolved against static members of the
    // scoping class.  Use a static local alias as a workaround.
    // We use the assignment syntax since some compilers, like Sun Studio,
    // don't allow initializing references using construction syntax
    // (parentheses).
    static const DoubleTest::TestValues& v = this->values_;
  
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(0.0, v.close_to_positive_zero);
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(-0.0, v.close_to_negative_zero);
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v.close_to_positive_zero, v.close_to_negative_zero);
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(v.close_to_positive_zero,
                       v.further_from_negative_zero);
    }, "v.further_from_negative_zero");
  }
  
  // Tests comparing numbers close to each other.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, SmallDiff) {
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(1.0, values_.close_to_one);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(1.0, values_.further_from_one),
                            "values_.further_from_one");
  }
  
  // Tests comparing numbers far apart.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, LargeDiff) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(2.0, 3.0),
                            "3.0");
  }
  
  // Tests comparing with infinity.
  //
  // This ensures that no overflow occurs when comparing numbers whose
  // absolute value is very large.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, Infinity) {
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(values_.infinity, values_.close_to_infinity);
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(-values_.infinity, -values_.close_to_infinity);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(values_.infinity, -values_.infinity),
                            "-values_.infinity");
  
    // This is interesting as the representations of infinity_ and nan1_
    // are only 1 DLP apart.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(values_.infinity, values_.nan1),
                            "values_.nan1");
  }
  
  // Tests that comparing with NAN always returns false.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, NaN) {
    static const DoubleTest::TestValues& v = this->values_;
  
    // Nokia's STLport crashes if we try to output infinity or NaN.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v.nan1, v.nan1),
                            "v.nan1");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v.nan1, v.nan2), "v.nan2");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(1.0, v.nan1), "v.nan1");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(v.nan1, v.infinity),
                         "v.infinity");
  }
  
  // Tests that *_DOUBLE_EQ are reflexive.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, Reflexive) {
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(0.0, 0.0);
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(1.0, 1.0);
    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(values_.infinity, values_.infinity);
  }
  
  // Tests that *_DOUBLE_EQ are commutative.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, Commutative) {
    // We already tested EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(1.0, values_.close_to_one).
    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(values_.close_to_one, 1.0);
  
    // We already tested EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(1.0, values_.further_from_one).
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(values_.further_from_one, 1.0),
                            "1.0");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_NEAR.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, EXPECT_NEAR) {
    EXPECT_NEAR(-1.0, -1.1, 0.2);
    EXPECT_NEAR(2.0, 3.0, 1.0);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NEAR(1.0, 1.5, 0.25),  // NOLINT
                            "The difference between 1.0 and 1.5 is 0.5, "
                            "which exceeds 0.25");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_NEAR.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, ASSERT_NEAR) {
    ASSERT_NEAR(-1.0, -1.1, 0.2);
    ASSERT_NEAR(2.0, 3.0, 1.0);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_NEAR(1.0, 1.5, 0.25),  // NOLINT
                         "The difference between 1.0 and 1.5 is 0.5, "
                         "which exceeds 0.25");
  }
  
  // Tests the cases where DoubleLE() should succeed.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, DoubleLESucceeds) {
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, 1.0, 2.0);  // When val1 < val2,
    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, 1.0, 1.0);  // val1 == val2,
  
    // or when val1 is greater than, but almost equals to, val2.
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, values_.close_to_positive_zero, 0.0);
  }
  
  // Tests the cases where DoubleLE() should fail.
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, DoubleLEFails) {
    // When val1 is greater than val2 by a large margin,
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, 2.0, 1.0),
                            "(2.0) <= (1.0)");
  
    // or by a small yet non-negligible margin,
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, values_.further_from_one, 1.0);
    }, "(values_.further_from_one) <= (1.0)");
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, values_.nan1, values_.infinity);
    }, "(values_.nan1) <= (values_.infinity)");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, -values_.infinity, values_.nan1);
    }, " (-values_.infinity) <= (values_.nan1)");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(DoubleLE, values_.nan1, values_.nan1);
    }, "(values_.nan1) <= (values_.nan1)");
  }
  
  
  // Verifies that a test or test case whose name starts with DISABLED_ is
  // not run.
  
  // A test whose name starts with DISABLED_.
  // Should not run.
  TEST(DisabledTest, DISABLED_TestShouldNotRun) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: Disabled test should not be run.";
  }
  
  // A test whose name does not start with DISABLED_.
  // Should run.
  TEST(DisabledTest, NotDISABLED_TestShouldRun) {
    EXPECT_EQ(1, 1);
  }
  
  // A test case whose name starts with DISABLED_.
  // Should not run.
  TEST(DISABLED_TestSuite, TestShouldNotRun) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: Test in disabled test case should not be run.";
  }
  
  // A test case and test whose names start with DISABLED_.
  // Should not run.
  TEST(DISABLED_TestSuite, DISABLED_TestShouldNotRun) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: Test in disabled test case should not be run.";
  }
  
  // Check that when all tests in a test case are disabled, SetUpTestSuite() and
  // TearDownTestSuite() are not called.
  class DisabledTestsTest : public Test {
   protected:
    static void SetUpTestSuite() {
      FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: All tests disabled in test case. "
                "SetUpTestSuite() should not be called.";
    }
  
    static void TearDownTestSuite() {
      FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: All tests disabled in test case. "
                "TearDownTestSuite() should not be called.";
    }
  };
  
  TEST_F(DisabledTestsTest, DISABLED_TestShouldNotRun_1) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: Disabled test should not be run.";
  }
  
  TEST_F(DisabledTestsTest, DISABLED_TestShouldNotRun_2) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: Disabled test should not be run.";
  }
  
  // Tests that disabled typed tests aren't run.
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_TYPED_TEST
  
  template <typename T>
  class TypedTest : public Test {
  };
  
  typedef testing::Types<int, double> NumericTypes;
  TYPED_TEST_SUITE(TypedTest, NumericTypes);
  
  TYPED_TEST(TypedTest, DISABLED_ShouldNotRun) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: Disabled typed test should not run.";
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  class DISABLED_TypedTest : public Test {
  };
  
  TYPED_TEST_SUITE(DISABLED_TypedTest, NumericTypes);
  
  TYPED_TEST(DISABLED_TypedTest, ShouldNotRun) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: Disabled typed test should not run.";
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TYPED_TEST
  
  // Tests that disabled type-parameterized tests aren't run.
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_TYPED_TEST_P
  
  template <typename T>
  class TypedTestP : public Test {
  };
  
  TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(TypedTestP);
  
  TYPED_TEST_P(TypedTestP, DISABLED_ShouldNotRun) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: "
           << "Disabled type-parameterized test should not run.";
  }
  
  REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(TypedTestP, DISABLED_ShouldNotRun);
  
  INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, TypedTestP, NumericTypes);
  
  template <typename T>
  class DISABLED_TypedTestP : public Test {
  };
  
  TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(DISABLED_TypedTestP);
  
  TYPED_TEST_P(DISABLED_TypedTestP, ShouldNotRun) {
    FAIL() << "Unexpected failure: "
           << "Disabled type-parameterized test should not run.";
  }
  
  REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(DISABLED_TypedTestP, ShouldNotRun);
  
  INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, DISABLED_TypedTestP, NumericTypes);
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TYPED_TEST_P
  
  // Tests that assertion macros evaluate their arguments exactly once.
  
  class SingleEvaluationTest : public Test {
   public:  // Must be public and not protected due to a bug in g++ 3.4.2.
    // This helper function is needed by the FailedASSERT_STREQ test
    // below.  It's public to work around C++Builder's bug with scoping local
    // classes.
    static void CompareAndIncrementCharPtrs() {
      ASSERT_STREQ(p1_++, p2_++);
    }
  
    // This helper function is needed by the FailedASSERT_NE test below.  It's
    // public to work around C++Builder's bug with scoping local classes.
    static void CompareAndIncrementInts() {
      ASSERT_NE(a_++, b_++);
    }
  
   protected:
    SingleEvaluationTest() {
      p1_ = s1_;
      p2_ = s2_;
      a_ = 0;
      b_ = 0;
    }
  
    static const char* const s1_;
    static const char* const s2_;
    static const char* p1_;
    static const char* p2_;
  
    static int a_;
    static int b_;
  };
  
  const char* const SingleEvaluationTest::s1_ = "01234";
  const char* const SingleEvaluationTest::s2_ = "abcde";
  const char* SingleEvaluationTest::p1_;
  const char* SingleEvaluationTest::p2_;
  int SingleEvaluationTest::a_;
  int SingleEvaluationTest::b_;
  
  // Tests that when ASSERT_STREQ fails, it evaluates its arguments
  // exactly once.
  TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, FailedASSERT_STREQ) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(SingleEvaluationTest::CompareAndIncrementCharPtrs(),
                         "p2_++");
    EXPECT_EQ(s1_ + 1, p1_);
    EXPECT_EQ(s2_ + 1, p2_);
  }
  
  // Tests that string assertion arguments are evaluated exactly once.
  TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, ASSERT_STR) {
    // successful EXPECT_STRNE
    EXPECT_STRNE(p1_++, p2_++);
    EXPECT_EQ(s1_ + 1, p1_);
    EXPECT_EQ(s2_ + 1, p2_);
  
    // failed EXPECT_STRCASEEQ
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRCASEEQ(p1_++, p2_++),
                            "Ignoring case");
    EXPECT_EQ(s1_ + 2, p1_);
    EXPECT_EQ(s2_ + 2, p2_);
  }
  
  // Tests that when ASSERT_NE fails, it evaluates its arguments exactly
  // once.
  TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, FailedASSERT_NE) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(SingleEvaluationTest::CompareAndIncrementInts(),
                         "(a_++) != (b_++)");
    EXPECT_EQ(1, a_);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, b_);
  }
  
  // Tests that assertion arguments are evaluated exactly once.
  TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, OtherCases) {
    // successful EXPECT_TRUE
    EXPECT_TRUE(0 == a_++);  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ(1, a_);
  
    // failed EXPECT_TRUE
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_TRUE(-1 == a_++), "-1 == a_++");
    EXPECT_EQ(2, a_);
  
    // successful EXPECT_GT
    EXPECT_GT(a_++, b_++);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, a_);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, b_);
  
    // failed EXPECT_LT
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_LT(a_++, b_++), "(a_++) < (b_++)");
    EXPECT_EQ(4, a_);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, b_);
  
    // successful ASSERT_TRUE
    ASSERT_TRUE(0 < a_++);  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ(5, a_);
  
    // successful ASSERT_GT
    ASSERT_GT(a_++, b_++);
    EXPECT_EQ(6, a_);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, b_);
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  void ThrowAnInteger() {
    throw 1;
  }
  void ThrowRuntimeError(const char* what) {
    throw std::runtime_error(what);
  }
  
  // Tests that assertion arguments are evaluated exactly once.
  TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, ExceptionTests) {
    // successful EXPECT_THROW
    EXPECT_THROW({  // NOLINT
      a_++;
      ThrowAnInteger();
    }, int);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, a_);
  
    // failed EXPECT_THROW, throws different
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW({  // NOLINT
      a_++;
      ThrowAnInteger();
    }, bool), "throws a different type");
    EXPECT_EQ(2, a_);
  
    // failed EXPECT_THROW, throws nothing
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW(a_++, bool), "throws nothing");
    EXPECT_EQ(3, a_);
  
    // successful EXPECT_NO_THROW
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(a_++);
    EXPECT_EQ(4, a_);
  
    // failed EXPECT_NO_THROW
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NO_THROW({  // NOLINT
      a_++;
      ThrowAnInteger();
    }), "it throws");
    EXPECT_EQ(5, a_);
  
    // successful EXPECT_ANY_THROW
    EXPECT_ANY_THROW({  // NOLINT
      a_++;
      ThrowAnInteger();
    });
    EXPECT_EQ(6, a_);
  
    // failed EXPECT_ANY_THROW
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_ANY_THROW(a_++), "it doesn't");
    EXPECT_EQ(7, a_);
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  // Tests {ASSERT|EXPECT}_NO_FATAL_FAILURE.
  class NoFatalFailureTest : public Test {
   protected:
    void Succeeds() {}
    void FailsNonFatal() {
      ADD_FAILURE() << "some non-fatal failure";
    }
    void Fails() {
      FAIL() << "some fatal failure";
    }
  
    void DoAssertNoFatalFailureOnFails() {
      ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(Fails());
      ADD_FAILURE() << "should not reach here.";
    }
  
    void DoExpectNoFatalFailureOnFails() {
      EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(Fails());
      ADD_FAILURE() << "other failure";
    }
  };
  
  TEST_F(NoFatalFailureTest, NoFailure) {
    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(Succeeds());
    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(Succeeds());
  }
  
  TEST_F(NoFatalFailureTest, NonFatalIsNoFailure) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(FailsNonFatal()),
        "some non-fatal failure");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(FailsNonFatal()),
        "some non-fatal failure");
  }
  
  TEST_F(NoFatalFailureTest, AssertNoFatalFailureOnFatalFailure) {
    TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;
    {
      ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(&gtest_failures);
      DoAssertNoFatalFailureOnFails();
    }
    ASSERT_EQ(2, gtest_failures.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(TestPartResult::kFatalFailure,
              gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(0).type());
    EXPECT_EQ(TestPartResult::kFatalFailure,
              gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(1).type());
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(testing::IsSubstring, "some fatal failure",
                        gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(0).message());
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(testing::IsSubstring, "it does",
                        gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(1).message());
  }
  
  TEST_F(NoFatalFailureTest, ExpectNoFatalFailureOnFatalFailure) {
    TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;
    {
      ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(&gtest_failures);
      DoExpectNoFatalFailureOnFails();
    }
    ASSERT_EQ(3, gtest_failures.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(TestPartResult::kFatalFailure,
              gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(0).type());
    EXPECT_EQ(TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure,
              gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(1).type());
    EXPECT_EQ(TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure,
              gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(2).type());
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(testing::IsSubstring, "some fatal failure",
                        gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(0).message());
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(testing::IsSubstring, "it does",
                        gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(1).message());
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(testing::IsSubstring, "other failure",
                        gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(2).message());
  }
  
  TEST_F(NoFatalFailureTest, MessageIsStreamable) {
    TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;
    {
      ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(&gtest_failures);
      EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << "foo") << "my message";
    }
    ASSERT_EQ(2, gtest_failures.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure,
              gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(0).type());
    EXPECT_EQ(TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure,
              gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(1).type());
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(testing::IsSubstring, "foo",
                        gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(0).message());
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(testing::IsSubstring, "my message",
                        gtest_failures.GetTestPartResult(1).message());
  }
  
  // Tests non-string assertions.
  
  std::string EditsToString(const std::vector<EditType>& edits) {
    std::string out;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < edits.size(); ++i) {
      static const char kEdits[] = " +-/";
      out.append(1, kEdits[edits[i]]);
    }
    return out;
  }
  
  std::vector<size_t> CharsToIndices(const std::string& str) {
    std::vector<size_t> out;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i) {
      out.push_back(static_cast<size_t>(str[i]));
    }
    return out;
  }
  
  std::vector<std::string> CharsToLines(const std::string& str) {
    std::vector<std::string> out;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i) {
      out.push_back(str.substr(i, 1));
    }
    return out;
  }
  
  TEST(EditDistance, TestSuites) {
    struct Case {
      int line;
      const char* left;
      const char* right;
      const char* expected_edits;
      const char* expected_diff;
    };
    static const Case kCases[] = {
        // No change.
        {__LINE__, "A", "A", " ", ""},
        {__LINE__, "ABCDE", "ABCDE", "     ", ""},
        // Simple adds.
        {__LINE__, "X", "XA", " +", "@@ +1,2 @@\n X\n+A\n"},
        {__LINE__, "X", "XABCD", " ++++", "@@ +1,5 @@\n X\n+A\n+B\n+C\n+D\n"},
        // Simple removes.
        {__LINE__, "XA", "X", " -", "@@ -1,2 @@\n X\n-A\n"},
        {__LINE__, "XABCD", "X", " ----", "@@ -1,5 @@\n X\n-A\n-B\n-C\n-D\n"},
        // Simple replaces.
        {__LINE__, "A", "a", "/", "@@ -1,1 +1,1 @@\n-A\n+a\n"},
        {__LINE__, "ABCD", "abcd", "////",
         "@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@\n-A\n-B\n-C\n-D\n+a\n+b\n+c\n+d\n"},
        // Path finding.
        {__LINE__, "ABCDEFGH", "ABXEGH1", "  -/ -  +",
         "@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@\n A\n B\n-C\n-D\n+X\n E\n-F\n G\n H\n+1\n"},
        {__LINE__, "AAAABCCCC", "ABABCDCDC", "- /   + / ",
         "@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@\n-A\n A\n-A\n+B\n A\n B\n C\n+D\n C\n-C\n+D\n C\n"},
        {__LINE__, "ABCDE", "BCDCD", "-   +/",
         "@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@\n-A\n B\n C\n D\n-E\n+C\n+D\n"},
        {__LINE__, "ABCDEFGHIJKL", "BCDCDEFGJKLJK", "- ++     --   ++",
         "@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@\n-A\n B\n+C\n+D\n C\n D\n"
         "@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@\n F\n G\n-H\n-I\n J\n K\n L\n+J\n+K\n"},
        {}};
    for (const Case* c = kCases; c->left; ++c) {
      EXPECT_TRUE(c->expected_edits ==
                  EditsToString(CalculateOptimalEdits(CharsToIndices(c->left),
                                                      CharsToIndices(c->right))))
          << "Left <" << c->left << "> Right <" << c->right << "> Edits <"
          << EditsToString(CalculateOptimalEdits(
                 CharsToIndices(c->left), CharsToIndices(c->right))) << ">";
      EXPECT_TRUE(c->expected_diff == CreateUnifiedDiff(CharsToLines(c->left),
                                                        CharsToLines(c->right)))
          << "Left <" << c->left << "> Right <" << c->right << "> Diff <"
          << CreateUnifiedDiff(CharsToLines(c->left), CharsToLines(c->right))
          << ">";
    }
  }
  
  // Tests EqFailure(), used for implementing *EQ* assertions.
  TEST(AssertionTest, EqFailure) {
    const std::string foo_val("5"), bar_val("6");
    const std::string msg1(
        EqFailure("foo", "bar", foo_val, bar_val, false)
        .failure_message());
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "Expected equality of these values:\n"
        "  foo\n"
        "    Which is: 5\n"
        "  bar\n"
        "    Which is: 6",
        msg1.c_str());
  
    const std::string msg2(
        EqFailure("foo", "6", foo_val, bar_val, false)
        .failure_message());
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "Expected equality of these values:\n"
        "  foo\n"
        "    Which is: 5\n"
        "  6",
        msg2.c_str());
  
    const std::string msg3(
        EqFailure("5", "bar", foo_val, bar_val, false)
        .failure_message());
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "Expected equality of these values:\n"
        "  5\n"
        "  bar\n"
        "    Which is: 6",
        msg3.c_str());
  
    const std::string msg4(
        EqFailure("5", "6", foo_val, bar_val, false).failure_message());
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "Expected equality of these values:\n"
        "  5\n"
        "  6",
        msg4.c_str());
  
    const std::string msg5(
        EqFailure("foo", "bar",
                  std::string("\"x\""), std::string("\"y\""),
                  true).failure_message());
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "Expected equality of these values:\n"
        "  foo\n"
        "    Which is: \"x\"\n"
        "  bar\n"
        "    Which is: \"y\"\n"
        "Ignoring case",
        msg5.c_str());
  }
  
  TEST(AssertionTest, EqFailureWithDiff) {
    const std::string left(
        "1\\n2XXX\\n3\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12XXX\\n13\\n14\\n15");
    const std::string right(
        "1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14");
    const std::string msg1(
        EqFailure("left", "right", left, right, false).failure_message());
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "Expected equality of these values:\n"
        "  left\n"
        "    Which is: "
        "1\\n2XXX\\n3\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12XXX\\n13\\n14\\n15\n"
        "  right\n"
        "    Which is: 1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14\n"
        "With diff:\n@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@\n 1\n-2XXX\n+2\n 3\n+4\n 5\n 6\n"
        "@@ -7,8 +8,6 @@\n 8\n 9\n-10\n 11\n-12XXX\n+12\n 13\n 14\n-15\n",
        msg1.c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests AppendUserMessage(), used for implementing the *EQ* macros.
  TEST(AssertionTest, AppendUserMessage) {
    const std::string foo("foo");
  
    Message msg;
    EXPECT_STREQ("foo",
                 AppendUserMessage(foo, msg).c_str());
  
    msg << "bar";
    EXPECT_STREQ("foo\nbar",
                 AppendUserMessage(foo, msg).c_str());
  }
  
  #ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Silences warnings: "Condition is always true", "Unreachable code"
  # pragma option push -w-ccc -w-rch
  #endif
  
  // Tests ASSERT_TRUE.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_TRUE) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(2 > 1);  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_TRUE(2 < 1),
                         "2 < 1");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_TRUE(predicate) for predicates returning AssertionResult.
  TEST(AssertionTest, AssertTrueWithAssertionResult) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(ResultIsEven(2));
  #ifndef __BORLANDC__
    // ICE's in C++Builder.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_TRUE(ResultIsEven(3)),
                         "Value of: ResultIsEven(3)\n"
                         "  Actual: false (3 is odd)\n"
                         "Expected: true");
  #endif
    ASSERT_TRUE(ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(2));
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_TRUE(ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(3)),
                         "Value of: ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(3)\n"
                         "  Actual: false (3 is odd)\n"
                         "Expected: true");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_FALSE.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_FALSE) {
    ASSERT_FALSE(2 < 1);  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_FALSE(2 > 1),
                         "Value of: 2 > 1\n"
                         "  Actual: true\n"
                         "Expected: false");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_FALSE(predicate) for predicates returning AssertionResult.
  TEST(AssertionTest, AssertFalseWithAssertionResult) {
    ASSERT_FALSE(ResultIsEven(3));
  #ifndef __BORLANDC__
    // ICE's in C++Builder.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_FALSE(ResultIsEven(2)),
                         "Value of: ResultIsEven(2)\n"
                         "  Actual: true (2 is even)\n"
                         "Expected: false");
  #endif
    ASSERT_FALSE(ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(3));
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_FALSE(ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(2)),
                         "Value of: ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(2)\n"
                         "  Actual: true\n"
                         "Expected: false");
  }
  
  #ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Restores warnings after previous "#pragma option push" suppressed them
  # pragma option pop
  #endif
  
  // Tests using ASSERT_EQ on double values.  The purpose is to make
  // sure that the specialization we did for integer and anonymous enums
  // isn't used for double arguments.
  TEST(ExpectTest, ASSERT_EQ_Double) {
    // A success.
    ASSERT_EQ(5.6, 5.6);
  
    // A failure.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(5.1, 5.2),
                         "5.1");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_EQ.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_EQ) {
    ASSERT_EQ(5, 2 + 3);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(5, 2*3),
                         "Expected equality of these values:\n"
                         "  5\n"
                         "  2*3\n"
                         "    Which is: 6");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_EQ(NULL, pointer).
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_EQ_NULL) {
    // A success.
    const char* p = nullptr;
    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, p);
  
    // A failure.
    static int n = 0;
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, &n), "  &n\n    Which is:");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_EQ(0, non_pointer).  Since the literal 0 can be
  // treated as a null pointer by the compiler, we need to make sure
  // that ASSERT_EQ(0, non_pointer) isn't interpreted by Google Test as
  // ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<void*>(NULL), non_pointer).
  TEST(ExpectTest, ASSERT_EQ_0) {
    int n = 0;
  
    // A success.
    ASSERT_EQ(0, n);
  
    // A failure.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(0, 5.6),
                         "  0\n  5.6");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_NE.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_NE) {
    ASSERT_NE(6, 7);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_NE('a', 'a'),
                         "Expected: ('a') != ('a'), "
                         "actual: 'a' (97, 0x61) vs 'a' (97, 0x61)");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_LE.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_LE) {
    ASSERT_LE(2, 3);
    ASSERT_LE(2, 2);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_LE(2, 0),
                         "Expected: (2) <= (0), actual: 2 vs 0");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_LT.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_LT) {
    ASSERT_LT(2, 3);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_LT(2, 2),
                         "Expected: (2) < (2), actual: 2 vs 2");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_GE.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_GE) {
    ASSERT_GE(2, 1);
    ASSERT_GE(2, 2);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_GE(2, 3),
                         "Expected: (2) >= (3), actual: 2 vs 3");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_GT.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_GT) {
    ASSERT_GT(2, 1);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_GT(2, 2),
                         "Expected: (2) > (2), actual: 2 vs 2");
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  void ThrowNothing() {}
  
  // Tests ASSERT_THROW.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_THROW) {
    ASSERT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), int);
  
  # ifndef __BORLANDC__
  
    // ICE's in C++Builder 2007 and 2009.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(
        ASSERT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), bool),
        "Expected: ThrowAnInteger() throws an exception of type bool.\n"
        "  Actual: it throws a different type.");
  # endif
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(
        ASSERT_THROW(ThrowNothing(), bool),
        "Expected: ThrowNothing() throws an exception of type bool.\n"
        "  Actual: it throws nothing.");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_NO_THROW.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_NO_THROW) {
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(ThrowNothing());
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_NO_THROW(ThrowAnInteger()),
                         "Expected: ThrowAnInteger() doesn't throw an exception."
                         "\n  Actual: it throws.");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_NO_THROW(ThrowRuntimeError("A description")),
                         "Expected: ThrowRuntimeError(\"A description\") "
                         "doesn't throw an exception.\n  "
                         "Actual: it throws std::exception-derived exception "
                         "with description: \"A description\".");
  }
  
  // Tests ASSERT_ANY_THROW.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ASSERT_ANY_THROW) {
    ASSERT_ANY_THROW(ThrowAnInteger());
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(
        ASSERT_ANY_THROW(ThrowNothing()),
        "Expected: ThrowNothing() throws an exception.\n"
        "  Actual: it doesn't.");
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  // Makes sure we deal with the precedence of <<.  This test should
  // compile.
  TEST(AssertionTest, AssertPrecedence) {
    ASSERT_EQ(1 < 2, true);
    bool false_value = false;
    ASSERT_EQ(true && false_value, false);
  }
  
  // A subroutine used by the following test.
  void TestEq1(int x) {
    ASSERT_EQ(1, x);
  }
  
  // Tests calling a test subroutine that's not part of a fixture.
  TEST(AssertionTest, NonFixtureSubroutine) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(TestEq1(2),
                         "  x\n    Which is: 2");
  }
  
  // An uncopyable class.
  class Uncopyable {
   public:
    explicit Uncopyable(int a_value) : value_(a_value) {}
  
    int value() const { return value_; }
    bool operator==(const Uncopyable& rhs) const {
      return value() == rhs.value();
    }
   private:
    // This constructor deliberately has no implementation, as we don't
    // want this class to be copyable.
    Uncopyable(const Uncopyable&);  // NOLINT
  
    int value_;
  };
  
  ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const Uncopyable& value) {
    return os << value.value();
  }
  
  
  bool IsPositiveUncopyable(const Uncopyable& x) {
    return x.value() > 0;
  }
  
  // A subroutine used by the following test.
  void TestAssertNonPositive() {
    Uncopyable y(-1);
    ASSERT_PRED1(IsPositiveUncopyable, y);
  }
  // A subroutine used by the following test.
  void TestAssertEqualsUncopyable() {
    Uncopyable x(5);
    Uncopyable y(-1);
    ASSERT_EQ(x, y);
  }
  
  // Tests that uncopyable objects can be used in assertions.
  TEST(AssertionTest, AssertWorksWithUncopyableObject) {
    Uncopyable x(5);
    ASSERT_PRED1(IsPositiveUncopyable, x);
    ASSERT_EQ(x, x);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(TestAssertNonPositive(),
      "IsPositiveUncopyable(y) evaluates to false, where\ny evaluates to -1");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(TestAssertEqualsUncopyable(),
                         "Expected equality of these values:\n"
                         "  x\n    Which is: 5\n  y\n    Which is: -1");
  }
  
  // Tests that uncopyable objects can be used in expects.
  TEST(AssertionTest, ExpectWorksWithUncopyableObject) {
    Uncopyable x(5);
    EXPECT_PRED1(IsPositiveUncopyable, x);
    Uncopyable y(-1);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_PRED1(IsPositiveUncopyable, y),
      "IsPositiveUncopyable(y) evaluates to false, where\ny evaluates to -1");
    EXPECT_EQ(x, x);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(x, y),
                            "Expected equality of these values:\n"
                            "  x\n    Which is: 5\n  y\n    Which is: -1");
  }
  
  enum NamedEnum {
    kE1 = 0,
    kE2 = 1
  };
  
  TEST(AssertionTest, NamedEnum) {
    EXPECT_EQ(kE1, kE1);
    EXPECT_LT(kE1, kE2);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(kE1, kE2), "Which is: 0");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(kE1, kE2), "Which is: 1");
  }
  
  // Sun Studio and HP aCC2reject this code.
  #if !defined(__SUNPRO_CC) && !defined(__HP_aCC)
  
  // Tests using assertions with anonymous enums.
  enum {
    kCaseA = -1,
  
  # if GTEST_OS_LINUX
  
    // We want to test the case where the size of the anonymous enum is
    // larger than sizeof(int), to make sure our implementation of the
    // assertions doesn't truncate the enums.  However, MSVC
    // (incorrectly) doesn't allow an enum value to exceed the range of
    // an int, so this has to be conditionally compiled.
    //
    // On Linux, kCaseB and kCaseA have the same value when truncated to
    // int size.  We want to test whether this will confuse the
    // assertions.
    kCaseB = testing::internal::kMaxBiggestInt,
  
  # else
  
    kCaseB = INT_MAX,
  
  # endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
  
    kCaseC = 42
  };
  
  TEST(AssertionTest, AnonymousEnum) {
  # if GTEST_OS_LINUX
  
    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(kCaseA), static_cast<int>(kCaseB));
  
  # endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
  
    EXPECT_EQ(kCaseA, kCaseA);
    EXPECT_NE(kCaseA, kCaseB);
    EXPECT_LT(kCaseA, kCaseB);
    EXPECT_LE(kCaseA, kCaseB);
    EXPECT_GT(kCaseB, kCaseA);
    EXPECT_GE(kCaseA, kCaseA);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GE(kCaseA, kCaseB),
                            "(kCaseA) >= (kCaseB)");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GE(kCaseA, kCaseC),
                            "-1 vs 42");
  
    ASSERT_EQ(kCaseA, kCaseA);
    ASSERT_NE(kCaseA, kCaseB);
    ASSERT_LT(kCaseA, kCaseB);
    ASSERT_LE(kCaseA, kCaseB);
    ASSERT_GT(kCaseB, kCaseA);
    ASSERT_GE(kCaseA, kCaseA);
  
  # ifndef __BORLANDC__
  
    // ICE's in C++Builder.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(kCaseA, kCaseB),
                         "  kCaseB\n    Which is: ");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(kCaseA, kCaseC),
                         "\n    Which is: 42");
  # endif
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(kCaseA, kCaseC),
                         "\n    Which is: -1");
  }
  
  #endif  // !GTEST_OS_MAC && !defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
  
  #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  
  static HRESULT UnexpectedHRESULTFailure() {
    return E_UNEXPECTED;
  }
  
  static HRESULT OkHRESULTSuccess() {
    return S_OK;
  }
  
  static HRESULT FalseHRESULTSuccess() {
    return S_FALSE;
  }
  
  // HRESULT assertion tests test both zero and non-zero
  // success codes as well as failure message for each.
  //
  // Windows CE doesn't support message texts.
  TEST(HRESULTAssertionTest, EXPECT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED) {
    EXPECT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(S_OK);
    EXPECT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(S_FALSE);
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(UnexpectedHRESULTFailure()),
      "Expected: (UnexpectedHRESULTFailure()) succeeds.\n"
      "  Actual: 0x8000FFFF");
  }
  
  TEST(HRESULTAssertionTest, ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED) {
    ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(S_OK);
    ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(S_FALSE);
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(UnexpectedHRESULTFailure()),
      "Expected: (UnexpectedHRESULTFailure()) succeeds.\n"
      "  Actual: 0x8000FFFF");
  }
  
  TEST(HRESULTAssertionTest, EXPECT_HRESULT_FAILED) {
    EXPECT_HRESULT_FAILED(E_UNEXPECTED);
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_HRESULT_FAILED(OkHRESULTSuccess()),
      "Expected: (OkHRESULTSuccess()) fails.\n"
      "  Actual: 0x0");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_HRESULT_FAILED(FalseHRESULTSuccess()),
      "Expected: (FalseHRESULTSuccess()) fails.\n"
      "  Actual: 0x1");
  }
  
  TEST(HRESULTAssertionTest, ASSERT_HRESULT_FAILED) {
    ASSERT_HRESULT_FAILED(E_UNEXPECTED);
  
  # ifndef __BORLANDC__
  
    // ICE's in C++Builder 2007 and 2009.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_HRESULT_FAILED(OkHRESULTSuccess()),
      "Expected: (OkHRESULTSuccess()) fails.\n"
      "  Actual: 0x0");
  # endif
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_HRESULT_FAILED(FalseHRESULTSuccess()),
      "Expected: (FalseHRESULTSuccess()) fails.\n"
      "  Actual: 0x1");
  }
  
  // Tests that streaming to the HRESULT macros works.
  TEST(HRESULTAssertionTest, Streaming) {
    EXPECT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(S_OK) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(S_OK) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_HRESULT_FAILED(E_UNEXPECTED) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_HRESULT_FAILED(E_UNEXPECTED) << "unexpected failure";
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        EXPECT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(E_UNEXPECTED) << "expected failure",
        "expected failure");
  
  # ifndef __BORLANDC__
  
    // ICE's in C++Builder 2007 and 2009.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(
        ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(E_UNEXPECTED) << "expected failure",
        "expected failure");
  # endif
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        EXPECT_HRESULT_FAILED(S_OK) << "expected failure",
        "expected failure");
  
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(
        ASSERT_HRESULT_FAILED(S_OK) << "expected failure",
        "expected failure");
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  
  #ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Silences warnings: "Condition is always true", "Unreachable code"
  # pragma option push -w-ccc -w-rch
  #endif
  
  // Tests that the assertion macros behave like single statements.
  TEST(AssertionSyntaxTest, BasicAssertionsBehavesLikeSingleStatement) {
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      ASSERT_TRUE(false) << "This should never be executed; "
                            "It's a compilation test only.";
  
    if (AlwaysTrue())
      EXPECT_FALSE(false);
    else
      ;  // NOLINT
  
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      ASSERT_LT(1, 3);
  
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      ;  // NOLINT
    else
      EXPECT_GT(3, 2) << "";
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  // Tests that the compiler will not complain about unreachable code in the
  // EXPECT_THROW/EXPECT_ANY_THROW/EXPECT_NO_THROW macros.
  TEST(ExpectThrowTest, DoesNotGenerateUnreachableCodeWarning) {
    int n = 0;
  
    EXPECT_THROW(throw 1, int);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW(n++, int), "");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW(throw 1, const char*), "");
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(n++);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NO_THROW(throw 1), "");
    EXPECT_ANY_THROW(throw 1);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_ANY_THROW(n++), "");
  }
  
  TEST(AssertionSyntaxTest, ExceptionAssertionsBehavesLikeSingleStatement) {
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      EXPECT_THROW(ThrowNothing(), bool);
  
    if (AlwaysTrue())
      EXPECT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), int);
    else
      ;  // NOLINT
  
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      EXPECT_NO_THROW(ThrowAnInteger());
  
    if (AlwaysTrue())
      EXPECT_NO_THROW(ThrowNothing());
    else
      ;  // NOLINT
  
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      EXPECT_ANY_THROW(ThrowNothing());
  
    if (AlwaysTrue())
      EXPECT_ANY_THROW(ThrowAnInteger());
    else
      ;  // NOLINT
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  TEST(AssertionSyntaxTest, NoFatalFailureAssertionsBehavesLikeSingleStatement) {
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL()) << "This should never be executed. "
                                      << "It's a compilation test only.";
    else
      ;  // NOLINT
  
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL()) << "";
    else
      ;  // NOLINT
  
    if (AlwaysTrue())
      EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SUCCEED());
    else
      ;  // NOLINT
  
    if (AlwaysFalse())
      ;  // NOLINT
    else
      ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SUCCEED());
  }
  
  // Tests that the assertion macros work well with switch statements.
  TEST(AssertionSyntaxTest, WorksWithSwitch) {
    switch (0) {
      case 1:
        break;
      default:
        ASSERT_TRUE(true);
    }
  
    switch (0)
      case 0:
        EXPECT_FALSE(false) << "EXPECT_FALSE failed in switch case";
  
    // Binary assertions are implemented using a different code path
    // than the Boolean assertions.  Hence we test them separately.
    switch (0) {
      case 1:
      default:
        ASSERT_EQ(1, 1) << "ASSERT_EQ failed in default switch handler";
    }
  
    switch (0)
      case 0:
        EXPECT_NE(1, 2);
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  void ThrowAString() {
      throw "std::string";
  }
  
  // Test that the exception assertion macros compile and work with const
  // type qualifier.
  TEST(AssertionSyntaxTest, WorksWithConst) {
      ASSERT_THROW(ThrowAString(), const char*);
  
      EXPECT_THROW(ThrowAString(), const char*);
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  }  // namespace
  
  namespace testing {
  
  // Tests that Google Test tracks SUCCEED*.
  TEST(SuccessfulAssertionTest, SUCCEED) {
    SUCCEED();
    SUCCEED() << "OK";
    EXPECT_EQ(2, GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_result()->total_part_count());
  }
  
  // Tests that Google Test doesn't track successful EXPECT_*.
  TEST(SuccessfulAssertionTest, EXPECT) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(true);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_result()->total_part_count());
  }
  
  // Tests that Google Test doesn't track successful EXPECT_STR*.
  TEST(SuccessfulAssertionTest, EXPECT_STR) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("", "");
    EXPECT_EQ(0, GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_result()->total_part_count());
  }
  
  // Tests that Google Test doesn't track successful ASSERT_*.
  TEST(SuccessfulAssertionTest, ASSERT) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(true);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_result()->total_part_count());
  }
  
  // Tests that Google Test doesn't track successful ASSERT_STR*.
  TEST(SuccessfulAssertionTest, ASSERT_STR) {
    ASSERT_STREQ("", "");
    EXPECT_EQ(0, GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_result()->total_part_count());
  }
  
  }  // namespace testing
  
  namespace {
  
  // Tests the message streaming variation of assertions.
  
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, EXPECT) {
    EXPECT_EQ(1, 1) << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NE(1, 1) << "Expected failure #1.",
                            "Expected failure #1");
    EXPECT_LE(1, 2) << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_LT(1, 0) << "Expected failure #2.",
                            "Expected failure #2.");
    EXPECT_GE(1, 0) << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GT(1, 2) << "Expected failure #3.",
                            "Expected failure #3.");
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("1", "1") << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRNE("1", "1") << "Expected failure #4.",
                            "Expected failure #4.");
    EXPECT_STRCASEEQ("a", "A") << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRCASENE("a", "A") << "Expected failure #5.",
                            "Expected failure #5.");
  
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(1, 1) << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(1, 1.2) << "Expected failure #6.",
                            "Expected failure #6.");
    EXPECT_NEAR(1, 1.1, 0.2) << "This should succeed.";
  }
  
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, ASSERT) {
    ASSERT_EQ(1, 1) << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_NE(1, 2) << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_LE(1, 2) << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_LT(1, 2) << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_GE(1, 0) << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_GT(1, 2) << "Expected failure.",
                         "Expected failure.");
  }
  
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, ASSERT_STR) {
    ASSERT_STREQ("1", "1") << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_STRNE("1", "2") << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_STRCASEEQ("a", "A") << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STRCASENE("a", "A") << "Expected failure.",
                         "Expected failure.");
  }
  
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, ASSERT_FLOATING) {
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(1, 1) << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(1, 1) << "This should succeed.";
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_NEAR(1, 1.2, 0.1) << "Expect failure.",  // NOLINT
                         "Expect failure.");
  }
  
  // Tests using ASSERT_FALSE with a streamed message.
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, ASSERT_FALSE) {
    ASSERT_FALSE(false) << "This shouldn't fail.";
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_FALSE(true) << "Expected failure: " << 2 << " > " << 1
                         << " evaluates to " << true;
    }, "Expected failure");
  }
  
  // Tests using FAIL with a streamed message.
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, FAIL) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << 0,
                         "0");
  }
  
  // Tests using SUCCEED with a streamed message.
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, SUCCEED) {
    SUCCEED() << "Success == " << 1;
  }
  
  // Tests using ASSERT_TRUE with a streamed message.
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, ASSERT_TRUE) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(true) << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_TRUE(true) << true;
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(
        {  // NOLINT
          ASSERT_TRUE(false) << static_cast<const char*>(nullptr)
                             << static_cast<char*>(nullptr);
        },
        "(null)(null)");
  }
  
  #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  // Tests using wide strings in assertion messages.
  TEST(AssertionWithMessageTest, WideStringMessage) {
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_TRUE(false) << L"This failure is expected.\x8119";
    }, "This failure is expected.");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_EQ(1, 2) << "This failure is "
                      << L"expected too.\x8120";
    }, "This failure is expected too.");
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  
  // Tests EXPECT_TRUE.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_TRUE) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(true) << "Intentional success";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "Intentional failure #1.",
                            "Intentional failure #1.");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "Intentional failure #2.",
                            "Intentional failure #2.");
    EXPECT_TRUE(2 > 1);  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_TRUE(2 < 1),
                            "Value of: 2 < 1\n"
                            "  Actual: false\n"
                            "Expected: true");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_TRUE(2 > 3),
                            "2 > 3");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_TRUE(predicate) for predicates returning AssertionResult.
  TEST(ExpectTest, ExpectTrueWithAssertionResult) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(ResultIsEven(2));
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_TRUE(ResultIsEven(3)),
                            "Value of: ResultIsEven(3)\n"
                            "  Actual: false (3 is odd)\n"
                            "Expected: true");
    EXPECT_TRUE(ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(2));
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_TRUE(ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(3)),
                            "Value of: ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(3)\n"
                            "  Actual: false (3 is odd)\n"
                            "Expected: true");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_FALSE with a streamed message.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_FALSE) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(2 < 1);  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_FALSE(false) << "Intentional success";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FALSE(true) << "Intentional failure #1.",
                            "Intentional failure #1.");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FALSE(true) << "Intentional failure #2.",
                            "Intentional failure #2.");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FALSE(2 > 1),
                            "Value of: 2 > 1\n"
                            "  Actual: true\n"
                            "Expected: false");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FALSE(2 < 3),
                            "2 < 3");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_FALSE(predicate) for predicates returning AssertionResult.
  TEST(ExpectTest, ExpectFalseWithAssertionResult) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(ResultIsEven(3));
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FALSE(ResultIsEven(2)),
                            "Value of: ResultIsEven(2)\n"
                            "  Actual: true (2 is even)\n"
                            "Expected: false");
    EXPECT_FALSE(ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(3));
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FALSE(ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(2)),
                            "Value of: ResultIsEvenNoExplanation(2)\n"
                            "  Actual: true\n"
                            "Expected: false");
  }
  
  #ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Restores warnings after previous "#pragma option push" suppressed them
  # pragma option pop
  #endif
  
  // Tests EXPECT_EQ.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_EQ) {
    EXPECT_EQ(5, 2 + 3);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(5, 2*3),
                            "Expected equality of these values:\n"
                            "  5\n"
                            "  2*3\n"
                            "    Which is: 6");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(5, 2 - 3),
                            "2 - 3");
  }
  
  // Tests using EXPECT_EQ on double values.  The purpose is to make
  // sure that the specialization we did for integer and anonymous enums
  // isn't used for double arguments.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_EQ_Double) {
    // A success.
    EXPECT_EQ(5.6, 5.6);
  
    // A failure.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(5.1, 5.2),
                            "5.1");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_EQ(NULL, pointer).
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_EQ_NULL) {
    // A success.
    const char* p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, p);
  
    // A failure.
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, &n), "  &n\n    Which is:");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_EQ(0, non_pointer).  Since the literal 0 can be
  // treated as a null pointer by the compiler, we need to make sure
  // that EXPECT_EQ(0, non_pointer) isn't interpreted by Google Test as
  // EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<void*>(NULL), non_pointer).
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_EQ_0) {
    int n = 0;
  
    // A success.
    EXPECT_EQ(0, n);
  
    // A failure.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(0, 5.6),
                            "  0\n  5.6");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_NE.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_NE) {
    EXPECT_NE(6, 7);
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NE('a', 'a'),
                            "Expected: ('a') != ('a'), "
                            "actual: 'a' (97, 0x61) vs 'a' (97, 0x61)");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NE(2, 2),
                            "2");
    char* const p0 = nullptr;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NE(p0, p0),
                            "p0");
    // Only way to get the Nokia compiler to compile the cast
    // is to have a separate void* variable first. Putting
    // the two casts on the same line doesn't work, neither does
    // a direct C-style to char*.
    void* pv1 = (void*)0x1234;  // NOLINT
    char* const p1 = reinterpret_cast<char*>(pv1);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NE(p1, p1),
                            "p1");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_LE.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_LE) {
    EXPECT_LE(2, 3);
    EXPECT_LE(2, 2);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_LE(2, 0),
                            "Expected: (2) <= (0), actual: 2 vs 0");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_LE(1.1, 0.9),
                            "(1.1) <= (0.9)");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_LT.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_LT) {
    EXPECT_LT(2, 3);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_LT(2, 2),
                            "Expected: (2) < (2), actual: 2 vs 2");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_LT(2, 1),
                            "(2) < (1)");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_GE.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_GE) {
    EXPECT_GE(2, 1);
    EXPECT_GE(2, 2);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GE(2, 3),
                            "Expected: (2) >= (3), actual: 2 vs 3");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GE(0.9, 1.1),
                            "(0.9) >= (1.1)");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_GT.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_GT) {
    EXPECT_GT(2, 1);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GT(2, 2),
                            "Expected: (2) > (2), actual: 2 vs 2");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GT(2, 3),
                            "(2) > (3)");
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  // Tests EXPECT_THROW.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_THROW) {
    EXPECT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), int);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), bool),
                            "Expected: ThrowAnInteger() throws an exception of "
                            "type bool.\n  Actual: it throws a different type.");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        EXPECT_THROW(ThrowNothing(), bool),
        "Expected: ThrowNothing() throws an exception of type bool.\n"
        "  Actual: it throws nothing.");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_NO_THROW.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_NO_THROW) {
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(ThrowNothing());
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NO_THROW(ThrowAnInteger()),
                            "Expected: ThrowAnInteger() doesn't throw an "
                            "exception.\n  Actual: it throws.");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NO_THROW(ThrowRuntimeError("A description")),
                            "Expected: ThrowRuntimeError(\"A description\") "
                            "doesn't throw an exception.\n  "
                            "Actual: it throws std::exception-derived exception "
                            "with description: \"A description\".");
  }
  
  // Tests EXPECT_ANY_THROW.
  TEST(ExpectTest, EXPECT_ANY_THROW) {
    EXPECT_ANY_THROW(ThrowAnInteger());
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        EXPECT_ANY_THROW(ThrowNothing()),
        "Expected: ThrowNothing() throws an exception.\n"
        "  Actual: it doesn't.");
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  // Make sure we deal with the precedence of <<.
  TEST(ExpectTest, ExpectPrecedence) {
    EXPECT_EQ(1 < 2, true);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(true, true && false),
                            "  true && false\n    Which is: false");
  }
  
  
  // Tests the StreamableToString() function.
  
  // Tests using StreamableToString() on a scalar.
  TEST(StreamableToStringTest, Scalar) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("5", StreamableToString(5).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests using StreamableToString() on a non-char pointer.
  TEST(StreamableToStringTest, Pointer) {
    int n = 0;
    int* p = &n;
    EXPECT_STRNE("(null)", StreamableToString(p).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests using StreamableToString() on a NULL non-char pointer.
  TEST(StreamableToStringTest, NullPointer) {
    int* p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_STREQ("(null)", StreamableToString(p).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests using StreamableToString() on a C string.
  TEST(StreamableToStringTest, CString) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("Foo", StreamableToString("Foo").c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests using StreamableToString() on a NULL C string.
  TEST(StreamableToStringTest, NullCString) {
    char* p = nullptr;
    EXPECT_STREQ("(null)", StreamableToString(p).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests using streamable values as assertion messages.
  
  // Tests using std::string as an assertion message.
  TEST(StreamableTest, string) {
    static const std::string str(
        "This failure message is a std::string, and is expected.");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << str,
                         str.c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that we can output strings containing embedded NULs.
  // Limited to Linux because we can only do this with std::string's.
  TEST(StreamableTest, stringWithEmbeddedNUL) {
    static const char char_array_with_nul[] =
        "Here's a NUL\0 and some more string";
    static const std::string string_with_nul(char_array_with_nul,
                                             sizeof(char_array_with_nul)
                                             - 1);  // drops the trailing NUL
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << string_with_nul,
                         "Here's a NUL\\0 and some more string");
  }
  
  // Tests that we can output a NUL char.
  TEST(StreamableTest, NULChar) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      FAIL() << "A NUL" << '\0' << " and some more string";
    }, "A NUL\\0 and some more string");
  }
  
  // Tests using int as an assertion message.
  TEST(StreamableTest, int) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << 900913,
                         "900913");
  }
  
  // Tests using NULL char pointer as an assertion message.
  //
  // In MSVC, streaming a NULL char * causes access violation.  Google Test
  // implemented a workaround (substituting "(null)" for NULL).  This
  // tests whether the workaround works.
  TEST(StreamableTest, NullCharPtr) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << static_cast<const char*>(nullptr), "(null)");
  }
  
  // Tests that basic IO manipulators (endl, ends, and flush) can be
  // streamed to testing::Message.
  TEST(StreamableTest, BasicIoManip) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      FAIL() << "Line 1." << std::endl
             << "A NUL char " << std::ends << std::flush << " in line 2.";
    }, "Line 1.\nA NUL char \\0 in line 2.");
  }
  
  // Tests the macros that haven't been covered so far.
  
  void AddFailureHelper(bool* aborted) {
    *aborted = true;
    ADD_FAILURE() << "Intentional failure.";
    *aborted = false;
  }
  
  // Tests ADD_FAILURE.
  TEST(MacroTest, ADD_FAILURE) {
    bool aborted = true;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(AddFailureHelper(&aborted),
                            "Intentional failure.");
    EXPECT_FALSE(aborted);
  }
  
  // Tests ADD_FAILURE_AT.
  TEST(MacroTest, ADD_FAILURE_AT) {
    // Verifies that ADD_FAILURE_AT does generate a nonfatal failure and
    // the failure message contains the user-streamed part.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(ADD_FAILURE_AT("foo.cc", 42) << "Wrong!", "Wrong!");
  
    // Verifies that the user-streamed part is optional.
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(ADD_FAILURE_AT("foo.cc", 42), "Failed");
  
    // Unfortunately, we cannot verify that the failure message contains
    // the right file path and line number the same way, as
    // EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE() doesn't get to see the file path and
    // line number.  Instead, we do that in googletest-output-test_.cc.
  }
  
  // Tests FAIL.
  TEST(MacroTest, FAIL) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL(),
                         "Failed");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << "Intentional failure.",
                         "Intentional failure.");
  }
  
  // Tests GTEST_FAIL_AT.
  TEST(MacroTest, GTEST_FAIL_AT) {
    // Verifies that GTEST_FAIL_AT does generate a fatal failure and
    // the failure message contains the user-streamed part.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_FAIL_AT("foo.cc", 42) << "Wrong!", "Wrong!");
  
    // Verifies that the user-streamed part is optional.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_FAIL_AT("foo.cc", 42), "Failed");
  
    // See the ADD_FAIL_AT test above to see how we test that the failure message
    // contains the right filename and line number -- the same applies here.
  }
  
  // Tests SUCCEED
  TEST(MacroTest, SUCCEED) {
    SUCCEED();
    SUCCEED() << "Explicit success.";
  }
  
  // Tests for EXPECT_EQ() and ASSERT_EQ().
  //
  // These tests fail *intentionally*, s.t. the failure messages can be
  // generated and tested.
  //
  // We have different tests for different argument types.
  
  // Tests using bool values in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, Bool) {
    EXPECT_EQ(true,  true);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({
        bool false_value = false;
        ASSERT_EQ(false_value, true);
      }, "  false_value\n    Which is: false\n  true");
  }
  
  // Tests using int values in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, Int) {
    ASSERT_EQ(32, 32);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(32, 33),
                            "  32\n  33");
  }
  
  // Tests using time_t values in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, Time_T) {
    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<time_t>(0),
              static_cast<time_t>(0));
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<time_t>(0),
                                   static_cast<time_t>(1234)),
                         "1234");
  }
  
  // Tests using char values in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, Char) {
    ASSERT_EQ('z', 'z');
    const char ch = 'b';
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ('\0', ch),
                            "  ch\n    Which is: 'b'");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ('a', ch),
                            "  ch\n    Which is: 'b'");
  }
  
  // Tests using wchar_t values in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, WideChar) {
    EXPECT_EQ(L'b', L'b');
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(L'\0', L'x'),
                            "Expected equality of these values:\n"
                            "  L'\0'\n"
                            "    Which is: L'\0' (0, 0x0)\n"
                            "  L'x'\n"
                            "    Which is: L'x' (120, 0x78)");
  
    static wchar_t wchar;
    wchar = L'b';
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(L'a', wchar),
                            "wchar");
    wchar = 0x8119;
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<wchar_t>(0x8120), wchar),
                         "  wchar\n    Which is: L'");
  }
  
  // Tests using ::std::string values in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, StdString) {
    // Compares a const char* to an std::string that has identical
    // content.
    ASSERT_EQ("Test", ::std::string("Test"));
  
    // Compares two identical std::strings.
    static const ::std::string str1("A * in the middle");
    static const ::std::string str2(str1);
    EXPECT_EQ(str1, str2);
  
    // Compares a const char* to an std::string that has different
    // content
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ("Test", ::std::string("test")),
                            "\"test\"");
  
    // Compares an std::string to a char* that has different content.
    char* const p1 = const_cast<char*>("foo");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(::std::string("bar"), p1),
                            "p1");
  
    // Compares two std::strings that have different contents, one of
    // which having a NUL character in the middle.  This should fail.
    static ::std::string str3(str1);
    str3.at(2) = '\0';
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(str1, str3),
                         "  str3\n    Which is: \"A \\0 in the middle\"");
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  
  // Tests using ::std::wstring values in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, StdWideString) {
    // Compares two identical std::wstrings.
    const ::std::wstring wstr1(L"A * in the middle");
    const ::std::wstring wstr2(wstr1);
    ASSERT_EQ(wstr1, wstr2);
  
    // Compares an std::wstring to a const wchar_t* that has identical
    // content.
    const wchar_t kTestX8119[] = { 'T', 'e', 's', 't', 0x8119, '\0' };
    EXPECT_EQ(::std::wstring(kTestX8119), kTestX8119);
  
    // Compares an std::wstring to a const wchar_t* that has different
    // content.
    const wchar_t kTestX8120[] = { 'T', 'e', 's', 't', 0x8120, '\0' };
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      EXPECT_EQ(::std::wstring(kTestX8119), kTestX8120);
    }, "kTestX8120");
  
    // Compares two std::wstrings that have different contents, one of
    // which having a NUL character in the middle.
    ::std::wstring wstr3(wstr1);
    wstr3.at(2) = L'\0';
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(wstr1, wstr3),
                            "wstr3");
  
    // Compares a wchar_t* to an std::wstring that has different
    // content.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE({  // NOLINT
      ASSERT_EQ(const_cast<wchar_t*>(L"foo"), ::std::wstring(L"bar"));
    }, "");
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  
  // Tests using char pointers in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, CharPointer) {
    char* const p0 = nullptr;
    // Only way to get the Nokia compiler to compile the cast
    // is to have a separate void* variable first. Putting
    // the two casts on the same line doesn't work, neither does
    // a direct C-style to char*.
    void* pv1 = (void*)0x1234;  // NOLINT
    void* pv2 = (void*)0xABC0;  // NOLINT
    char* const p1 = reinterpret_cast<char*>(pv1);
    char* const p2 = reinterpret_cast<char*>(pv2);
    ASSERT_EQ(p1, p1);
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(p0, p2),
                            "  p2\n    Which is:");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(p1, p2),
                            "  p2\n    Which is:");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(reinterpret_cast<char*>(0x1234),
                                   reinterpret_cast<char*>(0xABC0)),
                         "ABC0");
  }
  
  // Tests using wchar_t pointers in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, WideCharPointer) {
    wchar_t* const p0 = nullptr;
    // Only way to get the Nokia compiler to compile the cast
    // is to have a separate void* variable first. Putting
    // the two casts on the same line doesn't work, neither does
    // a direct C-style to char*.
    void* pv1 = (void*)0x1234;  // NOLINT
    void* pv2 = (void*)0xABC0;  // NOLINT
    wchar_t* const p1 = reinterpret_cast<wchar_t*>(pv1);
    wchar_t* const p2 = reinterpret_cast<wchar_t*>(pv2);
    EXPECT_EQ(p0, p0);
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(p0, p2),
                            "  p2\n    Which is:");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(p1, p2),
                            "  p2\n    Which is:");
    void* pv3 = (void*)0x1234;  // NOLINT
    void* pv4 = (void*)0xABC0;  // NOLINT
    const wchar_t* p3 = reinterpret_cast<const wchar_t*>(pv3);
    const wchar_t* p4 = reinterpret_cast<const wchar_t*>(pv4);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(p3, p4),
                            "p4");
  }
  
  // Tests using other types of pointers in {EXPECT|ASSERT}_EQ.
  TEST(EqAssertionTest, OtherPointer) {
    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<const int*>(nullptr), static_cast<const int*>(nullptr));
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<const int*>(nullptr),
                                   reinterpret_cast<const int*>(0x1234)),
                         "0x1234");
  }
  
  // A class that supports binary comparison operators but not streaming.
  class UnprintableChar {
   public:
    explicit UnprintableChar(char ch) : char_(ch) {}
  
    bool operator==(const UnprintableChar& rhs) const {
      return char_ == rhs.char_;
    }
    bool operator!=(const UnprintableChar& rhs) const {
      return char_ != rhs.char_;
    }
    bool operator<(const UnprintableChar& rhs) const {
      return char_ < rhs.char_;
    }
    bool operator<=(const UnprintableChar& rhs) const {
      return char_ <= rhs.char_;
    }
    bool operator>(const UnprintableChar& rhs) const {
      return char_ > rhs.char_;
    }
    bool operator>=(const UnprintableChar& rhs) const {
      return char_ >= rhs.char_;
    }
  
   private:
    char char_;
  };
  
  // Tests that ASSERT_EQ() and friends don't require the arguments to
  // be printable.
  TEST(ComparisonAssertionTest, AcceptsUnprintableArgs) {
    const UnprintableChar x('x'), y('y');
    ASSERT_EQ(x, x);
    EXPECT_NE(x, y);
    ASSERT_LT(x, y);
    EXPECT_LE(x, y);
    ASSERT_GT(y, x);
    EXPECT_GE(x, x);
  
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(x, y), "1-byte object <78>");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(x, y), "1-byte object <79>");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_LT(y, y), "1-byte object <79>");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GT(x, y), "1-byte object <78>");
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_GT(x, y), "1-byte object <79>");
  
    // Code tested by EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE cannot reference local
    // variables, so we have to write UnprintableChar('x') instead of x.
  #ifndef __BORLANDC__
    // ICE's in C++Builder.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_NE(UnprintableChar('x'), UnprintableChar('x')),
                         "1-byte object <78>");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_LE(UnprintableChar('y'), UnprintableChar('x')),
                         "1-byte object <78>");
  #endif
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_LE(UnprintableChar('y'), UnprintableChar('x')),
                         "1-byte object <79>");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_GE(UnprintableChar('x'), UnprintableChar('y')),
                         "1-byte object <78>");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_GE(UnprintableChar('x'), UnprintableChar('y')),
                         "1-byte object <79>");
  }
  
  // Tests the FRIEND_TEST macro.
  
  // This class has a private member we want to test.  We will test it
  // both in a TEST and in a TEST_F.
  class Foo {
   public:
    Foo() {}
  
   private:
    int Bar() const { return 1; }
  
    // Declares the friend tests that can access the private member
    // Bar().
    FRIEND_TEST(FRIEND_TEST_Test, TEST);
    FRIEND_TEST(FRIEND_TEST_Test2, TEST_F);
  };
  
  // Tests that the FRIEND_TEST declaration allows a TEST to access a
  // class's private members.  This should compile.
  TEST(FRIEND_TEST_Test, TEST) {
    ASSERT_EQ(1, Foo().Bar());
  }
  
  // The fixture needed to test using FRIEND_TEST with TEST_F.
  class FRIEND_TEST_Test2 : public Test {
   protected:
    Foo foo;
  };
  
  // Tests that the FRIEND_TEST declaration allows a TEST_F to access a
  // class's private members.  This should compile.
  TEST_F(FRIEND_TEST_Test2, TEST_F) {
    ASSERT_EQ(1, foo.Bar());
  }
  
  // Tests the life cycle of Test objects.
  
  // The test fixture for testing the life cycle of Test objects.
  //
  // This class counts the number of live test objects that uses this
  // fixture.
  class TestLifeCycleTest : public Test {
   protected:
    // Constructor.  Increments the number of test objects that uses
    // this fixture.
    TestLifeCycleTest() { count_++; }
  
    // Destructor.  Decrements the number of test objects that uses this
    // fixture.
    ~TestLifeCycleTest() override { count_--; }
  
    // Returns the number of live test objects that uses this fixture.
    int count() const { return count_; }
  
   private:
    static int count_;
  };
  
  int TestLifeCycleTest::count_ = 0;
  
  // Tests the life cycle of test objects.
  TEST_F(TestLifeCycleTest, Test1) {
    // There should be only one test object in this test case that's
    // currently alive.
    ASSERT_EQ(1, count());
  }
  
  // Tests the life cycle of test objects.
  TEST_F(TestLifeCycleTest, Test2) {
    // After Test1 is done and Test2 is started, there should still be
    // only one live test object, as the object for Test1 should've been
    // deleted.
    ASSERT_EQ(1, count());
  }
  
  }  // namespace
  
  // Tests that the copy constructor works when it is NOT optimized away by
  // the compiler.
  TEST(AssertionResultTest, CopyConstructorWorksWhenNotOptimied) {
    // Checks that the copy constructor doesn't try to dereference NULL pointers
    // in the source object.
    AssertionResult r1 = AssertionSuccess();
    AssertionResult r2 = r1;
    // The following line is added to prevent the compiler from optimizing
    // away the constructor call.
    r1 << "abc";
  
    AssertionResult r3 = r1;
    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<bool>(r3), static_cast<bool>(r1));
    EXPECT_STREQ("abc", r1.message());
  }
  
  // Tests that AssertionSuccess and AssertionFailure construct
  // AssertionResult objects as expected.
  TEST(AssertionResultTest, ConstructionWorks) {
    AssertionResult r1 = AssertionSuccess();
    EXPECT_TRUE(r1);
    EXPECT_STREQ("", r1.message());
  
    AssertionResult r2 = AssertionSuccess() << "abc";
    EXPECT_TRUE(r2);
    EXPECT_STREQ("abc", r2.message());
  
    AssertionResult r3 = AssertionFailure();
    EXPECT_FALSE(r3);
    EXPECT_STREQ("", r3.message());
  
    AssertionResult r4 = AssertionFailure() << "def";
    EXPECT_FALSE(r4);
    EXPECT_STREQ("def", r4.message());
  
    AssertionResult r5 = AssertionFailure(Message() << "ghi");
    EXPECT_FALSE(r5);
    EXPECT_STREQ("ghi", r5.message());
  }
  
  // Tests that the negation flips the predicate result but keeps the message.
  TEST(AssertionResultTest, NegationWorks) {
    AssertionResult r1 = AssertionSuccess() << "abc";
    EXPECT_FALSE(!r1);
    EXPECT_STREQ("abc", (!r1).message());
  
    AssertionResult r2 = AssertionFailure() << "def";
    EXPECT_TRUE(!r2);
    EXPECT_STREQ("def", (!r2).message());
  }
  
  TEST(AssertionResultTest, StreamingWorks) {
    AssertionResult r = AssertionSuccess();
    r << "abc" << 'd' << 0 << true;
    EXPECT_STREQ("abcd0true", r.message());
  }
  
  TEST(AssertionResultTest, CanStreamOstreamManipulators) {
    AssertionResult r = AssertionSuccess();
    r << "Data" << std::endl << std::flush << std::ends << "Will be visible";
    EXPECT_STREQ("Data\n\\0Will be visible", r.message());
  }
  
  // The next test uses explicit conversion operators
  
  TEST(AssertionResultTest, ConstructibleFromContextuallyConvertibleToBool) {
    struct ExplicitlyConvertibleToBool {
      explicit operator bool() const { return value; }
      bool value;
    };
    ExplicitlyConvertibleToBool v1 = {false};
    ExplicitlyConvertibleToBool v2 = {true};
    EXPECT_FALSE(v1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(v2);
  }
  
  struct ConvertibleToAssertionResult {
    operator AssertionResult() const { return AssertionResult(true); }
  };
  
  TEST(AssertionResultTest, ConstructibleFromImplicitlyConvertible) {
    ConvertibleToAssertionResult obj;
    EXPECT_TRUE(obj);
  }
  
  // Tests streaming a user type whose definition and operator << are
  // both in the global namespace.
  class Base {
   public:
    explicit Base(int an_x) : x_(an_x) {}
    int x() const { return x_; }
   private:
    int x_;
  };
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                           const Base& val) {
    return os << val.x();
  }
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                           const Base* pointer) {
    return os << "(" << pointer->x() << ")";
  }
  
  TEST(MessageTest, CanStreamUserTypeInGlobalNameSpace) {
    Message msg;
    Base a(1);
  
    msg << a << &a;  // Uses ::operator<<.
    EXPECT_STREQ("1(1)", msg.GetString().c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests streaming a user type whose definition and operator<< are
  // both in an unnamed namespace.
  namespace {
  class MyTypeInUnnamedNameSpace : public Base {
   public:
    explicit MyTypeInUnnamedNameSpace(int an_x): Base(an_x) {}
  };
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                           const MyTypeInUnnamedNameSpace& val) {
    return os << val.x();
  }
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                           const MyTypeInUnnamedNameSpace* pointer) {
    return os << "(" << pointer->x() << ")";
  }
  }  // namespace
  
  TEST(MessageTest, CanStreamUserTypeInUnnamedNameSpace) {
    Message msg;
    MyTypeInUnnamedNameSpace a(1);
  
    msg << a << &a;  // Uses <unnamed_namespace>::operator<<.
    EXPECT_STREQ("1(1)", msg.GetString().c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests streaming a user type whose definition and operator<< are
  // both in a user namespace.
  namespace namespace1 {
  class MyTypeInNameSpace1 : public Base {
   public:
    explicit MyTypeInNameSpace1(int an_x): Base(an_x) {}
  };
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                           const MyTypeInNameSpace1& val) {
    return os << val.x();
  }
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                           const MyTypeInNameSpace1* pointer) {
    return os << "(" << pointer->x() << ")";
  }
  }  // namespace namespace1
  
  TEST(MessageTest, CanStreamUserTypeInUserNameSpace) {
    Message msg;
    namespace1::MyTypeInNameSpace1 a(1);
  
    msg << a << &a;  // Uses namespace1::operator<<.
    EXPECT_STREQ("1(1)", msg.GetString().c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests streaming a user type whose definition is in a user namespace
  // but whose operator<< is in the global namespace.
  namespace namespace2 {
  class MyTypeInNameSpace2 : public ::Base {
   public:
    explicit MyTypeInNameSpace2(int an_x): Base(an_x) {}
  };
  }  // namespace namespace2
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                           const namespace2::MyTypeInNameSpace2& val) {
    return os << val.x();
  }
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                           const namespace2::MyTypeInNameSpace2* pointer) {
    return os << "(" << pointer->x() << ")";
  }
  
  TEST(MessageTest, CanStreamUserTypeInUserNameSpaceWithStreamOperatorInGlobal) {
    Message msg;
    namespace2::MyTypeInNameSpace2 a(1);
  
    msg << a << &a;  // Uses ::operator<<.
    EXPECT_STREQ("1(1)", msg.GetString().c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests streaming NULL pointers to testing::Message.
  TEST(MessageTest, NullPointers) {
    Message msg;
    char* const p1 = nullptr;
    unsigned char* const p2 = nullptr;
    int* p3 = nullptr;
    double* p4 = nullptr;
    bool* p5 = nullptr;
    Message* p6 = nullptr;
  
    msg << p1 << p2 << p3 << p4 << p5 << p6;
    ASSERT_STREQ("(null)(null)(null)(null)(null)(null)",
                 msg.GetString().c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests streaming wide strings to testing::Message.
  TEST(MessageTest, WideStrings) {
    // Streams a NULL of type const wchar_t*.
    const wchar_t* const_wstr = nullptr;
    EXPECT_STREQ("(null)",
                 (Message() << const_wstr).GetString().c_str());
  
    // Streams a NULL of type wchar_t*.
    wchar_t* wstr = nullptr;
    EXPECT_STREQ("(null)",
                 (Message() << wstr).GetString().c_str());
  
    // Streams a non-NULL of type const wchar_t*.
    const_wstr = L"abc\x8119";
    EXPECT_STREQ("abc\xe8\x84\x99",
                 (Message() << const_wstr).GetString().c_str());
  
    // Streams a non-NULL of type wchar_t*.
    wstr = const_cast<wchar_t*>(const_wstr);
    EXPECT_STREQ("abc\xe8\x84\x99",
                 (Message() << wstr).GetString().c_str());
  }
  
  
  // This line tests that we can define tests in the testing namespace.
  namespace testing {
  
  // Tests the TestInfo class.
  
  class TestInfoTest : public Test {
   protected:
    static const TestInfo* GetTestInfo(const char* test_name) {
      const TestSuite* const test_suite =
          GetUnitTestImpl()->GetTestSuite("TestInfoTest", "", nullptr, nullptr);
  
      for (int i = 0; i < test_suite->total_test_count(); ++i) {
        const TestInfo* const test_info = test_suite->GetTestInfo(i);
        if (strcmp(test_name, test_info->name()) == 0)
          return test_info;
      }
      return nullptr;
    }
  
    static const TestResult* GetTestResult(
        const TestInfo* test_info) {
      return test_info->result();
    }
  };
  
  // Tests TestInfo::test_case_name() and TestInfo::name().
  TEST_F(TestInfoTest, Names) {
    const TestInfo* const test_info = GetTestInfo("Names");
  
    ASSERT_STREQ("TestInfoTest", test_info->test_case_name());
    ASSERT_STREQ("Names", test_info->name());
  }
  
  // Tests TestInfo::result().
  TEST_F(TestInfoTest, result) {
    const TestInfo* const test_info = GetTestInfo("result");
  
    // Initially, there is no TestPartResult for this test.
    ASSERT_EQ(0, GetTestResult(test_info)->total_part_count());
  
    // After the previous assertion, there is still none.
    ASSERT_EQ(0, GetTestResult(test_info)->total_part_count());
  }
  
  #define VERIFY_CODE_LOCATION \
    const int expected_line = __LINE__ - 1; \
    const TestInfo* const test_info = GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_info(); \
    ASSERT_TRUE(test_info); \
    EXPECT_STREQ(__FILE__, test_info->file()); \
    EXPECT_EQ(expected_line, test_info->line())
  
  TEST(CodeLocationForTEST, Verify) {
    VERIFY_CODE_LOCATION;
  }
  
  class CodeLocationForTESTF : public Test {
  };
  
  TEST_F(CodeLocationForTESTF, Verify) {
    VERIFY_CODE_LOCATION;
  }
  
  class CodeLocationForTESTP : public TestWithParam<int> {
  };
  
  TEST_P(CodeLocationForTESTP, Verify) {
    VERIFY_CODE_LOCATION;
  }
  
  INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(All, CodeLocationForTESTP, Values(0));
  
  template <typename T>
  class CodeLocationForTYPEDTEST : public Test {
  };
  
  TYPED_TEST_SUITE(CodeLocationForTYPEDTEST, int);
  
  TYPED_TEST(CodeLocationForTYPEDTEST, Verify) {
    VERIFY_CODE_LOCATION;
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  class CodeLocationForTYPEDTESTP : public Test {
  };
  
  TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(CodeLocationForTYPEDTESTP);
  
  TYPED_TEST_P(CodeLocationForTYPEDTESTP, Verify) {
    VERIFY_CODE_LOCATION;
  }
  
  REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(CodeLocationForTYPEDTESTP, Verify);
  
  INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, CodeLocationForTYPEDTESTP, int);
  
  #undef VERIFY_CODE_LOCATION
  
  // Tests setting up and tearing down a test case.
  // Legacy API is deprecated but still available
  #ifndef REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
  class SetUpTestCaseTest : public Test {
   protected:
    // This will be called once before the first test in this test case
    // is run.
    static void SetUpTestCase() {
      printf("Setting up the test case . . .\n");
  
      // Initializes some shared resource.  In this simple example, we
      // just create a C string.  More complex stuff can be done if
      // desired.
      shared_resource_ = "123";
  
      // Increments the number of test cases that have been set up.
      counter_++;
  
      // SetUpTestCase() should be called only once.
      EXPECT_EQ(1, counter_);
    }
  
    // This will be called once after the last test in this test case is
    // run.
    static void TearDownTestCase() {
      printf("Tearing down the test case . . .\n");
  
      // Decrements the number of test cases that have been set up.
      counter_--;
  
      // TearDownTestCase() should be called only once.
      EXPECT_EQ(0, counter_);
  
      // Cleans up the shared resource.
      shared_resource_ = nullptr;
    }
  
    // This will be called before each test in this test case.
    void SetUp() override {
      // SetUpTestCase() should be called only once, so counter_ should
      // always be 1.
      EXPECT_EQ(1, counter_);
    }
  
    // Number of test cases that have been set up.
    static int counter_;
  
    // Some resource to be shared by all tests in this test case.
    static const char* shared_resource_;
  };
  
  int SetUpTestCaseTest::counter_ = 0;
  const char* SetUpTestCaseTest::shared_resource_ = nullptr;
  
  // A test that uses the shared resource.
  TEST_F(SetUpTestCaseTest, Test1) { EXPECT_STRNE(nullptr, shared_resource_); }
  
  // Another test that uses the shared resource.
  TEST_F(SetUpTestCaseTest, Test2) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("123", shared_resource_);
  }
  #endif  //  REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
  
  // Tests SetupTestSuite/TearDown TestSuite
  class SetUpTestSuiteTest : public Test {
   protected:
    // This will be called once before the first test in this test case
    // is run.
    static void SetUpTestSuite() {
      printf("Setting up the test suite . . .\n");
  
      // Initializes some shared resource.  In this simple example, we
      // just create a C string.  More complex stuff can be done if
      // desired.
      shared_resource_ = "123";
  
      // Increments the number of test cases that have been set up.
      counter_++;
  
      // SetUpTestSuite() should be called only once.
      EXPECT_EQ(1, counter_);
    }
  
    // This will be called once after the last test in this test case is
    // run.
    static void TearDownTestSuite() {
      printf("Tearing down the test suite . . .\n");
  
      // Decrements the number of test suites that have been set up.
      counter_--;
  
      // TearDownTestSuite() should be called only once.
      EXPECT_EQ(0, counter_);
  
      // Cleans up the shared resource.
      shared_resource_ = nullptr;
    }
  
    // This will be called before each test in this test case.
    void SetUp() override {
      // SetUpTestSuite() should be called only once, so counter_ should
      // always be 1.
      EXPECT_EQ(1, counter_);
    }
  
    // Number of test suites that have been set up.
    static int counter_;
  
    // Some resource to be shared by all tests in this test case.
    static const char* shared_resource_;
  };
  
  int SetUpTestSuiteTest::counter_ = 0;
  const char* SetUpTestSuiteTest::shared_resource_ = nullptr;
  
  // A test that uses the shared resource.
  TEST_F(SetUpTestSuiteTest, TestSetupTestSuite1) {
    EXPECT_STRNE(nullptr, shared_resource_);
  }
  
  // Another test that uses the shared resource.
  TEST_F(SetUpTestSuiteTest, TestSetupTestSuite2) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("123", shared_resource_);
  }
  
  // The ParseFlagsTest test case tests ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly.
  
  // The Flags struct stores a copy of all Google Test flags.
  struct Flags {
    // Constructs a Flags struct where each flag has its default value.
    Flags() : also_run_disabled_tests(false),
              break_on_failure(false),
              catch_exceptions(false),
              death_test_use_fork(false),
              filter(""),
              list_tests(false),
              output(""),
              print_time(true),
              random_seed(0),
              repeat(1),
              shuffle(false),
              stack_trace_depth(kMaxStackTraceDepth),
              stream_result_to(""),
              throw_on_failure(false) {}
  
    // Factory methods.
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_also_run_disabled_tests flag has
    // the given value.
    static Flags AlsoRunDisabledTests(bool also_run_disabled_tests) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.also_run_disabled_tests = also_run_disabled_tests;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_break_on_failure flag has
    // the given value.
    static Flags BreakOnFailure(bool break_on_failure) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.break_on_failure = break_on_failure;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_catch_exceptions flag has
    // the given value.
    static Flags CatchExceptions(bool catch_exceptions) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.catch_exceptions = catch_exceptions;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_death_test_use_fork flag has
    // the given value.
    static Flags DeathTestUseFork(bool death_test_use_fork) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.death_test_use_fork = death_test_use_fork;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_filter flag has the given
    // value.
    static Flags Filter(const char* filter) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.filter = filter;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_list_tests flag has the
    // given value.
    static Flags ListTests(bool list_tests) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.list_tests = list_tests;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_output flag has the given
    // value.
    static Flags Output(const char* output) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.output = output;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_print_time flag has the given
    // value.
    static Flags PrintTime(bool print_time) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.print_time = print_time;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_random_seed flag has the given
    // value.
    static Flags RandomSeed(int32_t random_seed) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.random_seed = random_seed;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_repeat flag has the given
    // value.
    static Flags Repeat(int32_t repeat) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.repeat = repeat;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_shuffle flag has the given
    // value.
    static Flags Shuffle(bool shuffle) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.shuffle = shuffle;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the GTEST_FLAG(stack_trace_depth) flag has
    // the given value.
    static Flags StackTraceDepth(int32_t stack_trace_depth) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.stack_trace_depth = stack_trace_depth;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to) flag has
    // the given value.
    static Flags StreamResultTo(const char* stream_result_to) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.stream_result_to = stream_result_to;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // Creates a Flags struct where the gtest_throw_on_failure flag has
    // the given value.
    static Flags ThrowOnFailure(bool throw_on_failure) {
      Flags flags;
      flags.throw_on_failure = throw_on_failure;
      return flags;
    }
  
    // These fields store the flag values.
    bool also_run_disabled_tests;
    bool break_on_failure;
    bool catch_exceptions;
    bool death_test_use_fork;
    const char* filter;
    bool list_tests;
    const char* output;
    bool print_time;
    int32_t random_seed;
    int32_t repeat;
    bool shuffle;
    int32_t stack_trace_depth;
    const char* stream_result_to;
    bool throw_on_failure;
  };
  
  // Fixture for testing ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly().
  class ParseFlagsTest : public Test {
   protected:
    // Clears the flags before each test.
    void SetUp() override {
      GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(break_on_failure) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(filter) = "";
      GTEST_FLAG(list_tests) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(output) = "";
      GTEST_FLAG(print_time) = true;
      GTEST_FLAG(random_seed) = 0;
      GTEST_FLAG(repeat) = 1;
      GTEST_FLAG(shuffle) = false;
      GTEST_FLAG(stack_trace_depth) = kMaxStackTraceDepth;
      GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to) = "";
      GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = false;
    }
  
    // Asserts that two narrow or wide string arrays are equal.
    template <typename CharType>
    static void AssertStringArrayEq(int size1, CharType** array1, int size2,
                                    CharType** array2) {
      ASSERT_EQ(size1, size2) << " Array sizes different.";
  
      for (int i = 0; i != size1; i++) {
        ASSERT_STREQ(array1[i], array2[i]) << " where i == " << i;
      }
    }
  
    // Verifies that the flag values match the expected values.
    static void CheckFlags(const Flags& expected) {
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.also_run_disabled_tests,
                GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests));
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.break_on_failure, GTEST_FLAG(break_on_failure));
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.catch_exceptions, GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions));
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.death_test_use_fork, GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork));
      EXPECT_STREQ(expected.filter, GTEST_FLAG(filter).c_str());
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.list_tests, GTEST_FLAG(list_tests));
      EXPECT_STREQ(expected.output, GTEST_FLAG(output).c_str());
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.print_time, GTEST_FLAG(print_time));
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.random_seed, GTEST_FLAG(random_seed));
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.repeat, GTEST_FLAG(repeat));
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.shuffle, GTEST_FLAG(shuffle));
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.stack_trace_depth, GTEST_FLAG(stack_trace_depth));
      EXPECT_STREQ(expected.stream_result_to,
                   GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to).c_str());
      EXPECT_EQ(expected.throw_on_failure, GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure));
    }
  
    // Parses a command line (specified by argc1 and argv1), then
    // verifies that the flag values are expected and that the
    // recognized flags are removed from the command line.
    template <typename CharType>
    static void TestParsingFlags(int argc1, const CharType** argv1,
                                 int argc2, const CharType** argv2,
                                 const Flags& expected, bool should_print_help) {
      const bool saved_help_flag = ::testing::internal::g_help_flag;
      ::testing::internal::g_help_flag = false;
  
  # if GTEST_HAS_STREAM_REDIRECTION
      CaptureStdout();
  # endif
  
      // Parses the command line.
      internal::ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly(&argc1, const_cast<CharType**>(argv1));
  
  # if GTEST_HAS_STREAM_REDIRECTION
      const std::string captured_stdout = GetCapturedStdout();
  # endif
  
      // Verifies the flag values.
      CheckFlags(expected);
  
      // Verifies that the recognized flags are removed from the command
      // line.
      AssertStringArrayEq(argc1 + 1, argv1, argc2 + 1, argv2);
  
      // ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly should neither set g_help_flag nor print the
      // help message for the flags it recognizes.
      EXPECT_EQ(should_print_help, ::testing::internal::g_help_flag);
  
  # if GTEST_HAS_STREAM_REDIRECTION
      const char* const expected_help_fragment =
          "This program contains tests written using";
      if (should_print_help) {
        EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, expected_help_fragment, captured_stdout);
      } else {
        EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsNotSubstring,
                            expected_help_fragment, captured_stdout);
      }
  # endif  // GTEST_HAS_STREAM_REDIRECTION
  
      ::testing::internal::g_help_flag = saved_help_flag;
    }
  
    // This macro wraps TestParsingFlags s.t. the user doesn't need
    // to specify the array sizes.
  
  # define GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv1, argv2, expected, should_print_help) \
    TestParsingFlags(sizeof(argv1)/sizeof(*argv1) - 1, argv1, \
                     sizeof(argv2)/sizeof(*argv2) - 1, argv2, \
                     expected, should_print_help)
  };
  
  // Tests parsing an empty command line.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, Empty) {
    const char* argv[] = {nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags(), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing a command line that has no flag.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, NoFlag) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags(), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing a bad --gtest_filter flag.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, FilterBad) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_filter", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_filter", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Filter(""), true);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing an empty --gtest_filter flag.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, FilterEmpty) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_filter=", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Filter(""), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing a non-empty --gtest_filter flag.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, FilterNonEmpty) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_filter=abc", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Filter("abc"), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_break_on_failure.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, BreakOnFailureWithoutValue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_break_on_failure", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::BreakOnFailure(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_break_on_failure=0.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, BreakOnFailureFalse_0) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_break_on_failure=0", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::BreakOnFailure(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_break_on_failure=f.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, BreakOnFailureFalse_f) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_break_on_failure=f", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::BreakOnFailure(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_break_on_failure=F.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, BreakOnFailureFalse_F) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_break_on_failure=F", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::BreakOnFailure(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing a --gtest_break_on_failure flag that has a "true"
  // definition.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, BreakOnFailureTrue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_break_on_failure=1", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::BreakOnFailure(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_catch_exceptions.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, CatchExceptions) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_catch_exceptions", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::CatchExceptions(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_death_test_use_fork.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, DeathTestUseFork) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_death_test_use_fork", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::DeathTestUseFork(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests having the same flag twice with different values.  The
  // expected behavior is that the one coming last takes precedence.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, DuplicatedFlags) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_filter=a", "--gtest_filter=b",
                          nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Filter("b"), false);
  }
  
  // Tests having an unrecognized flag on the command line.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, UnrecognizedFlag) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_break_on_failure",
                          "bar",  // Unrecognized by Google Test.
                          "--gtest_filter=b", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", "bar", nullptr};
  
    Flags flags;
    flags.break_on_failure = true;
    flags.filter = "b";
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, flags, false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_list_tests flag
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ListTestsFlag) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_list_tests", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::ListTests(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_list_tests flag with a "true" value
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ListTestsTrue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_list_tests=1", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::ListTests(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_list_tests flag with a "false" value
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ListTestsFalse) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_list_tests=0", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::ListTests(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_list_tests=f.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ListTestsFalse_f) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_list_tests=f", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::ListTests(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_list_tests=F.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ListTestsFalse_F) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_list_tests=F", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::ListTests(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_output (invalid).
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, OutputEmpty) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_output", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_output", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags(), true);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_output=xml
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, OutputXml) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_output=xml", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Output("xml"), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_output=xml:file
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, OutputXmlFile) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_output=xml:file", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Output("xml:file"), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_output=xml:directory/path/
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, OutputXmlDirectory) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_output=xml:directory/path/",
                          nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2,
                              Flags::Output("xml:directory/path/"), false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_print_time flag
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, PrintTimeFlag) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_print_time", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::PrintTime(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_print_time flag with a "true" value
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, PrintTimeTrue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_print_time=1", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::PrintTime(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_print_time flag with a "false" value
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, PrintTimeFalse) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_print_time=0", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::PrintTime(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_print_time=f.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, PrintTimeFalse_f) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_print_time=f", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::PrintTime(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_print_time=F.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, PrintTimeFalse_F) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_print_time=F", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::PrintTime(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_random_seed=number
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, RandomSeed) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_random_seed=1000", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::RandomSeed(1000), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_repeat=number
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, Repeat) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_repeat=1000", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Repeat(1000), false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_also_run_disabled_tests flag
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, AlsoRunDisabledTestsFlag) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_also_run_disabled_tests", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::AlsoRunDisabledTests(true),
                              false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_also_run_disabled_tests flag with a "true" value
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, AlsoRunDisabledTestsTrue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_also_run_disabled_tests=1",
                          nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::AlsoRunDisabledTests(true),
                              false);
  }
  
  // Tests having a --gtest_also_run_disabled_tests flag with a "false" value
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, AlsoRunDisabledTestsFalse) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_also_run_disabled_tests=0",
                          nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::AlsoRunDisabledTests(false),
                              false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_shuffle.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ShuffleWithoutValue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_shuffle", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Shuffle(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_shuffle=0.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ShuffleFalse_0) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_shuffle=0", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Shuffle(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing a --gtest_shuffle flag that has a "true" definition.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ShuffleTrue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_shuffle=1", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Shuffle(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_stack_trace_depth=number.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, StackTraceDepth) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_stack_trace_depth=5", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::StackTraceDepth(5), false);
  }
  
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, StreamResultTo) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_stream_result_to=localhost:1234",
                          nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(
        argv, argv2, Flags::StreamResultTo("localhost:1234"), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_throw_on_failure.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ThrowOnFailureWithoutValue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_throw_on_failure", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::ThrowOnFailure(true), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing --gtest_throw_on_failure=0.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ThrowOnFailureFalse_0) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_throw_on_failure=0", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::ThrowOnFailure(false), false);
  }
  
  // Tests parsing a --gtest_throw_on_failure flag that has a "true"
  // definition.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, ThrowOnFailureTrue) {
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", "--gtest_throw_on_failure=1", nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::ThrowOnFailure(true), false);
  }
  
  # if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  // Tests parsing wide strings.
  TEST_F(ParseFlagsTest, WideStrings) {
    const wchar_t* argv[] = {
      L"foo.exe",
      L"--gtest_filter=Foo*",
      L"--gtest_list_tests=1",
      L"--gtest_break_on_failure",
      L"--non_gtest_flag",
      NULL
    };
  
    const wchar_t* argv2[] = {
      L"foo.exe",
      L"--non_gtest_flag",
      NULL
    };
  
    Flags expected_flags;
    expected_flags.break_on_failure = true;
    expected_flags.filter = "Foo*";
    expected_flags.list_tests = true;
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, expected_flags, false);
  }
  # endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  
  #if GTEST_USE_OWN_FLAGFILE_FLAG_
  class FlagfileTest : public ParseFlagsTest {
   public:
    void SetUp() override {
      ParseFlagsTest::SetUp();
  
      testdata_path_.Set(internal::FilePath(
          testing::TempDir() + internal::GetCurrentExecutableName().string() +
          "_flagfile_test"));
      testing::internal::posix::RmDir(testdata_path_.c_str());
      EXPECT_TRUE(testdata_path_.CreateFolder());
    }
  
    void TearDown() override {
      testing::internal::posix::RmDir(testdata_path_.c_str());
      ParseFlagsTest::TearDown();
    }
  
    internal::FilePath CreateFlagfile(const char* contents) {
      internal::FilePath file_path(internal::FilePath::GenerateUniqueFileName(
          testdata_path_, internal::FilePath("unique"), "txt"));
      FILE* f = testing::internal::posix::FOpen(file_path.c_str(), "w");
      fprintf(f, "%s", contents);
      fclose(f);
      return file_path;
    }
  
   private:
    internal::FilePath testdata_path_;
  };
  
  // Tests an empty flagfile.
  TEST_F(FlagfileTest, Empty) {
    internal::FilePath flagfile_path(CreateFlagfile(""));
    std::string flagfile_flag =
        std::string("--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "flagfile=") + flagfile_path.c_str();
  
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", flagfile_flag.c_str(), nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags(), false);
  }
  
  // Tests passing a non-empty --gtest_filter flag via --gtest_flagfile.
  TEST_F(FlagfileTest, FilterNonEmpty) {
    internal::FilePath flagfile_path(CreateFlagfile(
        "--"  GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_  "filter=abc"));
    std::string flagfile_flag =
        std::string("--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "flagfile=") + flagfile_path.c_str();
  
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", flagfile_flag.c_str(), nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, Flags::Filter("abc"), false);
  }
  
  // Tests passing several flags via --gtest_flagfile.
  TEST_F(FlagfileTest, SeveralFlags) {
    internal::FilePath flagfile_path(CreateFlagfile(
        "--"  GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_  "filter=abc\n"
        "--"  GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_  "break_on_failure\n"
        "--"  GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_  "list_tests"));
    std::string flagfile_flag =
        std::string("--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "flagfile=") + flagfile_path.c_str();
  
    const char* argv[] = {"foo.exe", flagfile_flag.c_str(), nullptr};
  
    const char* argv2[] = {"foo.exe", nullptr};
  
    Flags expected_flags;
    expected_flags.break_on_failure = true;
    expected_flags.filter = "abc";
    expected_flags.list_tests = true;
  
    GTEST_TEST_PARSING_FLAGS_(argv, argv2, expected_flags, false);
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_USE_OWN_FLAGFILE_FLAG_
  
  // Tests current_test_info() in UnitTest.
  class CurrentTestInfoTest : public Test {
   protected:
    // Tests that current_test_info() returns NULL before the first test in
    // the test case is run.
    static void SetUpTestSuite() {
      // There should be no tests running at this point.
      const TestInfo* test_info =
        UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
      EXPECT_TRUE(test_info == nullptr)
          << "There should be no tests running at this point.";
    }
  
    // Tests that current_test_info() returns NULL after the last test in
    // the test case has run.
    static void TearDownTestSuite() {
      const TestInfo* test_info =
        UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
      EXPECT_TRUE(test_info == nullptr)
          << "There should be no tests running at this point.";
    }
  };
  
  // Tests that current_test_info() returns TestInfo for currently running
  // test by checking the expected test name against the actual one.
  TEST_F(CurrentTestInfoTest, WorksForFirstTestInATestSuite) {
    const TestInfo* test_info =
      UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
    ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr != test_info)
        << "There is a test running so we should have a valid TestInfo.";
    EXPECT_STREQ("CurrentTestInfoTest", test_info->test_case_name())
        << "Expected the name of the currently running test case.";
    EXPECT_STREQ("WorksForFirstTestInATestSuite", test_info->name())
        << "Expected the name of the currently running test.";
  }
  
  // Tests that current_test_info() returns TestInfo for currently running
  // test by checking the expected test name against the actual one.  We
  // use this test to see that the TestInfo object actually changed from
  // the previous invocation.
  TEST_F(CurrentTestInfoTest, WorksForSecondTestInATestSuite) {
    const TestInfo* test_info =
      UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
    ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr != test_info)
        << "There is a test running so we should have a valid TestInfo.";
    EXPECT_STREQ("CurrentTestInfoTest", test_info->test_case_name())
        << "Expected the name of the currently running test case.";
    EXPECT_STREQ("WorksForSecondTestInATestSuite", test_info->name())
        << "Expected the name of the currently running test.";
  }
  
  }  // namespace testing
  
  
  // These two lines test that we can define tests in a namespace that
  // has the name "testing" and is nested in another namespace.
  namespace my_namespace {
  namespace testing {
  
  // Makes sure that TEST knows to use ::testing::Test instead of
  // ::my_namespace::testing::Test.
  class Test {};
  
  // Makes sure that an assertion knows to use ::testing::Message instead of
  // ::my_namespace::testing::Message.
  class Message {};
  
  // Makes sure that an assertion knows to use
  // ::testing::AssertionResult instead of
  // ::my_namespace::testing::AssertionResult.
  class AssertionResult {};
  
  // Tests that an assertion that should succeed works as expected.
  TEST(NestedTestingNamespaceTest, Success) {
    EXPECT_EQ(1, 1) << "This shouldn't fail.";
  }
  
  // Tests that an assertion that should fail works as expected.
  TEST(NestedTestingNamespaceTest, Failure) {
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << "This failure is expected.",
                         "This failure is expected.");
  }
  
  }  // namespace testing
  }  // namespace my_namespace
  
  // Tests that one can call superclass SetUp and TearDown methods--
  // that is, that they are not private.
  // No tests are based on this fixture; the test "passes" if it compiles
  // successfully.
  class ProtectedFixtureMethodsTest : public Test {
   protected:
    void SetUp() override { Test::SetUp(); }
    void TearDown() override { Test::TearDown(); }
  };
  
  // StreamingAssertionsTest tests the streaming versions of a representative
  // sample of assertions.
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, Unconditional) {
    SUCCEED() << "expected success";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(ADD_FAILURE() << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(FAIL() << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  #ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Silences warnings: "Condition is always true", "Unreachable code"
  # pragma option push -w-ccc -w-rch
  #endif
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, Truth) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(true) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_TRUE(true) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_TRUE(false) << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, Truth2) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(false) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_FALSE(false) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FALSE(true) << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_FALSE(true) << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  #ifdef __BORLANDC__
  // Restores warnings after previous "#pragma option push" suppressed them
  # pragma option pop
  #endif
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, IntegerEquals) {
    EXPECT_EQ(1, 1) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_EQ(1, 1) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_EQ(1, 2) << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_EQ(1, 2) << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, IntegerLessThan) {
    EXPECT_LT(1, 2) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_LT(1, 2) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_LT(2, 1) << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_LT(2, 1) << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, StringsEqual) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("foo", "foo") << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_STREQ("foo", "foo") << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STREQ("foo", "bar") << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STREQ("foo", "bar") << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, StringsNotEqual) {
    EXPECT_STRNE("foo", "bar") << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_STRNE("foo", "bar") << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRNE("foo", "foo") << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STRNE("foo", "foo") << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, StringsEqualIgnoringCase) {
    EXPECT_STRCASEEQ("foo", "FOO") << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_STRCASEEQ("foo", "FOO") << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRCASEEQ("foo", "bar") << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STRCASEEQ("foo", "bar") << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, StringNotEqualIgnoringCase) {
    EXPECT_STRCASENE("foo", "bar") << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_STRCASENE("foo", "bar") << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_STRCASENE("foo", "FOO") << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_STRCASENE("bar", "BAR") << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, FloatingPointEquals) {
    EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(1.0, 1.0) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(1.0, 1.0) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(0.0, 1.0) << "expected failure",
                            "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(0.0, 1.0) << "expected failure",
                         "expected failure");
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, Throw) {
    EXPECT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), int) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), int) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), bool) <<
                            "expected failure", "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_THROW(ThrowAnInteger(), bool) <<
                         "expected failure", "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, NoThrow) {
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(ThrowNothing()) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(ThrowNothing()) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_NO_THROW(ThrowAnInteger()) <<
                            "expected failure", "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_NO_THROW(ThrowAnInteger()) <<
                         "expected failure", "expected failure");
  }
  
  TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, AnyThrow) {
    EXPECT_ANY_THROW(ThrowAnInteger()) << "unexpected failure";
    ASSERT_ANY_THROW(ThrowAnInteger()) << "unexpected failure";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_ANY_THROW(ThrowNothing()) <<
                            "expected failure", "expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_ANY_THROW(ThrowNothing()) <<
                         "expected failure", "expected failure");
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
  
  // Tests that Google Test correctly decides whether to use colors in the output.
  
  TEST(ColoredOutputTest, UsesColorsWhenGTestColorFlagIsYes) {
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "yes";
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(false));  // Stdout is not a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "dumb");  // TERM doesn't support colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(false));  // Stdout is not a TTY.
  }
  
  TEST(ColoredOutputTest, UsesColorsWhenGTestColorFlagIsAliasOfYes) {
    SetEnv("TERM", "dumb");  // TERM doesn't support colors.
  
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "True";
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(false));  // Stdout is not a TTY.
  
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "t";
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(false));  // Stdout is not a TTY.
  
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "1";
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(false));  // Stdout is not a TTY.
  }
  
  TEST(ColoredOutputTest, UsesNoColorWhenGTestColorFlagIsNo) {
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "no";
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(false));  // Stdout is not a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "dumb");  // TERM doesn't support colors.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(false));  // Stdout is not a TTY.
  }
  
  TEST(ColoredOutputTest, UsesNoColorWhenGTestColorFlagIsInvalid) {
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm");  // TERM supports colors.
  
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "F";
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "0";
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "unknown";
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  }
  
  TEST(ColoredOutputTest, UsesColorsWhenStdoutIsTty) {
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "auto";
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(false));  // Stdout is not a TTY.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));    // Stdout is a TTY.
  }
  
  TEST(ColoredOutputTest, UsesColorsWhenTermSupportsColors) {
    GTEST_FLAG(color) = "auto";
  
  #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
    // On Windows, we ignore the TERM variable as it's usually not set.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "dumb");
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "");
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm");
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  #else
    // On non-Windows platforms, we rely on TERM to determine if the
    // terminal supports colors.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "dumb");  // TERM doesn't support colors.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "emacs");  // TERM doesn't support colors.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "vt100");  // TERM doesn't support colors.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm-mono");  // TERM doesn't support colors.
    EXPECT_FALSE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm-color");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "xterm-256color");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "screen");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "screen-256color");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "tmux");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "tmux-256color");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "rxvt-unicode");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "rxvt-unicode-256color");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "linux");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  
    SetEnv("TERM", "cygwin");  // TERM supports colors.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ShouldUseColor(true));  // Stdout is a TTY.
  #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  }
  
  // Verifies that StaticAssertTypeEq works in a namespace scope.
  
  static bool dummy1 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_ = StaticAssertTypeEq<bool, bool>();
  static bool dummy2 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_ =
      StaticAssertTypeEq<const int, const int>();
  
  // Verifies that StaticAssertTypeEq works in a class.
  
  template <typename T>
  class StaticAssertTypeEqTestHelper {
   public:
    StaticAssertTypeEqTestHelper() { StaticAssertTypeEq<bool, T>(); }
  };
  
  TEST(StaticAssertTypeEqTest, WorksInClass) {
    StaticAssertTypeEqTestHelper<bool>();
  }
  
  // Verifies that StaticAssertTypeEq works inside a function.
  
  typedef int IntAlias;
  
  TEST(StaticAssertTypeEqTest, CompilesForEqualTypes) {
    StaticAssertTypeEq<int, IntAlias>();
    StaticAssertTypeEq<int*, IntAlias*>();
  }
  
  TEST(HasNonfatalFailureTest, ReturnsFalseWhenThereIsNoFailure) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(HasNonfatalFailure());
  }
  
  static void FailFatally() { FAIL(); }
  
  TEST(HasNonfatalFailureTest, ReturnsFalseWhenThereIsOnlyFatalFailure) {
    FailFatally();
    const bool has_nonfatal_failure = HasNonfatalFailure();
    ClearCurrentTestPartResults();
    EXPECT_FALSE(has_nonfatal_failure);
  }
  
  TEST(HasNonfatalFailureTest, ReturnsTrueWhenThereIsNonfatalFailure) {
    ADD_FAILURE();
    const bool has_nonfatal_failure = HasNonfatalFailure();
    ClearCurrentTestPartResults();
    EXPECT_TRUE(has_nonfatal_failure);
  }
  
  TEST(HasNonfatalFailureTest, ReturnsTrueWhenThereAreFatalAndNonfatalFailures) {
    FailFatally();
    ADD_FAILURE();
    const bool has_nonfatal_failure = HasNonfatalFailure();
    ClearCurrentTestPartResults();
    EXPECT_TRUE(has_nonfatal_failure);
  }
  
  // A wrapper for calling HasNonfatalFailure outside of a test body.
  static bool HasNonfatalFailureHelper() {
    return testing::Test::HasNonfatalFailure();
  }
  
  TEST(HasNonfatalFailureTest, WorksOutsideOfTestBody) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(HasNonfatalFailureHelper());
  }
  
  TEST(HasNonfatalFailureTest, WorksOutsideOfTestBody2) {
    ADD_FAILURE();
    const bool has_nonfatal_failure = HasNonfatalFailureHelper();
    ClearCurrentTestPartResults();
    EXPECT_TRUE(has_nonfatal_failure);
  }
  
  TEST(HasFailureTest, ReturnsFalseWhenThereIsNoFailure) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(HasFailure());
  }
  
  TEST(HasFailureTest, ReturnsTrueWhenThereIsFatalFailure) {
    FailFatally();
    const bool has_failure = HasFailure();
    ClearCurrentTestPartResults();
    EXPECT_TRUE(has_failure);
  }
  
  TEST(HasFailureTest, ReturnsTrueWhenThereIsNonfatalFailure) {
    ADD_FAILURE();
    const bool has_failure = HasFailure();
    ClearCurrentTestPartResults();
    EXPECT_TRUE(has_failure);
  }
  
  TEST(HasFailureTest, ReturnsTrueWhenThereAreFatalAndNonfatalFailures) {
    FailFatally();
    ADD_FAILURE();
    const bool has_failure = HasFailure();
    ClearCurrentTestPartResults();
    EXPECT_TRUE(has_failure);
  }
  
  // A wrapper for calling HasFailure outside of a test body.
  static bool HasFailureHelper() { return testing::Test::HasFailure(); }
  
  TEST(HasFailureTest, WorksOutsideOfTestBody) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(HasFailureHelper());
  }
  
  TEST(HasFailureTest, WorksOutsideOfTestBody2) {
    ADD_FAILURE();
    const bool has_failure = HasFailureHelper();
    ClearCurrentTestPartResults();
    EXPECT_TRUE(has_failure);
  }
  
  class TestListener : public EmptyTestEventListener {
   public:
    TestListener() : on_start_counter_(nullptr), is_destroyed_(nullptr) {}
    TestListener(int* on_start_counter, bool* is_destroyed)
        : on_start_counter_(on_start_counter),
          is_destroyed_(is_destroyed) {}
  
    ~TestListener() override {
      if (is_destroyed_)
        *is_destroyed_ = true;
    }
  
   protected:
    void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) override {
      if (on_start_counter_ != nullptr) (*on_start_counter_)++;
    }
  
   private:
    int* on_start_counter_;
    bool* is_destroyed_;
  };
  
  // Tests the constructor.
  TEST(TestEventListenersTest, ConstructionWorks) {
    TestEventListeners listeners;
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners) != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(listeners.default_result_printer() == nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(listeners.default_xml_generator() == nullptr);
  }
  
  // Tests that the TestEventListeners destructor deletes all the listeners it
  // owns.
  TEST(TestEventListenersTest, DestructionWorks) {
    bool default_result_printer_is_destroyed = false;
    bool default_xml_printer_is_destroyed = false;
    bool extra_listener_is_destroyed = false;
    TestListener* default_result_printer =
        new TestListener(nullptr, &default_result_printer_is_destroyed);
    TestListener* default_xml_printer =
        new TestListener(nullptr, &default_xml_printer_is_destroyed);
    TestListener* extra_listener =
        new TestListener(nullptr, &extra_listener_is_destroyed);
  
    {
      TestEventListeners listeners;
      TestEventListenersAccessor::SetDefaultResultPrinter(&listeners,
                                                          default_result_printer);
      TestEventListenersAccessor::SetDefaultXmlGenerator(&listeners,
                                                         default_xml_printer);
      listeners.Append(extra_listener);
    }
    EXPECT_TRUE(default_result_printer_is_destroyed);
    EXPECT_TRUE(default_xml_printer_is_destroyed);
    EXPECT_TRUE(extra_listener_is_destroyed);
  }
  
  // Tests that a listener Append'ed to a TestEventListeners list starts
  // receiving events.
  TEST(TestEventListenersTest, Append) {
    int on_start_counter = 0;
    bool is_destroyed = false;
    TestListener* listener = new TestListener(&on_start_counter, &is_destroyed);
    {
      TestEventListeners listeners;
      listeners.Append(listener);
      TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
          *UnitTest::GetInstance());
      EXPECT_EQ(1, on_start_counter);
    }
    EXPECT_TRUE(is_destroyed);
  }
  
  // Tests that listeners receive events in the order they were appended to
  // the list, except for *End requests, which must be received in the reverse
  // order.
  class SequenceTestingListener : public EmptyTestEventListener {
   public:
    SequenceTestingListener(std::vector<std::string>* vector, const char* id)
        : vector_(vector), id_(id) {}
  
   protected:
    void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) override {
      vector_->push_back(GetEventDescription("OnTestProgramStart"));
    }
  
    void OnTestProgramEnd(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) override {
      vector_->push_back(GetEventDescription("OnTestProgramEnd"));
    }
  
    void OnTestIterationStart(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/,
                              int /*iteration*/) override {
      vector_->push_back(GetEventDescription("OnTestIterationStart"));
    }
  
    void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/,
                            int /*iteration*/) override {
      vector_->push_back(GetEventDescription("OnTestIterationEnd"));
    }
  
   private:
    std::string GetEventDescription(const char* method) {
      Message message;
      message << id_ << "." << method;
      return message.GetString();
    }
  
    std::vector<std::string>* vector_;
    const char* const id_;
  
    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SequenceTestingListener);
  };
  
  TEST(EventListenerTest, AppendKeepsOrder) {
    std::vector<std::string> vec;
    TestEventListeners listeners;
    listeners.Append(new SequenceTestingListener(&vec, "1st"));
    listeners.Append(new SequenceTestingListener(&vec, "2nd"));
    listeners.Append(new SequenceTestingListener(&vec, "3rd"));
  
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance());
    ASSERT_EQ(3U, vec.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1st.OnTestProgramStart", vec[0].c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("2nd.OnTestProgramStart", vec[1].c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("3rd.OnTestProgramStart", vec[2].c_str());
  
    vec.clear();
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramEnd(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance());
    ASSERT_EQ(3U, vec.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("3rd.OnTestProgramEnd", vec[0].c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("2nd.OnTestProgramEnd", vec[1].c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1st.OnTestProgramEnd", vec[2].c_str());
  
    vec.clear();
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestIterationStart(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance(), 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(3U, vec.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1st.OnTestIterationStart", vec[0].c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("2nd.OnTestIterationStart", vec[1].c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("3rd.OnTestIterationStart", vec[2].c_str());
  
    vec.clear();
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestIterationEnd(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance(), 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(3U, vec.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("3rd.OnTestIterationEnd", vec[0].c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("2nd.OnTestIterationEnd", vec[1].c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("1st.OnTestIterationEnd", vec[2].c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests that a listener removed from a TestEventListeners list stops receiving
  // events and is not deleted when the list is destroyed.
  TEST(TestEventListenersTest, Release) {
    int on_start_counter = 0;
    bool is_destroyed = false;
    // Although Append passes the ownership of this object to the list,
    // the following calls release it, and we need to delete it before the
    // test ends.
    TestListener* listener = new TestListener(&on_start_counter, &is_destroyed);
    {
      TestEventListeners listeners;
      listeners.Append(listener);
      EXPECT_EQ(listener, listeners.Release(listener));
      TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
          *UnitTest::GetInstance());
      EXPECT_TRUE(listeners.Release(listener) == nullptr);
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(0, on_start_counter);
    EXPECT_FALSE(is_destroyed);
    delete listener;
  }
  
  // Tests that no events are forwarded when event forwarding is disabled.
  TEST(EventListenerTest, SuppressEventForwarding) {
    int on_start_counter = 0;
    TestListener* listener = new TestListener(&on_start_counter, nullptr);
  
    TestEventListeners listeners;
    listeners.Append(listener);
    ASSERT_TRUE(TestEventListenersAccessor::EventForwardingEnabled(listeners));
    TestEventListenersAccessor::SuppressEventForwarding(&listeners);
    ASSERT_FALSE(TestEventListenersAccessor::EventForwardingEnabled(listeners));
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, on_start_counter);
  }
  
  // Tests that events generated by Google Test are not forwarded in
  // death test subprocesses.
  TEST(EventListenerDeathTest, EventsNotForwardedInDeathTestSubprecesses) {
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
        GTEST_CHECK_(TestEventListenersAccessor::EventForwardingEnabled(
            *GetUnitTestImpl()->listeners())) << "expected failure";},
        "expected failure");
  }
  
  // Tests that a listener installed via SetDefaultResultPrinter() starts
  // receiving events and is returned via default_result_printer() and that
  // the previous default_result_printer is removed from the list and deleted.
  TEST(EventListenerTest, default_result_printer) {
    int on_start_counter = 0;
    bool is_destroyed = false;
    TestListener* listener = new TestListener(&on_start_counter, &is_destroyed);
  
    TestEventListeners listeners;
    TestEventListenersAccessor::SetDefaultResultPrinter(&listeners, listener);
  
    EXPECT_EQ(listener, listeners.default_result_printer());
  
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance());
  
    EXPECT_EQ(1, on_start_counter);
  
    // Replacing default_result_printer with something else should remove it
    // from the list and destroy it.
    TestEventListenersAccessor::SetDefaultResultPrinter(&listeners, nullptr);
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(listeners.default_result_printer() == nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(is_destroyed);
  
    // After broadcasting an event the counter is still the same, indicating
    // the listener is not in the list anymore.
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, on_start_counter);
  }
  
  // Tests that the default_result_printer listener stops receiving events
  // when removed via Release and that is not owned by the list anymore.
  TEST(EventListenerTest, RemovingDefaultResultPrinterWorks) {
    int on_start_counter = 0;
    bool is_destroyed = false;
    // Although Append passes the ownership of this object to the list,
    // the following calls release it, and we need to delete it before the
    // test ends.
    TestListener* listener = new TestListener(&on_start_counter, &is_destroyed);
    {
      TestEventListeners listeners;
      TestEventListenersAccessor::SetDefaultResultPrinter(&listeners, listener);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(listener, listeners.Release(listener));
      EXPECT_TRUE(listeners.default_result_printer() == nullptr);
      EXPECT_FALSE(is_destroyed);
  
      // Broadcasting events now should not affect default_result_printer.
      TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
          *UnitTest::GetInstance());
      EXPECT_EQ(0, on_start_counter);
    }
    // Destroying the list should not affect the listener now, too.
    EXPECT_FALSE(is_destroyed);
    delete listener;
  }
  
  // Tests that a listener installed via SetDefaultXmlGenerator() starts
  // receiving events and is returned via default_xml_generator() and that
  // the previous default_xml_generator is removed from the list and deleted.
  TEST(EventListenerTest, default_xml_generator) {
    int on_start_counter = 0;
    bool is_destroyed = false;
    TestListener* listener = new TestListener(&on_start_counter, &is_destroyed);
  
    TestEventListeners listeners;
    TestEventListenersAccessor::SetDefaultXmlGenerator(&listeners, listener);
  
    EXPECT_EQ(listener, listeners.default_xml_generator());
  
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance());
  
    EXPECT_EQ(1, on_start_counter);
  
    // Replacing default_xml_generator with something else should remove it
    // from the list and destroy it.
    TestEventListenersAccessor::SetDefaultXmlGenerator(&listeners, nullptr);
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(listeners.default_xml_generator() == nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(is_destroyed);
  
    // After broadcasting an event the counter is still the same, indicating
    // the listener is not in the list anymore.
    TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
        *UnitTest::GetInstance());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, on_start_counter);
  }
  
  // Tests that the default_xml_generator listener stops receiving events
  // when removed via Release and that is not owned by the list anymore.
  TEST(EventListenerTest, RemovingDefaultXmlGeneratorWorks) {
    int on_start_counter = 0;
    bool is_destroyed = false;
    // Although Append passes the ownership of this object to the list,
    // the following calls release it, and we need to delete it before the
    // test ends.
    TestListener* listener = new TestListener(&on_start_counter, &is_destroyed);
    {
      TestEventListeners listeners;
      TestEventListenersAccessor::SetDefaultXmlGenerator(&listeners, listener);
  
      EXPECT_EQ(listener, listeners.Release(listener));
      EXPECT_TRUE(listeners.default_xml_generator() == nullptr);
      EXPECT_FALSE(is_destroyed);
  
      // Broadcasting events now should not affect default_xml_generator.
      TestEventListenersAccessor::GetRepeater(&listeners)->OnTestProgramStart(
          *UnitTest::GetInstance());
      EXPECT_EQ(0, on_start_counter);
    }
    // Destroying the list should not affect the listener now, too.
    EXPECT_FALSE(is_destroyed);
    delete listener;
  }
  
  // Sanity tests to ensure that the alternative, verbose spellings of
  // some of the macros work.  We don't test them thoroughly as that
  // would be quite involved.  Since their implementations are
  // straightforward, and they are rarely used, we'll just rely on the
  // users to tell us when they are broken.
  GTEST_TEST(AlternativeNameTest, Works) {  // GTEST_TEST is the same as TEST.
    GTEST_SUCCEED() << "OK";  // GTEST_SUCCEED is the same as SUCCEED.
  
    // GTEST_FAIL is the same as FAIL.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_FAIL() << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
  
    // GTEST_ASSERT_XY is the same as ASSERT_XY.
  
    GTEST_ASSERT_EQ(0, 0);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_EQ(0, 1) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_EQ(1, 0) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
  
    GTEST_ASSERT_NE(0, 1);
    GTEST_ASSERT_NE(1, 0);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_NE(0, 0) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
  
    GTEST_ASSERT_LE(0, 0);
    GTEST_ASSERT_LE(0, 1);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_LE(1, 0) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
  
    GTEST_ASSERT_LT(0, 1);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_LT(0, 0) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_LT(1, 0) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
  
    GTEST_ASSERT_GE(0, 0);
    GTEST_ASSERT_GE(1, 0);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_GE(0, 1) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
  
    GTEST_ASSERT_GT(1, 0);
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_GT(0, 1) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(GTEST_ASSERT_GT(1, 1) << "An expected failure",
                         "An expected failure");
  }
  
  // Tests for internal utilities necessary for implementation of the universal
  // printing.
  
  class ConversionHelperBase {};
  class ConversionHelperDerived : public ConversionHelperBase {};
  
  // Tests that IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value is a compile-time constant.
  TEST(IsAProtocolMessageTest, ValueIsCompileTimeConstant) {
    GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(IsAProtocolMessage<::proto2::Message>::value,
                          const_true);
    GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(!IsAProtocolMessage<int>::value, const_false);
  }
  
  // Tests that IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value is true when T is
  // proto2::Message or a sub-class of it.
  TEST(IsAProtocolMessageTest, ValueIsTrueWhenTypeIsAProtocolMessage) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsAProtocolMessage< ::proto2::Message>::value);
  }
  
  // Tests that IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value is false when T is neither
  // ::proto2::Message nor a sub-class of it.
  TEST(IsAProtocolMessageTest, ValueIsFalseWhenTypeIsNotAProtocolMessage) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsAProtocolMessage<int>::value);
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsAProtocolMessage<const ConversionHelperBase>::value);
  }
  
  // Tests GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_AND_CONST_.
  
  template <typename T1, typename T2>
  void TestGTestRemoveReferenceAndConst() {
    static_assert(std::is_same<T1, GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_AND_CONST_(T2)>::value,
                  "GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_AND_CONST_ failed.");
  }
  
  TEST(RemoveReferenceToConstTest, Works) {
    TestGTestRemoveReferenceAndConst<int, int>();
    TestGTestRemoveReferenceAndConst<double, double&>();
    TestGTestRemoveReferenceAndConst<char, const char>();
    TestGTestRemoveReferenceAndConst<char, const char&>();
    TestGTestRemoveReferenceAndConst<const char*, const char*>();
  }
  
  // Tests GTEST_REFERENCE_TO_CONST_.
  
  template <typename T1, typename T2>
  void TestGTestReferenceToConst() {
    static_assert(std::is_same<T1, GTEST_REFERENCE_TO_CONST_(T2)>::value,
                  "GTEST_REFERENCE_TO_CONST_ failed.");
  }
  
  TEST(GTestReferenceToConstTest, Works) {
    TestGTestReferenceToConst<const char&, char>();
    TestGTestReferenceToConst<const int&, const int>();
    TestGTestReferenceToConst<const double&, double>();
    TestGTestReferenceToConst<const std::string&, const std::string&>();
  }
  
  
  // Tests IsContainerTest.
  
  class NonContainer {};
  
  TEST(IsContainerTestTest, WorksForNonContainer) {
    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsNotContainer), sizeof(IsContainerTest<int>(0)));
    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsNotContainer), sizeof(IsContainerTest<char[5]>(0)));
    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsNotContainer), sizeof(IsContainerTest<NonContainer>(0)));
  }
  
  TEST(IsContainerTestTest, WorksForContainer) {
    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsContainer),
              sizeof(IsContainerTest<std::vector<bool> >(0)));
    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsContainer),
              sizeof(IsContainerTest<std::map<int, double> >(0)));
  }
  
  struct ConstOnlyContainerWithPointerIterator {
    using const_iterator = int*;
    const_iterator begin() const;
    const_iterator end() const;
  };
  
  struct ConstOnlyContainerWithClassIterator {
    struct const_iterator {
      const int& operator*() const;
      const_iterator& operator++(/* pre-increment */);
    };
    const_iterator begin() const;
    const_iterator end() const;
  };
  
  TEST(IsContainerTestTest, ConstOnlyContainer) {
    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsContainer),
              sizeof(IsContainerTest<ConstOnlyContainerWithPointerIterator>(0)));
    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(IsContainer),
              sizeof(IsContainerTest<ConstOnlyContainerWithClassIterator>(0)));
  }
  
  // Tests IsHashTable.
  struct AHashTable {
    typedef void hasher;
  };
  struct NotReallyAHashTable {
    typedef void hasher;
    typedef void reverse_iterator;
  };
  TEST(IsHashTable, Basic) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(testing::internal::IsHashTable<AHashTable>::value);
    EXPECT_FALSE(testing::internal::IsHashTable<NotReallyAHashTable>::value);
    EXPECT_FALSE(testing::internal::IsHashTable<std::vector<int>>::value);
    EXPECT_TRUE(testing::internal::IsHashTable<std::unordered_set<int>>::value);
  }
  
  // Tests ArrayEq().
  
  TEST(ArrayEqTest, WorksForDegeneratedArrays) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(5, 5L));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq('a', 0));
  }
  
  TEST(ArrayEqTest, WorksForOneDimensionalArrays) {
    // Note that a and b are distinct but compatible types.
    const int a[] = { 0, 1 };
    long b[] = { 0, 1 };
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, b));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, 2, b));
  
    b[0] = 2;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq(a, b));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq(a, 1, b));
  }
  
  TEST(ArrayEqTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalArrays) {
    const char a[][3] = { "hi", "lo" };
    const char b[][3] = { "hi", "lo" };
    const char c[][3] = { "hi", "li" };
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, b));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, 2, b));
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq(a, c));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ArrayEq(a, 2, c));
  }
  
  // Tests ArrayAwareFind().
  
  TEST(ArrayAwareFindTest, WorksForOneDimensionalArray) {
    const char a[] = "hello";
    EXPECT_EQ(a + 4, ArrayAwareFind(a, a + 5, 'o'));
    EXPECT_EQ(a + 5, ArrayAwareFind(a, a + 5, 'x'));
  }
  
  TEST(ArrayAwareFindTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalArray) {
    int a[][2] = { { 0, 1 }, { 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 } };
    const int b[2] = { 2, 3 };
    EXPECT_EQ(a + 1, ArrayAwareFind(a, a + 3, b));
  
    const int c[2] = { 6, 7 };
    EXPECT_EQ(a + 3, ArrayAwareFind(a, a + 3, c));
  }
  
  // Tests CopyArray().
  
  TEST(CopyArrayTest, WorksForDegeneratedArrays) {
    int n = 0;
    CopyArray('a', &n);
    EXPECT_EQ('a', n);
  }
  
  TEST(CopyArrayTest, WorksForOneDimensionalArrays) {
    const char a[3] = "hi";
    int b[3];
  #ifndef __BORLANDC__  // C++Builder cannot compile some array size deductions.
    CopyArray(a, &b);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, b));
  #endif
  
    int c[3];
    CopyArray(a, 3, c);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, c));
  }
  
  TEST(CopyArrayTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalArrays) {
    const int a[2][3] = { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } };
    int b[2][3];
  #ifndef __BORLANDC__  // C++Builder cannot compile some array size deductions.
    CopyArray(a, &b);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, b));
  #endif
  
    int c[2][3];
    CopyArray(a, 2, c);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ArrayEq(a, c));
  }
  
  // Tests NativeArray.
  
  TEST(NativeArrayTest, ConstructorFromArrayWorks) {
    const int a[3] = { 0, 1, 2 };
    NativeArray<int> na(a, 3, RelationToSourceReference());
    EXPECT_EQ(3U, na.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(a, na.begin());
  }
  
  TEST(NativeArrayTest, CreatesAndDeletesCopyOfArrayWhenAskedTo) {
    typedef int Array[2];
    Array* a = new Array[1];
    (*a)[0] = 0;
    (*a)[1] = 1;
    NativeArray<int> na(*a, 2, RelationToSourceCopy());
    EXPECT_NE(*a, na.begin());
    delete[] a;
    EXPECT_EQ(0, na.begin()[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, na.begin()[1]);
  
    // We rely on the heap checker to verify that na deletes the copy of
    // array.
  }
  
  TEST(NativeArrayTest, TypeMembersAreCorrect) {
    StaticAssertTypeEq<char, NativeArray<char>::value_type>();
    StaticAssertTypeEq<int[2], NativeArray<int[2]>::value_type>();
  
    StaticAssertTypeEq<const char*, NativeArray<char>::const_iterator>();
    StaticAssertTypeEq<const bool(*)[2], NativeArray<bool[2]>::const_iterator>();
  }
  
  TEST(NativeArrayTest, MethodsWork) {
    const int a[3] = { 0, 1, 2 };
    NativeArray<int> na(a, 3, RelationToSourceCopy());
    ASSERT_EQ(3U, na.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(3, na.end() - na.begin());
  
    NativeArray<int>::const_iterator it = na.begin();
    EXPECT_EQ(0, *it);
    ++it;
    EXPECT_EQ(1, *it);
    it++;
    EXPECT_EQ(2, *it);
    ++it;
    EXPECT_EQ(na.end(), it);
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(na == na);
  
    NativeArray<int> na2(a, 3, RelationToSourceReference());
    EXPECT_TRUE(na == na2);
  
    const int b1[3] = { 0, 1, 1 };
    const int b2[4] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };
    EXPECT_FALSE(na == NativeArray<int>(b1, 3, RelationToSourceReference()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(na == NativeArray<int>(b2, 4, RelationToSourceCopy()));
  }
  
  TEST(NativeArrayTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalArray) {
    const char a[2][3] = { "hi", "lo" };
    NativeArray<char[3]> na(a, 2, RelationToSourceReference());
    ASSERT_EQ(2U, na.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(a, na.begin());
  }
  
  // IndexSequence
  TEST(IndexSequence, MakeIndexSequence) {
    using testing::internal::IndexSequence;
    using testing::internal::MakeIndexSequence;
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        (std::is_same<IndexSequence<>, MakeIndexSequence<0>::type>::value));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        (std::is_same<IndexSequence<0>, MakeIndexSequence<1>::type>::value));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        (std::is_same<IndexSequence<0, 1>, MakeIndexSequence<2>::type>::value));
    EXPECT_TRUE((
        std::is_same<IndexSequence<0, 1, 2>, MakeIndexSequence<3>::type>::value));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        (std::is_base_of<IndexSequence<0, 1, 2>, MakeIndexSequence<3>>::value));
  }
  
  // ElemFromList
  TEST(ElemFromList, Basic) {
    using testing::internal::ElemFromList;
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        (std::is_same<int, ElemFromList<0, int, double, char>::type>::value));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        (std::is_same<double, ElemFromList<1, int, double, char>::type>::value));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        (std::is_same<char, ElemFromList<2, int, double, char>::type>::value));
    EXPECT_TRUE((
        std::is_same<char, ElemFromList<7, int, int, int, int, int, int, int,
                                        char, int, int, int, int>::type>::value));
  }
  
  // FlatTuple
  TEST(FlatTuple, Basic) {
    using testing::internal::FlatTuple;
  
    FlatTuple<int, double, const char*> tuple = {};
    EXPECT_EQ(0, tuple.Get<0>());
    EXPECT_EQ(0.0, tuple.Get<1>());
    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, tuple.Get<2>());
  
    tuple = FlatTuple<int, double, const char*>(7, 3.2, "Foo");
    EXPECT_EQ(7, tuple.Get<0>());
    EXPECT_EQ(3.2, tuple.Get<1>());
    EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Foo"), tuple.Get<2>());
  
    tuple.Get<1>() = 5.1;
    EXPECT_EQ(5.1, tuple.Get<1>());
  }
  
  TEST(FlatTuple, ManyTypes) {
    using testing::internal::FlatTuple;
  
    // Instantiate FlatTuple with 257 ints.
    // Tests show that we can do it with thousands of elements, but very long
    // compile times makes it unusuitable for this test.
  #define GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT8 int, int, int, int, int, int, int, int,
  #define GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT16 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT8 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT8
  #define GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT32 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT16 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT16
  #define GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT64 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT32 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT32
  #define GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT128 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT64 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT64
  #define GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT256 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT128 GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT128
  
    // Let's make sure that we can have a very long list of types without blowing
    // up the template instantiation depth.
    FlatTuple<GTEST_FLAT_TUPLE_INT256 int> tuple;
  
    tuple.Get<0>() = 7;
    tuple.Get<99>() = 17;
    tuple.Get<256>() = 1000;
    EXPECT_EQ(7, tuple.Get<0>());
    EXPECT_EQ(17, tuple.Get<99>());
    EXPECT_EQ(1000, tuple.Get<256>());
  }
  
  // Tests SkipPrefix().
  
  TEST(SkipPrefixTest, SkipsWhenPrefixMatches) {
    const char* const str = "hello";
  
    const char* p = str;
    EXPECT_TRUE(SkipPrefix("", &p));
    EXPECT_EQ(str, p);
  
    p = str;
    EXPECT_TRUE(SkipPrefix("hell", &p));
    EXPECT_EQ(str + 4, p);
  }
  
  TEST(SkipPrefixTest, DoesNotSkipWhenPrefixDoesNotMatch) {
    const char* const str = "world";
  
    const char* p = str;
    EXPECT_FALSE(SkipPrefix("W", &p));
    EXPECT_EQ(str, p);
  
    p = str;
    EXPECT_FALSE(SkipPrefix("world!", &p));
    EXPECT_EQ(str, p);
  }
  
  // Tests ad_hoc_test_result().
  TEST(AdHocTestResultTest, AdHocTestResultForUnitTestDoesNotShowFailure) {
    const testing::TestResult& test_result =
        testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->ad_hoc_test_result();
    EXPECT_FALSE(test_result.Failed());
  }
  
  class DynamicUnitTestFixture : public testing::Test {};
  
  class DynamicTest : public DynamicUnitTestFixture {
    void TestBody() override { EXPECT_TRUE(true); }
  };
  
  auto* dynamic_test = testing::RegisterTest(
      "DynamicUnitTestFixture", "DynamicTest", "TYPE", "VALUE", __FILE__,
      __LINE__, []() -> DynamicUnitTestFixture* { return new DynamicTest; });
  
  TEST(RegisterTest, WasRegistered) {
    auto* unittest = testing::UnitTest::GetInstance();
    for (int i = 0; i < unittest->total_test_suite_count(); ++i) {
      auto* tests = unittest->GetTestSuite(i);
      if (tests->name() != std::string("DynamicUnitTestFixture")) continue;
      for (int j = 0; j < tests->total_test_count(); ++j) {
        if (tests->GetTestInfo(j)->name() != std::string("DynamicTest")) continue;
        // Found it.
        EXPECT_STREQ(tests->GetTestInfo(j)->value_param(), "VALUE");
        EXPECT_STREQ(tests->GetTestInfo(j)->type_param(), "TYPE");
        return;
      }
    }
  
    FAIL() << "Didn't find the test!";
  }
  