text: # everuthing is an object. Here we instantiated an object called x and we specified that it is instantiated from the integer class:
  x = int(5)
  
  # the above is commonly used in the implicit form:
  # x = 5
  
  
  print(x)
  
  # in case you don't know what class an object was instantiated from, and want to find out, then do:
  
  print(type(x))
  
  
  y = "hello world"
  print(y)
  print(type(y))
  
  # the dir builtin function prints all the public methods available in the given object's class: 
  print(dir(y))
  # https://docs.python.org/3.3/library/functions.html#dir
  
  
  # you can use the builtin help function in repl mode to read man page for this class's public methods:
  # help(str)
  
  # here's an example of applying the string class's upper public method:
  print(y.upper())
  # https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper
  