text: /*
  
  Unicode implementation based on original code by Fredrik Lundh,
  modified by Marc-Andre Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com>.
  
  Major speed upgrades to the method implementations at the Reykjavik
  NeedForSpeed sprint, by Fredrik Lundh and Andrew Dalke.
  
  Copyright (c) Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------
  The original string type implementation is:
  
    Copyright (c) 1999 by Secret Labs AB
    Copyright (c) 1999 by Fredrik Lundh
  
  By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its
  associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood,
  and will comply with the following terms and conditions:
  
  Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
  associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
  granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all
  copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice
  appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs
  AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
  distribution of the software without specific, written prior
  permission.
  
  SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
  THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
  FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
  ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
  WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
  ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
  OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
  --------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  */
  
  #define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
  #include "Python.h"
  #include "ucnhash.h"
  #include "bytes_methods.h"
  
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
  #include <windows.h>
  #endif
  
  /* Endianness switches; defaults to little endian */
  
  #ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
  # define BYTEORDER_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
  #else
  # define BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
  #endif
  
  /* --- Globals ------------------------------------------------------------
  
     The globals are initialized by the _PyUnicode_Init() API and should
     not be used before calling that API.
  
  */
  
  
  #ifdef __cplusplus
  extern "C" {
  #endif
  
  /* Maximum code point of Unicode 6.0: 0x10ffff (1,114,111) */
  #define MAX_UNICODE 0x10ffff
  
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
  #  define _PyUnicode_CHECK(op) _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(op, 0)
  #else
  #  define _PyUnicode_CHECK(op) PyUnicode_Check(op)
  #endif
  
  #define _PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                             \
      (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->utf8)
  #define PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                              \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)),                    \
       PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op) ?                   \
           ((char*)((PyASCIIObject*)(op) + 1)) :          \
           _PyUnicode_UTF8(op))
  #define _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op)                      \
      (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->utf8_length)
  #define PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op)                       \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)),                    \
       PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op) ?                   \
           ((PyASCIIObject*)(op))->length :               \
           _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(op))
  #define _PyUnicode_WSTR(op)                             \
      (((PyASCIIObject*)(op))->wstr)
  #define _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(op)                      \
      (((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(op))->wstr_length)
  #define _PyUnicode_LENGTH(op)                           \
      (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->length)
  #define _PyUnicode_STATE(op)                            \
      (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->state)
  #define _PyUnicode_HASH(op)                             \
      (((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->hash)
  #define _PyUnicode_KIND(op)                             \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       ((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->state.kind)
  #define _PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(op)                       \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       ((PyASCIIObject *)(op))->length)
  #define _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(op)                         \
      (((PyUnicodeObject*)(op))->data.any)
  
  /* Optimized version of Py_MAX() to compute the maximum character:
     use it when your are computing the second argument of PyUnicode_New() */
  #define MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar1, maxchar2)                 \
      ((maxchar1) | (maxchar2))
  
  #undef PyUnicode_READY
  #define PyUnicode_READY(op)                             \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       (PyUnicode_IS_READY(op) ?                          \
        0 :                                               \
        _PyUnicode_Ready(op)))
  
  #define _PyUnicode_SHARE_UTF8(op)                       \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op)),           \
       (_PyUnicode_UTF8(op) == PyUnicode_DATA(op)))
  #define _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(op)                       \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       (_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == PyUnicode_DATA(op)))
  
  /* true if the Unicode object has an allocated UTF-8 memory block
     (not shared with other data) */
  #define _PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(op)                  \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(op)                   \
        && _PyUnicode_UTF8(op)                            \
        && _PyUnicode_UTF8(op) != PyUnicode_DATA(op)))
  
  /* true if the Unicode object has an allocated wstr memory block
     (not shared with other data) */
  #define _PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(op)                  \
      (assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(op)),                      \
       (_PyUnicode_WSTR(op) &&                            \
        (!PyUnicode_IS_READY(op) ||                       \
         _PyUnicode_WSTR(op) != PyUnicode_DATA(op))))
  
  /* Generic helper macro to convert characters of different types.
     from_type and to_type have to be valid type names, begin and end
     are pointers to the source characters which should be of type
     "from_type *".  to is a pointer of type "to_type *" and points to the
     buffer where the result characters are written to. */
  #define _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(from_type, to_type, begin, end, to) \
      do {                                                \
          to_type *_to = (to_type *) to;                  \
          const from_type *_iter = (begin);               \
          const from_type *_end = (end);                  \
          Py_ssize_t n = (_end) - (_iter);                \
          const from_type *_unrolled_end =                \
              _iter + (n & ~ (Py_ssize_t) 3);             \
          while (_iter < (_unrolled_end)) {               \
              _to[0] = (to_type) _iter[0];                \
              _to[1] = (to_type) _iter[1];                \
              _to[2] = (to_type) _iter[2];                \
              _to[3] = (to_type) _iter[3];                \
              _iter += 4; _to += 4;                       \
          }                                               \
          while (_iter < (_end))                          \
              *_to++ = (to_type) *_iter++;                \
      } while (0)
  
  /* This dictionary holds all interned unicode strings.  Note that references
     to strings in this dictionary are *not* counted in the string's ob_refcnt.
     When the interned string reaches a refcnt of 0 the string deallocation
     function will delete the reference from this dictionary.
  
     Another way to look at this is that to say that the actual reference
     count of a string is:  s->ob_refcnt + (s->state ? 2 : 0)
  */
  static PyObject *interned;
  
  /* The empty Unicode object is shared to improve performance. */
  static PyObject *unicode_empty;
  
  /* List of static strings. */
  static _Py_Identifier *static_strings;
  
  /* Single character Unicode strings in the Latin-1 range are being
     shared as well. */
  static PyObject *unicode_latin1[256];
  
  /* Fast detection of the most frequent whitespace characters */
  const unsigned char _Py_ascii_whitespace[] = {
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  /*     case 0x0009: * CHARACTER TABULATION */
  /*     case 0x000A: * LINE FEED */
  /*     case 0x000B: * LINE TABULATION */
  /*     case 0x000C: * FORM FEED */
  /*     case 0x000D: * CARRIAGE RETURN */
      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  /*     case 0x001C: * FILE SEPARATOR */
  /*     case 0x001D: * GROUP SEPARATOR */
  /*     case 0x001E: * RECORD SEPARATOR */
  /*     case 0x001F: * UNIT SEPARATOR */
      0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  /*     case 0x0020: * SPACE */
      1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
  };
  
  /* forward */
  static PyUnicodeObject *_PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t length);
  static PyObject* get_latin1_char(unsigned char ch);
  static int unicode_modifiable(PyObject *unicode);
  
  
  static PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_FromUCS1(const unsigned char *s, Py_ssize_t size);
  static PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_FromUCS2(const Py_UCS2 *s, Py_ssize_t size);
  static PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_FromUCS4(const Py_UCS4 *s, Py_ssize_t size);
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(const char *errors,
         PyObject **errorHandler,const char *encoding, const char *reason,
         PyObject *unicode, PyObject **exceptionObject,
         Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos, Py_ssize_t *newpos);
  
  static void
  raise_encode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
                         const char *encoding,
                         PyObject *unicode,
                         Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                         const char *reason);
  
  /* Same for linebreaks */
  static unsigned char ascii_linebreak[] = {
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  /*         0x000A, * LINE FEED */
  /*         0x000B, * LINE TABULATION */
  /*         0x000C, * FORM FEED */
  /*         0x000D, * CARRIAGE RETURN */
      0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  /*         0x001C, * FILE SEPARATOR */
  /*         0x001D, * GROUP SEPARATOR */
  /*         0x001E, * RECORD SEPARATOR */
      0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
  
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
  };
  
  /* The max unicode value is always 0x10FFFF while using the PEP-393 API.
     This function is kept for backward compatibility with the old API. */
  Py_UNICODE
  PyUnicode_GetMax(void)
  {
  #ifdef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
      return 0x10FFFF;
  #else
      /* This is actually an illegal character, so it should
         not be passed to unichr. */
      return 0xFFFF;
  #endif
  }
  
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
  int
  _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(PyObject *op, int check_content)
  {
      PyASCIIObject *ascii;
      unsigned int kind;
  
      assert(PyUnicode_Check(op));
  
      ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)op;
      kind = ascii->state.kind;
  
      if (ascii->state.ascii == 1 && ascii->state.compact == 1) {
          assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
          assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
      }
      else {
          PyCompactUnicodeObject *compact = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)op;
          void *data;
  
          if (ascii->state.compact == 1) {
              data = compact + 1;
              assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
                     || kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
                     || kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
              assert(ascii->state.ascii == 0);
              assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
              assert (compact->utf8 != data);
          }
          else {
              PyUnicodeObject *unicode = (PyUnicodeObject *)op;
  
              data = unicode->data.any;
              if (kind == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
                  assert(ascii->length == 0);
                  assert(ascii->hash == -1);
                  assert(ascii->state.compact == 0);
                  assert(ascii->state.ascii == 0);
                  assert(ascii->state.ready == 0);
                  assert(ascii->state.interned == SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED);
                  assert(ascii->wstr != NULL);
                  assert(data == NULL);
                  assert(compact->utf8 == NULL);
              }
              else {
                  assert(kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
                         || kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
                         || kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
                  assert(ascii->state.compact == 0);
                  assert(ascii->state.ready == 1);
                  assert(data != NULL);
                  if (ascii->state.ascii) {
                      assert (compact->utf8 == data);
                      assert (compact->utf8_length == ascii->length);
                  }
                  else
                      assert (compact->utf8 != data);
              }
          }
          if (kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
              if (
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
                  kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
  #else
                  kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND
  #endif
                 )
              {
                  assert(ascii->wstr == data);
                  assert(compact->wstr_length == ascii->length);
              } else
                  assert(ascii->wstr != data);
          }
  
          if (compact->utf8 == NULL)
              assert(compact->utf8_length == 0);
          if (ascii->wstr == NULL)
              assert(compact->wstr_length == 0);
      }
      /* check that the best kind is used */
      if (check_content && kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND)
      {
          Py_ssize_t i;
          Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
          void *data;
          Py_UCS4 ch;
  
          data = PyUnicode_DATA(ascii);
          for (i=0; i < ascii->length; i++)
          {
              ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
              if (ch > maxchar)
                  maxchar = ch;
          }
          if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
              if (ascii->state.ascii == 0) {
                  assert(maxchar >= 128);
                  assert(maxchar <= 255);
              }
              else
                  assert(maxchar < 128);
          }
          else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
              assert(maxchar >= 0x100);
              assert(maxchar <= 0xFFFF);
          }
          else {
              assert(maxchar >= 0x10000);
              assert(maxchar <= MAX_UNICODE);
          }
          assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, ascii->length) == 0);
      }
      return 1;
  }
  #endif
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_result_wchar(PyObject *unicode)
  {
  #ifndef Py_DEBUG
      Py_ssize_t len;
  
      assert(Py_REFCNT(unicode) == 1);
  
      len = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
      if (len == 0) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          Py_DECREF(unicode);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
      if (len == 1) {
          wchar_t ch = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[0];
          if (ch < 256) {
              PyObject *latin1_char = get_latin1_char((unsigned char)ch);
              Py_DECREF(unicode);
              return latin1_char;
          }
      }
  
      if (_PyUnicode_Ready(unicode) < 0) {
          Py_XDECREF(unicode);
          return NULL;
      }
  #else
      /* don't make the result ready in debug mode to ensure that the caller
         makes the string ready before using it */
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
  #endif
      return unicode;
  }
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_result_ready(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      Py_ssize_t length;
  
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      if (length == 0) {
          if (unicode != unicode_empty) {
              Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
              Py_DECREF(unicode);
          }
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
      if (length == 1) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, 0);
          if (ch < 256) {
              PyObject *latin1_char = unicode_latin1[ch];
              if (latin1_char != NULL) {
                  if (unicode != latin1_char) {
                      Py_INCREF(latin1_char);
                      Py_DECREF(unicode);
                  }
                  return latin1_char;
              }
              else {
                  assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
                  Py_INCREF(unicode);
                  unicode_latin1[ch] = unicode;
                  return unicode;
              }
          }
      }
  
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
      return unicode;
  }
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_result(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
      if (PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode))
          return unicode_result_ready(unicode);
      else
          return unicode_result_wchar(unicode);
  }
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_result_unchanged(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(unicode)) {
          if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
              return NULL;
          Py_INCREF(unicode);
          return unicode;
      }
      else
          /* Subtype -- return genuine unicode string with the same value. */
          return _PyUnicode_Copy(unicode);
  }
  
  #ifdef HAVE_MBCS
  static OSVERSIONINFOEX winver;
  #endif
  
  /* --- Bloom Filters ----------------------------------------------------- */
  
  /* stuff to implement simple "bloom filters" for Unicode characters.
     to keep things simple, we use a single bitmask, using the least 5
     bits from each unicode characters as the bit index. */
  
  /* the linebreak mask is set up by Unicode_Init below */
  
  #if LONG_BIT >= 128
  #define BLOOM_WIDTH 128
  #elif LONG_BIT >= 64
  #define BLOOM_WIDTH 64
  #elif LONG_BIT >= 32
  #define BLOOM_WIDTH 32
  #else
  #error "LONG_BIT is smaller than 32"
  #endif
  
  #define BLOOM_MASK unsigned long
  
  static BLOOM_MASK bloom_linebreak;
  
  #define BLOOM_ADD(mask, ch) ((mask |= (1UL << ((ch) & (BLOOM_WIDTH - 1)))))
  #define BLOOM(mask, ch)     ((mask &  (1UL << ((ch) & (BLOOM_WIDTH - 1)))))
  
  #define BLOOM_LINEBREAK(ch)                                             \
      ((ch) < 128U ? ascii_linebreak[(ch)] :                              \
       (BLOOM(bloom_linebreak, (ch)) && Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK(ch)))
  
  Py_LOCAL_INLINE(BLOOM_MASK)
  make_bloom_mask(int kind, void* ptr, Py_ssize_t len)
  {
      /* calculate simple bloom-style bitmask for a given unicode string */
  
      BLOOM_MASK mask;
      Py_ssize_t i;
  
      mask = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
          BLOOM_ADD(mask, PyUnicode_READ(kind, ptr, i));
  
      return mask;
  }
  
  #define BLOOM_MEMBER(mask, chr, str) \
      (BLOOM(mask, chr) \
       && (PyUnicode_FindChar(str, chr, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str), 1) >= 0))
  
  /* Compilation of templated routines */
  
  #include "stringlib/asciilib.h"
  #include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
  #include "stringlib/partition.h"
  #include "stringlib/split.h"
  #include "stringlib/count.h"
  #include "stringlib/find.h"
  #include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
  #include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  #include "stringlib/ucs1lib.h"
  #include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
  #include "stringlib/partition.h"
  #include "stringlib/split.h"
  #include "stringlib/count.h"
  #include "stringlib/find.h"
  #include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
  #include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  #include "stringlib/ucs2lib.h"
  #include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
  #include "stringlib/partition.h"
  #include "stringlib/split.h"
  #include "stringlib/count.h"
  #include "stringlib/find.h"
  #include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
  #include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  #include "stringlib/ucs4lib.h"
  #include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
  #include "stringlib/partition.h"
  #include "stringlib/split.h"
  #include "stringlib/count.h"
  #include "stringlib/find.h"
  #include "stringlib/find_max_char.h"
  #include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  #include "stringlib/unicodedefs.h"
  #include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
  #include "stringlib/count.h"
  #include "stringlib/find.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  /* --- Unicode Object ----------------------------------------------------- */
  
  static PyObject *
  fixup(PyObject *self, Py_UCS4 (*fixfct)(PyObject *s));
  
  Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t) findchar(void *s, int kind,
                                       Py_ssize_t size, Py_UCS4 ch,
                                       int direction)
  {
      int mode = (direction == 1) ? FAST_SEARCH : FAST_RSEARCH;
  
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          {
              Py_UCS1 ch1 = (Py_UCS1) ch;
              if (ch1 == ch)
                  return ucs1lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS1 *) s, size, &ch1, 1, 0, mode);
              else
                  return -1;
          }
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          {
              Py_UCS2 ch2 = (Py_UCS2) ch;
              if (ch2 == ch)
                  return ucs2lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS2 *) s, size, &ch2, 1, 0, mode);
              else
                  return -1;
          }
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs4lib_fastsearch((Py_UCS4 *) s, size, &ch, 1, 0, mode);
      default:
          assert(0);
          return -1;
      }
  }
  
  static PyObject*
  resize_compact(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
  {
      Py_ssize_t char_size;
      Py_ssize_t struct_size;
      Py_ssize_t new_size;
      int share_wstr;
      PyObject *new_unicode;
      assert(unicode_modifiable(unicode));
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode));
  
      char_size = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
          struct_size = sizeof(PyASCIIObject);
      else
          struct_size = sizeof(PyCompactUnicodeObject);
      share_wstr = _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(unicode);
  
      if (length > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - struct_size) / char_size - 1)) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return NULL;
      }
      new_size = (struct_size + (length + 1) * char_size);
  
      _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
      _Py_ForgetReference(unicode);
  
      new_unicode = (PyObject *)PyObject_REALLOC((char *)unicode, new_size);
      if (new_unicode == NULL) {
          _Py_NewReference(unicode);
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return NULL;
      }
      unicode = new_unicode;
      _Py_NewReference(unicode);
  
      _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
      if (share_wstr) {
          _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
          if (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
              _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
      }
      PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
                      length, 0);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 0));
      return unicode;
  }
  
  static int
  resize_inplace(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
  {
      wchar_t *wstr;
      Py_ssize_t new_size;
      assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode));
      assert(Py_REFCNT(unicode) == 1);
  
      if (PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode)) {
          Py_ssize_t char_size;
          int share_wstr, share_utf8;
          void *data;
  
          data = _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode);
          char_size = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
          share_wstr = _PyUnicode_SHARE_WSTR(unicode);
          share_utf8 = _PyUnicode_SHARE_UTF8(unicode);
  
          if (length > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / char_size - 1)) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return -1;
          }
          new_size = (length + 1) * char_size;
  
          if (!share_utf8 && _PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(unicode))
          {
              PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode));
              _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
              _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
          }
  
          data = (PyObject *)PyObject_REALLOC(data, new_size);
          if (data == NULL) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return -1;
          }
          _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = data;
          if (share_wstr) {
              _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = data;
              _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
          }
          if (share_utf8) {
              _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = data;
              _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
          }
          _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
          PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), data, length, 0);
          if (share_wstr || _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == NULL) {
              assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 0));
              return 0;
          }
      }
      assert(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) != NULL);
  
      /* check for integer overflow */
      if (length > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) - 1) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return -1;
      }
      new_size = sizeof(wchar_t) * (length + 1);
      wstr =  _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
      wstr = PyObject_REALLOC(wstr, new_size);
      if (!wstr) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return -1;
      }
      _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = wstr;
      _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[length] = 0;
      _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 0));
      return 0;
  }
  
  static PyObject*
  resize_copy(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
  {
      Py_ssize_t copy_length;
      if (_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
          PyObject *copy;
  
          if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
              return NULL;
  
          copy = PyUnicode_New(length, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode));
          if (copy == NULL)
              return NULL;
  
          copy_length = Py_MIN(length, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(copy, 0, unicode, 0, copy_length);
          return copy;
      }
      else {
          PyObject *w;
  
          w = (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(length);
          if (w == NULL)
              return NULL;
          copy_length = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
          copy_length = Py_MIN(copy_length, length);
          Py_UNICODE_COPY(_PyUnicode_WSTR(w), _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode),
                          copy_length);
          return w;
      }
  }
  
  /* We allocate one more byte to make sure the string is
     Ux0000 terminated; some code (e.g. new_identifier)
     relies on that.
  
     XXX This allocator could further be enhanced by assuring that the
     free list never reduces its size below 1.
  
  */
  
  static PyUnicodeObject *
  _PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t length)
  {
      register PyUnicodeObject *unicode;
      size_t new_size;
  
      /* Optimization for empty strings */
      if (length == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return (PyUnicodeObject*)unicode_empty;
      }
  
      /* Ensure we won't overflow the size. */
      if (length > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(Py_UNICODE)) - 1)) {
          return (PyUnicodeObject *)PyErr_NoMemory();
      }
      if (length < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                          "Negative size passed to _PyUnicode_New");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      unicode = PyObject_New(PyUnicodeObject, &PyUnicode_Type);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
      new_size = sizeof(Py_UNICODE) * ((size_t)length + 1);
      _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (Py_UNICODE*) PyObject_MALLOC(new_size);
      if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
          Py_DECREF(unicode);
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return NULL;
      }
  
      /* Initialize the first element to guard against cases where
       * the caller fails before initializing str -- unicode_resize()
       * reads str[0], and the Keep-Alive optimization can keep memory
       * allocated for str alive across a call to unicode_dealloc(unicode).
       * We don't want unicode_resize to read uninitialized memory in
       * that case.
       */
      _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[0] = 0;
      _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)[length] = 0;
      _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = length;
      _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode) = -1;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned = 0;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = 0;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).compact = 0;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 0;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 0;
      _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = NULL;
      _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
      _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
      _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency((PyObject *)unicode, 0));
      return unicode;
  }
  
  static const char*
  unicode_kind_name(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      /* don't check consistency: unicode_kind_name() is called from
         _PyUnicode_Dump() */
      if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode))
      {
          if (!PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode))
              return "wstr";
          switch (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode))
          {
          case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
              if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
                  return "legacy ascii";
              else
                  return "legacy latin1";
          case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
              return "legacy UCS2";
          case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
              return "legacy UCS4";
          default:
              return "<legacy invalid kind>";
          }
      }
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
      switch (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode)) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
              return "ascii";
          else
              return "latin1";
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          return "UCS2";
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          return "UCS4";
      default:
          return "<invalid compact kind>";
      }
  }
  
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
  /* Functions wrapping macros for use in debugger */
  char *_PyUnicode_utf8(void *unicode){
      return PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode);
  }
  
  void *_PyUnicode_compact_data(void *unicode) {
      return _PyUnicode_COMPACT_DATA(unicode);
  }
  void *_PyUnicode_data(void *unicode){
      printf("obj %p\n", unicode);
      printf("compact %d\n", PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode));
      printf("compact ascii %d\n", PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode));
      printf("ascii op %p\n", ((void*)((PyASCIIObject*)(unicode) + 1)));
      printf("compact op %p\n", ((void*)((PyCompactUnicodeObject*)(unicode) + 1)));
      printf("compact data %p\n", _PyUnicode_COMPACT_DATA(unicode));
      return PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
  }
  
  void
  _PyUnicode_Dump(PyObject *op)
  {
      PyASCIIObject *ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)op;
      PyCompactUnicodeObject *compact = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)op;
      PyUnicodeObject *unicode = (PyUnicodeObject *)op;
      void *data;
  
      if (ascii->state.compact)
      {
          if (ascii->state.ascii)
              data = (ascii + 1);
          else
              data = (compact + 1);
      }
      else
          data = unicode->data.any;
      printf("%s: len=%zu, ",unicode_kind_name(op), ascii->length);
  
      if (ascii->wstr == data)
          printf("shared ");
      printf("wstr=%p", ascii->wstr);
  
      if (!(ascii->state.ascii == 1 && ascii->state.compact == 1)) {
          printf(" (%zu), ", compact->wstr_length);
          if (!ascii->state.compact && compact->utf8 == unicode->data.any)
              printf("shared ");
          printf("utf8=%p (%zu)", compact->utf8, compact->utf8_length);
      }
      printf(", data=%p\n", data);
  }
  #endif
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_New(Py_ssize_t size, Py_UCS4 maxchar)
  {
      PyObject *obj;
      PyCompactUnicodeObject *unicode;
      void *data;
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
      int is_sharing, is_ascii;
      Py_ssize_t char_size;
      Py_ssize_t struct_size;
  
      /* Optimization for empty strings */
      if (size == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
      is_ascii = 0;
      is_sharing = 0;
      struct_size = sizeof(PyCompactUnicodeObject);
      if (maxchar < 128) {
          kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
          char_size = 1;
          is_ascii = 1;
          struct_size = sizeof(PyASCIIObject);
      }
      else if (maxchar < 256) {
          kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
          char_size = 1;
      }
      else if (maxchar < 65536) {
          kind = PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND;
          char_size = 2;
          if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
              is_sharing = 1;
      }
      else {
          if (maxchar > MAX_UNICODE) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                              "invalid maximum character passed to PyUnicode_New");
              return NULL;
          }
          kind = PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
          char_size = 4;
          if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 4)
              is_sharing = 1;
      }
  
      /* Ensure we won't overflow the size. */
      if (size < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                          "Negative size passed to PyUnicode_New");
          return NULL;
      }
      if (size > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - struct_size) / char_size - 1))
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
  
      /* Duplicated allocation code from _PyObject_New() instead of a call to
       * PyObject_New() so we are able to allocate space for the object and
       * it's data buffer.
       */
      obj = (PyObject *) PyObject_MALLOC(struct_size + (size + 1) * char_size);
      if (obj == NULL)
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
      obj = PyObject_INIT(obj, &PyUnicode_Type);
      if (obj == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      unicode = (PyCompactUnicodeObject *)obj;
      if (is_ascii)
          data = ((PyASCIIObject*)obj) + 1;
      else
          data = unicode + 1;
      _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = size;
      _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode) = -1;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned = 0;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = kind;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).compact = 1;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 1;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = is_ascii;
      if (is_ascii) {
          ((char*)data)[size] = 0;
          _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
      }
      else if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
          ((char*)data)[size] = 0;
          _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
          _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
          unicode->utf8 = NULL;
          unicode->utf8_length = 0;
      }
      else {
          unicode->utf8 = NULL;
          unicode->utf8_length = 0;
          if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND)
              ((Py_UCS2*)data)[size] = 0;
          else /* kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND */
              ((Py_UCS4*)data)[size] = 0;
          if (is_sharing) {
              _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = size;
              _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *)data;
          }
          else {
              _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
              _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
          }
      }
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      /* Fill the data with invalid characters to detect bugs earlier.
         _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(str, 1) detects invalid characters,
         at least for ASCII and UCS-4 strings. U+00FF is invalid in ASCII
         and U+FFFFFFFF is an invalid character in Unicode 6.0. */
      memset(data, 0xff, size * kind);
  #endif
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency((PyObject*)unicode, 0));
      return obj;
  }
  
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
  /* Helper function to convert a 16-bits wchar_t representation to UCS4, this
     will decode surrogate pairs, the other conversions are implemented as macros
     for efficiency.
  
     This function assumes that unicode can hold one more code point than wstr
     characters for a terminating null character. */
  static void
  unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4(const wchar_t *begin, const wchar_t *end,
                                PyObject *unicode)
  {
      const wchar_t *iter;
      Py_UCS4 *ucs4_out;
  
      assert(unicode != NULL);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
      assert(_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
      ucs4_out = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
  
      for (iter = begin; iter < end; ) {
          assert(ucs4_out < (PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode) +
                             _PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)));
          if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(iter[0])
              && (iter+1) < end
              && Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(iter[1]))
          {
              *ucs4_out++ = Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(iter[0], iter[1]);
              iter += 2;
          }
          else {
              *ucs4_out++ = *iter;
              iter++;
          }
      }
      assert(ucs4_out == (PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode) +
                          _PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)));
  
  }
  #endif
  
  static int
  unicode_check_modifiable(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      if (!unicode_modifiable(unicode)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                          "Cannot modify a string currently used");
          return -1;
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  static int
  _copy_characters(PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
                   PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start,
                   Py_ssize_t how_many, int check_maxchar)
  {
      unsigned int from_kind, to_kind;
      void *from_data, *to_data;
  
      assert(0 <= how_many);
      assert(0 <= from_start);
      assert(0 <= to_start);
      assert(PyUnicode_Check(from));
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(from));
      assert(from_start + how_many <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(from));
  
      assert(PyUnicode_Check(to));
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(to));
      assert(to_start + how_many <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to));
  
      if (how_many == 0)
          return 0;
  
      from_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(from);
      from_data = PyUnicode_DATA(from);
      to_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(to);
      to_data = PyUnicode_DATA(to);
  
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      if (!check_maxchar
          && PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(from) > PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to))
      {
          const Py_UCS4 to_maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to);
          Py_UCS4 ch;
          Py_ssize_t i;
          for (i=0; i < how_many; i++) {
              ch = PyUnicode_READ(from_kind, from_data, from_start + i);
              assert(ch <= to_maxchar);
          }
      }
  #endif
  
      if (from_kind == to_kind) {
          if (check_maxchar
              && !PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(from) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(to))
          {
              /* Writing Latin-1 characters into an ASCII string requires to
                 check that all written characters are pure ASCII */
              Py_UCS4 max_char;
              max_char = ucs1lib_find_max_char(from_data,
                                               (Py_UCS1*)from_data + how_many);
              if (max_char >= 128)
                  return -1;
          }
          Py_MEMCPY((char*)to_data + to_kind * to_start,
                    (char*)from_data + from_kind * from_start,
                    to_kind * how_many);
      }
      else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
               && to_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND)
      {
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
              Py_UCS1, Py_UCS2,
              PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
              PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
              PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
              );
      }
      else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND
               && to_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND)
      {
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
              Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4,
              PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
              PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
              PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
              );
      }
      else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
               && to_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND)
      {
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
              Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4,
              PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
              PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
              PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
              );
      }
      else {
          assert (PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(from) > PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to));
  
          if (!check_maxchar) {
              if (from_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND
                  && to_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND)
              {
                  _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                      Py_UCS2, Py_UCS1,
                      PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
                      PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
                      PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
                      );
              }
              else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND
                       && to_kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND)
              {
                  _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                      Py_UCS4, Py_UCS1,
                      PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
                      PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
                      PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
                      );
              }
              else if (from_kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND
                       && to_kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND)
              {
                  _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                      Py_UCS4, Py_UCS2,
                      PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start,
                      PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(from) + from_start + how_many,
                      PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(to) + to_start
                      );
              }
              else {
                  assert(0);
                  return -1;
              }
          }
          else {
              const Py_UCS4 to_maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(to);
              Py_UCS4 ch;
              Py_ssize_t i;
  
              for (i=0; i < how_many; i++) {
                  ch = PyUnicode_READ(from_kind, from_data, from_start + i);
                  if (ch > to_maxchar)
                      return -1;
                  PyUnicode_WRITE(to_kind, to_data, to_start + i, ch);
              }
          }
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  void
  _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(
      PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
      PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start, Py_ssize_t how_many)
  {
      (void)_copy_characters(to, to_start, from, from_start, how_many, 0);
  }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(PyObject *to, Py_ssize_t to_start,
                           PyObject *from, Py_ssize_t from_start,
                           Py_ssize_t how_many)
  {
      int err;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(from) || !PyUnicode_Check(to)) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return -1;
      }
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(from) == -1)
          return -1;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(to) == -1)
          return -1;
  
      if (from_start < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
          return -1;
      }
      if (to_start < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
          return -1;
      }
      how_many = Py_MIN(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(from), how_many);
      if (to_start + how_many > PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to)) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                       "Cannot write %zi characters at %zi "
                       "in a string of %zi characters",
                       how_many, to_start, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(to));
          return -1;
      }
  
      if (how_many == 0)
          return 0;
  
      if (unicode_check_modifiable(to))
          return -1;
  
      err = _copy_characters(to, to_start, from, from_start, how_many, 1);
      if (err) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                       "Cannot copy %s characters "
                       "into a string of %s characters",
                       unicode_kind_name(from),
                       unicode_kind_name(to));
          return -1;
      }
      return how_many;
  }
  
  /* Find the maximum code point and count the number of surrogate pairs so a
     correct string length can be computed before converting a string to UCS4.
     This function counts single surrogates as a character and not as a pair.
  
     Return 0 on success, or -1 on error. */
  static int
  find_maxchar_surrogates(const wchar_t *begin, const wchar_t *end,
                          Py_UCS4 *maxchar, Py_ssize_t *num_surrogates)
  {
      const wchar_t *iter;
      Py_UCS4 ch;
  
      assert(num_surrogates != NULL && maxchar != NULL);
      *num_surrogates = 0;
      *maxchar = 0;
  
      for (iter = begin; iter < end; ) {
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
          if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(iter[0])
              && (iter+1) < end
              && Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(iter[1]))
          {
              ch = Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(iter[0], iter[1]);
              ++(*num_surrogates);
              iter += 2;
          }
          else
  #endif
          {
              ch = *iter;
              iter++;
          }
          if (ch > *maxchar) {
              *maxchar = ch;
              if (*maxchar > MAX_UNICODE) {
                  PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                               "character U+%x is not in range [U+0000; U+10ffff]",
                               ch);
                  return -1;
              }
          }
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  int
  _PyUnicode_Ready(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      wchar_t *end;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
      Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
      Py_ssize_t length_wo_surrogates;
  #endif
  
      /* _PyUnicode_Ready() is only intended for old-style API usage where
         strings were created using _PyObject_New() and where no canonical
         representation (the str field) has been set yet aka strings
         which are not yet ready. */
      assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
      assert(_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND);
      assert(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) != NULL);
      assert(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) == NULL);
      assert(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL);
      /* Actually, it should neither be interned nor be anything else: */
      assert(_PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).interned == SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED);
  
      end = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) + _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
      if (find_maxchar_surrogates(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
                                  &maxchar, &num_surrogates) == -1)
          return -1;
  
      if (maxchar < 256) {
          _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) + 1);
          if (!_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return -1;
          }
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(wchar_t, unsigned char,
                                  _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
                                  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode));
          PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
          _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
          _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
          if (maxchar < 128) {
              _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 1;
              _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode);
              _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
          }
          else {
              _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii = 0;
              _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
              _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
          }
          PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
          _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
          _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
      }
      /* In this case we might have to convert down from 4-byte native
         wchar_t to 2-byte unicode. */
      else if (maxchar < 65536) {
          assert(num_surrogates == 0 &&
                 "FindMaxCharAndNumSurrogatePairs() messed up");
  
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
          /* We can share representations and are done. */
          _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
          PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
          _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
          _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
  #else
          /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 */
          _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(
              2 * (_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) + 1));
          if (!_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return -1;
          }
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(wchar_t, Py_UCS2,
                                  _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end,
                                  PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode));
          PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
          _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
          _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
          PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
          _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
          _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
  #endif
      }
      /* maxchar exeeds 16 bit, wee need 4 bytes for unicode characters */
      else {
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
          /* in case the native representation is 2-bytes, we need to allocate a
             new normalized 4-byte version. */
          length_wo_surrogates = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) - num_surrogates;
          _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(4 * (length_wo_surrogates + 1));
          if (!_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return -1;
          }
          _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = length_wo_surrogates;
          _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
          /* unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4() requires a ready string */
          _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 1;
          unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode), end, unicode);
          PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
          _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
          _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
  #else
          assert(num_surrogates == 0);
  
          _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
          _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
          _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = NULL;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = 0;
          _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).kind = PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
  #endif
          PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode)[_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode)] = '\0';
      }
      _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ready = 1;
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
      return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  unicode_dealloc(register PyObject *unicode)
  {
      switch (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(unicode)) {
      case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED:
          break;
  
      case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL:
          /* revive dead object temporarily for DelItem */
          Py_REFCNT(unicode) = 3;
          if (PyDict_DelItem(interned, unicode) != 0)
              Py_FatalError(
                  "deletion of interned string failed");
          break;
  
      case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL:
          Py_FatalError("Immortal interned string died.");
  
      default:
          Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state.");
      }
  
      if (_PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(unicode))
          PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
      if (_PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(unicode))
          PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode));
      if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode) && _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode))
          PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode));
  
      Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_free(unicode);
  }
  
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
  static int
  unicode_is_singleton(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      PyASCIIObject *ascii = (PyASCIIObject *)unicode;
      if (unicode == unicode_empty)
          return 1;
      if (ascii->state.kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND && ascii->length == 1)
      {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, 0);
          if (ch < 256 && unicode_latin1[ch] == unicode)
              return 1;
      }
      return 0;
  }
  #endif
  
  static int
  unicode_modifiable(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
      if (Py_REFCNT(unicode) != 1)
          return 0;
      if (_PyUnicode_HASH(unicode) != -1)
          return 0;
      if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(unicode))
          return 0;
      if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(unicode))
          return 0;
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      /* singleton refcount is greater than 1 */
      assert(!unicode_is_singleton(unicode));
  #endif
      return 1;
  }
  
  static int
  unicode_resize(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
  {
      PyObject *unicode;
      Py_ssize_t old_length;
  
      assert(p_unicode != NULL);
      unicode = *p_unicode;
  
      assert(unicode != NULL);
      assert(PyUnicode_Check(unicode));
      assert(0 <= length);
  
      if (_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND)
          old_length = PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
      else
          old_length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      if (old_length == length)
          return 0;
  
      if (length == 0) {
          Py_DECREF(*p_unicode);
          *p_unicode = unicode_empty;
          Py_INCREF(*p_unicode);
          return 0;
      }
  
      if (!unicode_modifiable(unicode)) {
          PyObject *copy = resize_copy(unicode, length);
          if (copy == NULL)
              return -1;
          Py_DECREF(*p_unicode);
          *p_unicode = copy;
          return 0;
      }
  
      if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode)) {
          PyObject *new_unicode = resize_compact(unicode, length);
          if (new_unicode == NULL)
              return -1;
          *p_unicode = new_unicode;
          return 0;
      }
      return resize_inplace(unicode, length);
  }
  
  int
  PyUnicode_Resize(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
  {
      PyObject *unicode;
      if (p_unicode == NULL) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return -1;
      }
      unicode = *p_unicode;
      if (unicode == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || length < 0)
      {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return -1;
      }
      return unicode_resize(p_unicode, length);
  }
  
  static int
  unicode_widen(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t length,
                unsigned int maxchar)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(*p_unicode));
      assert(length <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*p_unicode));
      if (maxchar <= PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(*p_unicode))
          return 0;
      result = PyUnicode_New(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*p_unicode),
                             maxchar);
      if (result == NULL)
          return -1;
      _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(result, 0, *p_unicode, 0, length);
      Py_DECREF(*p_unicode);
      *p_unicode = result;
      return 0;
  }
  
  static int
  unicode_putchar(PyObject **p_unicode, Py_ssize_t *pos,
                  Py_UCS4 ch)
  {
      assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
      if (unicode_widen(p_unicode, *pos, ch) < 0)
          return -1;
      PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(*p_unicode),
                      PyUnicode_DATA(*p_unicode),
                      (*pos)++, ch);
      return 0;
  }
  
  /* Copy a ASCII or latin1 char* string into a Python Unicode string.
  
     WARNING: The function doesn't copy the terminating null character and
     doesn't check the maximum character (may write a latin1 character in an
     ASCII string). */
  static void
  unicode_write_cstr(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index,
                     const char *str, Py_ssize_t len)
  {
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
      const char *end = str + len;
  
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: {
          assert(index + len <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
          memcpy((char *) data + index, str, len);
          break;
      }
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: {
          Py_UCS2 *start = (Py_UCS2 *)data + index;
          Py_UCS2 *ucs2 = start;
          assert(index <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
  
          for (; str < end; ++ucs2, ++str)
              *ucs2 = (Py_UCS2)*str;
  
          assert((ucs2 - start) <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
          break;
      }
      default: {
          Py_UCS4 *start = (Py_UCS4 *)data + index;
          Py_UCS4 *ucs4 = start;
          assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
          assert(index <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
  
          for (; str < end; ++ucs4, ++str)
              *ucs4 = (Py_UCS4)*str;
  
          assert((ucs4 - start) <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
      }
      }
  }
  
  
  static PyObject*
  get_latin1_char(unsigned char ch)
  {
      PyObject *unicode = unicode_latin1[ch];
      if (!unicode) {
          unicode = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
          if (!unicode)
              return NULL;
          PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode)[0] = ch;
          assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
          unicode_latin1[ch] = unicode;
      }
      Py_INCREF(unicode);
      return unicode;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromUnicode(const Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      PyObject *unicode;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0;
      Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;
  
      if (u == NULL)
          return (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(size);
  
      /* If the Unicode data is known at construction time, we can apply
         some optimizations which share commonly used objects. */
  
      /* Optimization for empty strings */
      if (size == 0 && unicode_empty != NULL) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
      /* Single character Unicode objects in the Latin-1 range are
         shared when using this constructor */
      if (size == 1 && *u < 256)
          return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)*u);
  
      /* If not empty and not single character, copy the Unicode data
         into the new object */
      if (find_maxchar_surrogates(u, u + size,
                                  &maxchar, &num_surrogates) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      unicode = PyUnicode_New(size - num_surrogates, maxchar);
      if (!unicode)
          return NULL;
  
      switch (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode)) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UNICODE, unsigned char,
                                  u, u + size, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode));
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
  #if Py_UNICODE_SIZE == 2
          Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode), u, size * 2);
  #else
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UNICODE, Py_UCS2,
                                  u, u + size, PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode));
  #endif
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
          /* This is the only case which has to process surrogates, thus
             a simple copy loop is not enough and we need a function. */
          unicode_convert_wchar_to_ucs4(u, u + size, unicode);
  #else
          assert(num_surrogates == 0);
          Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode), u, size * 4);
  #endif
          break;
      default:
          assert(0 && "Impossible state");
      }
  
      return unicode_result(unicode);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(const char *u, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      if (size < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                          "Negative size passed to PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize");
          return NULL;
      }
      if (u != NULL)
          return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(u, size, NULL, NULL);
      else
          return (PyObject *)_PyUnicode_New(size);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromString(const char *u)
  {
      size_t size = strlen(u);
      if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "input too long");
          return NULL;
      }
      return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(u, (Py_ssize_t)size, NULL, NULL);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_FromId(_Py_Identifier *id)
  {
      if (!id->object) {
          id->object = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(id->string,
                                                    strlen(id->string),
                                                    NULL, NULL);
          if (!id->object)
              return NULL;
          PyUnicode_InternInPlace(&id->object);
          assert(!id->next);
          id->next = static_strings;
          static_strings = id;
      }
      return id->object;
  }
  
  void
  _PyUnicode_ClearStaticStrings()
  {
      _Py_Identifier *i;
      for (i = static_strings; i; i = i->next) {
          Py_DECREF(i->object);
          i->object = NULL;
          i->next = NULL;
      }
  }
  
  /* Internal function, doesn't check maximum character */
  
  PyObject*
  _PyUnicode_FromASCII(const char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      const unsigned char *s = (const unsigned char *)buffer;
      PyObject *unicode;
      if (size == 1) {
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
          assert(s[0] < 128);
  #endif
          return get_latin1_char(s[0]);
      }
      unicode = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
      if (!unicode)
          return NULL;
      memcpy(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode), s, size);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
      return unicode;
  }
  
  static Py_UCS4
  kind_maxchar_limit(unsigned int kind)
  {
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          return 0x80;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          return 0x100;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          return 0x10000;
      default:
          assert(0 && "invalid kind");
          return MAX_UNICODE;
      }
  }
  
  Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_UCS4)
  align_maxchar(Py_UCS4 maxchar)
  {
      if (maxchar <= 127)
          return 127;
      else if (maxchar <= 255)
          return 255;
      else if (maxchar <= 65535)
          return 65535;
      else
          return MAX_UNICODE;
  }
  
  static PyObject*
  _PyUnicode_FromUCS1(const unsigned char* u, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      PyObject *res;
      unsigned char max_char;
  
      if (size == 0) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
      assert(size > 0);
      if (size == 1)
          return get_latin1_char(u[0]);
  
      max_char = ucs1lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
      res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
      if (!res)
          return NULL;
      memcpy(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res), u, size);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
      return res;
  }
  
  static PyObject*
  _PyUnicode_FromUCS2(const Py_UCS2 *u, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      PyObject *res;
      Py_UCS2 max_char;
  
      if (size == 0) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
      assert(size > 0);
      if (size == 1) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = u[0];
          if (ch < 256)
              return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)ch);
  
          res = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
          if (res == NULL)
              return NULL;
          PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(res), PyUnicode_DATA(res), 0, ch);
          assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
          return res;
      }
  
      max_char = ucs2lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
      res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
      if (!res)
          return NULL;
      if (max_char >= 256)
          memcpy(PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(res), u, sizeof(Py_UCS2)*size);
      else {
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
              Py_UCS2, Py_UCS1, u, u + size, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res));
      }
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
      return res;
  }
  
  static PyObject*
  _PyUnicode_FromUCS4(const Py_UCS4 *u, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      PyObject *res;
      Py_UCS4 max_char;
  
      if (size == 0) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
      assert(size > 0);
      if (size == 1) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = u[0];
          if (ch < 256)
              return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)ch);
  
          res = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
          if (res == NULL)
              return NULL;
          PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(res), PyUnicode_DATA(res), 0, ch);
          assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
          return res;
      }
  
      max_char = ucs4lib_find_max_char(u, u + size);
      res = PyUnicode_New(size, max_char);
      if (!res)
          return NULL;
      if (max_char < 256)
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS4, Py_UCS1, u, u + size,
                                   PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res));
      else if (max_char < 0x10000)
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS4, Py_UCS2, u, u + size,
                                   PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(res));
      else
          memcpy(PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(res), u, sizeof(Py_UCS4)*size);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
      return res;
  }
  
  PyObject*
  PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(int kind, const void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      if (size < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "size must be positive");
          return NULL;
      }
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          return _PyUnicode_FromUCS1(buffer, size);
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          return _PyUnicode_FromUCS2(buffer, size);
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          return _PyUnicode_FromUCS4(buffer, size);
      default:
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid kind");
          return NULL;
      }
  }
  
  Py_UCS4
  _PyUnicode_FindMaxChar(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
  {
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
      void *startptr, *endptr;
  
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
      assert(0 <= start);
      assert(end <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
      assert(start <= end);
  
      if (start == 0 && end == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode))
          return PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode);
  
      if (start == end)
          return 127;
  
      if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
          return 127;
  
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      startptr = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
      endptr = (char *)startptr + end * kind;
      startptr = (char *)startptr + start * kind;
      switch(kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs1lib_find_max_char(startptr, endptr);
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs2lib_find_max_char(startptr, endptr);
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs4lib_find_max_char(startptr, endptr);
      default:
          assert(0);
          return 0;
      }
  }
  
  /* Ensure that a string uses the most efficient storage, if it is not the
     case: create a new string with of the right kind. Write NULL into *p_unicode
     on error. */
  static void
  unicode_adjust_maxchar(PyObject **p_unicode)
  {
      PyObject *unicode, *copy;
      Py_UCS4 max_char;
      Py_ssize_t len;
      unsigned int kind;
  
      assert(p_unicode != NULL);
      unicode = *p_unicode;
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
      if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
          return;
  
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
          const Py_UCS1 *u = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode);
          max_char = ucs1lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
          if (max_char >= 128)
              return;
      }
      else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
          const Py_UCS2 *u = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode);
          max_char = ucs2lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
          if (max_char >= 256)
              return;
      }
      else {
          const Py_UCS4 *u = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
          assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
          max_char = ucs4lib_find_max_char(u, u + len);
          if (max_char >= 0x10000)
              return;
      }
      copy = PyUnicode_New(len, max_char);
      if (copy != NULL)
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(copy, 0, unicode, 0, len);
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      *p_unicode = copy;
  }
  
  PyObject*
  _PyUnicode_Copy(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      Py_ssize_t length;
      PyObject *copy;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      copy = PyUnicode_New(length, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode));
      if (!copy)
          return NULL;
      assert(PyUnicode_KIND(copy) == PyUnicode_KIND(unicode));
  
      Py_MEMCPY(PyUnicode_DATA(copy), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
                length * PyUnicode_KIND(unicode));
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(copy, 1));
      return copy;
  }
  
  
  /* Widen Unicode objects to larger buffers. Don't write terminating null
     character. Return NULL on error. */
  
  void*
  _PyUnicode_AsKind(PyObject *s, unsigned int kind)
  {
      Py_ssize_t len;
      void *result;
      unsigned int skind;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(s) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s);
      skind = PyUnicode_KIND(s);
      if (skind >= kind) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid widening attempt");
          return NULL;
      }
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          result = PyMem_Malloc(len * sizeof(Py_UCS2));
          if (!result)
              return PyErr_NoMemory();
          assert(skind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
              Py_UCS1, Py_UCS2,
              PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s),
              PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
              result);
          return result;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          result = PyMem_Malloc(len * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
          if (!result)
              return PyErr_NoMemory();
          if (skind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
              _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                  Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4,
                  PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(s),
                  PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
                  result);
          }
          else {
              assert(skind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
              _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(
                  Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4,
                  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s),
                  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(s) + len,
                  result);
          }
          return result;
      default:
          break;
      }
      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "invalid kind");
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static Py_UCS4*
  as_ucs4(PyObject *string, Py_UCS4 *target, Py_ssize_t targetsize,
          int copy_null)
  {
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t len, targetlen;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(string) == -1)
          return NULL;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string);
      targetlen = len;
      if (copy_null)
          targetlen++;
      if (!target) {
          if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(Py_UCS4) < targetlen) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return NULL;
          }
          target = PyMem_Malloc(targetlen * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
          if (!target) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return NULL;
          }
      }
      else {
          if (targetsize < targetlen) {
              PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                           "string is longer than the buffer");
              if (copy_null && 0 < targetsize)
                  target[0] = 0;
              return NULL;
          }
      }
      if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
          Py_UCS1 *start = (Py_UCS1 *) data;
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS1, Py_UCS4, start, start + len, target);
      }
      else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
          Py_UCS2 *start = (Py_UCS2 *) data;
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS2, Py_UCS4, start, start + len, target);
      }
      else {
          assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
          Py_MEMCPY(target, data, len * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
      }
      if (copy_null)
          target[len] = 0;
      return target;
  }
  
  Py_UCS4*
  PyUnicode_AsUCS4(PyObject *string, Py_UCS4 *target, Py_ssize_t targetsize,
                   int copy_null)
  {
      if (target == NULL || targetsize < 0) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
      return as_ucs4(string, target, targetsize, copy_null);
  }
  
  Py_UCS4*
  PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy(PyObject *string)
  {
      return as_ucs4(string, NULL, 0, 1);
  }
  
  #ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromWideChar(register const wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      if (w == NULL) {
          if (size == 0) {
              Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
              return unicode_empty;
          }
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (size == -1) {
          size = wcslen(w);
      }
  
      return PyUnicode_FromUnicode(w, size);
  }
  
  #endif /* HAVE_WCHAR_H */
  
  static void
  makefmt(char *fmt, int longflag, int longlongflag, int size_tflag,
          int zeropad, int width, int precision, char c)
  {
      *fmt++ = '%';
      if (width) {
          if (zeropad)
              *fmt++ = '0';
          fmt += sprintf(fmt, "%d", width);
      }
      if (precision)
          fmt += sprintf(fmt, ".%d", precision);
      if (longflag)
          *fmt++ = 'l';
      else if (longlongflag) {
          /* longlongflag should only ever be nonzero on machines with
             HAVE_LONG_LONG defined */
  #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
          char *f = PY_FORMAT_LONG_LONG;
          while (*f)
              *fmt++ = *f++;
  #else
          /* we shouldn't ever get here */
          assert(0);
          *fmt++ = 'l';
  #endif
      }
      else if (size_tflag) {
          char *f = PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T;
          while (*f)
              *fmt++ = *f++;
      }
      *fmt++ = c;
      *fmt = '\0';
  }
  
  /* helper for PyUnicode_FromFormatV() */
  
  static const char*
  parse_format_flags(const char *f,
                     int *p_width, int *p_precision,
                     int *p_longflag, int *p_longlongflag, int *p_size_tflag)
  {
      int width, precision, longflag, longlongflag, size_tflag;
  
      /* parse the width.precision part, e.g. "%2.5s" => width=2, precision=5 */
      f++;
      width = 0;
      while (Py_ISDIGIT((unsigned)*f))
          width = (width*10) + *f++ - '0';
      precision = 0;
      if (*f == '.') {
          f++;
          while (Py_ISDIGIT((unsigned)*f))
              precision = (precision*10) + *f++ - '0';
          if (*f == '%') {
              /* "%.3%s" => f points to "3" */
              f--;
          }
      }
      if (*f == '\0') {
          /* bogus format "%.1" => go backward, f points to "1" */
          f--;
      }
      if (p_width != NULL)
          *p_width = width;
      if (p_precision != NULL)
          *p_precision = precision;
  
      /* Handle %ld, %lu, %lld and %llu. */
      longflag = 0;
      longlongflag = 0;
      size_tflag = 0;
  
      if (*f == 'l') {
          if (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u' || f[1] == 'i') {
              longflag = 1;
              ++f;
          }
  #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
          else if (f[1] == 'l' &&
                   (f[2] == 'd' || f[2] == 'u' || f[2] == 'i')) {
              longlongflag = 1;
              f += 2;
          }
  #endif
      }
      /* handle the size_t flag. */
      else if (*f == 'z' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u' || f[1] == 'i')) {
          size_tflag = 1;
          ++f;
      }
      if (p_longflag != NULL)
          *p_longflag = longflag;
      if (p_longlongflag != NULL)
          *p_longlongflag = longlongflag;
      if (p_size_tflag != NULL)
          *p_size_tflag = size_tflag;
      return f;
  }
  
  /* maximum number of characters required for output of %ld.  21 characters
     allows for 64-bit integers (in decimal) and an optional sign. */
  #define MAX_LONG_CHARS 21
  /* maximum number of characters required for output of %lld.
     We need at most ceil(log10(256)*SIZEOF_LONG_LONG) digits,
     plus 1 for the sign.  53/22 is an upper bound for log10(256). */
  #define MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS (2 + (SIZEOF_LONG_LONG*53-1) / 22)
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
  {
      va_list count;
      Py_ssize_t callcount = 0;
      PyObject **callresults = NULL;
      PyObject **callresult = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t n = 0;
      int width = 0;
      int precision = 0;
      int zeropad;
      const char* f;
      PyObject *string;
      /* used by sprintf */
      char fmt[61]; /* should be enough for %0width.precisionlld */
      Py_UCS4 maxchar = 127; /* result is ASCII by default */
      Py_UCS4 argmaxchar;
      Py_ssize_t numbersize = 0;
      char *numberresults = NULL;
      char *numberresult = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t i;
      int kind;
      void *data;
  
      Py_VA_COPY(count, vargs);
      /* step 1: count the number of %S/%R/%A/%s format specifications
       * (we call PyObject_Str()/PyObject_Repr()/PyObject_ASCII()/
       * PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8() for these objects once during step 3 and put the
       * result in an array)
       * also estimate a upper bound for all the number formats in the string,
       * numbers will be formatted in step 3 and be kept in a '\0'-separated
       * buffer before putting everything together. */
      for (f = format; *f; f++) {
          if (*f == '%') {
              int longlongflag;
              /* skip width or width.precision (eg. "1.2" of "%1.2f") */
              f = parse_format_flags(f, &width, NULL, NULL, &longlongflag, NULL);
              if (*f == 's' || *f=='S' || *f=='R' || *f=='A' || *f=='V')
                  ++callcount;
  
              else if (*f == 'd' || *f=='u' || *f=='i' || *f=='x' || *f=='p') {
  #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
                  if (longlongflag) {
                      if (width < MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS)
                          width = MAX_LONG_LONG_CHARS;
                  }
                  else
  #endif
                      /* MAX_LONG_CHARS is enough to hold a 64-bit integer,
                         including sign.  Decimal takes the most space.  This
                         isn't enough for octal.  If a width is specified we
                         need more (which we allocate later). */
                      if (width < MAX_LONG_CHARS)
                          width = MAX_LONG_CHARS;
  
                  /* account for the size + '\0' to separate numbers
                     inside of the numberresults buffer */
                  numbersize += (width + 1);
              }
          }
          else if ((unsigned char)*f > 127) {
              PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                  "PyUnicode_FromFormatV() expects an ASCII-encoded format "
                  "string, got a non-ASCII byte: 0x%02x",
                  (unsigned char)*f);
              return NULL;
          }
      }
      /* step 2: allocate memory for the results of
       * PyObject_Str()/PyObject_Repr()/PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8() calls */
      if (callcount) {
          callresults = PyObject_Malloc(sizeof(PyObject *) * callcount);
          if (!callresults) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return NULL;
          }
          callresult = callresults;
      }
      /* step 2.5: allocate memory for the results of formating numbers */
      if (numbersize) {
          numberresults = PyObject_Malloc(numbersize);
          if (!numberresults) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              goto fail;
          }
          numberresult = numberresults;
      }
  
      /* step 3: format numbers and figure out how large a buffer we need */
      for (f = format; *f; f++) {
          if (*f == '%') {
              const char* p;
              int longflag;
              int longlongflag;
              int size_tflag;
              int numprinted;
  
              p = f;
              zeropad = (f[1] == '0');
              f = parse_format_flags(f, &width, &precision,
                                     &longflag, &longlongflag, &size_tflag);
              switch (*f) {
              case 'c':
              {
                  Py_UCS4 ordinal = va_arg(count, int);
                  maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, ordinal);
                  n++;
                  break;
              }
              case '%':
                  n++;
                  break;
              case 'i':
              case 'd':
                  makefmt(fmt, longflag, longlongflag, size_tflag, zeropad,
                          width, precision, *f);
                  if (longflag)
                      numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
                                           va_arg(count, long));
  #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
                  else if (longlongflag)
                      numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
                                           va_arg(count, PY_LONG_LONG));
  #endif
                  else if (size_tflag)
                      numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
                                           va_arg(count, Py_ssize_t));
                  else
                      numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
                                           va_arg(count, int));
                  n += numprinted;
                  /* advance by +1 to skip over the '\0' */
                  numberresult += (numprinted + 1);
                  assert(*(numberresult - 1) == '\0');
                  assert(*(numberresult - 2) != '\0');
                  assert(numprinted >= 0);
                  assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
                  break;
              case 'u':
                  makefmt(fmt, longflag, longlongflag, size_tflag, zeropad,
                          width, precision, 'u');
                  if (longflag)
                      numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
                                           va_arg(count, unsigned long));
  #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
                  else if (longlongflag)
                      numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
                                           va_arg(count, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG));
  #endif
                  else if (size_tflag)
                      numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
                                           va_arg(count, size_t));
                  else
                      numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt,
                                           va_arg(count, unsigned int));
                  n += numprinted;
                  numberresult += (numprinted + 1);
                  assert(*(numberresult - 1) == '\0');
                  assert(*(numberresult - 2) != '\0');
                  assert(numprinted >= 0);
                  assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
                  break;
              case 'x':
                  makefmt(fmt, 0, 0, 0, zeropad, width, precision, 'x');
                  numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, fmt, va_arg(count, int));
                  n += numprinted;
                  numberresult += (numprinted + 1);
                  assert(*(numberresult - 1) == '\0');
                  assert(*(numberresult - 2) != '\0');
                  assert(numprinted >= 0);
                  assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
                  break;
              case 'p':
                  numprinted = sprintf(numberresult, "%p", va_arg(count, void*));
                  /* %p is ill-defined:  ensure leading 0x. */
                  if (numberresult[1] == 'X')
                      numberresult[1] = 'x';
                  else if (numberresult[1] != 'x') {
                      memmove(numberresult + 2, numberresult,
                              strlen(numberresult) + 1);
                      numberresult[0] = '0';
                      numberresult[1] = 'x';
                      numprinted += 2;
                  }
                  n += numprinted;
                  numberresult += (numprinted + 1);
                  assert(*(numberresult - 1) == '\0');
                  assert(*(numberresult - 2) != '\0');
                  assert(numprinted >= 0);
                  assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
                  break;
              case 's':
              {
                  /* UTF-8 */
                  const char *s = va_arg(count, const char*);
                  PyObject *str = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(s, strlen(s), "replace", NULL);
                  if (!str)
                      goto fail;
                  /* since PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8 returns already flexible
                     unicode objects, there is no need to call ready on them */
                  argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str);
                  maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, argmaxchar);
                  n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
                  /* Remember the str and switch to the next slot */
                  *callresult++ = str;
                  break;
              }
              case 'U':
              {
                  PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
                  assert(obj && _PyUnicode_CHECK(obj));
                  if (PyUnicode_READY(obj) == -1)
                      goto fail;
                  argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(obj);
                  maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, argmaxchar);
                  n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);
                  break;
              }
              case 'V':
              {
                  PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
                  const char *str = va_arg(count, const char *);
                  PyObject *str_obj;
                  assert(obj || str);
                  assert(!obj || _PyUnicode_CHECK(obj));
                  if (obj) {
                      if (PyUnicode_READY(obj) == -1)
                          goto fail;
                      argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(obj);
                      maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, argmaxchar);
                      n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);
                      *callresult++ = NULL;
                  }
                  else {
                      str_obj = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(str, strlen(str), "replace", NULL);
                      if (!str_obj)
                          goto fail;
                      if (PyUnicode_READY(str_obj) == -1) {
                          Py_DECREF(str_obj);
                          goto fail;
                      }
                      argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str_obj);
                      maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, argmaxchar);
                      n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str_obj);
                      *callresult++ = str_obj;
                  }
                  break;
              }
              case 'S':
              {
                  PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
                  PyObject *str;
                  assert(obj);
                  str = PyObject_Str(obj);
                  if (!str)
                      goto fail;
                  if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1) {
                      Py_DECREF(str);
                      goto fail;
                  }
                  argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str);
                  maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, argmaxchar);
                  n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
                  /* Remember the str and switch to the next slot */
                  *callresult++ = str;
                  break;
              }
              case 'R':
              {
                  PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
                  PyObject *repr;
                  assert(obj);
                  repr = PyObject_Repr(obj);
                  if (!repr)
                      goto fail;
                  if (PyUnicode_READY(repr) == -1) {
                      Py_DECREF(repr);
                      goto fail;
                  }
                  argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(repr);
                  maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, argmaxchar);
                  n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repr);
                  /* Remember the repr and switch to the next slot */
                  *callresult++ = repr;
                  break;
              }
              case 'A':
              {
                  PyObject *obj = va_arg(count, PyObject *);
                  PyObject *ascii;
                  assert(obj);
                  ascii = PyObject_ASCII(obj);
                  if (!ascii)
                      goto fail;
                  if (PyUnicode_READY(ascii) == -1) {
                      Py_DECREF(ascii);
                      goto fail;
                  }
                  argmaxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(ascii);
                  maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, argmaxchar);
                  n += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(ascii);
                  /* Remember the repr and switch to the next slot */
                  *callresult++ = ascii;
                  break;
              }
              default:
                  /* if we stumble upon an unknown
                     formatting code, copy the rest of
                     the format string to the output
                     string. (we cannot just skip the
                     code, since there's no way to know
                     what's in the argument list) */
                  n += strlen(p);
                  goto expand;
              }
          } else
              n++;
      }
    expand:
      /* step 4: fill the buffer */
      /* Since we've analyzed how much space we need,
         we don't have to resize the string.
         There can be no errors beyond this point. */
      string = PyUnicode_New(n, maxchar);
      if (!string)
          goto fail;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
      callresult = callresults;
      numberresult = numberresults;
  
      for (i = 0, f = format; *f; f++) {
          if (*f == '%') {
              const char* p;
  
              p = f;
              f = parse_format_flags(f, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
              /* checking for == because the last argument could be a empty
                 string, which causes i to point to end, the assert at the end of
                 the loop */
              assert(i <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string));
  
              switch (*f) {
              case 'c':
              {
                  const int ordinal = va_arg(vargs, int);
                  PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i++, ordinal);
                  break;
              }
              case 'i':
              case 'd':
              case 'u':
              case 'x':
              case 'p':
              {
                  Py_ssize_t len;
                  /* unused, since we already have the result */
                  if (*f == 'p')
                      (void) va_arg(vargs, void *);
                  else
                      (void) va_arg(vargs, int);
                  /* extract the result from numberresults and append. */
                  len = strlen(numberresult);
                  unicode_write_cstr(string, i, numberresult, len);
                  /* skip over the separating '\0' */
                  i += len;
                  numberresult += len;
                  assert(*numberresult == '\0');
                  numberresult++;
                  assert(numberresult <= numberresults + numbersize);
                  break;
              }
              case 's':
              {
                  /* unused, since we already have the result */
                  Py_ssize_t size;
                  (void) va_arg(vargs, char *);
                  size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*callresult);
                  assert(PyUnicode_KIND(*callresult) <= PyUnicode_KIND(string));
                  _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(string, i, *callresult, 0, size);
                  i += size;
                  /* We're done with the unicode()/repr() => forget it */
                  Py_DECREF(*callresult);
                  /* switch to next unicode()/repr() result */
                  ++callresult;
                  break;
              }
              case 'U':
              {
                  PyObject *obj = va_arg(vargs, PyObject *);
                  Py_ssize_t size;
                  assert(PyUnicode_KIND(obj) <= PyUnicode_KIND(string));
                  size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);
                  _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(string, i, obj, 0, size);
                  i += size;
                  break;
              }
              case 'V':
              {
                  Py_ssize_t size;
                  PyObject *obj = va_arg(vargs, PyObject *);
                  va_arg(vargs, const char *);
                  if (obj) {
                      size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);
                      assert(PyUnicode_KIND(obj) <= PyUnicode_KIND(string));
                      _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(string, i, obj, 0, size);
                      i += size;
                  } else {
                      size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*callresult);
                      assert(PyUnicode_KIND(*callresult) <=
                             PyUnicode_KIND(string));
                      _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(string, i, *callresult, 0, size);
                      i += size;
                      Py_DECREF(*callresult);
                  }
                  ++callresult;
                  break;
              }
              case 'S':
              case 'R':
              case 'A':
              {
                  Py_ssize_t size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*callresult);
                  /* unused, since we already have the result */
                  (void) va_arg(vargs, PyObject *);
                  assert(PyUnicode_KIND(*callresult) <= PyUnicode_KIND(string));
                  _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(string, i, *callresult, 0,  size);
                  i += size;
                  /* We're done with the unicode()/repr() => forget it */
                  Py_DECREF(*callresult);
                  /* switch to next unicode()/repr() result */
                  ++callresult;
                  break;
              }
              case '%':
                  PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i++, '%');
                  break;
              default:
              {
                  Py_ssize_t len = strlen(p);
                  unicode_write_cstr(string, i, p, len);
                  i += len;
                  assert(i == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string));
                  goto end;
              }
              }
          }
          else {
              assert(i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string));
              PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i++, *f);
          }
      }
      assert(i == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string));
  
    end:
      if (callresults)
          PyObject_Free(callresults);
      if (numberresults)
          PyObject_Free(numberresults);
      return unicode_result(string);
    fail:
      if (callresults) {
          PyObject **callresult2 = callresults;
          while (callresult2 < callresult) {
              Py_XDECREF(*callresult2);
              ++callresult2;
          }
          PyObject_Free(callresults);
      }
      if (numberresults)
          PyObject_Free(numberresults);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
  {
      PyObject* ret;
      va_list vargs;
  
  #ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
      va_start(vargs, format);
  #else
      va_start(vargs);
  #endif
      ret = PyUnicode_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
      va_end(vargs);
      return ret;
  }
  
  #ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H
  
  /* Helper function for PyUnicode_AsWideChar() and PyUnicode_AsWideCharString():
     convert a Unicode object to a wide character string.
  
     - If w is NULL: return the number of wide characters (including the null
       character) required to convert the unicode object. Ignore size argument.
  
     - Otherwise: return the number of wide characters (excluding the null
       character) written into w. Write at most size wide characters (including
       the null character). */
  static Py_ssize_t
  unicode_aswidechar(PyObject *unicode,
                     wchar_t *w,
                     Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      Py_ssize_t res;
      const wchar_t *wstr;
  
      wstr = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(unicode, &res);
      if (wstr == NULL)
          return -1;
  
      if (w != NULL) {
          if (size > res)
              size = res + 1;
          else
              res = size;
          Py_MEMCPY(w, wstr, size * sizeof(wchar_t));
          return res;
      }
      else
          return res + 1;
  }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_AsWideChar(PyObject *unicode,
                       wchar_t *w,
                       Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      if (unicode == NULL) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return -1;
      }
      return unicode_aswidechar(unicode, w, size);
  }
  
  wchar_t*
  PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(PyObject *unicode,
                             Py_ssize_t *size)
  {
      wchar_t* buffer;
      Py_ssize_t buflen;
  
      if (unicode == NULL) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
  
      buflen = unicode_aswidechar(unicode, NULL, 0);
      if (buflen == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) < buflen) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return NULL;
      }
  
      buffer = PyMem_MALLOC(buflen * sizeof(wchar_t));
      if (buffer == NULL) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return NULL;
      }
      buflen = unicode_aswidechar(unicode, buffer, buflen);
      if (buflen == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (size != NULL)
          *size = buflen;
      return buffer;
  }
  
  #endif /* HAVE_WCHAR_H */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(int ordinal)
  {
      PyObject *v;
      if (ordinal < 0 || ordinal > MAX_UNICODE) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                          "chr() arg not in range(0x110000)");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (ordinal < 256)
          return get_latin1_char(ordinal);
  
      v = PyUnicode_New(1, ordinal);
      if (v == NULL)
          return NULL;
      PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(v), PyUnicode_DATA(v), 0, ordinal);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(v, 1));
      return v;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromObject(register PyObject *obj)
  {
      /* XXX Perhaps we should make this API an alias of
         PyObject_Str() instead ?! */
      if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)) {
          if (PyUnicode_READY(obj) == -1)
              return NULL;
          Py_INCREF(obj);
          return obj;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
          /* For a Unicode subtype that's not a Unicode object,
             return a true Unicode object with the same data. */
          return _PyUnicode_Copy(obj);
      }
      PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                   "Can't convert '%.100s' object to str implicitly",
                   Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(register PyObject *obj,
                              const char *encoding,
                              const char *errors)
  {
      Py_buffer buffer;
      PyObject *v;
  
      if (obj == NULL) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
  
      /* Decoding bytes objects is the most common case and should be fast */
      if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
          if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj) == 0) {
              Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
              v = unicode_empty;
          }
          else {
              v = PyUnicode_Decode(
                      PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj),
                      encoding, errors);
          }
          return v;
      }
  
      if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                          "decoding str is not supported");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      /* Retrieve a bytes buffer view through the PEP 3118 buffer interface */
      if (PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, &buffer, PyBUF_SIMPLE) < 0) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                       "coercing to str: need bytes, bytearray "
                       "or buffer-like object, %.80s found",
                       Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (buffer.len == 0) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          v = unicode_empty;
      }
      else
          v = PyUnicode_Decode((char*) buffer.buf, buffer.len, encoding, errors);
  
      PyBuffer_Release(&buffer);
      return v;
  }
  
  /* Convert encoding to lower case and replace '_' with '-' in order to
     catch e.g. UTF_8. Return 0 on error (encoding is longer than lower_len-1),
     1 on success. */
  static int
  normalize_encoding(const char *encoding,
                     char *lower,
                     size_t lower_len)
  {
      const char *e;
      char *l;
      char *l_end;
  
      if (encoding == NULL) {
          strcpy(lower, "utf-8");
          return 1;
      }
      e = encoding;
      l = lower;
      l_end = &lower[lower_len - 1];
      while (*e) {
          if (l == l_end)
              return 0;
          if (Py_ISUPPER(*e)) {
              *l++ = Py_TOLOWER(*e++);
          }
          else if (*e == '_') {
              *l++ = '-';
              e++;
          }
          else {
              *l++ = *e++;
          }
      }
      *l = '\0';
      return 1;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Decode(const char *s,
                   Py_ssize_t size,
                   const char *encoding,
                   const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *buffer = NULL, *unicode;
      Py_buffer info;
      char lower[11];  /* Enough for any encoding shortcut */
  
      /* Shortcuts for common default encodings */
      if (normalize_encoding(encoding, lower, sizeof(lower))) {
          if ((strcmp(lower, "utf-8") == 0) ||
              (strcmp(lower, "utf8") == 0))
              return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(s, size, errors, NULL);
          else if ((strcmp(lower, "latin-1") == 0) ||
                   (strcmp(lower, "latin1") == 0) ||
                   (strcmp(lower, "iso-8859-1") == 0))
              return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(s, size, errors);
  #ifdef HAVE_MBCS
          else if (strcmp(lower, "mbcs") == 0)
              return PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(s, size, errors);
  #endif
          else if (strcmp(lower, "ascii") == 0)
              return PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(s, size, errors);
          else if (strcmp(lower, "utf-16") == 0)
              return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, 0);
          else if (strcmp(lower, "utf-32") == 0)
              return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(s, size, errors, 0);
      }
  
      /* Decode via the codec registry */
      buffer = NULL;
      if (PyBuffer_FillInfo(&info, NULL, (void *)s, size, 1, PyBUF_FULL_RO) < 0)
          goto onError;
      buffer = PyMemoryView_FromBuffer(&info);
      if (buffer == NULL)
          goto onError;
      unicode = PyCodec_Decode(buffer, encoding, errors);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          goto onError;
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                       "decoder did not return a str object (type=%.400s)",
                       Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_name);
          Py_DECREF(unicode);
          goto onError;
      }
      Py_DECREF(buffer);
      return unicode_result(unicode);
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(buffer);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsDecodedObject(PyObject *unicode,
                            const char *encoding,
                            const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *v;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          goto onError;
      }
  
      if (encoding == NULL)
          encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
  
      /* Decode via the codec registry */
      v = PyCodec_Decode(unicode, encoding, errors);
      if (v == NULL)
          goto onError;
      return unicode_result(v);
  
    onError:
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsDecodedUnicode(PyObject *unicode,
                             const char *encoding,
                             const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *v;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          goto onError;
      }
  
      if (encoding == NULL)
          encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
  
      /* Decode via the codec registry */
      v = PyCodec_Decode(unicode, encoding, errors);
      if (v == NULL)
          goto onError;
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                       "decoder did not return a str object (type=%.400s)",
                       Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
          Py_DECREF(v);
          goto onError;
      }
      return unicode_result(v);
  
    onError:
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Encode(const Py_UNICODE *s,
                   Py_ssize_t size,
                   const char *encoding,
                   const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *v, *unicode;
  
      unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
      v = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(unicode, encoding, errors);
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return v;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsEncodedObject(PyObject *unicode,
                            const char *encoding,
                            const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *v;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          goto onError;
      }
  
      if (encoding == NULL)
          encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
  
      /* Encode via the codec registry */
      v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
      if (v == NULL)
          goto onError;
      return v;
  
    onError:
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static size_t
  wcstombs_errorpos(const wchar_t *wstr)
  {
      size_t len;
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
      wchar_t buf[3];
  #else
      wchar_t buf[2];
  #endif
      char outbuf[MB_LEN_MAX];
      const wchar_t *start, *previous;
  
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
      buf[2] = 0;
  #else
      buf[1] = 0;
  #endif
      start = wstr;
      while (*wstr != L'\0')
      {
          previous = wstr;
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
          if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(wstr[0])
              && Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(wstr[1]))
          {
              buf[0] = wstr[0];
              buf[1] = wstr[1];
              wstr += 2;
          }
          else {
              buf[0] = *wstr;
              buf[1] = 0;
              wstr++;
          }
  #else
          buf[0] = *wstr;
          wstr++;
  #endif
          len = wcstombs(outbuf, buf, sizeof(outbuf));
          if (len == (size_t)-1)
              return previous - start;
      }
  
      /* failed to find the unencodable character */
      return 0;
  }
  
  static int
  locale_error_handler(const char *errors, int *surrogateescape)
  {
      if (errors == NULL) {
          *surrogateescape = 0;
          return 0;
      }
  
      if (strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
          *surrogateescape = 0;
          return 0;
      }
      if (strcmp(errors, "surrogateescape") == 0) {
          *surrogateescape = 1;
          return 0;
      }
      PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                   "only 'strict' and 'surrogateescape' error handlers "
                   "are supported, not '%s'",
                   errors);
      return -1;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeLocale(PyObject *unicode, const char *errors)
  {
      Py_ssize_t wlen, wlen2;
      wchar_t *wstr;
      PyObject *bytes = NULL;
      char *errmsg;
      PyObject *reason;
      PyObject *exc;
      size_t error_pos;
      int surrogateescape;
  
      if (locale_error_handler(errors, &surrogateescape) < 0)
          return NULL;
  
      wstr = PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(unicode, &wlen);
      if (wstr == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      wlen2 = wcslen(wstr);
      if (wlen2 != wlen) {
          PyMem_Free(wstr);
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded null character");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (surrogateescape) {
          /* locale encoding with surrogateescape */
          char *str;
  
          str = _Py_wchar2char(wstr, &error_pos);
          if (str == NULL) {
              if (error_pos == (size_t)-1) {
                  PyErr_NoMemory();
                  PyMem_Free(wstr);
                  return NULL;
              }
              else {
                  goto encode_error;
              }
          }
          PyMem_Free(wstr);
  
          bytes = PyBytes_FromString(str);
          PyMem_Free(str);
      }
      else {
          size_t len, len2;
  
          len = wcstombs(NULL, wstr, 0);
          if (len == (size_t)-1) {
              error_pos = (size_t)-1;
              goto encode_error;
          }
  
          bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
          if (bytes == NULL) {
              PyMem_Free(wstr);
              return NULL;
          }
  
          len2 = wcstombs(PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes), wstr, len+1);
          if (len2 == (size_t)-1 || len2 > len) {
              error_pos = (size_t)-1;
              goto encode_error;
          }
          PyMem_Free(wstr);
      }
      return bytes;
  
  encode_error:
      errmsg = strerror(errno);
      assert(errmsg != NULL);
  
      if (error_pos == (size_t)-1)
          error_pos = wcstombs_errorpos(wstr);
  
      PyMem_Free(wstr);
      Py_XDECREF(bytes);
  
      if (errmsg != NULL) {
          size_t errlen;
          wstr = _Py_char2wchar(errmsg, &errlen);
          if (wstr != NULL) {
              reason = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, errlen);
              PyMem_Free(wstr);
          } else
              errmsg = NULL;
      }
      if (errmsg == NULL)
          reason = PyUnicode_FromString(
              "wcstombs() encountered an unencodable "
              "wide character");
      if (reason == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      exc = PyObject_CallFunction(PyExc_UnicodeEncodeError, "sOnnO",
                                  "locale", unicode,
                                  (Py_ssize_t)error_pos,
                                  (Py_ssize_t)(error_pos+1),
                                  reason);
      Py_DECREF(reason);
      if (exc != NULL) {
          PyCodec_StrictErrors(exc);
          Py_XDECREF(exc);
      }
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(PyObject *unicode)
  {
  #ifdef HAVE_MBCS
      return PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(CP_ACP, unicode, NULL);
  #elif defined(__APPLE__)
      return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, "surrogateescape");
  #else
      PyInterpreterState *interp = PyThreadState_GET()->interp;
      /* Bootstrap check: if the filesystem codec is implemented in Python, we
         cannot use it to encode and decode filenames before it is loaded. Load
         the Python codec requires to encode at least its own filename. Use the C
         version of the locale codec until the codec registry is initialized and
         the Python codec is loaded.
  
         Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding is shared between all interpreters, we
         cannot only rely on it: check also interp->fscodec_initialized for
         subinterpreters. */
      if (Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding && interp->fscodec_initialized) {
          return PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(unicode,
                                           Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding,
                                           "surrogateescape");
      }
      else {
          return PyUnicode_EncodeLocale(unicode, "surrogateescape");
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(PyObject *unicode,
                            const char *encoding,
                            const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *v;
      char lower[11];  /* Enough for any encoding shortcut */
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
  
      /* Shortcuts for common default encodings */
      if (normalize_encoding(encoding, lower, sizeof(lower))) {
          if ((strcmp(lower, "utf-8") == 0) ||
              (strcmp(lower, "utf8") == 0))
          {
              if (errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0)
                  return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, NULL);
              else
                  return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, errors);
          }
          else if ((strcmp(lower, "latin-1") == 0) ||
                   (strcmp(lower, "latin1") == 0) ||
                   (strcmp(lower, "iso-8859-1") == 0))
              return _PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(unicode, errors);
  #ifdef HAVE_MBCS
          else if (strcmp(lower, "mbcs") == 0)
              return PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(CP_ACP, unicode, errors);
  #endif
          else if (strcmp(lower, "ascii") == 0)
              return _PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(unicode, errors);
      }
  
      /* Encode via the codec registry */
      v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
      if (v == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      /* The normal path */
      if (PyBytes_Check(v))
          return v;
  
      /* If the codec returns a buffer, raise a warning and convert to bytes */
      if (PyByteArray_Check(v)) {
          int error;
          PyObject *b;
  
          error = PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, 1,
              "encoder %s returned bytearray instead of bytes",
              encoding);
          if (error) {
              Py_DECREF(v);
              return NULL;
          }
  
          b = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyByteArray_AS_STRING(v), Py_SIZE(v));
          Py_DECREF(v);
          return b;
      }
  
      PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                   "encoder did not return a bytes object (type=%.400s)",
                   Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
      Py_DECREF(v);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsEncodedUnicode(PyObject *unicode,
                             const char *encoding,
                             const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *v;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          goto onError;
      }
  
      if (encoding == NULL)
          encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
  
      /* Encode via the codec registry */
      v = PyCodec_Encode(unicode, encoding, errors);
      if (v == NULL)
          goto onError;
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                       "encoder did not return an str object (type=%.400s)",
                       Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
          Py_DECREF(v);
          goto onError;
      }
      return v;
  
    onError:
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static size_t
  mbstowcs_errorpos(const char *str, size_t len)
  {
  #ifdef HAVE_MBRTOWC
      const char *start = str;
      mbstate_t mbs;
      size_t converted;
      wchar_t ch;
  
      memset(&mbs, 0, sizeof mbs);
      while (len)
      {
          converted = mbrtowc(&ch, (char*)str, len, &mbs);
          if (converted == 0)
              /* Reached end of string */
              break;
          if (converted == (size_t)-1 || converted == (size_t)-2) {
              /* Conversion error or incomplete character */
              return str - start;
          }
          else {
              str += converted;
              len -= converted;
          }
      }
      /* failed to find the undecodable byte sequence */
      return 0;
  #endif
      return 0;
  }
  
  PyObject*
  PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize(const char *str, Py_ssize_t len,
                                const char *errors)
  {
      wchar_t smallbuf[256];
      size_t smallbuf_len = Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(smallbuf);
      wchar_t *wstr;
      size_t wlen, wlen2;
      PyObject *unicode;
      int surrogateescape;
      size_t error_pos;
      char *errmsg;
      PyObject *reason, *exc;
  
      if (locale_error_handler(errors, &surrogateescape) < 0)
          return NULL;
  
      if (str[len] != '\0' || len != strlen(str)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded null character");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (surrogateescape)
      {
          wstr = _Py_char2wchar(str, &wlen);
          if (wstr == NULL) {
              if (wlen == (size_t)-1)
                  PyErr_NoMemory();
              else
                  PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
              return NULL;
          }
  
          unicode = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, wlen);
          PyMem_Free(wstr);
      }
      else {
  #ifndef HAVE_BROKEN_MBSTOWCS
          wlen = mbstowcs(NULL, str, 0);
  #else
          wlen = len;
  #endif
          if (wlen == (size_t)-1)
              goto decode_error;
          if (wlen+1 <= smallbuf_len) {
              wstr = smallbuf;
          }
          else {
              if (wlen > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) - 1)
                  return PyErr_NoMemory();
  
              wstr = PyMem_Malloc((wlen+1) * sizeof(wchar_t));
              if (!wstr)
                  return PyErr_NoMemory();
          }
  
          /* This shouldn't fail now */
          wlen2 = mbstowcs(wstr, str, wlen+1);
          if (wlen2 == (size_t)-1) {
              if (wstr != smallbuf)
                  PyMem_Free(wstr);
              goto decode_error;
          }
  #ifdef HAVE_BROKEN_MBSTOWCS
          assert(wlen2 == wlen);
  #endif
          unicode = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, wlen2);
          if (wstr != smallbuf)
              PyMem_Free(wstr);
      }
      return unicode;
  
  decode_error:
      errmsg = strerror(errno);
      assert(errmsg != NULL);
  
      error_pos = mbstowcs_errorpos(str, len);
      if (errmsg != NULL) {
          size_t errlen;
          wstr = _Py_char2wchar(errmsg, &errlen);
          if (wstr != NULL) {
              reason = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wstr, errlen);
              PyMem_Free(wstr);
          } else
              errmsg = NULL;
      }
      if (errmsg == NULL)
          reason = PyUnicode_FromString(
              "mbstowcs() encountered an invalid multibyte sequence");
      if (reason == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      exc = PyObject_CallFunction(PyExc_UnicodeDecodeError, "sy#nnO",
                                  "locale", str, len,
                                  (Py_ssize_t)error_pos,
                                  (Py_ssize_t)(error_pos+1),
                                  reason);
      Py_DECREF(reason);
      if (exc != NULL) {
          PyCodec_StrictErrors(exc);
          Py_XDECREF(exc);
      }
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject*
  PyUnicode_DecodeLocale(const char *str, const char *errors)
  {
      Py_ssize_t size = (Py_ssize_t)strlen(str);
      return PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize(str, size, errors);
  }
  
  
  PyObject*
  PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(const char *s) {
      Py_ssize_t size = (Py_ssize_t)strlen(s);
      return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(s, size);
  }
  
  PyObject*
  PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
  #ifdef HAVE_MBCS
      return PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(s, size, NULL);
  #elif defined(__APPLE__)
      return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(s, size, "surrogateescape", NULL);
  #else
      PyInterpreterState *interp = PyThreadState_GET()->interp;
      /* Bootstrap check: if the filesystem codec is implemented in Python, we
         cannot use it to encode and decode filenames before it is loaded. Load
         the Python codec requires to encode at least its own filename. Use the C
         version of the locale codec until the codec registry is initialized and
         the Python codec is loaded.
  
         Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding is shared between all interpreters, we
         cannot only rely on it: check also interp->fscodec_initialized for
         subinterpreters. */
      if (Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding && interp->fscodec_initialized) {
          return PyUnicode_Decode(s, size,
                                  Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding,
                                  "surrogateescape");
      }
      else {
          return PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize(s, size, "surrogateescape");
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  
  int
  _PyUnicode_HasNULChars(PyObject* s)
  {
      static PyObject *nul = NULL;
  
      if (nul == NULL)
          nul = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize("\0", 1);
      if (nul == NULL)
          return -1;
      return PyUnicode_Contains(s, nul);
  }
  
  
  int
  PyUnicode_FSConverter(PyObject* arg, void* addr)
  {
      PyObject *output = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t size;
      void *data;
      if (arg == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(*(PyObject**)addr);
          return 1;
      }
      if (PyBytes_Check(arg)) {
          output = arg;
          Py_INCREF(output);
      }
      else {
          arg = PyUnicode_FromObject(arg);
          if (!arg)
              return 0;
          output = PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(arg);
          Py_DECREF(arg);
          if (!output)
              return 0;
          if (!PyBytes_Check(output)) {
              Py_DECREF(output);
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "encoder failed to return bytes");
              return 0;
          }
      }
      size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(output);
      data = PyBytes_AS_STRING(output);
      if (size != strlen(data)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded NUL character");
          Py_DECREF(output);
          return 0;
      }
      *(PyObject**)addr = output;
      return Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED;
  }
  
  
  int
  PyUnicode_FSDecoder(PyObject* arg, void* addr)
  {
      PyObject *output = NULL;
      if (arg == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(*(PyObject**)addr);
          return 1;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
          if (PyUnicode_READY(arg) == -1)
              return 0;
          output = arg;
          Py_INCREF(output);
      }
      else {
          arg = PyBytes_FromObject(arg);
          if (!arg)
              return 0;
          output = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(PyBytes_AS_STRING(arg),
                                                    PyBytes_GET_SIZE(arg));
          Py_DECREF(arg);
          if (!output)
              return 0;
          if (!PyUnicode_Check(output)) {
              Py_DECREF(output);
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "decoder failed to return unicode");
              return 0;
          }
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(output) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(output);
          return 0;
      }
      if (findchar(PyUnicode_DATA(output), PyUnicode_KIND(output),
                   PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(output), 0, 1) >= 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "embedded NUL character");
          Py_DECREF(output);
          return 0;
      }
      *(PyObject**)addr = output;
      return Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED;
  }
  
  
  char*
  PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *psize)
  {
      PyObject *bytes;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL) {
          assert(!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode));
          bytes = _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, "strict");
          if (bytes == NULL)
              return NULL;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) = PyObject_MALLOC(PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes) + 1);
          if (_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode) == NULL) {
              Py_DECREF(bytes);
              return NULL;
          }
          _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes);
          Py_MEMCPY(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode),
                    PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes),
                    _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode) + 1);
          Py_DECREF(bytes);
      }
  
      if (psize)
          *psize = PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode);
      return PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode);
  }
  
  char*
  PyUnicode_AsUTF8(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(unicode, NULL);
  }
  
  Py_UNICODE *
  PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *size)
  {
      const unsigned char *one_byte;
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
      const Py_UCS2 *two_bytes;
  #else
      const Py_UCS4 *four_bytes;
      const Py_UCS4 *ucs4_end;
      Py_ssize_t num_surrogates;
  #endif
      wchar_t *w;
      wchar_t *wchar_end;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) == NULL) {
          /* Non-ASCII compact unicode object */
          assert(_PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) != 0);
          assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
  
          if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND) {
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 2
              four_bytes = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
              ucs4_end = four_bytes + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
              num_surrogates = 0;
  
              for (; four_bytes < ucs4_end; ++four_bytes) {
                  if (*four_bytes > 0xFFFF)
                      ++num_surrogates;
              }
  
              _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *) PyObject_MALLOC(
                      sizeof(wchar_t) * (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + 1 + num_surrogates));
              if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
                  PyErr_NoMemory();
                  return NULL;
              }
              _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + num_surrogates;
  
              w = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
              wchar_end = w + _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
              four_bytes = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode);
              for (; four_bytes < ucs4_end; ++four_bytes, ++w) {
                  if (*four_bytes > 0xFFFF) {
                      assert(*four_bytes <= MAX_UNICODE);
                      /* encode surrogate pair in this case */
                      *w++ = Py_UNICODE_HIGH_SURROGATE(*four_bytes);
                      *w   = Py_UNICODE_LOW_SURROGATE(*four_bytes);
                  }
                  else
                      *w = *four_bytes;
  
                  if (w > wchar_end) {
                      assert(0 && "Miscalculated string end");
                  }
              }
              *w = 0;
  #else
              /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 */
              Py_FatalError("Impossible unicode object state, wstr and str "
                            "should share memory already.");
              return NULL;
  #endif
          }
          else {
              _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = (wchar_t *) PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(wchar_t) *
                                                    (_PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode) + 1));
              if (!_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)) {
                  PyErr_NoMemory();
                  return NULL;
              }
              if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(unicode))
                  _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode) = _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
              w = _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
              wchar_end = w + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(unicode);
  
              if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
                  one_byte = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode);
                  for (; w < wchar_end; ++one_byte, ++w)
                      *w = *one_byte;
                  /* null-terminate the wstr */
                  *w = 0;
              }
              else if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
                  two_bytes = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode);
                  for (; w < wchar_end; ++two_bytes, ++w)
                      *w = *two_bytes;
                  /* null-terminate the wstr */
                  *w = 0;
  #else
                  /* sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 */
                  PyObject_FREE(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
                  _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode) = NULL;
                  Py_FatalError("Impossible unicode object state, wstr "
                                "and str should share memory already.");
                  return NULL;
  #endif
              }
              else {
                  assert(0 && "This should never happen.");
              }
          }
      }
      if (size != NULL)
          *size = PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(unicode);
      return _PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode);
  }
  
  Py_UNICODE *
  PyUnicode_AsUnicode(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      return PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(unicode, NULL);
  }
  
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_GetSize(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          goto onError;
      }
      return PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(unicode);
  
    onError:
      return -1;
  }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_GetLength(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return -1;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return -1;
      return PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
  }
  
  Py_UCS4
  PyUnicode_ReadChar(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return (Py_UCS4)-1;
      }
      if (index < 0 || index >= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
          return (Py_UCS4)-1;
      }
      return PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, index);
  }
  
  int
  PyUnicode_WriteChar(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index, Py_UCS4 ch)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || !PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return -1;
      }
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
      if (index < 0 || index >= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
          return -1;
      }
      if (unicode_check_modifiable(unicode))
          return -1;
      if (ch > PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "character out of range");
          return -1;
      }
      PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_KIND(unicode), PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
                      index, ch);
      return 0;
  }
  
  const char *
  PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding(void)
  {
      return "utf-8";
  }
  
  /* create or adjust a UnicodeDecodeError */
  static void
  make_decode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
                        const char *encoding,
                        const char *input, Py_ssize_t length,
                        Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                        const char *reason)
  {
      if (*exceptionObject == NULL) {
          *exceptionObject = PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create(
              encoding, input, length, startpos, endpos, reason);
      }
      else {
          if (PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart(*exceptionObject, startpos))
              goto onError;
          if (PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd(*exceptionObject, endpos))
              goto onError;
          if (PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetReason(*exceptionObject, reason))
              goto onError;
      }
      return;
  
  onError:
      Py_DECREF(*exceptionObject);
      *exceptionObject = NULL;
  }
  
  /* error handling callback helper:
     build arguments, call the callback and check the arguments,
     if no exception occurred, copy the replacement to the output
     and adjust various state variables.
     return 0 on success, -1 on error
  */
  
  static int
  unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(const char *errors, PyObject **errorHandler,
                                   const char *encoding, const char *reason,
                                   const char **input, const char **inend, Py_ssize_t *startinpos,
                                   Py_ssize_t *endinpos, PyObject **exceptionObject, const char **inptr,
                                   PyObject **output, Py_ssize_t *outpos)
  {
      static char *argparse = "O!n;decoding error handler must return (str, int) tuple";
  
      PyObject *restuple = NULL;
      PyObject *repunicode = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t outsize;
      Py_ssize_t insize;
      Py_ssize_t requiredsize;
      Py_ssize_t newpos;
      PyObject *inputobj = NULL;
      int res = -1;
  
      if (_PyUnicode_KIND(*output) != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND)
          outsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*output);
      else
          outsize = _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(*output);
  
      if (*errorHandler == NULL) {
          *errorHandler = PyCodec_LookupError(errors);
          if (*errorHandler == NULL)
              goto onError;
      }
  
      make_decode_exception(exceptionObject,
          encoding,
          *input, *inend - *input,
          *startinpos, *endinpos,
          reason);
      if (*exceptionObject == NULL)
          goto onError;
  
      restuple = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(*errorHandler, *exceptionObject, NULL);
      if (restuple == NULL)
          goto onError;
      if (!PyTuple_Check(restuple)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, &argparse[4]);
          goto onError;
      }
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(restuple, argparse, &PyUnicode_Type, &repunicode, &newpos))
          goto onError;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(repunicode) == -1)
          goto onError;
  
      /* Copy back the bytes variables, which might have been modified by the
         callback */
      inputobj = PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetObject(*exceptionObject);
      if (!inputobj)
          goto onError;
      if (!PyBytes_Check(inputobj)) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "exception attribute object must be bytes");
      }
      *input = PyBytes_AS_STRING(inputobj);
      insize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(inputobj);
      *inend = *input + insize;
      /* we can DECREF safely, as the exception has another reference,
         so the object won't go away. */
      Py_DECREF(inputobj);
  
      if (newpos<0)
          newpos = insize+newpos;
      if (newpos<0 || newpos>insize) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "position %zd from error handler out of bounds", newpos);
          goto onError;
      }
  
      if (_PyUnicode_KIND(*output) != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND) {
          /* need more space? (at least enough for what we
             have+the replacement+the rest of the string (starting
             at the new input position), so we won't have to check space
             when there are no errors in the rest of the string) */
          Py_ssize_t replen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repunicode);
          requiredsize = *outpos + replen + insize-newpos;
          if (requiredsize > outsize) {
              if (requiredsize<2*outsize)
                  requiredsize = 2*outsize;
              if (unicode_resize(output, requiredsize) < 0)
                  goto onError;
          }
          if (unicode_widen(output, *outpos,
                            PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(repunicode)) < 0)
              goto onError;
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(*output, *outpos, repunicode, 0, replen);
          *outpos += replen;
      }
      else {
          wchar_t *repwstr;
          Py_ssize_t repwlen;
          repwstr = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(repunicode, &repwlen);
          if (repwstr == NULL)
              goto onError;
          /* need more space? (at least enough for what we
             have+the replacement+the rest of the string (starting
             at the new input position), so we won't have to check space
             when there are no errors in the rest of the string) */
          requiredsize = *outpos + repwlen + insize-newpos;
          if (requiredsize > outsize) {
              if (requiredsize < 2*outsize)
                  requiredsize = 2*outsize;
              if (unicode_resize(output, requiredsize) < 0)
                  goto onError;
          }
          wcsncpy(_PyUnicode_WSTR(*output) + *outpos, repwstr, repwlen);
          *outpos += repwlen;
      }
      *endinpos = newpos;
      *inptr = *input + newpos;
  
      /* we made it! */
      res = 0;
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(restuple);
      return res;
  }
  
  /* --- UTF-7 Codec -------------------------------------------------------- */
  
  /* See RFC2152 for details.  We encode conservatively and decode liberally. */
  
  /* Three simple macros defining base-64. */
  
  /* Is c a base-64 character? */
  
  #define IS_BASE64(c) \
      (((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z') ||     \
       ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ||     \
       ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9') ||     \
       (c) == '+' || (c) == '/')
  
  /* given that c is a base-64 character, what is its base-64 value? */
  
  #define FROM_BASE64(c)                                                  \
      (((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z') ? (c) - 'A' :                           \
       ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ? (c) - 'a' + 26 :                      \
       ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9') ? (c) - '0' + 52 :                      \
       (c) == '+' ? 62 : 63)
  
  /* What is the base-64 character of the bottom 6 bits of n? */
  
  #define TO_BASE64(n)  \
      ("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"[(n) & 0x3f])
  
  /* DECODE_DIRECT: this byte encountered in a UTF-7 string should be
   * decoded as itself.  We are permissive on decoding; the only ASCII
   * byte not decoding to itself is the + which begins a base64
   * string. */
  
  #define DECODE_DIRECT(c)                                \
      ((c) <= 127 && (c) != '+')
  
  /* The UTF-7 encoder treats ASCII characters differently according to
   * whether they are Set D, Set O, Whitespace, or special (i.e. none of
   * the above).  See RFC2152.  This array identifies these different
   * sets:
   * 0 : "Set D"
   *     alphanumeric and '(),-./:?
   * 1 : "Set O"
   *     !"#$%&*;<=>@[]^_`{|}
   * 2 : "whitespace"
   *     ht nl cr sp
   * 3 : special (must be base64 encoded)
   *     everything else (i.e. +\~ and non-printing codes 0-8 11-12 14-31 127)
   */
  
  static
  char utf7_category[128] = {
  /* nul soh stx etx eot enq ack bel bs  ht  nl  vt  np  cr  so  si  */
      3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  2,  2,  3,  3,  2,  3,  3,
  /* dle dc1 dc2 dc3 dc4 nak syn etb can em  sub esc fs  gs  rs  us  */
      3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,
  /* sp   !   "   #   $   %   &   '   (   )   *   +   ,   -   .   /  */
      2,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  0,  0,  0,  1,  3,  0,  0,  0,  0,
  /*  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   :   ;   <   =   >   ?  */
      0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  1,  1,  1,  1,  0,
  /*  @   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O  */
      1,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,
  /*  P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z   [   \   ]   ^   _  */
      0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  1,  3,  1,  1,  1,
  /*  `   a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o  */
      1,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,
  /*  p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z   {   |   }   ~  del */
      0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  1,  1,  1,  3,  3,
  };
  
  /* ENCODE_DIRECT: this character should be encoded as itself.  The
   * answer depends on whether we are encoding set O as itself, and also
   * on whether we are encoding whitespace as itself.  RFC2152 makes it
   * clear that the answers to these questions vary between
   * applications, so this code needs to be flexible.  */
  
  #define ENCODE_DIRECT(c, directO, directWS)             \
      ((c) < 128 && (c) > 0 &&                            \
       ((utf7_category[(c)] == 0) ||                      \
        (directWS && (utf7_category[(c)] == 2)) ||        \
        (directO && (utf7_category[(c)] == 1))))
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7(const char *s,
                       Py_ssize_t size,
                       const char *errors)
  {
      return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7Stateful(s, size, errors, NULL);
  }
  
  /* The decoder.  The only state we preserve is our read position,
   * i.e. how many characters we have consumed.  So if we end in the
   * middle of a shift sequence we have to back off the read position
   * and the output to the beginning of the sequence, otherwise we lose
   * all the shift state (seen bits, number of bits seen, high
   * surrogate). */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7Stateful(const char *s,
                               Py_ssize_t size,
                               const char *errors,
                               Py_ssize_t *consumed)
  {
      const char *starts = s;
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
      const char *e;
      PyObject *unicode;
      const char *errmsg = "";
      int inShift = 0;
      Py_ssize_t shiftOutStart;
      unsigned int base64bits = 0;
      unsigned long base64buffer = 0;
      Py_UCS4 surrogate = 0;
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
  
      /* Start off assuming it's all ASCII. Widen later as necessary. */
      unicode = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
      if (!unicode)
          return NULL;
      if (size == 0) {
          if (consumed)
              *consumed = 0;
          return unicode;
      }
  
      shiftOutStart = outpos = 0;
      e = s + size;
  
      while (s < e) {
          Py_UCS4 ch;
        restart:
          ch = (unsigned char) *s;
  
          if (inShift) { /* in a base-64 section */
              if (IS_BASE64(ch)) { /* consume a base-64 character */
                  base64buffer = (base64buffer << 6) | FROM_BASE64(ch);
                  base64bits += 6;
                  s++;
                  if (base64bits >= 16) {
                      /* we have enough bits for a UTF-16 value */
                      Py_UCS4 outCh = (Py_UCS4)(base64buffer >> (base64bits-16));
                      base64bits -= 16;
                      base64buffer &= (1 << base64bits) - 1; /* clear high bits */
                      if (surrogate) {
                          /* expecting a second surrogate */
                          if (Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(outCh)) {
                              Py_UCS4 ch2 = Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(surrogate, outCh);
                              if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch2) < 0)
                                  goto onError;
                              surrogate = 0;
                              continue;
                          }
                          else {
                              if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, surrogate) < 0)
                                  goto onError;
                              surrogate = 0;
                          }
                      }
                      if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(outCh)) {
                          /* first surrogate */
                          surrogate = outCh;
                      }
                      else {
                          if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, outCh) < 0)
                              goto onError;
                      }
                  }
              }
              else { /* now leaving a base-64 section */
                  inShift = 0;
                  s++;
                  if (surrogate) {
                      if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, surrogate) < 0)
                          goto onError;
                      surrogate = 0;
                  }
                  if (base64bits > 0) { /* left-over bits */
                      if (base64bits >= 6) {
                          /* We've seen at least one base-64 character */
                          errmsg = "partial character in shift sequence";
                          goto utf7Error;
                      }
                      else {
                          /* Some bits remain; they should be zero */
                          if (base64buffer != 0) {
                              errmsg = "non-zero padding bits in shift sequence";
                              goto utf7Error;
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  if (ch != '-') {
                      /* '-' is absorbed; other terminating
                         characters are preserved */
                      if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
                          goto onError;
                  }
              }
          }
          else if ( ch == '+' ) {
              startinpos = s-starts;
              s++; /* consume '+' */
              if (s < e && *s == '-') { /* '+-' encodes '+' */
                  s++;
                  if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, '+') < 0)
                      goto onError;
              }
              else { /* begin base64-encoded section */
                  inShift = 1;
                  shiftOutStart = outpos;
                  base64bits = 0;
              }
          }
          else if (DECODE_DIRECT(ch)) { /* character decodes as itself */
              if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
                  goto onError;
              s++;
          }
          else {
              startinpos = s-starts;
              s++;
              errmsg = "unexpected special character";
              goto utf7Error;
          }
          continue;
  utf7Error:
          endinpos = s-starts;
          if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                  errors, &errorHandler,
                  "utf7", errmsg,
                  &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                  &unicode, &outpos))
              goto onError;
      }
  
      /* end of string */
  
      if (inShift && !consumed) { /* in shift sequence, no more to follow */
          /* if we're in an inconsistent state, that's an error */
          if (surrogate ||
                  (base64bits >= 6) ||
                  (base64bits > 0 && base64buffer != 0)) {
              endinpos = size;
              if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                      errors, &errorHandler,
                      "utf7", "unterminated shift sequence",
                      &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                      &unicode, &outpos))
                  goto onError;
              if (s < e)
                  goto restart;
          }
      }
  
      /* return state */
      if (consumed) {
          if (inShift) {
              outpos = shiftOutStart; /* back off output */
              *consumed = startinpos;
          }
          else {
              *consumed = s-starts;
          }
      }
  
      if (unicode_resize(&unicode, outpos) < 0)
          goto onError;
  
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return unicode_result(unicode);
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF7(PyObject *str,
                        int base64SetO,
                        int base64WhiteSpace,
                        const char *errors)
  {
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t len;
      PyObject *v;
      Py_ssize_t allocated;
      int inShift = 0;
      Py_ssize_t i;
      unsigned int base64bits = 0;
      unsigned long base64buffer = 0;
      char * out;
      char * start;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
          return NULL;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(str);
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
  
      if (len == 0)
          return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
  
      /* It might be possible to tighten this worst case */
      allocated = 8 * len;
      if (allocated / 8 != len)
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
  
      v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, allocated);
      if (v == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      start = out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
      for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
  
          if (inShift) {
              if (ENCODE_DIRECT(ch, !base64SetO, !base64WhiteSpace)) {
                  /* shifting out */
                  if (base64bits) { /* output remaining bits */
                      *out++ = TO_BASE64(base64buffer << (6-base64bits));
                      base64buffer = 0;
                      base64bits = 0;
                  }
                  inShift = 0;
                  /* Characters not in the BASE64 set implicitly unshift the sequence
                     so no '-' is required, except if the character is itself a '-' */
                  if (IS_BASE64(ch) || ch == '-') {
                      *out++ = '-';
                  }
                  *out++ = (char) ch;
              }
              else {
                  goto encode_char;
              }
          }
          else { /* not in a shift sequence */
              if (ch == '+') {
                  *out++ = '+';
                          *out++ = '-';
              }
              else if (ENCODE_DIRECT(ch, !base64SetO, !base64WhiteSpace)) {
                  *out++ = (char) ch;
              }
              else {
                  *out++ = '+';
                  inShift = 1;
                  goto encode_char;
              }
          }
          continue;
  encode_char:
          if (ch >= 0x10000) {
              assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
  
              /* code first surrogate */
              base64bits += 16;
              base64buffer = (base64buffer << 16) | 0xd800 | ((ch-0x10000) >> 10);
              while (base64bits >= 6) {
                  *out++ = TO_BASE64(base64buffer >> (base64bits-6));
                  base64bits -= 6;
              }
              /* prepare second surrogate */
              ch = Py_UNICODE_LOW_SURROGATE(ch);
          }
          base64bits += 16;
          base64buffer = (base64buffer << 16) | ch;
          while (base64bits >= 6) {
              *out++ = TO_BASE64(base64buffer >> (base64bits-6));
              base64bits -= 6;
          }
      }
      if (base64bits)
          *out++= TO_BASE64(base64buffer << (6-base64bits) );
      if (inShift)
          *out++ = '-';
      if (_PyBytes_Resize(&v, out - start) < 0)
          return NULL;
      return v;
  }
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeUTF7(const Py_UNICODE *s,
                       Py_ssize_t size,
                       int base64SetO,
                       int base64WhiteSpace,
                       const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
      if (tmp == NULL)
          return NULL;
      result = _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF7(tmp, base64SetO,
                                     base64WhiteSpace, errors);
      Py_DECREF(tmp);
      return result;
  }
  
  #undef IS_BASE64
  #undef FROM_BASE64
  #undef TO_BASE64
  #undef DECODE_DIRECT
  #undef ENCODE_DIRECT
  
  /* --- UTF-8 Codec -------------------------------------------------------- */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(const char *s,
                       Py_ssize_t size,
                       const char *errors)
  {
      return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(s, size, errors, NULL);
  }
  
  #include "stringlib/asciilib.h"
  #include "stringlib/codecs.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  #include "stringlib/ucs1lib.h"
  #include "stringlib/codecs.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  #include "stringlib/ucs2lib.h"
  #include "stringlib/codecs.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  #include "stringlib/ucs4lib.h"
  #include "stringlib/codecs.h"
  #include "stringlib/undef.h"
  
  /* Mask to check or force alignment of a pointer to C 'long' boundaries */
  #define LONG_PTR_MASK (size_t) (SIZEOF_LONG - 1)
  
  /* Mask to quickly check whether a C 'long' contains a
     non-ASCII, UTF8-encoded char. */
  #if (SIZEOF_LONG == 8)
  # define ASCII_CHAR_MASK 0x8080808080808080L
  #elif (SIZEOF_LONG == 4)
  # define ASCII_CHAR_MASK 0x80808080L
  #else
  # error C 'long' size should be either 4 or 8!
  #endif
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  ascii_decode(const char *start, const char *end, Py_UCS1 *dest)
  {
      const char *p = start;
      const char *aligned_end = (const char *) ((size_t) end & ~LONG_PTR_MASK);
  
  #if SIZEOF_LONG <= SIZEOF_VOID_P
      assert(!((size_t) dest & LONG_PTR_MASK));
      if (!((size_t) p & LONG_PTR_MASK)) {
          /* Fast path, see in STRINGLIB(utf8_decode) for
             an explanation. */
          /* Help register allocation */
          register const char *_p = p;
          register Py_UCS1 * q = dest;
          while (_p < aligned_end) {
              unsigned long value = *(const unsigned long *) _p;
              if (value & ASCII_CHAR_MASK)
                  break;
              *((unsigned long *)q) = value;
              _p += SIZEOF_LONG;
              q += SIZEOF_LONG;
          }
          p = _p;
          while (p < end) {
              if ((unsigned char)*p & 0x80)
                  break;
              *q++ = *p++;
          }
          return p - start;
      }
  #endif
      while (p < end) {
          /* Fast path, see in STRINGLIB(utf8_decode) in stringlib/codecs.h
             for an explanation. */
          if (!((size_t) p & LONG_PTR_MASK)) {
              /* Help register allocation */
              register const char *_p = p;
              while (_p < aligned_end) {
                  unsigned long value = *(unsigned long *) _p;
                  if (value & ASCII_CHAR_MASK)
                      break;
                  _p += SIZEOF_LONG;
              }
              p = _p;
              if (_p == end)
                  break;
          }
          if ((unsigned char)*p & 0x80)
              break;
          ++p;
      }
      memcpy(dest, start, p - start);
      return p - start;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(const char *s,
                               Py_ssize_t size,
                               const char *errors,
                               Py_ssize_t *consumed)
  {
      PyObject *unicode;
      const char *starts = s;
      const char *end = s + size;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
  
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      const char *errmsg = "";
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
  
      if (size == 0) {
          if (consumed)
              *consumed = 0;
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
      /* ASCII is equivalent to the first 128 ordinals in Unicode. */
      if (size == 1 && (unsigned char)s[0] < 128) {
          if (consumed)
              *consumed = 1;
          return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)s[0]);
      }
  
      unicode = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
      if (!unicode)
          return NULL;
  
      outpos = ascii_decode(s, end, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode));
      s += outpos;
      while (s < end) {
          Py_UCS4 ch;
          int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
          if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
              if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
                  ch = asciilib_utf8_decode(&s, end,
                          PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode), &outpos);
              else
                  ch = ucs1lib_utf8_decode(&s, end,
                          PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode), &outpos);
          } else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
              ch = ucs2lib_utf8_decode(&s, end,
                      PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode), &outpos);
          } else {
              assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
              ch = ucs4lib_utf8_decode(&s, end,
                      PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode), &outpos);
          }
  
          switch (ch) {
          case 0:
              if (s == end || consumed)
                  goto End;
              errmsg = "unexpected end of data";
              startinpos = s - starts;
              endinpos = startinpos + 1;
              while (endinpos < size && (starts[endinpos] & 0xC0) == 0x80)
                  endinpos++;
              break;
          case 1:
              errmsg = "invalid start byte";
              startinpos = s - starts;
              endinpos = startinpos + 1;
              break;
          case 2:
              errmsg = "invalid continuation byte";
              startinpos = s - starts;
              endinpos = startinpos + 1;
              while (endinpos < size && (starts[endinpos] & 0xC0) == 0x80)
                  endinpos++;
              break;
          default:
              if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
                  goto onError;
              continue;
          }
  
          if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                  errors, &errorHandler,
                  "utf-8", errmsg,
                  &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                  &unicode, &outpos))
              goto onError;
      }
  
  End:
      if (unicode_resize(&unicode, outpos) < 0)
          goto onError;
  
      if (consumed)
          *consumed = s - starts;
  
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
      return unicode;
  
  onError:
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      Py_XDECREF(unicode);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  #ifdef __APPLE__
  
  /* Simplified UTF-8 decoder using surrogateescape error handler,
     used to decode the command line arguments on Mac OS X. */
  
  wchar_t*
  _Py_DecodeUTF8_surrogateescape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      const char *e;
      wchar_t *unicode;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
  
      /* Note: size will always be longer than the resulting Unicode
         character count */
      if (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t) < (size + 1)) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return NULL;
      }
      unicode = PyMem_Malloc((size + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t));
      if (!unicode)
          return NULL;
  
      /* Unpack UTF-8 encoded data */
      e = s + size;
      outpos = 0;
      while (s < e) {
          Py_UCS4 ch;
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
          ch = ucs4lib_utf8_decode(&s, e, (Py_UCS4 *)unicode, &outpos);
  #else
          ch = ucs2lib_utf8_decode(&s, e, (Py_UCS2 *)unicode, &outpos);
  #endif
          if (ch > 0xFF) {
  #if SIZEOF_WCHAR_T == 4
              assert(0);
  #else
              assert(Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(ch));
              /*  compute and append the two surrogates: */
              unicode[outpos++] = (wchar_t)Py_UNICODE_HIGH_SURROGATE(ch);
              unicode[outpos++] = (wchar_t)Py_UNICODE_LOW_SURROGATE(ch);
  #endif
          }
          else {
              if (!ch && s == e)
                  break;
              /* surrogateescape */
              unicode[outpos++] = 0xDC00 + (unsigned char)*s++;
          }
      }
      unicode[outpos] = L'\0';
      return unicode;
  }
  
  #endif /* __APPLE__ */
  
  /* Primary internal function which creates utf8 encoded bytes objects.
  
     Allocation strategy:  if the string is short, convert into a stack buffer
     and allocate exactly as much space needed at the end.  Else allocate the
     maximum possible needed (4 result bytes per Unicode character), and return
     the excess memory at the end.
  */
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(PyObject *unicode, const char *errors)
  {
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t size;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode))
          return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode),
                                           PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(unicode));
  
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
      size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
  
      switch (kind) {
      default:
          assert(0);
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          /* the string cannot be ASCII, or PyUnicode_UTF8() would be set */
          assert(!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode));
          return ucs1lib_utf8_encoder(unicode, data, size, errors);
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs2lib_utf8_encoder(unicode, data, size, errors);
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs4lib_utf8_encoder(unicode, data, size, errors);
      }
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeUTF8(const Py_UNICODE *s,
                       Py_ssize_t size,
                       const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *v, *unicode;
  
      unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
      v = _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, errors);
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return v;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, NULL);
  }
  
  /* --- UTF-32 Codec ------------------------------------------------------- */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(const char *s,
                        Py_ssize_t size,
                        const char *errors,
                        int *byteorder)
  {
      return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful(s, size, errors, byteorder, NULL);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful(const char *s,
                                Py_ssize_t size,
                                const char *errors,
                                int *byteorder,
                                Py_ssize_t *consumed)
  {
      const char *starts = s;
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
      PyObject *unicode;
      const unsigned char *q, *e;
      int bo = 0;       /* assume native ordering by default */
      const char *errmsg = "";
      /* Offsets from q for retrieving bytes in the right order. */
  #ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
      int iorder[] = {0, 1, 2, 3};
  #else
      int iorder[] = {3, 2, 1, 0};
  #endif
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
  
      q = (unsigned char *)s;
      e = q + size;
  
      if (byteorder)
          bo = *byteorder;
  
      /* Check for BOM marks (U+FEFF) in the input and adjust current
         byte order setting accordingly. In native mode, the leading BOM
         mark is skipped, in all other modes, it is copied to the output
         stream as-is (giving a ZWNBSP character). */
      if (bo == 0) {
          if (size >= 4) {
              const Py_UCS4 bom = (q[iorder[3]] << 24) | (q[iorder[2]] << 16) |
                  (q[iorder[1]] << 8) | q[iorder[0]];
  #ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
              if (bom == 0x0000FEFF) {
                  q += 4;
                  bo = -1;
              }
              else if (bom == 0xFFFE0000) {
                  q += 4;
                  bo = 1;
              }
  #else
              if (bom == 0x0000FEFF) {
                  q += 4;
                  bo = 1;
              }
              else if (bom == 0xFFFE0000) {
                  q += 4;
                  bo = -1;
              }
  #endif
          }
      }
  
      if (bo == -1) {
          /* force LE */
          iorder[0] = 0;
          iorder[1] = 1;
          iorder[2] = 2;
          iorder[3] = 3;
      }
      else if (bo == 1) {
          /* force BE */
          iorder[0] = 3;
          iorder[1] = 2;
          iorder[2] = 1;
          iorder[3] = 0;
      }
  
      /* This might be one to much, because of a BOM */
      unicode = PyUnicode_New((size+3)/4, 127);
      if (!unicode)
          return NULL;
      if (size == 0)
          return unicode;
      outpos = 0;
  
      while (q < e) {
          Py_UCS4 ch;
          /* remaining bytes at the end? (size should be divisible by 4) */
          if (e-q<4) {
              if (consumed)
                  break;
              errmsg = "truncated data";
              startinpos = ((const char *)q)-starts;
              endinpos = ((const char *)e)-starts;
              goto utf32Error;
              /* The remaining input chars are ignored if the callback
                 chooses to skip the input */
          }
          ch = (q[iorder[3]] << 24) | (q[iorder[2]] << 16) |
              (q[iorder[1]] << 8) | q[iorder[0]];
  
          if (ch >= 0x110000)
          {
              errmsg = "codepoint not in range(0x110000)";
              startinpos = ((const char *)q)-starts;
              endinpos = startinpos+4;
              goto utf32Error;
          }
          if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
              goto onError;
          q += 4;
          continue;
        utf32Error:
          if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                  errors, &errorHandler,
                  "utf32", errmsg,
                  &starts, (const char **)&e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, (const char **)&q,
                  &unicode, &outpos))
              goto onError;
      }
  
      if (byteorder)
          *byteorder = bo;
  
      if (consumed)
          *consumed = (const char *)q-starts;
  
      /* Adjust length */
      if (unicode_resize(&unicode, outpos) < 0)
          goto onError;
  
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return unicode_result(unicode);
  
    onError:
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(PyObject *str,
                         const char *errors,
                         int byteorder)
  {
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t len;
      PyObject *v;
      unsigned char *p;
      Py_ssize_t nsize, bytesize, i;
      /* Offsets from p for storing byte pairs in the right order. */
  #ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
      int iorder[] = {0, 1, 2, 3};
  #else
      int iorder[] = {3, 2, 1, 0};
  #endif
  
  #define STORECHAR(CH)                           \
      do {                                        \
          p[iorder[3]] = ((CH) >> 24) & 0xff;     \
          p[iorder[2]] = ((CH) >> 16) & 0xff;     \
          p[iorder[1]] = ((CH) >> 8) & 0xff;      \
          p[iorder[0]] = (CH) & 0xff;             \
          p += 4;                                 \
      } while(0)
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(str)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
          return NULL;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(str);
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
  
      nsize = len + (byteorder == 0);
      bytesize = nsize * 4;
      if (bytesize / 4 != nsize)
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
      v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bytesize);
      if (v == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      p = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
      if (byteorder == 0)
          STORECHAR(0xFEFF);
      if (len == 0)
          goto done;
  
      if (byteorder == -1) {
          /* force LE */
          iorder[0] = 0;
          iorder[1] = 1;
          iorder[2] = 2;
          iorder[3] = 3;
      }
      else if (byteorder == 1) {
          /* force BE */
          iorder[0] = 3;
          iorder[1] = 2;
          iorder[2] = 1;
          iorder[3] = 0;
      }
  
      for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
          STORECHAR(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i));
  
    done:
      return v;
  #undef STORECHAR
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(const Py_UNICODE *s,
                        Py_ssize_t size,
                        const char *errors,
                        int byteorder)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
      if (tmp == NULL)
          return NULL;
      result = _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(tmp, errors, byteorder);
      Py_DECREF(tmp);
      return result;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsUTF32String(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(unicode, NULL, 0);
  }
  
  /* --- UTF-16 Codec ------------------------------------------------------- */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s,
                        Py_ssize_t size,
                        const char *errors,
                        int *byteorder)
  {
      return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful(s, size, errors, byteorder, NULL);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful(const char *s,
                                Py_ssize_t size,
                                const char *errors,
                                int *byteorder,
                                Py_ssize_t *consumed)
  {
      const char *starts = s;
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
      PyObject *unicode;
      const unsigned char *q, *e;
      int bo = 0;       /* assume native ordering by default */
      int native_ordering;
      const char *errmsg = "";
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
  
      q = (unsigned char *)s;
      e = q + size;
  
      if (byteorder)
          bo = *byteorder;
  
      /* Check for BOM marks (U+FEFF) in the input and adjust current
         byte order setting accordingly. In native mode, the leading BOM
         mark is skipped, in all other modes, it is copied to the output
         stream as-is (giving a ZWNBSP character). */
      if (bo == 0 && size >= 2) {
          const Py_UCS4 bom = (q[1] << 8) | q[0];
          if (bom == 0xFEFF) {
              q += 2;
              bo = -1;
          }
          else if (bom == 0xFFFE) {
              q += 2;
              bo = 1;
          }
          if (byteorder)
              *byteorder = bo;
      }
  
      if (q == e) {
          if (consumed)
              *consumed = size;
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
  #ifdef BYTEORDER_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN
      native_ordering = bo <= 0;
  #else
      native_ordering = bo >= 0;
  #endif
  
      /* Note: size will always be longer than the resulting Unicode
         character count */
      unicode = PyUnicode_New((e - q + 1) / 2, 127);
      if (!unicode)
          return NULL;
  
      outpos = 0;
      while (1) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = 0;
          if (e - q >= 2) {
              int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
              if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
                  if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
                      ch = asciilib_utf16_decode(&q, e,
                              PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode), &outpos,
                              native_ordering);
                  else
                      ch = ucs1lib_utf16_decode(&q, e,
                              PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode), &outpos,
                              native_ordering);
              } else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
                  ch = ucs2lib_utf16_decode(&q, e,
                          PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(unicode), &outpos,
                          native_ordering);
              } else {
                  assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
                  ch = ucs4lib_utf16_decode(&q, e,
                          PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(unicode), &outpos,
                          native_ordering);
              }
          }
  
          switch (ch)
          {
          case 0:
              /* remaining byte at the end? (size should be even) */
              if (q == e || consumed)
                  goto End;
              errmsg = "truncated data";
              startinpos = ((const char *)q) - starts;
              endinpos = ((const char *)e) - starts;
              break;
              /* The remaining input chars are ignored if the callback
                 chooses to skip the input */
          case 1:
              errmsg = "unexpected end of data";
              startinpos = ((const char *)q) - 2 - starts;
              endinpos = ((const char *)e) - starts;
              break;
          case 2:
              errmsg = "illegal encoding";
              startinpos = ((const char *)q) - 2 - starts;
              endinpos = startinpos + 2;
              break;
          case 3:
              errmsg = "illegal UTF-16 surrogate";
              startinpos = ((const char *)q) - 4 - starts;
              endinpos = startinpos + 2;
              break;
          default:
              if (unicode_putchar(&unicode, &outpos, ch) < 0)
                  goto onError;
              continue;
          }
  
          if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                  errors,
                  &errorHandler,
                  "utf16", errmsg,
                  &starts,
                  (const char **)&e,
                  &startinpos,
                  &endinpos,
                  &exc,
                  (const char **)&q,
                  &unicode,
                  &outpos))
              goto onError;
      }
  
  End:
      if (consumed)
          *consumed = (const char *)q-starts;
  
      /* Adjust length */
      if (unicode_resize(&unicode, outpos) < 0)
          goto onError;
  
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return unicode_result(unicode);
  
    onError:
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(PyObject *str,
                         const char *errors,
                         int byteorder)
  {
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
      const void *data;
      Py_ssize_t len;
      PyObject *v;
      unsigned short *out;
      Py_ssize_t bytesize;
      Py_ssize_t pairs;
  #ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
      int native_ordering = byteorder >= 0;
  #else
      int native_ordering = byteorder <= 0;
  #endif
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(str)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
          return NULL;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(str);
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
  
      pairs = 0;
      if (kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND) {
          const Py_UCS4 *in = (const Py_UCS4 *)data;
          const Py_UCS4 *end = in + len;
          while (in < end)
              if (*in++ >= 0x10000)
                  pairs++;
      }
      if (len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / 2 - pairs - (byteorder == 0))
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
      bytesize = (len + pairs + (byteorder == 0)) * 2;
      v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bytesize);
      if (v == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      /* output buffer is 2-bytes aligned */
      assert(((Py_uintptr_t)PyBytes_AS_STRING(v) & 1) == 0);
      out = (unsigned short *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
      if (byteorder == 0)
          *out++ = 0xFEFF;
      if (len == 0)
          goto done;
  
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: {
          ucs1lib_utf16_encode(out, (const Py_UCS1 *)data, len, native_ordering);
          break;
      }
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: {
          ucs2lib_utf16_encode(out, (const Py_UCS2 *)data, len, native_ordering);
          break;
      }
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND: {
          ucs4lib_utf16_encode(out, (const Py_UCS4 *)data, len, native_ordering);
          break;
      }
      default:
          assert(0);
      }
  
    done:
      return v;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(const Py_UNICODE *s,
                        Py_ssize_t size,
                        const char *errors,
                        int byteorder)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
      if (tmp == NULL)
          return NULL;
      result = _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(tmp, errors, byteorder);
      Py_DECREF(tmp);
      return result;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsUTF16String(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(unicode, NULL, 0);
  }
  
  /* --- Unicode Escape Codec ----------------------------------------------- */
  
  /* Helper function for PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape, determines
     if all the escapes in the string make it still a valid ASCII string.
     Returns -1 if any escapes were found which cause the string to
     pop out of ASCII range.  Otherwise returns the length of the
     required buffer to hold the string.
     */
  static Py_ssize_t
  length_of_escaped_ascii_string(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      const unsigned char *p = (const unsigned char *)s;
      const unsigned char *end = p + size;
      Py_ssize_t length = 0;
  
      if (size < 0)
          return -1;
  
      for (; p < end; ++p) {
          if (*p > 127) {
              /* Non-ASCII */
              return -1;
          }
          else if (*p != '\\') {
              /* Normal character */
              ++length;
          }
          else {
              /* Backslash-escape, check next char */
              ++p;
              /* Escape sequence reaches till end of string or
                 non-ASCII follow-up. */
              if (p >= end || *p > 127)
                  return -1;
              switch (*p) {
              case '\n':
                  /* backslash + \n result in zero characters */
                  break;
              case '\\': case '\'': case '\"':
              case 'b': case 'f': case 't':
              case 'n': case 'r': case 'v': case 'a':
                  ++length;
                  break;
              case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
              case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
              case 'x': case 'u': case 'U': case 'N':
                  /* these do not guarantee ASCII characters */
                  return -1;
              default:
                  /* count the backslash + the other character */
                  length += 2;
              }
          }
      }
      return length;
  }
  
  static _PyUnicode_Name_CAPI *ucnhash_CAPI = NULL;
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape(const char *s,
                                Py_ssize_t size,
                                const char *errors)
  {
      const char *starts = s;
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      int j;
      PyObject *v;
      const char *end;
      char* message;
      Py_UCS4 chr = 0xffffffff; /* in case 'getcode' messes up */
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t len;
      Py_ssize_t i;
  
      len = length_of_escaped_ascii_string(s, size);
  
      /* After length_of_escaped_ascii_string() there are two alternatives,
         either the string is pure ASCII with named escapes like \n, etc.
         and we determined it's exact size (common case)
         or it contains \x, \u, ... escape sequences.  then we create a
         legacy wchar string and resize it at the end of this function. */
      if (len >= 0) {
          v = PyUnicode_New(len, 127);
          if (!v)
              goto onError;
          assert(PyUnicode_KIND(v) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
      }
      else {
          /* Escaped strings will always be longer than the resulting
             Unicode string, so we start with size here and then reduce the
             length after conversion to the true value.
             (but if the error callback returns a long replacement string
             we'll have to allocate more space) */
          v = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
          if (!v)
              goto onError;
          len = size;
      }
  
      if (size == 0)
          return v;
      i = 0;
      end = s + size;
  
      while (s < end) {
          unsigned char c;
          Py_UCS4 x;
          int digits;
  
          /* The only case in which i == ascii_length is a backslash
             followed by a newline. */
          assert(i <= len);
  
          /* Non-escape characters are interpreted as Unicode ordinals */
          if (*s != '\\') {
              if (unicode_putchar(&v, &i, (unsigned char) *s++) < 0)
                  goto onError;
              continue;
          }
  
          startinpos = s-starts;
          /* \ - Escapes */
          s++;
          c = *s++;
          if (s > end)
              c = '\0'; /* Invalid after \ */
  
          /* The only case in which i == ascii_length is a backslash
             followed by a newline. */
          assert(i < len || (i == len && c == '\n'));
  
          switch (c) {
  
              /* \x escapes */
  #define WRITECHAR(ch)                                   \
              do {                                        \
                  if (unicode_putchar(&v, &i, ch) < 0)    \
                      goto onError;                       \
              }while(0)
  
          case '\n': break;
          case '\\': WRITECHAR('\\'); break;
          case '\'': WRITECHAR('\''); break;
          case '\"': WRITECHAR('\"'); break;
          case 'b': WRITECHAR('\b'); break;
          /* FF */
          case 'f': WRITECHAR('\014'); break;
          case 't': WRITECHAR('\t'); break;
          case 'n': WRITECHAR('\n'); break;
          case 'r': WRITECHAR('\r'); break;
          /* VT */
          case 'v': WRITECHAR('\013'); break;
          /* BEL, not classic C */
          case 'a': WRITECHAR('\007'); break;
  
              /* \OOO (octal) escapes */
          case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
          case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
              x = s[-1] - '0';
              if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7') {
                  x = (x<<3) + *s++ - '0';
                  if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7')
                      x = (x<<3) + *s++ - '0';
              }
              WRITECHAR(x);
              break;
  
              /* hex escapes */
              /* \xXX */
          case 'x':
              digits = 2;
              message = "truncated \\xXX escape";
              goto hexescape;
  
              /* \uXXXX */
          case 'u':
              digits = 4;
              message = "truncated \\uXXXX escape";
              goto hexescape;
  
              /* \UXXXXXXXX */
          case 'U':
              digits = 8;
              message = "truncated \\UXXXXXXXX escape";
          hexescape:
              chr = 0;
              if (s+digits>end) {
                  endinpos = size;
                  if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                          errors, &errorHandler,
                          "unicodeescape", "end of string in escape sequence",
                          &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                          &v, &i))
                      goto onError;
                  goto nextByte;
              }
              for (j = 0; j < digits; ++j) {
                  c = (unsigned char) s[j];
                  if (!Py_ISXDIGIT(c)) {
                      endinpos = (s+j+1)-starts;
                      if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                              errors, &errorHandler,
                              "unicodeescape", message,
                              &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                              &v, &i))
                          goto onError;
                      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v);
                      goto nextByte;
                  }
                  chr = (chr<<4) & ~0xF;
                  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
                      chr += c - '0';
                  else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
                      chr += 10 + c - 'a';
                  else
                      chr += 10 + c - 'A';
              }
              s += j;
              if (chr == 0xffffffff && PyErr_Occurred())
                  /* _decoding_error will have already written into the
                     target buffer. */
                  break;
          store:
              /* when we get here, chr is a 32-bit unicode character */
              if (chr <= MAX_UNICODE) {
                  WRITECHAR(chr);
              } else {
                  endinpos = s-starts;
                  if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                          errors, &errorHandler,
                          "unicodeescape", "illegal Unicode character",
                          &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                          &v, &i))
                      goto onError;
              }
              break;
  
              /* \N{name} */
          case 'N':
              message = "malformed \\N character escape";
              if (ucnhash_CAPI == NULL) {
                  /* load the unicode data module */
                  ucnhash_CAPI = (_PyUnicode_Name_CAPI *)PyCapsule_Import(
                                                  PyUnicodeData_CAPSULE_NAME, 1);
                  if (ucnhash_CAPI == NULL)
                      goto ucnhashError;
              }
              if (*s == '{') {
                  const char *start = s+1;
                  /* look for the closing brace */
                  while (*s != '}' && s < end)
                      s++;
                  if (s > start && s < end && *s == '}') {
                      /* found a name.  look it up in the unicode database */
                      message = "unknown Unicode character name";
                      s++;
                      if (ucnhash_CAPI->getcode(NULL, start, (int)(s-start-1),
                                                &chr, 0))
                          goto store;
                  }
              }
              endinpos = s-starts;
              if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                      errors, &errorHandler,
                      "unicodeescape", message,
                      &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                      &v, &i))
                  goto onError;
              break;
  
          default:
              if (s > end) {
                  message = "\\ at end of string";
                  s--;
                  endinpos = s-starts;
                  if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                          errors, &errorHandler,
                          "unicodeescape", message,
                          &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                          &v, &i))
                      goto onError;
              }
              else {
                  WRITECHAR('\\');
                  WRITECHAR(s[-1]);
              }
              break;
          }
        nextByte:
          ;
      }
  #undef WRITECHAR
  
      if (unicode_resize(&v, i) < 0)
          goto onError;
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return unicode_result(v);
  
    ucnhashError:
      PyErr_SetString(
          PyExc_UnicodeError,
          "\\N escapes not supported (can't load unicodedata module)"
          );
      Py_XDECREF(v);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return NULL;
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(v);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* Return a Unicode-Escape string version of the Unicode object.
  
     If quotes is true, the string is enclosed in u"" or u'' quotes as
     appropriate.
  
  */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, len;
      PyObject *repr;
      char *p;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t expandsize = 0;
  
      /* Initial allocation is based on the longest-possible unichr
         escape.
  
         In wide (UTF-32) builds '\U00xxxxxx' is 10 chars per source
         unichr, so in this case it's the longest unichr escape. In
         narrow (UTF-16) builds this is five chars per source unichr
         since there are two unichrs in the surrogate pair, so in narrow
         (UTF-16) builds it's not the longest unichr escape.
  
         In wide or narrow builds '\uxxxx' is 6 chars per source unichr,
         so in the narrow (UTF-16) build case it's the longest unichr
         escape.
      */
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: expandsize = 4; break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: expandsize = 6; break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND: expandsize = 10; break;
      }
  
      if (len == 0)
          return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
  
      if (len > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 2 - 1) / expandsize)
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
  
      repr = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL,
                                       2
                                       + expandsize*len
                                       + 1);
      if (repr == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(repr);
  
      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
  
          /* Escape backslashes */
          if (ch == '\\') {
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = (char) ch;
              continue;
          }
  
          /* Map 21-bit characters to '\U00xxxxxx' */
          else if (ch >= 0x10000) {
              assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = 'U';
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 28) & 0x0000000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 24) & 0x0000000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 20) & 0x0000000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 16) & 0x0000000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0x0000000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0x0000000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x0000000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x0000000F];
              continue;
          }
  
          /* Map 16-bit characters to '\uxxxx' */
          if (ch >= 256) {
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = 'u';
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0x000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0x000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x000F];
          }
  
          /* Map special whitespace to '\t', \n', '\r' */
          else if (ch == '\t') {
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = 't';
          }
          else if (ch == '\n') {
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = 'n';
          }
          else if (ch == '\r') {
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = 'r';
          }
  
          /* Map non-printable US ASCII to '\xhh' */
          else if (ch < ' ' || ch >= 0x7F) {
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = 'x';
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x000F];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x000F];
          }
  
          /* Copy everything else as-is */
          else
              *p++ = (char) ch;
      }
  
      assert(p - PyBytes_AS_STRING(repr) > 0);
      if (_PyBytes_Resize(&repr, p - PyBytes_AS_STRING(repr)) < 0)
          return NULL;
      return repr;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s,
                                Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
      if (tmp == NULL)
          return NULL;
      result = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(tmp);
      Py_DECREF(tmp);
      return result;
  }
  
  /* --- Raw Unicode Escape Codec ------------------------------------------- */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeRawUnicodeEscape(const char *s,
                                   Py_ssize_t size,
                                   const char *errors)
  {
      const char *starts = s;
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
      PyObject *v;
      const char *end;
      const char *bs;
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
  
      /* Escaped strings will always be longer than the resulting
         Unicode string, so we start with size here and then reduce the
         length after conversion to the true value. (But decoding error
         handler might have to resize the string) */
      v = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
      if (v == NULL)
          goto onError;
      if (size == 0)
          return v;
      outpos = 0;
      end = s + size;
      while (s < end) {
          unsigned char c;
          Py_UCS4 x;
          int i;
          int count;
  
          /* Non-escape characters are interpreted as Unicode ordinals */
          if (*s != '\\') {
              if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, (unsigned char)*s++) < 0)
                  goto onError;
              continue;
          }
          startinpos = s-starts;
  
          /* \u-escapes are only interpreted iff the number of leading
             backslashes if odd */
          bs = s;
          for (;s < end;) {
              if (*s != '\\')
                  break;
              if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, (unsigned char)*s++) < 0)
                  goto onError;
          }
          if (((s - bs) & 1) == 0 ||
              s >= end ||
              (*s != 'u' && *s != 'U')) {
              continue;
          }
          outpos--;
          count = *s=='u' ? 4 : 8;
          s++;
  
          /* \uXXXX with 4 hex digits, \Uxxxxxxxx with 8 */
          for (x = 0, i = 0; i < count; ++i, ++s) {
              c = (unsigned char)*s;
              if (!Py_ISXDIGIT(c)) {
                  endinpos = s-starts;
                  if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                          errors, &errorHandler,
                          "rawunicodeescape", "truncated \\uXXXX",
                          &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                          &v, &outpos))
                      goto onError;
                  goto nextByte;
              }
              x = (x<<4) & ~0xF;
              if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
                  x += c - '0';
              else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
                  x += 10 + c - 'a';
              else
                  x += 10 + c - 'A';
          }
          if (x <= MAX_UNICODE) {
              if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, x) < 0)
                  goto onError;
          } else {
              endinpos = s-starts;
              if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                      errors, &errorHandler,
                      "rawunicodeescape", "\\Uxxxxxxxx out of range",
                      &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                      &v, &outpos))
                  goto onError;
          }
        nextByte:
          ;
      }
      if (unicode_resize(&v, outpos) < 0)
          goto onError;
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return unicode_result(v);
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(v);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      PyObject *repr;
      char *p;
      char *q;
      Py_ssize_t expandsize, pos;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t len;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      /* 4 byte characters can take up 10 bytes, 2 byte characters can take up 6
         bytes, and 1 byte characters 4. */
      expandsize = kind * 2 + 2;
  
      if (len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / expandsize)
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
  
      repr = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, expandsize * len);
      if (repr == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (len == 0)
          return repr;
  
      p = q = PyBytes_AS_STRING(repr);
      for (pos = 0; pos < len; pos++) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, pos);
          /* Map 32-bit characters to '\Uxxxxxxxx' */
          if (ch >= 0x10000) {
              assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = 'U';
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 28) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 24) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 20) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 16) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 15];
          }
          /* Map 16-bit characters to '\uxxxx' */
          else if (ch >= 256) {
              *p++ = '\\';
              *p++ = 'u';
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0xf];
              *p++ = Py_hexdigits[ch & 15];
          }
          /* Copy everything else as-is */
          else
              *p++ = (char) ch;
      }
  
      assert(p > q);
      if (_PyBytes_Resize(&repr, p - q) < 0)
          return NULL;
      return repr;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeRawUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s,
                                   Py_ssize_t size)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      PyObject *tmp = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, size);
      if (tmp == NULL)
          return NULL;
      result = PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString(tmp);
      Py_DECREF(tmp);
      return result;
  }
  
  /* --- Unicode Internal Codec ------------------------------------------- */
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeInternal(const char *s,
                                   Py_ssize_t size,
                                   const char *errors)
  {
      const char *starts = s;
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
      PyObject *v;
      const char *end;
      const char *reason;
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
  
      if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
                       "unicode_internal codec has been deprecated",
                       1))
          return NULL;
  
      /* XXX overflow detection missing */
      v = PyUnicode_New((size+Py_UNICODE_SIZE-1)/ Py_UNICODE_SIZE, 127);
      if (v == NULL)
          goto onError;
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) == 0)
          return v;
      outpos = 0;
      end = s + size;
  
      while (s < end) {
          Py_UNICODE uch;
          Py_UCS4 ch;
          /* We copy the raw representation one byte at a time because the
             pointer may be unaligned (see test_codeccallbacks). */
          ((char *) &uch)[0] = s[0];
          ((char *) &uch)[1] = s[1];
  #ifdef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
          ((char *) &uch)[2] = s[2];
          ((char *) &uch)[3] = s[3];
  #endif
          ch = uch;
  
          /* We have to sanity check the raw data, otherwise doom looms for
             some malformed UCS-4 data. */
          if (
  #ifdef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
              ch > 0x10ffff ||
  #endif
              end-s < Py_UNICODE_SIZE
              )
          {
              startinpos = s - starts;
              if (end-s < Py_UNICODE_SIZE) {
                  endinpos = end-starts;
                  reason = "truncated input";
              }
              else {
                  endinpos = s - starts + Py_UNICODE_SIZE;
                  reason = "illegal code point (> 0x10FFFF)";
              }
              if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                      errors, &errorHandler,
                      "unicode_internal", reason,
                      &starts, &end, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                      &v, &outpos))
                  goto onError;
              continue;
          }
  
          s += Py_UNICODE_SIZE;
  #ifndef Py_UNICODE_WIDE
          if (Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(ch) && s < end)
          {
              Py_UNICODE uch2;
              ((char *) &uch2)[0] = s[0];
              ((char *) &uch2)[1] = s[1];
              if (Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE(uch2))
              {
                  ch = Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES(uch, uch2);
                  s += Py_UNICODE_SIZE;
              }
          }
  #endif
  
          if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, ch) < 0)
              goto onError;
      }
  
      if (unicode_resize(&v, outpos) < 0)
          goto onError;
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return unicode_result(v);
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(v);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* --- Latin-1 Codec ------------------------------------------------------ */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(const char *s,
                         Py_ssize_t size,
                         const char *errors)
  {
      /* Latin-1 is equivalent to the first 256 ordinals in Unicode. */
      return _PyUnicode_FromUCS1((unsigned char*)s, size);
  }
  
  /* create or adjust a UnicodeEncodeError */
  static void
  make_encode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
                        const char *encoding,
                        PyObject *unicode,
                        Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                        const char *reason)
  {
      if (*exceptionObject == NULL) {
          *exceptionObject = PyObject_CallFunction(
              PyExc_UnicodeEncodeError, "sOnns",
              encoding, unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
      }
      else {
          if (PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart(*exceptionObject, startpos))
              goto onError;
          if (PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetEnd(*exceptionObject, endpos))
              goto onError;
          if (PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetReason(*exceptionObject, reason))
              goto onError;
          return;
        onError:
          Py_DECREF(*exceptionObject);
          *exceptionObject = NULL;
      }
  }
  
  /* raises a UnicodeEncodeError */
  static void
  raise_encode_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
                         const char *encoding,
                         PyObject *unicode,
                         Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                         const char *reason)
  {
      make_encode_exception(exceptionObject,
                            encoding, unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
      if (*exceptionObject != NULL)
          PyCodec_StrictErrors(*exceptionObject);
  }
  
  /* error handling callback helper:
     build arguments, call the callback and check the arguments,
     put the result into newpos and return the replacement string, which
     has to be freed by the caller */
  static PyObject *
  unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(const char *errors,
                                   PyObject **errorHandler,
                                   const char *encoding, const char *reason,
                                   PyObject *unicode, PyObject **exceptionObject,
                                   Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                                   Py_ssize_t *newpos)
  {
      static char *argparse = "On;encoding error handler must return (str/bytes, int) tuple";
      Py_ssize_t len;
      PyObject *restuple;
      PyObject *resunicode;
  
      if (*errorHandler == NULL) {
          *errorHandler = PyCodec_LookupError(errors);
          if (*errorHandler == NULL)
              return NULL;
      }
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
  
      make_encode_exception(exceptionObject,
                            encoding, unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
      if (*exceptionObject == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      restuple = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(
          *errorHandler, *exceptionObject, NULL);
      if (restuple == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (!PyTuple_Check(restuple)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, &argparse[3]);
          Py_DECREF(restuple);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(restuple, argparse,
                            &resunicode, newpos)) {
          Py_DECREF(restuple);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(resunicode) && !PyBytes_Check(resunicode)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, &argparse[3]);
          Py_DECREF(restuple);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (*newpos<0)
          *newpos = len + *newpos;
      if (*newpos<0 || *newpos>len) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "position %zd from error handler out of bounds", *newpos);
          Py_DECREF(restuple);
          return NULL;
      }
      Py_INCREF(resunicode);
      Py_DECREF(restuple);
      return resunicode;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_encode_ucs1(PyObject *unicode,
                      const char *errors,
                      unsigned int limit)
  {
      /* input state */
      Py_ssize_t pos=0, size;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      /* output object */
      PyObject *res;
      /* pointer into the output */
      char *str;
      /* current output position */
      Py_ssize_t ressize;
      const char *encoding = (limit == 256) ? "latin-1" : "ascii";
      const char *reason = (limit == 256) ? "ordinal not in range(256)" : "ordinal not in range(128)";
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
      /* the following variable is used for caching string comparisons
       * -1=not initialized, 0=unknown, 1=strict, 2=replace, 3=ignore, 4=xmlcharrefreplace */
      int known_errorHandler = -1;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
      /* allocate enough for a simple encoding without
         replacements, if we need more, we'll resize */
      if (size == 0)
          return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
      res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
      if (res == NULL)
          return NULL;
      str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
      ressize = size;
  
      while (pos < size) {
          Py_UCS4 c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, pos);
  
          /* can we encode this? */
          if (c<limit) {
              /* no overflow check, because we know that the space is enough */
              *str++ = (char)c;
              ++pos;
          }
          else {
              Py_ssize_t requiredsize;
              PyObject *repunicode;
              Py_ssize_t repsize, newpos, respos, i;
              /* startpos for collecting unencodable chars */
              Py_ssize_t collstart = pos;
              Py_ssize_t collend = pos;
              /* find all unecodable characters */
              while ((collend < size) && (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, collend)>=limit))
                  ++collend;
              /* cache callback name lookup (if not done yet, i.e. it's the first error) */
              if (known_errorHandler==-1) {
                  if ((errors==NULL) || (!strcmp(errors, "strict")))
                      known_errorHandler = 1;
                  else if (!strcmp(errors, "replace"))
                      known_errorHandler = 2;
                  else if (!strcmp(errors, "ignore"))
                      known_errorHandler = 3;
                  else if (!strcmp(errors, "xmlcharrefreplace"))
                      known_errorHandler = 4;
                  else
                      known_errorHandler = 0;
              }
              switch (known_errorHandler) {
              case 1: /* strict */
                  raise_encode_exception(&exc, encoding, unicode, collstart, collend, reason);
                  goto onError;
              case 2: /* replace */
                  while (collstart++<collend)
                      *str++ = '?'; /* fall through */
              case 3: /* ignore */
                  pos = collend;
                  break;
              case 4: /* xmlcharrefreplace */
                  respos = str - PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
                  /* determine replacement size */
                  for (i = collstart, repsize = 0; i < collend; ++i) {
                      Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
                      if (ch < 10)
                          repsize += 2+1+1;
                      else if (ch < 100)
                          repsize += 2+2+1;
                      else if (ch < 1000)
                          repsize += 2+3+1;
                      else if (ch < 10000)
                          repsize += 2+4+1;
                      else if (ch < 100000)
                          repsize += 2+5+1;
                      else if (ch < 1000000)
                          repsize += 2+6+1;
                      else {
                          assert(ch <= MAX_UNICODE);
                          repsize += 2+7+1;
                      }
                  }
                  requiredsize = respos+repsize+(size-collend);
                  if (requiredsize > ressize) {
                      if (requiredsize<2*ressize)
                          requiredsize = 2*ressize;
                      if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, requiredsize))
                          goto onError;
                      str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res) + respos;
                      ressize = requiredsize;
                  }
                  /* generate replacement */
                  for (i = collstart; i < collend; ++i) {
                      str += sprintf(str, "&#%d;", PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i));
                  }
                  pos = collend;
                  break;
              default:
                  repunicode = unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(errors, &errorHandler,
                                                                encoding, reason, unicode, &exc,
                                                                collstart, collend, &newpos);
                  if (repunicode == NULL || (PyUnicode_Check(repunicode) &&
                                             PyUnicode_READY(repunicode) == -1))
                      goto onError;
                  if (PyBytes_Check(repunicode)) {
                      /* Directly copy bytes result to output. */
                      repsize = PyBytes_Size(repunicode);
                      if (repsize > 1) {
                          /* Make room for all additional bytes. */
                          respos = str - PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
                          if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, ressize+repsize-1)) {
                              Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                              goto onError;
                          }
                          str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res) + respos;
                          ressize += repsize-1;
                      }
                      memcpy(str, PyBytes_AsString(repunicode), repsize);
                      str += repsize;
                      pos = newpos;
                      Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                      break;
                  }
                  /* need more space? (at least enough for what we
                     have+the replacement+the rest of the string, so
                     we won't have to check space for encodable characters) */
                  respos = str - PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
                  repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repunicode);
                  requiredsize = respos+repsize+(size-collend);
                  if (requiredsize > ressize) {
                      if (requiredsize<2*ressize)
                          requiredsize = 2*ressize;
                      if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, requiredsize)) {
                          Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                          goto onError;
                      }
                      str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res) + respos;
                      ressize = requiredsize;
                  }
                  /* check if there is anything unencodable in the replacement
                     and copy it to the output */
                  for (i = 0; repsize-->0; ++i, ++str) {
                      c = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(repunicode, i);
                      if (c >= limit) {
                          raise_encode_exception(&exc, encoding, unicode,
                                                 pos, pos+1, reason);
                          Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                          goto onError;
                      }
                      *str = (char)c;
                  }
                  pos = newpos;
                  Py_DECREF(repunicode);
              }
          }
      }
      /* Resize if we allocated to much */
      size = str - PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
      if (size < ressize) { /* If this falls res will be NULL */
          assert(size >= 0);
          if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, size) < 0)
              goto onError;
      }
  
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return res;
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(res);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* Deprecated */
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeLatin1(const Py_UNICODE *p,
                         Py_ssize_t size,
                         const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
      result = unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 256);
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return result;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(PyObject *unicode, const char *errors)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      /* Fast path: if it is a one-byte string, construct
         bytes object directly. */
      if (PyUnicode_KIND(unicode) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND)
          return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
                                           PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
      /* Non-Latin-1 characters present. Defer to above function to
         raise the exception. */
      return unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 256);
  }
  
  PyObject*
  PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      return _PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(unicode, NULL);
  }
  
  /* --- 7-bit ASCII Codec -------------------------------------------------- */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(const char *s,
                        Py_ssize_t size,
                        const char *errors)
  {
      const char *starts = s;
      PyObject *unicode;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
      const char *e;
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
  
      if (size == 0) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
      /* ASCII is equivalent to the first 128 ordinals in Unicode. */
      if (size == 1 && (unsigned char)s[0] < 128)
          return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)s[0]);
  
      unicode = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          goto onError;
  
      e = s + size;
      data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode);
      outpos = ascii_decode(s, e, (Py_UCS1 *)data);
      if (outpos == size)
          return unicode;
  
      s += outpos;
      kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
      while (s < e) {
          register unsigned char c = (unsigned char)*s;
          if (c < 128) {
              PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, outpos++, c);
              ++s;
          }
          else {
              startinpos = s-starts;
              endinpos = startinpos + 1;
              if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                      errors, &errorHandler,
                      "ascii", "ordinal not in range(128)",
                      &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                      &unicode, &outpos))
                  goto onError;
              kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
              data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
          }
      }
      if (unicode_resize(&unicode, outpos) < 0)
          goto onError;
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
      return unicode;
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(unicode);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* Deprecated */
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeASCII(const Py_UNICODE *p,
                        Py_ssize_t size,
                        const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
      result = unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 128);
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return result;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(PyObject *unicode, const char *errors)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      /* Fast path: if it is an ASCII-only string, construct bytes object
         directly. Else defer to above function to raise the exception. */
      if (PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode) < 128)
          return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
                                           PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
      return unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 128);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      return _PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(unicode, NULL);
  }
  
  #ifdef HAVE_MBCS
  
  /* --- MBCS codecs for Windows -------------------------------------------- */
  
  #if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_SIZE_T
  #define NEED_RETRY
  #endif
  
  #ifndef WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS
  #  define WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS 0x0080
  #endif
  
  static char*
  code_page_name(UINT code_page, PyObject **obj)
  {
      *obj = NULL;
      if (code_page == CP_ACP)
          return "mbcs";
      if (code_page == CP_UTF7)
          return "CP_UTF7";
      if (code_page == CP_UTF8)
          return "CP_UTF8";
  
      *obj = PyBytes_FromFormat("cp%u", code_page);
      if (*obj == NULL)
          return NULL;
      return PyBytes_AS_STRING(*obj);
  }
  
  static int
  is_dbcs_lead_byte(UINT code_page, const char *s, int offset)
  {
      const char *curr = s + offset;
      const char *prev;
  
      if (!IsDBCSLeadByteEx(code_page, *curr))
          return 0;
  
      prev = CharPrevExA(code_page, s, curr, 0);
      if (prev == curr)
          return 1;
      /* FIXME: This code is limited to "true" double-byte encodings,
         as it assumes an incomplete character consists of a single
         byte. */
      if (curr - prev == 2)
          return 1;
      if (!IsDBCSLeadByteEx(code_page, *prev))
          return 1;
      return 0;
  }
  
  static DWORD
  decode_code_page_flags(UINT code_page)
  {
      if (code_page == CP_UTF7) {
          /* The CP_UTF7 decoder only supports flags=0 */
          return 0;
      }
      else
          return MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS;
  }
  
  /*
   * Decode a byte string from a Windows code page into unicode object in strict
   * mode.
   *
   * Returns consumed size if succeed, returns -2 on decode error, or raise a
   * WindowsError and returns -1 on other error.
   */
  static int
  decode_code_page_strict(UINT code_page,
                          PyObject **v,
                          const char *in,
                          int insize)
  {
      const DWORD flags = decode_code_page_flags(code_page);
      wchar_t *out;
      DWORD outsize;
  
      /* First get the size of the result */
      assert(insize > 0);
      outsize = MultiByteToWideChar(code_page, flags, in, insize, NULL, 0);
      if (outsize <= 0)
          goto error;
  
      if (*v == NULL) {
          /* Create unicode object */
          /* FIXME: don't use _PyUnicode_New(), but allocate a wchar_t* buffer */
          *v = (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(outsize);
          if (*v == NULL)
              return -1;
          out = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v);
      }
      else {
          /* Extend unicode object */
          Py_ssize_t n = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(*v);
          if (unicode_resize(v, n + outsize) < 0)
              return -1;
          out = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v) + n;
      }
  
      /* Do the conversion */
      outsize = MultiByteToWideChar(code_page, flags, in, insize, out, outsize);
      if (outsize <= 0)
          goto error;
      return insize;
  
  error:
      if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION)
          return -2;
      PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
      return -1;
  }
  
  /*
   * Decode a byte string from a code page into unicode object with an error
   * handler.
   *
   * Returns consumed size if succeed, or raise a WindowsError or
   * UnicodeDecodeError exception and returns -1 on error.
   */
  static int
  decode_code_page_errors(UINT code_page,
                          PyObject **v,
                          const char *in, const int size,
                          const char *errors)
  {
      const char *startin = in;
      const char *endin = in + size;
      const DWORD flags = decode_code_page_flags(code_page);
      /* Ideally, we should get reason from FormatMessage. This is the Windows
         2000 English version of the message. */
      const char *reason = "No mapping for the Unicode character exists "
                           "in the target code page.";
      /* each step cannot decode more than 1 character, but a character can be
         represented as a surrogate pair */
      wchar_t buffer[2], *startout, *out;
      int insize, outsize;
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
      PyObject *encoding_obj = NULL;
      char *encoding;
      DWORD err;
      int ret = -1;
  
      assert(size > 0);
  
      encoding = code_page_name(code_page, &encoding_obj);
      if (encoding == NULL)
          return -1;
  
      if (errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
          /* The last error was ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION, then we raise a
             UnicodeDecodeError. */
          make_decode_exception(&exc, encoding, in, size, 0, 0, reason);
          if (exc != NULL) {
              PyCodec_StrictErrors(exc);
              Py_CLEAR(exc);
          }
          goto error;
      }
  
      if (*v == NULL) {
          /* Create unicode object */
          if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / (Py_ssize_t)Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer)) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              goto error;
          }
          /* FIXME: don't use _PyUnicode_New(), but allocate a wchar_t* buffer */
          *v = (PyObject*)_PyUnicode_New(size * Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer));
          if (*v == NULL)
              goto error;
          startout = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v);
      }
      else {
          /* Extend unicode object */
          Py_ssize_t n = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(*v);
          if (size > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - n) / (Py_ssize_t)Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer)) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              goto error;
          }
          if (unicode_resize(v, n + size * Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer)) < 0)
              goto error;
          startout = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v) + n;
      }
  
      /* Decode the byte string character per character */
      out = startout;
      while (in < endin)
      {
          /* Decode a character */
          insize = 1;
          do
          {
              outsize = MultiByteToWideChar(code_page, flags,
                                            in, insize,
                                            buffer, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer));
              if (outsize > 0)
                  break;
              err = GetLastError();
              if (err != ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION
                  && err != ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER)
              {
                  PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
                  goto error;
              }
              insize++;
          }
          /* 4=maximum length of a UTF-8 sequence */
          while (insize <= 4 && (in + insize) <= endin);
  
          if (outsize <= 0) {
              Py_ssize_t startinpos, endinpos, outpos;
  
              startinpos = in - startin;
              endinpos = startinpos + 1;
              outpos = out - PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v);
              if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                      errors, &errorHandler,
                      encoding, reason,
                      &startin, &endin, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &in,
                      v, &outpos))
              {
                  goto error;
              }
              out = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(*v) + outpos;
          }
          else {
              in += insize;
              memcpy(out, buffer, outsize * sizeof(wchar_t));
              out += outsize;
          }
      }
  
      /* write a NUL character at the end */
      *out = 0;
  
      /* Extend unicode object */
      outsize = out - startout;
      assert(outsize <= PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(*v));
      if (unicode_resize(v, outsize) < 0)
          goto error;
      ret = size;
  
  error:
      Py_XDECREF(encoding_obj);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return ret;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  decode_code_page_stateful(int code_page,
                            const char *s, Py_ssize_t size,
                            const char *errors, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
  {
      PyObject *v = NULL;
      int chunk_size, final, converted, done;
  
      if (code_page < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid code page number");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (consumed)
          *consumed = 0;
  
      do
      {
  #ifdef NEED_RETRY
          if (size > INT_MAX) {
              chunk_size = INT_MAX;
              final = 0;
              done = 0;
          }
          else
  #endif
          {
              chunk_size = (int)size;
              final = (consumed == NULL);
              done = 1;
          }
  
          /* Skip trailing lead-byte unless 'final' is set */
          if (!final && is_dbcs_lead_byte(code_page, s, chunk_size - 1))
              --chunk_size;
  
          if (chunk_size == 0 && done) {
              if (v != NULL)
                  break;
              Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
              return unicode_empty;
          }
  
  
          converted = decode_code_page_strict(code_page, &v,
                                              s, chunk_size);
          if (converted == -2)
              converted = decode_code_page_errors(code_page, &v,
                                                  s, chunk_size,
                                                  errors);
          assert(converted != 0);
  
          if (converted < 0) {
              Py_XDECREF(v);
              return NULL;
          }
  
          if (consumed)
              *consumed += converted;
  
          s += converted;
          size -= converted;
      } while (!done);
  
      return unicode_result(v);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeCodePageStateful(int code_page,
                                   const char *s,
                                   Py_ssize_t size,
                                   const char *errors,
                                   Py_ssize_t *consumed)
  {
      return decode_code_page_stateful(code_page, s, size, errors, consumed);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful(const char *s,
                               Py_ssize_t size,
                               const char *errors,
                               Py_ssize_t *consumed)
  {
      return decode_code_page_stateful(CP_ACP, s, size, errors, consumed);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(const char *s,
                       Py_ssize_t size,
                       const char *errors)
  {
      return PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful(s, size, errors, NULL);
  }
  
  static DWORD
  encode_code_page_flags(UINT code_page, const char *errors)
  {
      if (code_page == CP_UTF8) {
          if (winver.dwMajorVersion >= 6)
              /* CP_UTF8 supports WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS on Windows Vista
                 and later */
              return WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS;
          else
              /* CP_UTF8 only supports flags=0 on Windows older than Vista */
              return 0;
      }
      else if (code_page == CP_UTF7) {
          /* CP_UTF7 only supports flags=0 */
          return 0;
      }
      else {
          if (errors != NULL && strcmp(errors, "replace") == 0)
              return 0;
          else
              return WC_NO_BEST_FIT_CHARS;
      }
  }
  
  /*
   * Encode a Unicode string to a Windows code page into a byte string in strict
   * mode.
   *
   * Returns consumed characters if succeed, returns -2 on encode error, or raise
   * a WindowsError and returns -1 on other error.
   */
  static int
  encode_code_page_strict(UINT code_page, PyObject **outbytes,
                          PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t offset, int len,
                          const char* errors)
  {
      BOOL usedDefaultChar = FALSE;
      BOOL *pusedDefaultChar = &usedDefaultChar;
      int outsize;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
      wchar_t *p;
      Py_ssize_t size;
      const DWORD flags = encode_code_page_flags(code_page, NULL);
      char *out;
      /* Create a substring so that we can get the UTF-16 representation
         of just the slice under consideration. */
      PyObject *substring;
  
      assert(len > 0);
  
      if (code_page != CP_UTF8 && code_page != CP_UTF7)
          pusedDefaultChar = &usedDefaultChar;
      else
          pusedDefaultChar = NULL;
  
      substring = PyUnicode_Substring(unicode, offset, offset+len);
      if (substring == NULL)
          return -1;
      p = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(substring, &size);
      if (p == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(substring);
          return -1;
      }
  
      /* First get the size of the result */
      outsize = WideCharToMultiByte(code_page, flags,
                                    p, size,
                                    NULL, 0,
                                    NULL, pusedDefaultChar);
      if (outsize <= 0)
          goto error;
      /* If we used a default char, then we failed! */
      if (pusedDefaultChar && *pusedDefaultChar) {
          Py_DECREF(substring);
          return -2;
      }
  
      if (*outbytes == NULL) {
          /* Create string object */
          *outbytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, outsize);
          if (*outbytes == NULL) {
              Py_DECREF(substring);
              return -1;
          }
          out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
      }
      else {
          /* Extend string object */
          const Py_ssize_t n = PyBytes_Size(*outbytes);
          if (outsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - n) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              Py_DECREF(substring);
              return -1;
          }
          if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, n + outsize) < 0) {
              Py_DECREF(substring);
              return -1;
          }
          out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes) + n;
      }
  
      /* Do the conversion */
      outsize = WideCharToMultiByte(code_page, flags,
                                    p, size,
                                    out, outsize,
                                    NULL, pusedDefaultChar);
      Py_CLEAR(substring);
      if (outsize <= 0)
          goto error;
      if (pusedDefaultChar && *pusedDefaultChar)
          return -2;
      return 0;
  
  error:
      Py_XDECREF(substring);
      if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION)
          return -2;
      PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
      return -1;
  }
  
  /*
   * Encode a Unicode string to a Windows code page into a byte string using a
   * error handler.
   *
   * Returns consumed characters if succeed, or raise a WindowsError and returns
   * -1 on other error.
   */
  static int
  encode_code_page_errors(UINT code_page, PyObject **outbytes,
                          PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t unicode_offset,
                          Py_ssize_t insize, const char* errors)
  {
      const DWORD flags = encode_code_page_flags(code_page, errors);
      Py_ssize_t pos = unicode_offset;
      Py_ssize_t endin = unicode_offset + insize;
      /* Ideally, we should get reason from FormatMessage. This is the Windows
         2000 English version of the message. */
      const char *reason = "invalid character";
      /* 4=maximum length of a UTF-8 sequence */
      char buffer[4];
      BOOL usedDefaultChar = FALSE, *pusedDefaultChar;
      Py_ssize_t outsize;
      char *out;
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
      PyObject *encoding_obj = NULL;
      char *encoding;
      Py_ssize_t newpos, newoutsize;
      PyObject *rep;
      int ret = -1;
  
      assert(insize > 0);
  
      encoding = code_page_name(code_page, &encoding_obj);
      if (encoding == NULL)
          return -1;
  
      if (errors == NULL || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
          /* The last error was ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION,
             then we raise a UnicodeEncodeError. */
          make_encode_exception(&exc, encoding, unicode, 0, 0, reason);
          if (exc != NULL) {
              PyCodec_StrictErrors(exc);
              Py_DECREF(exc);
          }
          Py_XDECREF(encoding_obj);
          return -1;
      }
  
      if (code_page != CP_UTF8 && code_page != CP_UTF7)
          pusedDefaultChar = &usedDefaultChar;
      else
          pusedDefaultChar = NULL;
  
      if (Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / insize) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          goto error;
      }
      outsize = insize * Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer);
  
      if (*outbytes == NULL) {
          /* Create string object */
          *outbytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, outsize);
          if (*outbytes == NULL)
              goto error;
          out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
      }
      else {
          /* Extend string object */
          Py_ssize_t n = PyBytes_Size(*outbytes);
          if (n > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - outsize) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              goto error;
          }
          if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, n + outsize) < 0)
              goto error;
          out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes) + n;
      }
  
      /* Encode the string character per character */
      while (pos < endin)
      {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, pos);
          wchar_t chars[2];
          int charsize;
          if (ch < 0x10000) {
              chars[0] = (wchar_t)ch;
              charsize = 1;
          }
          else {
              ch -= 0x10000;
              chars[0] = 0xd800 + (ch >> 10);
              chars[1] = 0xdc00 + (ch & 0x3ff);
              charsize = 2;
          }
  
          outsize = WideCharToMultiByte(code_page, flags,
                                        chars, charsize,
                                        buffer, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(buffer),
                                        NULL, pusedDefaultChar);
          if (outsize > 0) {
              if (pusedDefaultChar == NULL || !(*pusedDefaultChar))
              {
                  pos++;
                  memcpy(out, buffer, outsize);
                  out += outsize;
                  continue;
              }
          }
          else if (GetLastError() != ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION) {
              PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
              goto error;
          }
  
          rep = unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(
                    errors, &errorHandler, encoding, reason,
                    unicode, &exc,
                    pos, pos + 1, &newpos);
          if (rep == NULL)
              goto error;
          pos = newpos;
  
          if (PyBytes_Check(rep)) {
              outsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(rep);
              if (outsize != 1) {
                  Py_ssize_t offset = out - PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
                  newoutsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outbytes) + (outsize - 1);
                  if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, newoutsize) < 0) {
                      Py_DECREF(rep);
                      goto error;
                  }
                  out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes) + offset;
              }
              memcpy(out, PyBytes_AS_STRING(rep), outsize);
              out += outsize;
          }
          else {
              Py_ssize_t i;
              enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
              void *data;
  
              if (PyUnicode_READY(rep) == -1) {
                  Py_DECREF(rep);
                  goto error;
              }
  
              outsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(rep);
              if (outsize != 1) {
                  Py_ssize_t offset = out - PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
                  newoutsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outbytes) + (outsize - 1);
                  if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, newoutsize) < 0) {
                      Py_DECREF(rep);
                      goto error;
                  }
                  out = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes) + offset;
              }
              kind = PyUnicode_KIND(rep);
              data = PyUnicode_DATA(rep);
              for (i=0; i < outsize; i++) {
                  Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
                  if (ch > 127) {
                      raise_encode_exception(&exc,
                          encoding, unicode,
                          pos, pos + 1,
                          "unable to encode error handler result to ASCII");
                      Py_DECREF(rep);
                      goto error;
                  }
                  *out = (unsigned char)ch;
                  out++;
              }
          }
          Py_DECREF(rep);
      }
      /* write a NUL byte */
      *out = 0;
      outsize = out - PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outbytes);
      assert(outsize <= PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outbytes));
      if (_PyBytes_Resize(outbytes, outsize) < 0)
          goto error;
      ret = 0;
  
  error:
      Py_XDECREF(encoding_obj);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return ret;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  encode_code_page(int code_page,
                   PyObject *unicode,
                   const char *errors)
  {
      Py_ssize_t len;
      PyObject *outbytes = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t offset;
      int chunk_len, ret, done;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
  
      if (code_page < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid code page number");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (len == 0)
          return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
  
      offset = 0;
      do
      {
  #ifdef NEED_RETRY
          /* UTF-16 encoding may double the size, so use only INT_MAX/2
             chunks. */
          if (len > INT_MAX/2) {
              chunk_len = INT_MAX/2;
              done = 0;
          }
          else
  #endif
          {
              chunk_len = (int)len;
              done = 1;
          }
  
          ret = encode_code_page_strict(code_page, &outbytes,
                                        unicode, offset, chunk_len,
                                        errors);
          if (ret == -2)
              ret = encode_code_page_errors(code_page, &outbytes,
                                            unicode, offset,
                                            chunk_len, errors);
          if (ret < 0) {
              Py_XDECREF(outbytes);
              return NULL;
          }
  
          offset += chunk_len;
          len -= chunk_len;
      } while (!done);
  
      return outbytes;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeMBCS(const Py_UNICODE *p,
                       Py_ssize_t size,
                       const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *unicode, *res;
      unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
      res = encode_code_page(CP_ACP, unicode, errors);
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return res;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(int code_page,
                           PyObject *unicode,
                           const char *errors)
  {
      return encode_code_page(code_page, unicode, errors);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsMBCSString(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      return PyUnicode_EncodeCodePage(CP_ACP, unicode, NULL);
  }
  
  #undef NEED_RETRY
  
  #endif /* HAVE_MBCS */
  
  /* --- Character Mapping Codec -------------------------------------------- */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_DecodeCharmap(const char *s,
                          Py_ssize_t size,
                          PyObject *mapping,
                          const char *errors)
  {
      const char *starts = s;
      Py_ssize_t startinpos;
      Py_ssize_t endinpos;
      Py_ssize_t outpos;
      const char *e;
      PyObject *v;
      Py_ssize_t extrachars = 0;
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
  
      /* Default to Latin-1 */
      if (mapping == NULL)
          return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(s, size, errors);
  
      v = PyUnicode_New(size, 127);
      if (v == NULL)
          goto onError;
      if (size == 0)
          return v;
      outpos = 0;
      e = s + size;
      if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(mapping)) {
          Py_ssize_t maplen;
          enum PyUnicode_Kind mapkind;
          void *mapdata;
          Py_UCS4 x;
  
          if (PyUnicode_READY(mapping) == -1)
              return NULL;
  
          maplen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(mapping);
          mapdata = PyUnicode_DATA(mapping);
          mapkind = PyUnicode_KIND(mapping);
          while (s < e) {
              unsigned char ch;
              if (mapkind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND && maplen >= 256) {
                  enum PyUnicode_Kind outkind = PyUnicode_KIND(v);
                  if (outkind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
                      void *outdata = PyUnicode_DATA(v);
                      Py_UCS4 maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(v);
                      while (s < e) {
                          unsigned char ch = *s;
                          x = PyUnicode_READ(PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND, mapdata, ch);
                          if (x > maxchar)
                              goto Error;
                          PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, outdata, outpos++, x);
                          ++s;
                      }
                      break;
                  }
                  else if (outkind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
                      void *outdata = PyUnicode_DATA(v);
                      while (s < e) {
                          unsigned char ch = *s;
                          x = PyUnicode_READ(PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND, mapdata, ch);
                          if (x == 0xFFFE)
                              goto Error;
                          PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND, outdata, outpos++, x);
                          ++s;
                      }
                      break;
                  }
              }
              ch = *s;
  
              if (ch < maplen)
                  x = PyUnicode_READ(mapkind, mapdata, ch);
              else
                  x = 0xfffe; /* invalid value */
  Error:
              if (x == 0xfffe)
              {
                  /* undefined mapping */
                  startinpos = s-starts;
                  endinpos = startinpos+1;
                  if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                          errors, &errorHandler,
                          "charmap", "character maps to <undefined>",
                          &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                          &v, &outpos)) {
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  continue;
              }
  
              if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, x) < 0)
                  goto onError;
              ++s;
          }
      }
      else {
          while (s < e) {
              unsigned char ch = *s;
              PyObject *w, *x;
  
              /* Get mapping (char ordinal -> integer, Unicode char or None) */
              w = PyLong_FromLong((long)ch);
              if (w == NULL)
                  goto onError;
              x = PyObject_GetItem(mapping, w);
              Py_DECREF(w);
              if (x == NULL) {
                  if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_LookupError)) {
                      /* No mapping found means: mapping is undefined. */
                      PyErr_Clear();
                      x = Py_None;
                      Py_INCREF(x);
                  } else
                      goto onError;
              }
  
              /* Apply mapping */
              if (PyLong_Check(x)) {
                  long value = PyLong_AS_LONG(x);
                  if (value < 0 || value > 65535) {
                      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                      "character mapping must be in range(65536)");
                      Py_DECREF(x);
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos, value) < 0)
                      goto onError;
              }
              else if (x == Py_None) {
                  /* undefined mapping */
                  startinpos = s-starts;
                  endinpos = startinpos+1;
                  if (unicode_decode_call_errorhandler(
                          errors, &errorHandler,
                          "charmap", "character maps to <undefined>",
                          &starts, &e, &startinpos, &endinpos, &exc, &s,
                          &v, &outpos)) {
                      Py_DECREF(x);
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  Py_DECREF(x);
                  continue;
              }
              else if (PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
                  Py_ssize_t targetsize;
  
                  if (PyUnicode_READY(x) == -1)
                      goto onError;
                  targetsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(x);
  
                  if (targetsize == 1) {
                      /* 1-1 mapping */
                      if (unicode_putchar(&v, &outpos,
                                          PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(x, 0)) < 0)
                          goto onError;
                  }
                  else if (targetsize > 1) {
                      /* 1-n mapping */
                      if (targetsize > extrachars) {
                          /* resize first */
                          Py_ssize_t needed = (targetsize - extrachars) + \
                              (targetsize << 2);
                          extrachars += needed;
                          /* XXX overflow detection missing */
                          if (unicode_resize(&v,
                                             PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) + needed) < 0)
                          {
                              Py_DECREF(x);
                              goto onError;
                          }
                      }
                      if (unicode_widen(&v, outpos, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(x)) < 0)
                          goto onError;
                      PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(v, outpos, x, 0, targetsize);
                      outpos += targetsize;
                      extrachars -= targetsize;
                  }
                  /* 1-0 mapping: skip the character */
              }
              else {
                  /* wrong return value */
                  PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                  "character mapping must return integer, None or str");
                  Py_DECREF(x);
                  goto onError;
              }
              Py_DECREF(x);
              ++s;
          }
      }
      if (unicode_resize(&v, outpos) < 0)
          goto onError;
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      return unicode_result(v);
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      Py_XDECREF(v);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* Charmap encoding: the lookup table */
  
  struct encoding_map {
      PyObject_HEAD
      unsigned char level1[32];
      int count2, count3;
      unsigned char level23[1];
  };
  
  static PyObject*
  encoding_map_size(PyObject *obj, PyObject* args)
  {
      struct encoding_map *map = (struct encoding_map*)obj;
      return PyLong_FromLong(sizeof(*map) - 1 + 16*map->count2 +
                             128*map->count3);
  }
  
  static PyMethodDef encoding_map_methods[] = {
      {"size", encoding_map_size, METH_NOARGS,
       PyDoc_STR("Return the size (in bytes) of this object") },
      { 0 }
  };
  
  static void
  encoding_map_dealloc(PyObject* o)
  {
      PyObject_FREE(o);
  }
  
  static PyTypeObject EncodingMapType = {
      PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
      "EncodingMap",          /*tp_name*/
      sizeof(struct encoding_map),   /*tp_basicsize*/
      0,                      /*tp_itemsize*/
      /* methods */
      encoding_map_dealloc,   /*tp_dealloc*/
      0,                      /*tp_print*/
      0,                      /*tp_getattr*/
      0,                      /*tp_setattr*/
      0,                      /*tp_reserved*/
      0,                      /*tp_repr*/
      0,                      /*tp_as_number*/
      0,                      /*tp_as_sequence*/
      0,                      /*tp_as_mapping*/
      0,                      /*tp_hash*/
      0,                      /*tp_call*/
      0,                      /*tp_str*/
      0,                      /*tp_getattro*/
      0,                      /*tp_setattro*/
      0,                      /*tp_as_buffer*/
      Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,     /*tp_flags*/
      0,                      /*tp_doc*/
      0,                      /*tp_traverse*/
      0,                      /*tp_clear*/
      0,                      /*tp_richcompare*/
      0,                      /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
      0,                      /*tp_iter*/
      0,                      /*tp_iternext*/
      encoding_map_methods,   /*tp_methods*/
      0,                      /*tp_members*/
      0,                      /*tp_getset*/
      0,                      /*tp_base*/
      0,                      /*tp_dict*/
      0,                      /*tp_descr_get*/
      0,                      /*tp_descr_set*/
      0,                      /*tp_dictoffset*/
      0,                      /*tp_init*/
      0,                      /*tp_alloc*/
      0,                      /*tp_new*/
      0,                      /*tp_free*/
      0,                      /*tp_is_gc*/
  };
  
  PyObject*
  PyUnicode_BuildEncodingMap(PyObject* string)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      struct encoding_map *mresult;
      int i;
      int need_dict = 0;
      unsigned char level1[32];
      unsigned char level2[512];
      unsigned char *mlevel1, *mlevel2, *mlevel3;
      int count2 = 0, count3 = 0;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t length;
      Py_UCS4 ch;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(string) || !PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string);
      length = Py_MIN(length, 256);
      memset(level1, 0xFF, sizeof level1);
      memset(level2, 0xFF, sizeof level2);
  
      /* If there isn't a one-to-one mapping of NULL to \0,
         or if there are non-BMP characters, we need to use
         a mapping dictionary. */
      if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0) != 0)
          need_dict = 1;
      for (i = 1; i < length; i++) {
          int l1, l2;
          ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
          if (ch == 0 || ch > 0xFFFF) {
              need_dict = 1;
              break;
          }
          if (ch == 0xFFFE)
              /* unmapped character */
              continue;
          l1 = ch >> 11;
          l2 = ch >> 7;
          if (level1[l1] == 0xFF)
              level1[l1] = count2++;
          if (level2[l2] == 0xFF)
              level2[l2] = count3++;
      }
  
      if (count2 >= 0xFF || count3 >= 0xFF)
          need_dict = 1;
  
      if (need_dict) {
          PyObject *result = PyDict_New();
          PyObject *key, *value;
          if (!result)
              return NULL;
          for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
              key = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i));
              value = PyLong_FromLong(i);
              if (!key || !value)
                  goto failed1;
              if (PyDict_SetItem(result, key, value) == -1)
                  goto failed1;
              Py_DECREF(key);
              Py_DECREF(value);
          }
          return result;
        failed1:
          Py_XDECREF(key);
          Py_XDECREF(value);
          Py_DECREF(result);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      /* Create a three-level trie */
      result = PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(struct encoding_map) +
                               16*count2 + 128*count3 - 1);
      if (!result)
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
      PyObject_Init(result, &EncodingMapType);
      mresult = (struct encoding_map*)result;
      mresult->count2 = count2;
      mresult->count3 = count3;
      mlevel1 = mresult->level1;
      mlevel2 = mresult->level23;
      mlevel3 = mresult->level23 + 16*count2;
      memcpy(mlevel1, level1, 32);
      memset(mlevel2, 0xFF, 16*count2);
      memset(mlevel3, 0, 128*count3);
      count3 = 0;
      for (i = 1; i < length; i++) {
          int o1, o2, o3, i2, i3;
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
          if (ch == 0xFFFE)
              /* unmapped character */
              continue;
          o1 = ch>>11;
          o2 = (ch>>7) & 0xF;
          i2 = 16*mlevel1[o1] + o2;
          if (mlevel2[i2] == 0xFF)
              mlevel2[i2] = count3++;
          o3 = ch & 0x7F;
          i3 = 128*mlevel2[i2] + o3;
          mlevel3[i3] = i;
      }
      return result;
  }
  
  static int
  encoding_map_lookup(Py_UCS4 c, PyObject *mapping)
  {
      struct encoding_map *map = (struct encoding_map*)mapping;
      int l1 = c>>11;
      int l2 = (c>>7) & 0xF;
      int l3 = c & 0x7F;
      int i;
  
      if (c > 0xFFFF)
          return -1;
      if (c == 0)
          return 0;
      /* level 1*/
      i = map->level1[l1];
      if (i == 0xFF) {
          return -1;
      }
      /* level 2*/
      i = map->level23[16*i+l2];
      if (i == 0xFF) {
          return -1;
      }
      /* level 3 */
      i = map->level23[16*map->count2 + 128*i + l3];
      if (i == 0) {
          return -1;
      }
      return i;
  }
  
  /* Lookup the character ch in the mapping. If the character
     can't be found, Py_None is returned (or NULL, if another
     error occurred). */
  static PyObject *
  charmapencode_lookup(Py_UCS4 c, PyObject *mapping)
  {
      PyObject *w = PyLong_FromLong((long)c);
      PyObject *x;
  
      if (w == NULL)
          return NULL;
      x = PyObject_GetItem(mapping, w);
      Py_DECREF(w);
      if (x == NULL) {
          if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_LookupError)) {
              /* No mapping found means: mapping is undefined. */
              PyErr_Clear();
              x = Py_None;
              Py_INCREF(x);
              return x;
          } else
              return NULL;
      }
      else if (x == Py_None)
          return x;
      else if (PyLong_Check(x)) {
          long value = PyLong_AS_LONG(x);
          if (value < 0 || value > 255) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                              "character mapping must be in range(256)");
              Py_DECREF(x);
              return NULL;
          }
          return x;
      }
      else if (PyBytes_Check(x))
          return x;
      else {
          /* wrong return value */
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                       "character mapping must return integer, bytes or None, not %.400s",
                       x->ob_type->tp_name);
          Py_DECREF(x);
          return NULL;
      }
  }
  
  static int
  charmapencode_resize(PyObject **outobj, Py_ssize_t *outpos, Py_ssize_t requiredsize)
  {
      Py_ssize_t outsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outobj);
      /* exponentially overallocate to minimize reallocations */
      if (requiredsize < 2*outsize)
          requiredsize = 2*outsize;
      if (_PyBytes_Resize(outobj, requiredsize))
          return -1;
      return 0;
  }
  
  typedef enum charmapencode_result {
      enc_SUCCESS, enc_FAILED, enc_EXCEPTION
  } charmapencode_result;
  /* lookup the character, put the result in the output string and adjust
     various state variables. Resize the output bytes object if not enough
     space is available. Return a new reference to the object that
     was put in the output buffer, or Py_None, if the mapping was undefined
     (in which case no character was written) or NULL, if a
     reallocation error occurred. The caller must decref the result */
  static charmapencode_result
  charmapencode_output(Py_UCS4 c, PyObject *mapping,
                       PyObject **outobj, Py_ssize_t *outpos)
  {
      PyObject *rep;
      char *outstart;
      Py_ssize_t outsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*outobj);
  
      if (Py_TYPE(mapping) == &EncodingMapType) {
          int res = encoding_map_lookup(c, mapping);
          Py_ssize_t requiredsize = *outpos+1;
          if (res == -1)
              return enc_FAILED;
          if (outsize<requiredsize)
              if (charmapencode_resize(outobj, outpos, requiredsize))
                  return enc_EXCEPTION;
          outstart = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outobj);
          outstart[(*outpos)++] = (char)res;
          return enc_SUCCESS;
      }
  
      rep = charmapencode_lookup(c, mapping);
      if (rep==NULL)
          return enc_EXCEPTION;
      else if (rep==Py_None) {
          Py_DECREF(rep);
          return enc_FAILED;
      } else {
          if (PyLong_Check(rep)) {
              Py_ssize_t requiredsize = *outpos+1;
              if (outsize<requiredsize)
                  if (charmapencode_resize(outobj, outpos, requiredsize)) {
                      Py_DECREF(rep);
                      return enc_EXCEPTION;
                  }
              outstart = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outobj);
              outstart[(*outpos)++] = (char)PyLong_AS_LONG(rep);
          }
          else {
              const char *repchars = PyBytes_AS_STRING(rep);
              Py_ssize_t repsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(rep);
              Py_ssize_t requiredsize = *outpos+repsize;
              if (outsize<requiredsize)
                  if (charmapencode_resize(outobj, outpos, requiredsize)) {
                      Py_DECREF(rep);
                      return enc_EXCEPTION;
                  }
              outstart = PyBytes_AS_STRING(*outobj);
              memcpy(outstart + *outpos, repchars, repsize);
              *outpos += repsize;
          }
      }
      Py_DECREF(rep);
      return enc_SUCCESS;
  }
  
  /* handle an error in PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap
     Return 0 on success, -1 on error */
  static int
  charmap_encoding_error(
      PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *inpos, PyObject *mapping,
      PyObject **exceptionObject,
      int *known_errorHandler, PyObject **errorHandler, const char *errors,
      PyObject **res, Py_ssize_t *respos)
  {
      PyObject *repunicode = NULL; /* initialize to prevent gcc warning */
      Py_ssize_t size, repsize;
      Py_ssize_t newpos;
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t index;
      /* startpos for collecting unencodable chars */
      Py_ssize_t collstartpos = *inpos;
      Py_ssize_t collendpos = *inpos+1;
      Py_ssize_t collpos;
      char *encoding = "charmap";
      char *reason = "character maps to <undefined>";
      charmapencode_result x;
      Py_UCS4 ch;
      int val;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return -1;
      size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      /* find all unencodable characters */
      while (collendpos < size) {
          PyObject *rep;
          if (Py_TYPE(mapping) == &EncodingMapType) {
              ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, collendpos);
              val = encoding_map_lookup(ch, mapping);
              if (val != -1)
                  break;
              ++collendpos;
              continue;
          }
  
          ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, collendpos);
          rep = charmapencode_lookup(ch, mapping);
          if (rep==NULL)
              return -1;
          else if (rep!=Py_None) {
              Py_DECREF(rep);
              break;
          }
          Py_DECREF(rep);
          ++collendpos;
      }
      /* cache callback name lookup
       * (if not done yet, i.e. it's the first error) */
      if (*known_errorHandler==-1) {
          if ((errors==NULL) || (!strcmp(errors, "strict")))
              *known_errorHandler = 1;
          else if (!strcmp(errors, "replace"))
              *known_errorHandler = 2;
          else if (!strcmp(errors, "ignore"))
              *known_errorHandler = 3;
          else if (!strcmp(errors, "xmlcharrefreplace"))
              *known_errorHandler = 4;
          else
              *known_errorHandler = 0;
      }
      switch (*known_errorHandler) {
      case 1: /* strict */
          raise_encode_exception(exceptionObject, encoding, unicode, collstartpos, collendpos, reason);
          return -1;
      case 2: /* replace */
          for (collpos = collstartpos; collpos<collendpos; ++collpos) {
              x = charmapencode_output('?', mapping, res, respos);
              if (x==enc_EXCEPTION) {
                  return -1;
              }
              else if (x==enc_FAILED) {
                  raise_encode_exception(exceptionObject, encoding, unicode, collstartpos, collendpos, reason);
                  return -1;
              }
          }
          /* fall through */
      case 3: /* ignore */
          *inpos = collendpos;
          break;
      case 4: /* xmlcharrefreplace */
          /* generate replacement (temporarily (mis)uses p) */
          for (collpos = collstartpos; collpos < collendpos; ++collpos) {
              char buffer[2+29+1+1];
              char *cp;
              sprintf(buffer, "&#%d;", (int)PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, collpos));
              for (cp = buffer; *cp; ++cp) {
                  x = charmapencode_output(*cp, mapping, res, respos);
                  if (x==enc_EXCEPTION)
                      return -1;
                  else if (x==enc_FAILED) {
                      raise_encode_exception(exceptionObject, encoding, unicode, collstartpos, collendpos, reason);
                      return -1;
                  }
              }
          }
          *inpos = collendpos;
          break;
      default:
          repunicode = unicode_encode_call_errorhandler(errors, errorHandler,
                                                        encoding, reason, unicode, exceptionObject,
                                                        collstartpos, collendpos, &newpos);
          if (repunicode == NULL)
              return -1;
          if (PyBytes_Check(repunicode)) {
              /* Directly copy bytes result to output. */
              Py_ssize_t outsize = PyBytes_Size(*res);
              Py_ssize_t requiredsize;
              repsize = PyBytes_Size(repunicode);
              requiredsize = *respos + repsize;
              if (requiredsize > outsize)
                  /* Make room for all additional bytes. */
                  if (charmapencode_resize(res, respos, requiredsize)) {
                      Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                      return -1;
                  }
              memcpy(PyBytes_AsString(*res) + *respos,
                     PyBytes_AsString(repunicode),  repsize);
              *respos += repsize;
              *inpos = newpos;
              Py_DECREF(repunicode);
              break;
          }
          /* generate replacement  */
          if (PyUnicode_READY(repunicode) == -1) {
              Py_DECREF(repunicode);
              return -1;
          }
          repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repunicode);
          data = PyUnicode_DATA(repunicode);
          kind = PyUnicode_KIND(repunicode);
          for (index = 0; index < repsize; index++) {
              Py_UCS4 repch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, index);
              x = charmapencode_output(repch, mapping, res, respos);
              if (x==enc_EXCEPTION) {
                  Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                  return -1;
              }
              else if (x==enc_FAILED) {
                  Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                  raise_encode_exception(exceptionObject, encoding, unicode, collstartpos, collendpos, reason);
                  return -1;
              }
          }
          *inpos = newpos;
          Py_DECREF(repunicode);
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(PyObject *unicode,
                           PyObject *mapping,
                           const char *errors)
  {
      /* output object */
      PyObject *res = NULL;
      /* current input position */
      Py_ssize_t inpos = 0;
      Py_ssize_t size;
      /* current output position */
      Py_ssize_t respos = 0;
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
      /* the following variable is used for caching string comparisons
       * -1=not initialized, 0=unknown, 1=strict, 2=replace,
       * 3=ignore, 4=xmlcharrefreplace */
      int known_errorHandler = -1;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
  
      /* Default to Latin-1 */
      if (mapping == NULL)
          return unicode_encode_ucs1(unicode, errors, 256);
  
      /* allocate enough for a simple encoding without
         replacements, if we need more, we'll resize */
      res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
      if (res == NULL)
          goto onError;
      if (size == 0)
          return res;
  
      while (inpos<size) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(unicode, inpos);
          /* try to encode it */
          charmapencode_result x = charmapencode_output(ch, mapping, &res, &respos);
          if (x==enc_EXCEPTION) /* error */
              goto onError;
          if (x==enc_FAILED) { /* unencodable character */
              if (charmap_encoding_error(unicode, &inpos, mapping,
                                         &exc,
                                         &known_errorHandler, &errorHandler, errors,
                                         &res, &respos)) {
                  goto onError;
              }
          }
          else
              /* done with this character => adjust input position */
              ++inpos;
      }
  
      /* Resize if we allocated to much */
      if (respos<PyBytes_GET_SIZE(res))
          if (_PyBytes_Resize(&res, respos) < 0)
              goto onError;
  
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      return res;
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(res);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* Deprecated */
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *p,
                          Py_ssize_t size,
                          PyObject *mapping,
                          const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *result;
      PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
      result = _PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(unicode, mapping, errors);
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return result;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_AsCharmapString(PyObject *unicode,
                            PyObject *mapping)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode) || mapping == NULL) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      return _PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(unicode, mapping, NULL);
  }
  
  /* create or adjust a UnicodeTranslateError */
  static void
  make_translate_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
                           PyObject *unicode,
                           Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                           const char *reason)
  {
      if (*exceptionObject == NULL) {
          *exceptionObject = _PyUnicodeTranslateError_Create(
              unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
      }
      else {
          if (PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart(*exceptionObject, startpos))
              goto onError;
          if (PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetEnd(*exceptionObject, endpos))
              goto onError;
          if (PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetReason(*exceptionObject, reason))
              goto onError;
          return;
        onError:
          Py_DECREF(*exceptionObject);
          *exceptionObject = NULL;
      }
  }
  
  /* raises a UnicodeTranslateError */
  static void
  raise_translate_exception(PyObject **exceptionObject,
                            PyObject *unicode,
                            Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                            const char *reason)
  {
      make_translate_exception(exceptionObject,
                               unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
      if (*exceptionObject != NULL)
          PyCodec_StrictErrors(*exceptionObject);
  }
  
  /* error handling callback helper:
     build arguments, call the callback and check the arguments,
     put the result into newpos and return the replacement string, which
     has to be freed by the caller */
  static PyObject *
  unicode_translate_call_errorhandler(const char *errors,
                                      PyObject **errorHandler,
                                      const char *reason,
                                      PyObject *unicode, PyObject **exceptionObject,
                                      Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t endpos,
                                      Py_ssize_t *newpos)
  {
      static char *argparse = "O!n;translating error handler must return (str, int) tuple";
  
      Py_ssize_t i_newpos;
      PyObject *restuple;
      PyObject *resunicode;
  
      if (*errorHandler == NULL) {
          *errorHandler = PyCodec_LookupError(errors);
          if (*errorHandler == NULL)
              return NULL;
      }
  
      make_translate_exception(exceptionObject,
                               unicode, startpos, endpos, reason);
      if (*exceptionObject == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      restuple = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(
          *errorHandler, *exceptionObject, NULL);
      if (restuple == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (!PyTuple_Check(restuple)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, &argparse[4]);
          Py_DECREF(restuple);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(restuple, argparse, &PyUnicode_Type,
                            &resunicode, &i_newpos)) {
          Py_DECREF(restuple);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (i_newpos<0)
          *newpos = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)+i_newpos;
      else
          *newpos = i_newpos;
      if (*newpos<0 || *newpos>PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode)) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "position %zd from error handler out of bounds", *newpos);
          Py_DECREF(restuple);
          return NULL;
      }
      Py_INCREF(resunicode);
      Py_DECREF(restuple);
      return resunicode;
  }
  
  /* Lookup the character ch in the mapping and put the result in result,
     which must be decrefed by the caller.
     Return 0 on success, -1 on error */
  static int
  charmaptranslate_lookup(Py_UCS4 c, PyObject *mapping, PyObject **result)
  {
      PyObject *w = PyLong_FromLong((long)c);
      PyObject *x;
  
      if (w == NULL)
          return -1;
      x = PyObject_GetItem(mapping, w);
      Py_DECREF(w);
      if (x == NULL) {
          if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_LookupError)) {
              /* No mapping found means: use 1:1 mapping. */
              PyErr_Clear();
              *result = NULL;
              return 0;
          } else
              return -1;
      }
      else if (x == Py_None) {
          *result = x;
          return 0;
      }
      else if (PyLong_Check(x)) {
          long value = PyLong_AS_LONG(x);
          long max = PyUnicode_GetMax();
          if (value < 0 || value > max) {
              PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                           "character mapping must be in range(0x%x)", max+1);
              Py_DECREF(x);
              return -1;
          }
          *result = x;
          return 0;
      }
      else if (PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
          *result = x;
          return 0;
      }
      else {
          /* wrong return value */
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                          "character mapping must return integer, None or str");
          Py_DECREF(x);
          return -1;
      }
  }
  /* ensure that *outobj is at least requiredsize characters long,
     if not reallocate and adjust various state variables.
     Return 0 on success, -1 on error */
  static int
  charmaptranslate_makespace(Py_UCS4 **outobj, Py_ssize_t *psize,
                                 Py_ssize_t requiredsize)
  {
      Py_ssize_t oldsize = *psize;
      Py_UCS4 *new_outobj;
      if (requiredsize > oldsize) {
          /* exponentially overallocate to minimize reallocations */
          if (requiredsize < 2 * oldsize)
              requiredsize = 2 * oldsize;
          new_outobj = PyMem_Realloc(*outobj, requiredsize * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
          if (new_outobj == 0)
              return -1;
          *outobj = new_outobj;
          *psize = requiredsize;
      }
      return 0;
  }
  /* lookup the character, put the result in the output string and adjust
     various state variables. Return a new reference to the object that
     was put in the output buffer in *result, or Py_None, if the mapping was
     undefined (in which case no character was written).
     The called must decref result.
     Return 0 on success, -1 on error. */
  static int
  charmaptranslate_output(PyObject *input, Py_ssize_t ipos,
                          PyObject *mapping, Py_UCS4 **output,
                          Py_ssize_t *osize, Py_ssize_t *opos,
                          PyObject **res)
  {
      Py_UCS4 curinp = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(input, ipos);
      if (charmaptranslate_lookup(curinp, mapping, res))
          return -1;
      if (*res==NULL) {
          /* not found => default to 1:1 mapping */
          (*output)[(*opos)++] = curinp;
      }
      else if (*res==Py_None)
          ;
      else if (PyLong_Check(*res)) {
          /* no overflow check, because we know that the space is enough */
          (*output)[(*opos)++] = (Py_UCS4)PyLong_AS_LONG(*res);
      }
      else if (PyUnicode_Check(*res)) {
          Py_ssize_t repsize;
          if (PyUnicode_READY(*res) == -1)
              return -1;
          repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*res);
          if (repsize==1) {
              /* no overflow check, because we know that the space is enough */
              (*output)[(*opos)++] = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(*res, 0);
          }
          else if (repsize!=0) {
              /* more than one character */
              Py_ssize_t requiredsize = *opos +
                  (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(input) - ipos) +
                  repsize - 1;
              Py_ssize_t i;
              if (charmaptranslate_makespace(output, osize, requiredsize))
                  return -1;
              for(i = 0; i < repsize; i++)
                  (*output)[(*opos)++] = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(*res, i);
          }
      }
      else
          return -1;
      return 0;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(PyObject *input,
                              PyObject *mapping,
                              const char *errors)
  {
      /* input object */
      char *idata;
      Py_ssize_t size, i;
      int kind;
      /* output buffer */
      Py_UCS4 *output = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t osize;
      PyObject *res;
      /* current output position */
      Py_ssize_t opos;
      char *reason = "character maps to <undefined>";
      PyObject *errorHandler = NULL;
      PyObject *exc = NULL;
      /* the following variable is used for caching string comparisons
       * -1=not initialized, 0=unknown, 1=strict, 2=replace,
       * 3=ignore, 4=xmlcharrefreplace */
      int known_errorHandler = -1;
  
      if (mapping == NULL) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(input) == -1)
          return NULL;
      idata = (char*)PyUnicode_DATA(input);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(input);
      size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(input);
      i = 0;
  
      if (size == 0) {
          Py_INCREF(input);
          return input;
      }
  
      /* allocate enough for a simple 1:1 translation without
         replacements, if we need more, we'll resize */
      osize = size;
      output = PyMem_Malloc(osize * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
      opos = 0;
      if (output == NULL) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          goto onError;
      }
  
      while (i<size) {
          /* try to encode it */
          PyObject *x = NULL;
          if (charmaptranslate_output(input, i, mapping,
                                      &output, &osize, &opos, &x)) {
              Py_XDECREF(x);
              goto onError;
          }
          Py_XDECREF(x);
          if (x!=Py_None) /* it worked => adjust input pointer */
              ++i;
          else { /* untranslatable character */
              PyObject *repunicode = NULL; /* initialize to prevent gcc warning */
              Py_ssize_t repsize;
              Py_ssize_t newpos;
              Py_ssize_t uni2;
              /* startpos for collecting untranslatable chars */
              Py_ssize_t collstart = i;
              Py_ssize_t collend = i+1;
              Py_ssize_t coll;
  
              /* find all untranslatable characters */
              while (collend < size) {
                  if (charmaptranslate_lookup(PyUnicode_READ(kind,idata, collend), mapping, &x))
                      goto onError;
                  Py_XDECREF(x);
                  if (x!=Py_None)
                      break;
                  ++collend;
              }
              /* cache callback name lookup
               * (if not done yet, i.e. it's the first error) */
              if (known_errorHandler==-1) {
                  if ((errors==NULL) || (!strcmp(errors, "strict")))
                      known_errorHandler = 1;
                  else if (!strcmp(errors, "replace"))
                      known_errorHandler = 2;
                  else if (!strcmp(errors, "ignore"))
                      known_errorHandler = 3;
                  else if (!strcmp(errors, "xmlcharrefreplace"))
                      known_errorHandler = 4;
                  else
                      known_errorHandler = 0;
              }
              switch (known_errorHandler) {
              case 1: /* strict */
                  raise_translate_exception(&exc, input, collstart,
                                            collend, reason);
                  goto onError;
              case 2: /* replace */
                  /* No need to check for space, this is a 1:1 replacement */
                  for (coll = collstart; coll<collend; coll++)
                      output[opos++] = '?';
                  /* fall through */
              case 3: /* ignore */
                  i = collend;
                  break;
              case 4: /* xmlcharrefreplace */
                  /* generate replacement (temporarily (mis)uses i) */
                  for (i = collstart; i < collend; ++i) {
                      char buffer[2+29+1+1];
                      char *cp;
                      sprintf(buffer, "&#%d;", PyUnicode_READ(kind, idata, i));
                      if (charmaptranslate_makespace(&output, &osize,
                                                     opos+strlen(buffer)+(size-collend)))
                          goto onError;
                      for (cp = buffer; *cp; ++cp)
                          output[opos++] = *cp;
                  }
                  i = collend;
                  break;
              default:
                  repunicode = unicode_translate_call_errorhandler(errors, &errorHandler,
                                                                   reason, input, &exc,
                                                                   collstart, collend, &newpos);
                  if (repunicode == NULL)
                      goto onError;
                  if (PyUnicode_READY(repunicode) == -1) {
                      Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  /* generate replacement  */
                  repsize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(repunicode);
                  if (charmaptranslate_makespace(&output, &osize,
                                                 opos+repsize+(size-collend))) {
                      Py_DECREF(repunicode);
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  for (uni2 = 0; repsize-->0; ++uni2)
                      output[opos++] = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(repunicode, uni2);
                  i = newpos;
                  Py_DECREF(repunicode);
              }
          }
      }
      res = PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND, output, opos);
      if (!res)
          goto onError;
      PyMem_Free(output);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      return res;
  
    onError:
      PyMem_Free(output);
      Py_XDECREF(exc);
      Py_XDECREF(errorHandler);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* Deprecated. Use PyUnicode_Translate instead. */
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *p,
                             Py_ssize_t size,
                             PyObject *mapping,
                             const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(p, size);
      if (!unicode)
          return NULL;
      return _PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(unicode, mapping, errors);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Translate(PyObject *str,
                      PyObject *mapping,
                      const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *result;
  
      str = PyUnicode_FromObject(str);
      if (str == NULL)
          goto onError;
      result = _PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(str, mapping, errors);
      Py_DECREF(str);
      return result;
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(str);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static Py_UCS4
  fix_decimal_and_space_to_ascii(PyObject *self)
  {
      /* No need to call PyUnicode_READY(self) because this function is only
         called as a callback from fixup() which does it already. */
      const Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      Py_UCS4 maxchar = 127, ch, fixed;
      int modified = 0;
      Py_ssize_t i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
          ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
          fixed = 0;
          if (ch > 127) {
              if (Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(ch))
                  fixed = ' ';
              else {
                  const int decimal = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(ch);
                  if (decimal >= 0)
                      fixed = '0' + decimal;
              }
              if (fixed != 0) {
                  modified = 1;
                  maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, fixed);
                  PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, fixed);
              }
              else
                  maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, ch);
          }
      }
  
      return (modified) ? maxchar : 0;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_TransformDecimalAndSpaceToASCII(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode) <= 127) {
          /* If the string is already ASCII, just return the same string */
          Py_INCREF(unicode);
          return unicode;
      }
      return fixup(unicode, fix_decimal_and_space_to_ascii);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_TransformDecimalToASCII(Py_UNICODE *s,
                                    Py_ssize_t length)
  {
      PyObject *decimal;
      Py_ssize_t i;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar;
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
      void *data;
  
      maxchar = 127;
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          Py_UNICODE ch = s[i];
          if (ch > 127) {
              int decimal = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(ch);
              if (decimal >= 0)
                  ch = '0' + decimal;
              maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, ch);
          }
      }
  
      /* Copy to a new string */
      decimal = PyUnicode_New(length, maxchar);
      if (decimal == NULL)
          return decimal;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(decimal);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(decimal);
      /* Iterate over code points */
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          Py_UNICODE ch = s[i];
          if (ch > 127) {
              int decimal = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(ch);
              if (decimal >= 0)
                  ch = '0' + decimal;
          }
          PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, i, ch);
      }
      return unicode_result(decimal);
  }
  /* --- Decimal Encoder ---------------------------------------------------- */
  
  int
  PyUnicode_EncodeDecimal(Py_UNICODE *s,
                          Py_ssize_t length,
                          char *output,
                          const char *errors)
  {
      PyObject *unicode;
      Py_ssize_t i;
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
      void *data;
  
      if (output == NULL) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return -1;
      }
  
      unicode = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, length);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return -1;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(unicode);
          return -1;
      }
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
  
      for (i=0; i < length; ) {
          PyObject *exc;
          Py_UCS4 ch;
          int decimal;
          Py_ssize_t startpos;
  
          ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
  
          if (Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(ch)) {
              *output++ = ' ';
              i++;
              continue;
          }
          decimal = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(ch);
          if (decimal >= 0) {
              *output++ = '0' + decimal;
              i++;
              continue;
          }
          if (0 < ch && ch < 256) {
              *output++ = (char)ch;
              i++;
              continue;
          }
  
          startpos = i;
          exc = NULL;
          raise_encode_exception(&exc, "decimal", unicode,
                                 startpos, startpos+1,
                                 "invalid decimal Unicode string");
          Py_XDECREF(exc);
          Py_DECREF(unicode);
          return -1;
      }
      /* 0-terminate the output string */
      *output++ = '\0';
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return 0;
  }
  
  /* --- Helpers ------------------------------------------------------------ */
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  any_find_slice(int direction, PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2,
                 Py_ssize_t start,
                 Py_ssize_t end)
  {
      int kind1, kind2, kind;
      void *buf1, *buf2;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2, result;
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(s1);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(s2);
      kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
      buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(s1);
      buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(s2);
      if (kind1 != kind)
          buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(s1, kind);
      if (!buf1)
          return -2;
      if (kind2 != kind)
          buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(s2, kind);
      if (!buf2) {
          if (kind1 != kind) PyMem_Free(buf1);
          return -2;
      }
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s1);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s2);
  
      if (direction > 0) {
          switch (kind) {
          case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
              if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(s1) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(s2))
                  result = asciilib_find_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
              else
                  result = ucs1lib_find_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
              break;
          case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
              result = ucs2lib_find_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
              break;
          case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
              result = ucs4lib_find_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
              break;
          default:
              assert(0); result = -2;
          }
      }
      else {
          switch (kind) {
          case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
              if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(s1) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(s2))
                  result = asciilib_rfind_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
              else
                  result = ucs1lib_rfind_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
              break;
          case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
              result = ucs2lib_rfind_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
              break;
          case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
              result = ucs4lib_rfind_slice(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, start, end);
              break;
          default:
              assert(0); result = -2;
          }
      }
  
      if (kind1 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf1);
      if (kind2 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
  
      return result;
  }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  _PyUnicode_InsertThousandsGrouping(
      PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t index,
      Py_ssize_t n_buffer,
      void *digits, Py_ssize_t n_digits,
      Py_ssize_t min_width,
      const char *grouping, PyObject *thousands_sep,
      Py_UCS4 *maxchar)
  {
      unsigned int kind, thousands_sep_kind;
      char *data, *thousands_sep_data;
      Py_ssize_t thousands_sep_len;
      Py_ssize_t len;
  
      if (unicode != NULL) {
          kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
          data = (char *) PyUnicode_DATA(unicode) + index * kind;
      }
      else {
          kind = PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND;
          data = NULL;
      }
      thousands_sep_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(thousands_sep);
      thousands_sep_data = PyUnicode_DATA(thousands_sep);
      thousands_sep_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(thousands_sep);
      if (unicode != NULL && thousands_sep_kind != kind) {
          if (thousands_sep_kind < kind) {
              thousands_sep_data = _PyUnicode_AsKind(thousands_sep, kind);
              if (!thousands_sep_data)
                  return -1;
          }
          else {
              data = _PyUnicode_AsKind(unicode, thousands_sep_kind);
              if (!data)
                  return -1;
          }
      }
  
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (unicode != NULL && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(unicode))
              len = asciilib_InsertThousandsGrouping(
                  (Py_UCS1 *) data, n_buffer, (Py_UCS1 *) digits, n_digits,
                  min_width, grouping,
                  (Py_UCS1 *) thousands_sep_data, thousands_sep_len);
          else
              len = ucs1lib_InsertThousandsGrouping(
                  (Py_UCS1*)data, n_buffer, (Py_UCS1*)digits, n_digits,
                  min_width, grouping,
                  (Py_UCS1 *) thousands_sep_data, thousands_sep_len);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          len = ucs2lib_InsertThousandsGrouping(
              (Py_UCS2 *) data, n_buffer, (Py_UCS2 *) digits, n_digits,
              min_width, grouping,
              (Py_UCS2 *) thousands_sep_data, thousands_sep_len);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          len = ucs4lib_InsertThousandsGrouping(
              (Py_UCS4 *) data, n_buffer, (Py_UCS4 *) digits, n_digits,
              min_width, grouping,
              (Py_UCS4 *) thousands_sep_data, thousands_sep_len);
          break;
      default:
          assert(0);
          return -1;
      }
      if (unicode != NULL && thousands_sep_kind != kind) {
          if (thousands_sep_kind < kind)
              PyMem_Free(thousands_sep_data);
          else
              PyMem_Free(data);
      }
      if (unicode == NULL) {
          *maxchar = 127;
          if (len != n_digits) {
              *maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(*maxchar,
                                     PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(thousands_sep));
          }
      }
      return len;
  }
  
  
  /* helper macro to fixup start/end slice values */
  #define ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, len)         \
      if (end > len)                              \
          end = len;                              \
      else if (end < 0) {                         \
          end += len;                             \
          if (end < 0)                            \
              end = 0;                            \
      }                                           \
      if (start < 0) {                            \
          start += len;                           \
          if (start < 0)                          \
              start = 0;                          \
      }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_Count(PyObject *str,
                  PyObject *substr,
                  Py_ssize_t start,
                  Py_ssize_t end)
  {
      Py_ssize_t result;
      PyObject* str_obj;
      PyObject* sub_obj;
      int kind1, kind2, kind;
      void *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
  
      str_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(str);
      if (!str_obj)
          return -1;
      sub_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(substr);
      if (!sub_obj) {
          Py_DECREF(str_obj);
          return -1;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(sub_obj) == -1 || PyUnicode_READY(str_obj) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(sub_obj);
          Py_DECREF(str_obj);
          return -1;
      }
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str_obj);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(sub_obj);
      kind = kind1;
      buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str_obj);
      buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(sub_obj);
      if (kind2 != kind) {
          if (kind2 > kind) {
              Py_DECREF(sub_obj);
              Py_DECREF(str_obj);
              return 0;
          }
          buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(sub_obj, kind);
      }
      if (!buf2)
          goto onError;
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str_obj);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sub_obj);
  
      ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, len1);
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str_obj) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(sub_obj))
              result = asciilib_count(
                  ((Py_UCS1*)buf1) + start, end - start,
                  buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
                  );
          else
              result = ucs1lib_count(
                  ((Py_UCS1*)buf1) + start, end - start,
                  buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
                  );
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          result = ucs2lib_count(
              ((Py_UCS2*)buf1) + start, end - start,
              buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
              );
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          result = ucs4lib_count(
              ((Py_UCS4*)buf1) + start, end - start,
              buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
              );
          break;
      default:
          assert(0); result = 0;
      }
  
      Py_DECREF(sub_obj);
      Py_DECREF(str_obj);
  
      if (kind2 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
  
      return result;
    onError:
      Py_DECREF(sub_obj);
      Py_DECREF(str_obj);
      if (kind2 != kind && buf2)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
      return -1;
  }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_Find(PyObject *str,
                 PyObject *sub,
                 Py_ssize_t start,
                 Py_ssize_t end,
                 int direction)
  {
      Py_ssize_t result;
  
      str = PyUnicode_FromObject(str);
      if (!str)
          return -2;
      sub = PyUnicode_FromObject(sub);
      if (!sub) {
          Py_DECREF(str);
          return -2;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(sub) == -1 || PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(sub);
          Py_DECREF(str);
          return -2;
      }
  
      result = any_find_slice(direction,
          str, sub, start, end
          );
  
      Py_DECREF(str);
      Py_DECREF(sub);
  
      return result;
  }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_FindChar(PyObject *str, Py_UCS4 ch,
                     Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end,
                     int direction)
  {
      int kind;
      Py_ssize_t result;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
          return -2;
      if (start < 0 || end < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
          return -2;
      }
      if (end > PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str))
          end = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
      result = findchar(PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(str) + kind*start,
                        kind, end-start, ch, direction);
      if (result == -1)
          return -1;
      else
          return start + result;
  }
  
  static int
  tailmatch(PyObject *self,
            PyObject *substring,
            Py_ssize_t start,
            Py_ssize_t end,
            int direction)
  {
      int kind_self;
      int kind_sub;
      void *data_self;
      void *data_sub;
      Py_ssize_t offset;
      Py_ssize_t i;
      Py_ssize_t end_sub;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1 ||
          PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
          return 0;
  
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring) == 0)
          return 1;
  
      ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self));
      end -= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring);
      if (end < start)
          return 0;
  
      kind_self = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data_self = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      kind_sub = PyUnicode_KIND(substring);
      data_sub = PyUnicode_DATA(substring);
      end_sub = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring) - 1;
  
      if (direction > 0)
          offset = end;
      else
          offset = start;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READ(kind_self, data_self, offset) ==
          PyUnicode_READ(kind_sub, data_sub, 0) &&
          PyUnicode_READ(kind_self, data_self, offset + end_sub) ==
          PyUnicode_READ(kind_sub, data_sub, end_sub)) {
          /* If both are of the same kind, memcmp is sufficient */
          if (kind_self == kind_sub) {
              return ! memcmp((char *)data_self +
                                  (offset * PyUnicode_KIND(substring)),
                              data_sub,
                              PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring) *
                                  PyUnicode_KIND(substring));
          }
          /* otherwise we have to compare each character by first accesing it */
          else {
              /* We do not need to compare 0 and len(substring)-1 because
                 the if statement above ensured already that they are equal
                 when we end up here. */
              // TODO: honor direction and do a forward or backwards search
              for (i = 1; i < end_sub; ++i) {
                  if (PyUnicode_READ(kind_self, data_self, offset + i) !=
                      PyUnicode_READ(kind_sub, data_sub, i))
                      return 0;
              }
              return 1;
          }
      }
  
      return 0;
  }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_Tailmatch(PyObject *str,
                      PyObject *substr,
                      Py_ssize_t start,
                      Py_ssize_t end,
                      int direction)
  {
      Py_ssize_t result;
  
      str = PyUnicode_FromObject(str);
      if (str == NULL)
          return -1;
      substr = PyUnicode_FromObject(substr);
      if (substr == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(str);
          return -1;
      }
  
      result = tailmatch(str, substr,
                         start, end, direction);
      Py_DECREF(str);
      Py_DECREF(substr);
      return result;
  }
  
  /* Apply fixfct filter to the Unicode object self and return a
     reference to the modified object */
  
  static PyObject *
  fixup(PyObject *self,
        Py_UCS4 (*fixfct)(PyObject *s))
  {
      PyObject *u;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar_old, maxchar_new = 0;
      PyObject *v;
  
      u = _PyUnicode_Copy(self);
      if (u == NULL)
          return NULL;
      maxchar_old = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u);
  
      /* fix functions return the new maximum character in a string,
         if the kind of the resulting unicode object does not change,
         everything is fine.  Otherwise we need to change the string kind
         and re-run the fix function. */
      maxchar_new = fixfct(u);
  
      if (maxchar_new == 0) {
          /* no changes */;
          if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(self)) {
              Py_DECREF(u);
              Py_INCREF(self);
              return self;
          }
          else
              return u;
      }
  
      maxchar_new = align_maxchar(maxchar_new);
  
      if (maxchar_new == maxchar_old)
          return u;
  
      /* In case the maximum character changed, we need to
         convert the string to the new category. */
      v = PyUnicode_New(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxchar_new);
      if (v == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(u);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (maxchar_new > maxchar_old) {
          /* If the maxchar increased so that the kind changed, not all
             characters are representable anymore and we need to fix the
             string again. This only happens in very few cases. */
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(v, 0,
                                        self, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self));
          maxchar_old = fixfct(v);
          assert(maxchar_old > 0 && maxchar_old <= maxchar_new);
      }
      else {
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(v, 0,
                                        u, 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self));
      }
      Py_DECREF(u);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(v, 1));
      return v;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  ascii_upper_or_lower(PyObject *self, int lower)
  {
      Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      char *resdata, *data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      PyObject *res;
  
      res = PyUnicode_New(len, 127);
      if (res == NULL)
          return NULL;
      resdata = PyUnicode_DATA(res);
      if (lower)
          _Py_bytes_lower(resdata, data, len);
      else
          _Py_bytes_upper(resdata, data, len);
      return res;
  }
  
  static Py_UCS4
  handle_capital_sigma(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t i)
  {
      Py_ssize_t j;
      int final_sigma;
      Py_UCS4 c;
      /* U+03A3 is in the Final_Sigma context when, it is found like this:
  
       \p{cased}\p{case-ignorable}*U+03A3!(\p{case-ignorable}*\p{cased})
  
      where ! is a negation and \p{xxx} is a character with property xxx.
      */
      for (j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
          c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, j);
          if (!_PyUnicode_IsCaseIgnorable(c))
              break;
      }
      final_sigma = j >= 0 && _PyUnicode_IsCased(c);
      if (final_sigma) {
          for (j = i + 1; j < length; j++) {
              c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, j);
              if (!_PyUnicode_IsCaseIgnorable(c))
                  break;
          }
          final_sigma = j == length || !_PyUnicode_IsCased(c);
      }
      return (final_sigma) ? 0x3C2 : 0x3C3;
  }
  
  static int
  lower_ucs4(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t i,
             Py_UCS4 c, Py_UCS4 *mapped)
  {
      /* Obscure special case. */
      if (c == 0x3A3) {
          mapped[0] = handle_capital_sigma(kind, data, length, i);
          return 1;
      }
      return _PyUnicode_ToLowerFull(c, mapped);
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  do_capitalize(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 *res, Py_UCS4 *maxchar)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, k = 0;
      int n_res, j;
      Py_UCS4 c, mapped[3];
  
      c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
      n_res = _PyUnicode_ToUpperFull(c, mapped);
      for (j = 0; j < n_res; j++) {
          *maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(*maxchar, mapped[j]);
          res[k++] = mapped[j];
      }
      for (i = 1; i < length; i++) {
          c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
          n_res = lower_ucs4(kind, data, length, i, c, mapped);
          for (j = 0; j < n_res; j++) {
              *maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(*maxchar, mapped[j]);
              res[k++] = mapped[j];
          }
      }
      return k;
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  do_swapcase(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 *res, Py_UCS4 *maxchar) {
      Py_ssize_t i, k = 0;
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          Py_UCS4 c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i), mapped[3];
          int n_res, j;
          if (Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(c)) {
              n_res = lower_ucs4(kind, data, length, i, c, mapped);
          }
          else if (Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(c)) {
              n_res = _PyUnicode_ToUpperFull(c, mapped);
          }
          else {
              n_res = 1;
              mapped[0] = c;
          }
          for (j = 0; j < n_res; j++) {
              *maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(*maxchar, mapped[j]);
              res[k++] = mapped[j];
          }
      }
      return k;
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  do_upper_or_lower(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 *res,
                    Py_UCS4 *maxchar, int lower)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, k = 0;
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          Py_UCS4 c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i), mapped[3];
          int n_res, j;
          if (lower)
              n_res = lower_ucs4(kind, data, length, i, c, mapped);
          else
              n_res = _PyUnicode_ToUpperFull(c, mapped);
          for (j = 0; j < n_res; j++) {
              *maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(*maxchar, mapped[j]);
              res[k++] = mapped[j];
          }
      }
      return k;
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  do_upper(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 *res, Py_UCS4 *maxchar)
  {
      return do_upper_or_lower(kind, data, length, res, maxchar, 0);
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  do_lower(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 *res, Py_UCS4 *maxchar)
  {
      return do_upper_or_lower(kind, data, length, res, maxchar, 1);
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  do_casefold(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 *res, Py_UCS4 *maxchar)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, k = 0;
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          Py_UCS4 c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
          Py_UCS4 mapped[3];
          int j, n_res = _PyUnicode_ToFoldedFull(c, mapped);
          for (j = 0; j < n_res; j++) {
              *maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(*maxchar, mapped[j]);
              res[k++] = mapped[j];
          }
      }
      return k;
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  do_title(int kind, void *data, Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 *res, Py_UCS4 *maxchar)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, k = 0;
      int previous_is_cased;
  
      previous_is_cased = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          const Py_UCS4 c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
          Py_UCS4 mapped[3];
          int n_res, j;
  
          if (previous_is_cased)
              n_res = lower_ucs4(kind, data, length, i, c, mapped);
          else
              n_res = _PyUnicode_ToTitleFull(c, mapped);
  
          for (j = 0; j < n_res; j++) {
              *maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(*maxchar, mapped[j]);
              res[k++] = mapped[j];
          }
  
          previous_is_cased = _PyUnicode_IsCased(c);
      }
      return k;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  case_operation(PyObject *self,
                 Py_ssize_t (*perform)(int, void *, Py_ssize_t, Py_UCS4 *, Py_UCS4 *))
  {
      PyObject *res = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t length, newlength = 0;
      int kind, outkind;
      void *data, *outdata;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar = 0, *tmp, *tmpend;
  
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(self));
  
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      tmp = PyMem_MALLOC(sizeof(Py_UCS4) * 3 * length);
      if (tmp == NULL)
          return PyErr_NoMemory();
      newlength = perform(kind, data, length, tmp, &maxchar);
      res = PyUnicode_New(newlength, maxchar);
      if (res == NULL)
          goto leave;
      tmpend = tmp + newlength;
      outdata = PyUnicode_DATA(res);
      outkind = PyUnicode_KIND(res);
      switch (outkind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS4, Py_UCS1, tmp, tmpend, outdata);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          _PyUnicode_CONVERT_BYTES(Py_UCS4, Py_UCS2, tmp, tmpend, outdata);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          memcpy(outdata, tmp, sizeof(Py_UCS4) * newlength);
          break;
      default:
          assert(0);
          break;
      }
    leave:
      PyMem_FREE(tmp);
      return res;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Join(PyObject *separator, PyObject *seq)
  {
      PyObject *sep = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t seplen;
      PyObject *res = NULL; /* the result */
      PyObject *fseq;          /* PySequence_Fast(seq) */
      Py_ssize_t seqlen;       /* len(fseq) -- number of items in sequence */
      PyObject **items;
      PyObject *item;
      Py_ssize_t sz, i, res_offset;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar;
      Py_UCS4 item_maxchar;
      int use_memcpy;
      unsigned char *res_data = NULL, *sep_data = NULL;
      PyObject *last_obj;
      unsigned int kind = 0;
  
      fseq = PySequence_Fast(seq, "");
      if (fseq == NULL) {
          return NULL;
      }
  
      /* NOTE: the following code can't call back into Python code,
       * so we are sure that fseq won't be mutated.
       */
  
      seqlen = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(fseq);
      /* If empty sequence, return u"". */
      if (seqlen == 0) {
          Py_DECREF(fseq);
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          res = unicode_empty;
          return res;
      }
  
      /* If singleton sequence with an exact Unicode, return that. */
      last_obj = NULL;
      items = PySequence_Fast_ITEMS(fseq);
      if (seqlen == 1) {
          if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(items[0])) {
              res = items[0];
              Py_INCREF(res);
              Py_DECREF(fseq);
              return res;
          }
          seplen = 0;
          maxchar = 0;
      }
      else {
          /* Set up sep and seplen */
          if (separator == NULL) {
              /* fall back to a blank space separator */
              sep = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(' ');
              if (!sep)
                  goto onError;
              seplen = 1;
              maxchar = 32;
          }
          else {
              if (!PyUnicode_Check(separator)) {
                  PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                               "separator: expected str instance,"
                               " %.80s found",
                               Py_TYPE(separator)->tp_name);
                  goto onError;
              }
              if (PyUnicode_READY(separator))
                  goto onError;
              sep = separator;
              seplen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(separator);
              maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(separator);
              /* inc refcount to keep this code path symmetric with the
                 above case of a blank separator */
              Py_INCREF(sep);
          }
          last_obj = sep;
      }
  
      /* There are at least two things to join, or else we have a subclass
       * of str in the sequence.
       * Do a pre-pass to figure out the total amount of space we'll
       * need (sz), and see whether all argument are strings.
       */
      sz = 0;
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      use_memcpy = 0;
  #else
      use_memcpy = 1;
  #endif
      for (i = 0; i < seqlen; i++) {
          const Py_ssize_t old_sz = sz;
          item = items[i];
          if (!PyUnicode_Check(item)) {
              PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                           "sequence item %zd: expected str instance,"
                           " %.80s found",
                           i, Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
              goto onError;
          }
          if (PyUnicode_READY(item) == -1)
              goto onError;
          sz += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(item);
          item_maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(item);
          maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, item_maxchar);
          if (i != 0)
              sz += seplen;
          if (sz < old_sz || sz > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                              "join() result is too long for a Python string");
              goto onError;
          }
          if (use_memcpy && last_obj != NULL) {
              if (PyUnicode_KIND(last_obj) != PyUnicode_KIND(item))
                  use_memcpy = 0;
          }
          last_obj = item;
      }
  
      res = PyUnicode_New(sz, maxchar);
      if (res == NULL)
          goto onError;
  
      /* Catenate everything. */
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      use_memcpy = 0;
  #else
      if (use_memcpy) {
          res_data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res);
          kind = PyUnicode_KIND(res);
          if (seplen != 0)
              sep_data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(sep);
      }
  #endif
      for (i = 0, res_offset = 0; i < seqlen; ++i) {
          Py_ssize_t itemlen;
          item = items[i];
          /* Copy item, and maybe the separator. */
          if (i && seplen != 0) {
              if (use_memcpy) {
                  Py_MEMCPY(res_data,
                            sep_data,
                            kind * seplen);
                  res_data += kind * seplen;
              }
              else {
                  _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(res, res_offset, sep, 0, seplen);
                  res_offset += seplen;
              }
          }
          itemlen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(item);
          if (itemlen != 0) {
              if (use_memcpy) {
                  Py_MEMCPY(res_data,
                            PyUnicode_DATA(item),
                            kind * itemlen);
                  res_data += kind * itemlen;
              }
              else {
                  _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(res, res_offset, item, 0, itemlen);
                  res_offset += itemlen;
              }
          }
      }
      if (use_memcpy)
          assert(res_data == PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(res)
                             + kind * PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(res));
      else
          assert(res_offset == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(res));
  
      Py_DECREF(fseq);
      Py_XDECREF(sep);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
      return res;
  
    onError:
      Py_DECREF(fseq);
      Py_XDECREF(sep);
      Py_XDECREF(res);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  #define FILL(kind, data, value, start, length) \
      do { \
          Py_ssize_t i_ = 0; \
          assert(kind != PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND); \
          switch ((kind)) { \
          case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: { \
              unsigned char * to_ = (unsigned char *)((data)) + (start); \
              memset(to_, (unsigned char)value, (length)); \
              break; \
          } \
          case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: { \
              Py_UCS2 * to_ = (Py_UCS2 *)((data)) + (start); \
              for (; i_ < (length); ++i_, ++to_) *to_ = (value); \
              break; \
          } \
          case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND: { \
              Py_UCS4 * to_ = (Py_UCS4 *)((data)) + (start); \
              for (; i_ < (length); ++i_, ++to_) *to_ = (value); \
              break; \
          default: assert(0); \
          } \
          } \
      } while (0)
  
  void
  _PyUnicode_FastFill(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t length,
                      Py_UCS4 fill_char)
  {
      const enum PyUnicode_Kind kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      const void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(unicode));
      assert(unicode_modifiable(unicode));
      assert(fill_char <= PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode));
      assert(start >= 0);
      assert(start + length <= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode));
      FILL(kind, data, fill_char, start, length);
  }
  
  Py_ssize_t
  PyUnicode_Fill(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t length,
                 Py_UCS4 fill_char)
  {
      Py_ssize_t maxlen;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return -1;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return -1;
      if (unicode_check_modifiable(unicode))
          return -1;
  
      if (start < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
          return -1;
      }
      if (fill_char > PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                           "fill character is bigger than "
                           "the string maximum character");
          return -1;
      }
  
      maxlen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode) - start;
      length = Py_MIN(maxlen, length);
      if (length <= 0)
          return 0;
  
      _PyUnicode_FastFill(unicode, start, length, fill_char);
      return length;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  pad(PyObject *self,
      Py_ssize_t left,
      Py_ssize_t right,
      Py_UCS4 fill)
  {
      PyObject *u;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar;
      int kind;
      void *data;
  
      if (left < 0)
          left = 0;
      if (right < 0)
          right = 0;
  
      if (left == 0 && right == 0)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  
      if (left > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) ||
          right > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - (left + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self))) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "padded string is too long");
          return NULL;
      }
      maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(self);
      maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, fill);
      u = PyUnicode_New(left + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) + right, maxchar);
      if (!u)
          return NULL;
  
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(u);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
      if (left)
          FILL(kind, data, fill, 0, left);
      if (right)
          FILL(kind, data, fill, left + _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self), right);
      _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(u, left, self, 0, _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self));
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(u, 1));
      return u;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Splitlines(PyObject *string, int keepends)
  {
      PyObject *list;
  
      string = PyUnicode_FromObject(string);
      if (string == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(string) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(string);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      switch (PyUnicode_KIND(string)) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(string))
              list = asciilib_splitlines(
                  string, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string),
                  PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string), keepends);
          else
              list = ucs1lib_splitlines(
                  string, PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string),
                  PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string), keepends);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          list = ucs2lib_splitlines(
              string, PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(string),
              PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string), keepends);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          list = ucs4lib_splitlines(
              string, PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(string),
              PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string), keepends);
          break;
      default:
          assert(0);
          list = 0;
      }
      Py_DECREF(string);
      return list;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  split(PyObject *self,
        PyObject *substring,
        Py_ssize_t maxcount)
  {
      int kind1, kind2, kind;
      void *buf1, *buf2;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
      PyObject* out;
  
      if (maxcount < 0)
          maxcount = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (substring == NULL)
          switch (PyUnicode_KIND(self)) {
          case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
              if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self))
                  return asciilib_split_whitespace(
                      self,  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self),
                      PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
                      );
              else
                  return ucs1lib_split_whitespace(
                      self,  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self),
                      PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
                      );
          case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
              return ucs2lib_split_whitespace(
                  self,  PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(self),
                  PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
                  );
          case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
              return ucs4lib_split_whitespace(
                  self,  PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(self),
                  PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
                  );
          default:
              assert(0);
              return NULL;
          }
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(substring);
      kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
      buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(substring);
      if (kind1 != kind)
          buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, kind);
      if (!buf1)
          return NULL;
      if (kind2 != kind)
          buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(substring, kind);
      if (!buf2) {
          if (kind1 != kind) PyMem_Free(buf1);
          return NULL;
      }
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring);
  
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(substring))
              out = asciilib_split(
                  self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
          else
              out = ucs1lib_split(
                  self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          out = ucs2lib_split(
              self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          out = ucs4lib_split(
              self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
          break;
      default:
          out = NULL;
      }
      if (kind1 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf1);
      if (kind2 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
      return out;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  rsplit(PyObject *self,
         PyObject *substring,
         Py_ssize_t maxcount)
  {
      int kind1, kind2, kind;
      void *buf1, *buf2;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
      PyObject* out;
  
      if (maxcount < 0)
          maxcount = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (substring == NULL)
          switch (PyUnicode_KIND(self)) {
          case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
              if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self))
                  return asciilib_rsplit_whitespace(
                      self,  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self),
                      PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
                      );
              else
                  return ucs1lib_rsplit_whitespace(
                      self,  PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self),
                      PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
                      );
          case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
              return ucs2lib_rsplit_whitespace(
                  self,  PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(self),
                  PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
                  );
          case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
              return ucs4lib_rsplit_whitespace(
                  self,  PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(self),
                  PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), maxcount
                  );
          default:
              assert(0);
              return NULL;
          }
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(substring);
      kind = kind1 > kind2 ? kind1 : kind2;
      buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(substring);
      if (kind1 != kind)
          buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, kind);
      if (!buf1)
          return NULL;
      if (kind2 != kind)
          buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(substring, kind);
      if (!buf2) {
          if (kind1 != kind) PyMem_Free(buf1);
          return NULL;
      }
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring);
  
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(substring))
              out = asciilib_rsplit(
                  self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
          else
              out = ucs1lib_rsplit(
                  self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          out = ucs2lib_rsplit(
              self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          out = ucs4lib_rsplit(
              self,  buf1, len1, buf2, len2, maxcount);
          break;
      default:
          out = NULL;
      }
      if (kind1 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf1);
      if (kind2 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
      return out;
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  anylib_find(int kind, PyObject *str1, void *buf1, Py_ssize_t len1,
              PyObject *str2, void *buf2, Py_ssize_t len2, Py_ssize_t offset)
  {
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str1) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str2))
              return asciilib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, offset);
          else
              return ucs1lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, offset);
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs2lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, offset);
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs4lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, offset);
      }
      assert(0);
      return -1;
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  anylib_count(int kind, PyObject *sstr, void* sbuf, Py_ssize_t slen,
               PyObject *str1, void *buf1, Py_ssize_t len1, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
  {
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(sstr) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str1))
              return asciilib_count(sbuf, slen, buf1, len1, maxcount);
          else
              return ucs1lib_count(sbuf, slen, buf1, len1, maxcount);
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs2lib_count(sbuf, slen, buf1, len1, maxcount);
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          return ucs4lib_count(sbuf, slen, buf1, len1, maxcount);
      }
      assert(0);
      return 0;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  replace(PyObject *self, PyObject *str1,
          PyObject *str2, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
  {
      PyObject *u;
      char *sbuf = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      char *buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str1);
      char *buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(str2);
      int srelease = 0, release1 = 0, release2 = 0;
      int skind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      int kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str1);
      int kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(str2);
      Py_ssize_t slen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      Py_ssize_t len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str1);
      Py_ssize_t len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str2);
      int mayshrink;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar, maxchar_str2;
  
      if (maxcount < 0)
          maxcount = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
      else if (maxcount == 0 || slen == 0)
          goto nothing;
  
      if (str1 == str2)
          goto nothing;
      if (skind < kind1)
          /* substring too wide to be present */
          goto nothing;
  
      maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(self);
      maxchar_str2 = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str2);
      /* Replacing str1 with str2 may cause a maxchar reduction in the
         result string. */
      mayshrink = (maxchar_str2 < maxchar);
      maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, maxchar_str2);
  
      if (len1 == len2) {
          /* same length */
          if (len1 == 0)
              goto nothing;
          if (len1 == 1) {
              /* replace characters */
              Py_UCS4 u1, u2;
              int rkind;
              Py_ssize_t index, pos;
              char *src;
  
              u1 = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(str1, 0);
              pos = findchar(sbuf, PyUnicode_KIND(self), slen, u1, 1);
              if (pos < 0)
                  goto nothing;
              u2 = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(str2, 0);
              u = PyUnicode_New(slen, maxchar);
              if (!u)
                  goto error;
              _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(u, 0, self, 0, slen);
              rkind = PyUnicode_KIND(u);
  
              PyUnicode_WRITE(rkind, PyUnicode_DATA(u), pos, u2);
              index = 0;
              src = sbuf;
              while (--maxcount)
              {
                  pos++;
                  src += pos * PyUnicode_KIND(self);
                  slen -= pos;
                  index += pos;
                  pos = findchar(src, PyUnicode_KIND(self), slen, u1, 1);
                  if (pos < 0)
                      break;
                  PyUnicode_WRITE(rkind, PyUnicode_DATA(u), index + pos, u2);
              }
          }
          else {
              int rkind = skind;
              char *res;
              Py_ssize_t i;
  
              if (kind1 < rkind) {
                  /* widen substring */
                  buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str1, rkind);
                  if (!buf1) goto error;
                  release1 = 1;
              }
              i = anylib_find(rkind, self, sbuf, slen, str1, buf1, len1, 0);
              if (i < 0)
                  goto nothing;
              if (rkind > kind2) {
                  /* widen replacement */
                  buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str2, rkind);
                  if (!buf2) goto error;
                  release2 = 1;
              }
              else if (rkind < kind2) {
                  /* widen self and buf1 */
                  rkind = kind2;
                  if (release1) PyMem_Free(buf1);
                  sbuf = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, rkind);
                  if (!sbuf) goto error;
                  srelease = 1;
                  buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str1, rkind);
                  if (!buf1) goto error;
                  release1 = 1;
              }
              u = PyUnicode_New(slen, maxchar);
              if (!u)
                  goto error;
              assert(PyUnicode_KIND(u) == rkind);
              res = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
  
              memcpy(res, sbuf, rkind * slen);
              /* change everything in-place, starting with this one */
              memcpy(res + rkind * i,
                     buf2,
                     rkind * len2);
              i += len1;
  
              while ( --maxcount > 0) {
                  i = anylib_find(rkind, self,
                                  sbuf+rkind*i, slen-i,
                                  str1, buf1, len1, i);
                  if (i == -1)
                      break;
                  memcpy(res + rkind * i,
                         buf2,
                         rkind * len2);
                  i += len1;
              }
          }
      }
      else {
          Py_ssize_t n, i, j, ires;
          Py_ssize_t product, new_size;
          int rkind = skind;
          char *res;
  
          if (kind1 < rkind) {
              /* widen substring */
              buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str1, rkind);
              if (!buf1) goto error;
              release1 = 1;
          }
          n = anylib_count(rkind, self, sbuf, slen, str1, buf1, len1, maxcount);
          if (n == 0)
              goto nothing;
          if (kind2 < rkind) {
              /* widen replacement */
              buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str2, rkind);
              if (!buf2) goto error;
              release2 = 1;
          }
          else if (kind2 > rkind) {
              /* widen self and buf1 */
              rkind = kind2;
              sbuf = _PyUnicode_AsKind(self, rkind);
              if (!sbuf) goto error;
              srelease = 1;
              if (release1) PyMem_Free(buf1);
              buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str1, rkind);
              if (!buf1) goto error;
              release1 = 1;
          }
          /* new_size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) + n * (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str2) -
             PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str1))); */
          product = n * (len2-len1);
          if ((product / (len2-len1)) != n) {
                  PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                                  "replace string is too long");
                  goto error;
          }
          new_size = slen + product;
          if (new_size == 0) {
              Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
              u = unicode_empty;
              goto done;
          }
          if (new_size < 0 || new_size > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX >> (rkind-1))) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                              "replace string is too long");
              goto error;
          }
          u = PyUnicode_New(new_size, maxchar);
          if (!u)
              goto error;
          assert(PyUnicode_KIND(u) == rkind);
          res = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
          ires = i = 0;
          if (len1 > 0) {
              while (n-- > 0) {
                  /* look for next match */
                  j = anylib_find(rkind, self,
                                  sbuf + rkind * i, slen-i,
                                  str1, buf1, len1, i);
                  if (j == -1)
                      break;
                  else if (j > i) {
                      /* copy unchanged part [i:j] */
                      memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
                             sbuf + rkind * i,
                             rkind * (j-i));
                      ires += j - i;
                  }
                  /* copy substitution string */
                  if (len2 > 0) {
                      memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
                             buf2,
                             rkind * len2);
                      ires += len2;
                  }
                  i = j + len1;
              }
              if (i < slen)
                  /* copy tail [i:] */
                  memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
                         sbuf + rkind * i,
                         rkind * (slen-i));
          }
          else {
              /* interleave */
              while (n > 0) {
                  memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
                         buf2,
                         rkind * len2);
                  ires += len2;
                  if (--n <= 0)
                      break;
                  memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
                         sbuf + rkind * i,
                         rkind);
                  ires++;
                  i++;
              }
              memcpy(res + rkind * ires,
                     sbuf + rkind * i,
                     rkind * (slen-i));
          }
      }
  
      if (mayshrink) {
          unicode_adjust_maxchar(&u);
          if (u == NULL)
              goto error;
      }
  
    done:
      if (srelease)
          PyMem_FREE(sbuf);
      if (release1)
          PyMem_FREE(buf1);
      if (release2)
          PyMem_FREE(buf2);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(u, 1));
      return u;
  
    nothing:
      /* nothing to replace; return original string (when possible) */
      if (srelease)
          PyMem_FREE(sbuf);
      if (release1)
          PyMem_FREE(buf1);
      if (release2)
          PyMem_FREE(buf2);
      return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  
    error:
      if (srelease && sbuf)
          PyMem_FREE(sbuf);
      if (release1 && buf1)
          PyMem_FREE(buf1);
      if (release2 && buf2)
          PyMem_FREE(buf2);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* --- Unicode Object Methods --------------------------------------------- */
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(title__doc__,
               "S.title() -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case\n\
  characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_title(PyObject *self)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      return case_operation(self, do_title);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(capitalize__doc__,
               "S.capitalize() -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character\n\
  have upper case and the rest lower case.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_capitalize(PyObject *self)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) == 0)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
      return case_operation(self, do_capitalize);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(casefold__doc__,
               "S.casefold() -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_casefold(PyObject *self)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self))
          return ascii_upper_or_lower(self, 1);
      return case_operation(self, do_casefold);
  }
  
  
  /* Argument converter.  Coerces to a single unicode character */
  
  static int
  convert_uc(PyObject *obj, void *addr)
  {
      Py_UCS4 *fillcharloc = (Py_UCS4 *)addr;
      PyObject *uniobj;
  
      uniobj = PyUnicode_FromObject(obj);
      if (uniobj == NULL) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                          "The fill character cannot be converted to Unicode");
          return 0;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uniobj) != 1) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                          "The fill character must be exactly one character long");
          Py_DECREF(uniobj);
          return 0;
      }
      *fillcharloc = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(uniobj, 0);
      Py_DECREF(uniobj);
      return 1;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(center__doc__,
               "S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is\n\
  done using the specified fill character (default is a space)");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_center(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      Py_ssize_t marg, left;
      Py_ssize_t width;
      Py_UCS4 fillchar = ' ';
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|O&:center", &width, convert_uc, &fillchar))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) >= width)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  
      marg = width - PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      left = marg / 2 + (marg & width & 1);
  
      return pad(self, left, marg - left, fillchar);
  }
  
  /* This function assumes that str1 and str2 are readied by the caller. */
  
  static int
  unicode_compare(PyObject *str1, PyObject *str2)
  {
      int kind1, kind2;
      void *data1, *data2;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2, i;
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str1);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(str2);
      data1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str1);
      data2 = PyUnicode_DATA(str2);
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str1);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str2);
  
      for (i = 0; i < len1 && i < len2; ++i) {
          Py_UCS4 c1, c2;
          c1 = PyUnicode_READ(kind1, data1, i);
          c2 = PyUnicode_READ(kind2, data2, i);
  
          if (c1 != c2)
              return (c1 < c2) ? -1 : 1;
      }
  
      return (len1 < len2) ? -1 : (len1 != len2);
  }
  
  int
  PyUnicode_Compare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_Check(left) && PyUnicode_Check(right)) {
          if (PyUnicode_READY(left) == -1 ||
              PyUnicode_READY(right) == -1)
              return -1;
          return unicode_compare(left, right);
      }
      PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                   "Can't compare %.100s and %.100s",
                   left->ob_type->tp_name,
                   right->ob_type->tp_name);
      return -1;
  }
  
  int
  PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(PyObject* uni, const char* str)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_UCS4 chr;
  
      assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(uni));
      if (PyUnicode_READY(uni) == -1)
          return -1;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(uni);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(uni);
      /* Compare Unicode string and source character set string */
      for (i = 0; (chr = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)) && str[i]; i++)
          if (chr != str[i])
              return (chr < (unsigned char)(str[i])) ? -1 : 1;
      /* This check keeps Python strings that end in '\0' from comparing equal
       to C strings identical up to that point. */
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uni) != i || chr)
          return 1; /* uni is longer */
      if (str[i])
          return -1; /* str is longer */
      return 0;
  }
  
  
  #define TEST_COND(cond)                         \
      ((cond) ? Py_True : Py_False)
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_RichCompare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right, int op)
  {
      int result;
  
      if (PyUnicode_Check(left) && PyUnicode_Check(right)) {
          PyObject *v;
          if (PyUnicode_READY(left) == -1 ||
              PyUnicode_READY(right) == -1)
              return NULL;
          if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(left) != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(right) ||
              PyUnicode_KIND(left) != PyUnicode_KIND(right)) {
              if (op == Py_EQ) {
                  Py_INCREF(Py_False);
                  return Py_False;
              }
              if (op == Py_NE) {
                  Py_INCREF(Py_True);
                  return Py_True;
              }
          }
          if (left == right)
              result = 0;
          else
              result = unicode_compare(left, right);
  
          /* Convert the return value to a Boolean */
          switch (op) {
          case Py_EQ:
              v = TEST_COND(result == 0);
              break;
          case Py_NE:
              v = TEST_COND(result != 0);
              break;
          case Py_LE:
              v = TEST_COND(result <= 0);
              break;
          case Py_GE:
              v = TEST_COND(result >= 0);
              break;
          case Py_LT:
              v = TEST_COND(result == -1);
              break;
          case Py_GT:
              v = TEST_COND(result == 1);
              break;
          default:
              PyErr_BadArgument();
              return NULL;
          }
          Py_INCREF(v);
          return v;
      }
  
      Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
  }
  
  int
  PyUnicode_Contains(PyObject *container, PyObject *element)
  {
      PyObject *str, *sub;
      int kind1, kind2, kind;
      void *buf1, *buf2;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
      int result;
  
      /* Coerce the two arguments */
      sub = PyUnicode_FromObject(element);
      if (!sub) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                       "'in <string>' requires string as left operand, not %s",
                       element->ob_type->tp_name);
          return -1;
      }
  
      str = PyUnicode_FromObject(container);
      if (!str) {
          Py_DECREF(sub);
          return -1;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(sub) == -1 || PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(sub);
          Py_DECREF(str);
      }
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(sub);
      kind = kind1;
      buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str);
      buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(sub);
      if (kind2 != kind) {
          if (kind2 > kind) {
              Py_DECREF(sub);
              Py_DECREF(str);
              return 0;
          }
          buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(sub, kind);
      }
      if (!buf2) {
          Py_DECREF(sub);
          Py_DECREF(str);
          return -1;
      }
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sub);
  
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          result = ucs1lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, 0) != -1;
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          result = ucs2lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, 0) != -1;
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          result = ucs4lib_find(buf1, len1, buf2, len2, 0) != -1;
          break;
      default:
          result = -1;
          assert(0);
      }
  
      Py_DECREF(str);
      Py_DECREF(sub);
  
      if (kind2 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
  
      return result;
  }
  
  /* Concat to string or Unicode object giving a new Unicode object. */
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Concat(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
  {
      PyObject *u = NULL, *v = NULL, *w;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar, maxchar2;
      Py_ssize_t u_len, v_len, new_len;
  
      /* Coerce the two arguments */
      u = PyUnicode_FromObject(left);
      if (u == NULL)
          goto onError;
      v = PyUnicode_FromObject(right);
      if (v == NULL)
          goto onError;
  
      /* Shortcuts */
      if (v == unicode_empty) {
          Py_DECREF(v);
          return u;
      }
      if (u == unicode_empty) {
          Py_DECREF(u);
          return v;
      }
  
      u_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u);
      v_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v);
      if (u_len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - v_len) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                          "strings are too large to concat");
          goto onError;
      }
      new_len = u_len + v_len;
  
      maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u);
      maxchar2 = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(v);
      maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, maxchar2);
  
      /* Concat the two Unicode strings */
      w = PyUnicode_New(new_len, maxchar);
      if (w == NULL)
          goto onError;
      _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(w, 0, u, 0, u_len);
      _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(w, u_len, v, 0, v_len);
      Py_DECREF(u);
      Py_DECREF(v);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(w, 1));
      return w;
  
    onError:
      Py_XDECREF(u);
      Py_XDECREF(v);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  void
  PyUnicode_Append(PyObject **p_left, PyObject *right)
  {
      PyObject *left, *res;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar, maxchar2;
      Py_ssize_t left_len, right_len, new_len;
  
      if (p_left == NULL) {
          if (!PyErr_Occurred())
              PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return;
      }
      left = *p_left;
      if (right == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(left)) {
          if (!PyErr_Occurred())
              PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          goto error;
      }
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(left) == -1)
          goto error;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(right) == -1)
          goto error;
  
      /* Shortcuts */
      if (left == unicode_empty) {
          Py_DECREF(left);
          Py_INCREF(right);
          *p_left = right;
          return;
      }
      if (right == unicode_empty)
          return;
  
      left_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(left);
      right_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(right);
      if (left_len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - right_len) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                          "strings are too large to concat");
          goto error;
      }
      new_len = left_len + right_len;
  
      if (unicode_modifiable(left)
          && PyUnicode_CheckExact(right)
          && PyUnicode_KIND(right) <= PyUnicode_KIND(left)
          /* Don't resize for ascii += latin1. Convert ascii to latin1 requires
             to change the structure size, but characters are stored just after
             the structure, and so it requires to move all characters which is
             not so different than duplicating the string. */
          && !(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(left) && !PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(right)))
      {
          /* append inplace */
          if (unicode_resize(p_left, new_len) != 0) {
              /* XXX if _PyUnicode_Resize() fails, 'left' has been
               * deallocated so it cannot be put back into
               * 'variable'.  The MemoryError is raised when there
               * is no value in 'variable', which might (very
               * remotely) be a cause of incompatibilities.
               */
              goto error;
          }
          /* copy 'right' into the newly allocated area of 'left' */
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(*p_left, left_len, right, 0, right_len);
      }
      else {
          maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(left);
          maxchar2 = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(right);
          maxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(maxchar, maxchar2);
  
          /* Concat the two Unicode strings */
          res = PyUnicode_New(new_len, maxchar);
          if (res == NULL)
              goto error;
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(res, 0, left, 0, left_len);
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(res, left_len, right, 0, right_len);
          Py_DECREF(left);
          *p_left = res;
      }
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(*p_left, 1));
      return;
  
  error:
      Py_CLEAR(*p_left);
  }
  
  void
  PyUnicode_AppendAndDel(PyObject **pleft, PyObject *right)
  {
      PyUnicode_Append(pleft, right);
      Py_XDECREF(right);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(count__doc__,
               "S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
  \n\
  Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in\n\
  string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are\n\
  interpreted as in slice notation.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_count(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *substring;
      Py_ssize_t start = 0;
      Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
      PyObject *result;
      int kind1, kind2, kind;
      void *buf1, *buf2;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2, iresult;
  
      if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("count", args, &substring,
                                              &start, &end))
          return NULL;
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(substring);
      if (kind2 > kind1)
          return PyLong_FromLong(0);
      kind = kind1;
      buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(substring);
      if (kind2 != kind)
          buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(substring, kind);
      if (!buf2) {
          Py_DECREF(substring);
          return NULL;
      }
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(substring);
  
      ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, len1);
      switch (kind) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          iresult = ucs1lib_count(
              ((Py_UCS1*)buf1) + start, end - start,
              buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
              );
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          iresult = ucs2lib_count(
              ((Py_UCS2*)buf1) + start, end - start,
              buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
              );
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          iresult = ucs4lib_count(
              ((Py_UCS4*)buf1) + start, end - start,
              buf2, len2, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
              );
          break;
      default:
          assert(0); iresult = 0;
      }
  
      result = PyLong_FromSsize_t(iresult);
  
      if (kind2 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
  
      Py_DECREF(substring);
  
      return result;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(encode__doc__,
               "S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes\n\
  \n\
  Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding\n\
  is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error\n\
  handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise\n\
  a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and\n\
  'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with\n\
  codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_encode(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
  {
      static char *kwlist[] = {"encoding", "errors", 0};
      char *encoding = NULL;
      char *errors = NULL;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "|ss:encode",
                                       kwlist, &encoding, &errors))
          return NULL;
      return PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(self, encoding, errors);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(expandtabs__doc__,
               "S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.\n\
  If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_expandtabs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, j, line_pos, src_len, incr;
      Py_UCS4 ch;
      PyObject *u;
      void *src_data, *dest_data;
      int tabsize = 8;
      int kind;
      int found;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|i:expandtabs", &tabsize))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      /* First pass: determine size of output string */
      src_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      i = j = line_pos = 0;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      src_data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      found = 0;
      for (; i < src_len; i++) {
          ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, src_data, i);
          if (ch == '\t') {
              found = 1;
              if (tabsize > 0) {
                  incr = tabsize - (line_pos % tabsize); /* cannot overflow */
                  if (j > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - incr)
                      goto overflow;
                  line_pos += incr;
                  j += incr;
              }
          }
          else {
              if (j > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 1)
                  goto overflow;
              line_pos++;
              j++;
              if (ch == '\n' || ch == '\r')
                  line_pos = 0;
          }
      }
      if (!found)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  
      /* Second pass: create output string and fill it */
      u = PyUnicode_New(j, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(self));
      if (!u)
          return NULL;
      dest_data = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
  
      i = j = line_pos = 0;
  
      for (; i < src_len; i++) {
          ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, src_data, i);
          if (ch == '\t') {
              if (tabsize > 0) {
                  incr = tabsize - (line_pos % tabsize);
                  line_pos += incr;
                  FILL(kind, dest_data, ' ', j, incr);
                  j += incr;
              }
          }
          else {
              line_pos++;
              PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, dest_data, j, ch);
              j++;
              if (ch == '\n' || ch == '\r')
                  line_pos = 0;
          }
      }
      assert (j == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u));
      return unicode_result(u);
  
    overflow:
      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "new string is too long");
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(find__doc__,
               "S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
  \n\
  Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
  such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n\
  arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
  \n\
  Return -1 on failure.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_find(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *substring;
      Py_ssize_t start;
      Py_ssize_t end;
      Py_ssize_t result;
  
      if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("find", args, &substring,
                                              &start, &end))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      result = any_find_slice(1, self, substring, start, end);
  
      Py_DECREF(substring);
  
      if (result == -2)
          return NULL;
  
      return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_getitem(PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t index)
  {
      void *data;
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;
      Py_UCS4 ch;
      PyObject *res;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(self) || PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (index < 0 || index >= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self)) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
          return NULL;
      }
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, index);
      if (ch < 256)
          return get_latin1_char(ch);
  
      res = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
      if (res == NULL)
          return NULL;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(res);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(res);
      PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, 0, ch);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(res, 1));
      return res;
  }
  
  /* Believe it or not, this produces the same value for ASCII strings
     as bytes_hash(). */
  static Py_hash_t
  unicode_hash(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t len;
      Py_uhash_t x;
  
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      assert(_Py_HashSecret_Initialized);
  #endif
      if (_PyUnicode_HASH(self) != -1)
          return _PyUnicode_HASH(self);
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return -1;
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      /*
        We make the hash of the empty string be 0, rather than using
        (prefix ^ suffix), since this slightly obfuscates the hash secret
      */
      if (len == 0) {
          _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = 0;
          return 0;
      }
  
      /* The hash function as a macro, gets expanded three times below. */
  #define HASH(P)                                            \
      x ^= (Py_uhash_t) *P << 7;                             \
      while (--len >= 0)                                     \
          x = (_PyHASH_MULTIPLIER * x) ^ (Py_uhash_t) *P++;  \
  
      x = (Py_uhash_t) _Py_HashSecret.prefix;
      switch (PyUnicode_KIND(self)) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND: {
          const unsigned char *c = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self);
          HASH(c);
          break;
      }
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND: {
          const Py_UCS2 *s = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(self);
          HASH(s);
          break;
      }
      default: {
          Py_UCS4 *l;
          assert(PyUnicode_KIND(self) == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND &&
                 "Impossible switch case in unicode_hash");
          l = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(self);
          HASH(l);
          break;
      }
      }
      x ^= (Py_uhash_t) PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      x ^= (Py_uhash_t) _Py_HashSecret.suffix;
  
      if (x == -1)
          x = -2;
      _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = x;
      return x;
  }
  #undef HASH
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(index__doc__,
               "S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
  \n\
  Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_index(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      Py_ssize_t result;
      PyObject *substring;
      Py_ssize_t start;
      Py_ssize_t end;
  
      if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("index", args, &substring,
                                              &start, &end))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      result = any_find_slice(1, self, substring, start, end);
  
      Py_DECREF(substring);
  
      if (result == -2)
          return NULL;
  
      if (result < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "substring not found");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(islower__doc__,
               "S.islower() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is\n\
  at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_islower(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      int cased;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1)
          return PyBool_FromLong(
              Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (length == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      cased = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
  
          if (Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch) || Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch))
              return PyBool_FromLong(0);
          else if (!cased && Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch))
              cased = 1;
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isupper__doc__,
               "S.isupper() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is\n\
  at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isupper(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      int cased;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1)
          return PyBool_FromLong(
              Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)) != 0);
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (length == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      cased = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
  
          if (Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch) || Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch))
              return PyBool_FromLong(0);
          else if (!cased && Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch))
              cased = 1;
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(istitle__doc__,
               "S.istitle() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one\n\
  character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only\n\
  follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n\
  Return False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_istitle(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      int cased, previous_is_cased;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
          return PyBool_FromLong((Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch) != 0) ||
                                 (Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch) != 0));
      }
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (length == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      cased = 0;
      previous_is_cased = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
  
          if (Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(ch) || Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(ch)) {
              if (previous_is_cased)
                  return PyBool_FromLong(0);
              previous_is_cased = 1;
              cased = 1;
          }
          else if (Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(ch)) {
              if (!previous_is_cased)
                  return PyBool_FromLong(0);
              previous_is_cased = 1;
              cased = 1;
          }
          else
              previous_is_cased = 0;
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(cased);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isspace__doc__,
               "S.isspace() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if all characters in S are whitespace\n\
  and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isspace(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1)
          return PyBool_FromLong(
              Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (length == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
          if (!Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(ch))
              return PyBool_FromLong(0);
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(1);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isalpha__doc__,
               "S.isalpha() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic\n\
  and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isalpha(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1)
          return PyBool_FromLong(
              Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (length == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          if (!Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
              return PyBool_FromLong(0);
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(1);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isalnum__doc__,
               "S.isalnum() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric\n\
  and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isalnum(PyObject *self)
  {
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t len, i;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (len == 1) {
          const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
          return PyBool_FromLong(Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(ch));
      }
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (len == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
          const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
          if (!Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(ch))
              return PyBool_FromLong(0);
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(1);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isdecimal__doc__,
               "S.isdecimal() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,\n\
  False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isdecimal(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1)
          return PyBool_FromLong(
              Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (length == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          if (!Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
              return PyBool_FromLong(0);
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(1);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isdigit__doc__,
               "S.isdigit() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if all characters in S are digits\n\
  and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isdigit(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1) {
          const Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
          return PyBool_FromLong(Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(ch));
      }
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (length == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          if (!Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
              return PyBool_FromLong(0);
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(1);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isnumeric__doc__,
               "S.isnumeric() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,\n\
  False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isnumeric(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1)
          return PyBool_FromLong(
              Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (length == 0)
          return PyBool_FromLong(0);
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          if (!Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
              return PyBool_FromLong(0);
      }
      return PyBool_FromLong(1);
  }
  
  int
  PyUnicode_IsIdentifier(PyObject *self)
  {
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t i;
      Py_UCS4 first;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1) {
          Py_FatalError("identifier not ready");
          return 0;
      }
  
      /* Special case for empty strings */
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) == 0)
          return 0;
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* PEP 3131 says that the first character must be in
         XID_Start and subsequent characters in XID_Continue,
         and for the ASCII range, the 2.x rules apply (i.e
         start with letters and underscore, continue with
         letters, digits, underscore). However, given the current
         definition of XID_Start and XID_Continue, it is sufficient
         to check just for these, except that _ must be allowed
         as starting an identifier.  */
      first = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
      if (!_PyUnicode_IsXidStart(first) && first != 0x5F /* LOW LINE */)
          return 0;
  
      for (i = 1; i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self); i++)
          if (!_PyUnicode_IsXidContinue(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)))
              return 0;
      return 1;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isidentifier__doc__,
               "S.isidentifier() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if S is a valid identifier according\n\
  to the language definition.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isidentifier(PyObject *self)
  {
      return PyBool_FromLong(PyUnicode_IsIdentifier(self));
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(isprintable__doc__,
               "S.isprintable() -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if all characters in S are considered\n\
  printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_isprintable(PyObject *self)
  {
      Py_ssize_t i, length;
      int kind;
      void *data;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
  
      /* Shortcut for single character strings */
      if (length == 1)
          return PyBool_FromLong(
              Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0)));
  
      for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          if (!Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i))) {
              Py_RETURN_FALSE;
          }
      }
      Py_RETURN_TRUE;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(join__doc__,
               "S.join(iterable) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n\
  iterable.  The separator between elements is S.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_join(PyObject *self, PyObject *data)
  {
      return PyUnicode_Join(self, data);
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  unicode_length(PyObject *self)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return -1;
      return PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(ljust__doc__,
               "S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is\n\
  done using the specified fill character (default is a space).");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_ljust(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      Py_ssize_t width;
      Py_UCS4 fillchar = ' ';
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|O&:ljust", &width, convert_uc, &fillchar))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) >= width)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  
      return pad(self, 0, width - PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), fillchar);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(lower__doc__,
               "S.lower() -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_lower(PyObject *self)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self))
          return ascii_upper_or_lower(self, 1);
      return case_operation(self, do_lower);
  }
  
  #define LEFTSTRIP 0
  #define RIGHTSTRIP 1
  #define BOTHSTRIP 2
  
  /* Arrays indexed by above */
  static const char *stripformat[] = {"|O:lstrip", "|O:rstrip", "|O:strip"};
  
  #define STRIPNAME(i) (stripformat[i]+3)
  
  /* externally visible for str.strip(unicode) */
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicode_XStrip(PyObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *sepobj)
  {
      void *data;
      int kind;
      Py_ssize_t i, j, len;
      BLOOM_MASK sepmask;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1 || PyUnicode_READY(sepobj) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      sepmask = make_bloom_mask(PyUnicode_KIND(sepobj),
                                PyUnicode_DATA(sepobj),
                                PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sepobj));
  
      i = 0;
      if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
          while (i < len &&
                 BLOOM_MEMBER(sepmask, PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i), sepobj)) {
              i++;
          }
      }
  
      j = len;
      if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
          do {
              j--;
          } while (j >= i &&
                   BLOOM_MEMBER(sepmask, PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, j), sepobj));
          j++;
      }
  
      return PyUnicode_Substring(self, i, j);
  }
  
  PyObject*
  PyUnicode_Substring(PyObject *self, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
  {
      unsigned char *data;
      int kind;
      Py_ssize_t length;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
      end = Py_MIN(end, length);
  
      if (start == 0 && end == length)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  
      if (start < 0 || end < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
          return NULL;
      }
      if (start >= length || end < start) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
      length = end - start;
      if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self)) {
          data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self);
          return _PyUnicode_FromASCII((char*)(data + start), length);
      }
      else {
          kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
          data = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(self);
          return PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(kind,
                                           data + kind * start,
                                           length);
      }
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  do_strip(PyObject *self, int striptype)
  {
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_ssize_t len, i, j;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
  
      i = 0;
      if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
          while (i < len && Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i))) {
              i++;
          }
      }
  
      j = len;
      if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
          do {
              j--;
          } while (j >= i && Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, j)));
          j++;
      }
  
      return PyUnicode_Substring(self, i, j);
  }
  
  
  static PyObject *
  do_argstrip(PyObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *sep = NULL;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, (char *)stripformat[striptype], &sep))
          return NULL;
  
      if (sep != NULL && sep != Py_None) {
          if (PyUnicode_Check(sep))
              return _PyUnicode_XStrip(self, striptype, sep);
          else {
              PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                           "%s arg must be None or str",
                           STRIPNAME(striptype));
              return NULL;
          }
      }
  
      return do_strip(self, striptype);
  }
  
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(strip__doc__,
               "S.strip([chars]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing\n\
  whitespace removed.\n\
  If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_strip(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
          return do_strip(self, BOTHSTRIP); /* Common case */
      else
          return do_argstrip(self, BOTHSTRIP, args);
  }
  
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(lstrip__doc__,
               "S.lstrip([chars]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.\n\
  If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_lstrip(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
          return do_strip(self, LEFTSTRIP); /* Common case */
      else
          return do_argstrip(self, LEFTSTRIP, args);
  }
  
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(rstrip__doc__,
               "S.rstrip([chars]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.\n\
  If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_rstrip(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
          return do_strip(self, RIGHTSTRIP); /* Common case */
      else
          return do_argstrip(self, RIGHTSTRIP, args);
  }
  
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_repeat(PyObject *str, Py_ssize_t len)
  {
      PyObject *u;
      Py_ssize_t nchars, n;
  
      if (len < 1) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
  
      /* no repeat, return original string */
      if (len == 1)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(str);
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / len) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                          "repeated string is too long");
          return NULL;
      }
      nchars = len * PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
  
      u = PyUnicode_New(nchars, PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str));
      if (!u)
          return NULL;
      assert(PyUnicode_KIND(u) == PyUnicode_KIND(str));
  
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) == 1) {
          const int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
          const Py_UCS4 fill_char = PyUnicode_READ(kind, PyUnicode_DATA(str), 0);
          if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
              void *to = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
              memset(to, (unsigned char)fill_char, len);
          }
          else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
              Py_UCS2 *ucs2 = PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA(u);
              for (n = 0; n < len; ++n)
                  ucs2[n] = fill_char;
          } else {
              Py_UCS4 *ucs4 = PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA(u);
              assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
              for (n = 0; n < len; ++n)
                  ucs4[n] = fill_char;
          }
      }
      else {
          /* number of characters copied this far */
          Py_ssize_t done = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
          const Py_ssize_t char_size = PyUnicode_KIND(str);
          char *to = (char *) PyUnicode_DATA(u);
          Py_MEMCPY(to, PyUnicode_DATA(str),
                    PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) * char_size);
          while (done < nchars) {
              n = (done <= nchars-done) ? done : nchars-done;
              Py_MEMCPY(to + (done * char_size), to, n * char_size);
              done += n;
          }
      }
  
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(u, 1));
      return u;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Replace(PyObject *obj,
                    PyObject *subobj,
                    PyObject *replobj,
                    Py_ssize_t maxcount)
  {
      PyObject *self;
      PyObject *str1;
      PyObject *str2;
      PyObject *result;
  
      self = PyUnicode_FromObject(obj);
      if (self == NULL)
          return NULL;
      str1 = PyUnicode_FromObject(subobj);
      if (str1 == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(self);
          return NULL;
      }
      str2 = PyUnicode_FromObject(replobj);
      if (str2 == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(self);
          Py_DECREF(str1);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1 ||
          PyUnicode_READY(str1) == -1 ||
          PyUnicode_READY(str2) == -1)
          result = NULL;
      else
          result = replace(self, str1, str2, maxcount);
      Py_DECREF(self);
      Py_DECREF(str1);
      Py_DECREF(str2);
      return result;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(replace__doc__,
               "S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring\n\
  old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is\n\
  given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_replace(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *str1;
      PyObject *str2;
      Py_ssize_t maxcount = -1;
      PyObject *result;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO|n:replace", &str1, &str2, &maxcount))
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      str1 = PyUnicode_FromObject(str1);
      if (str1 == NULL)
          return NULL;
      str2 = PyUnicode_FromObject(str2);
      if (str2 == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(str1);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(str1) == -1 || PyUnicode_READY(str2) == -1)
          result = NULL;
      else
          result = replace(self, str1, str2, maxcount);
  
      Py_DECREF(str1);
      Py_DECREF(str2);
      return result;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_repr(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      PyObject *repr;
      Py_ssize_t isize;
      Py_ssize_t osize, squote, dquote, i, o;
      Py_UCS4 max, quote;
      int ikind, okind;
      void *idata, *odata;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      isize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
      idata = PyUnicode_DATA(unicode);
  
      /* Compute length of output, quote characters, and
         maximum character */
      osize = 2; /* quotes */
      max = 127;
      squote = dquote = 0;
      ikind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      for (i = 0; i < isize; i++) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(ikind, idata, i);
          switch (ch) {
          case '\'': squote++; osize++; break;
          case '"':  dquote++; osize++; break;
          case '\\': case '\t': case '\r': case '\n':
              osize += 2; break;
          default:
              /* Fast-path ASCII */
              if (ch < ' ' || ch == 0x7f)
                  osize += 4; /* \xHH */
              else if (ch < 0x7f)
                  osize++;
              else if (Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(ch)) {
                  osize++;
                  max = ch > max ? ch : max;
              }
              else if (ch < 0x100)
                  osize += 4; /* \xHH */
              else if (ch < 0x10000)
                  osize += 6; /* \uHHHH */
              else
                  osize += 10; /* \uHHHHHHHH */
          }
      }
  
      quote = '\'';
      if (squote) {
          if (dquote)
              /* Both squote and dquote present. Use squote,
                 and escape them */
              osize += squote;
          else
              quote = '"';
      }
  
      repr = PyUnicode_New(osize, max);
      if (repr == NULL)
          return NULL;
      okind = PyUnicode_KIND(repr);
      odata = PyUnicode_DATA(repr);
  
      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, 0, quote);
      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, osize-1, quote);
  
      for (i = 0, o = 1; i < isize; i++) {
          Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(ikind, idata, i);
  
          /* Escape quotes and backslashes */
          if ((ch == quote) || (ch == '\\')) {
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, ch);
              continue;
          }
  
          /* Map special whitespace to '\t', \n', '\r' */
          if (ch == '\t') {
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 't');
          }
          else if (ch == '\n') {
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'n');
          }
          else if (ch == '\r') {
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'r');
          }
  
          /* Map non-printable US ASCII to '\xhh' */
          else if (ch < ' ' || ch == 0x7F) {
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'x');
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x000F]);
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x000F]);
          }
  
          /* Copy ASCII characters as-is */
          else if (ch < 0x7F) {
              PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, ch);
          }
  
          /* Non-ASCII characters */
          else {
              /* Map Unicode whitespace and control characters
                 (categories Z* and C* except ASCII space)
              */
              if (!Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(ch)) {
                  PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, '\\');
                  /* Map 8-bit characters to '\xhh' */
                  if (ch <= 0xff) {
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'x');
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0x000F]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[ch & 0x000F]);
                  }
                  /* Map 16-bit characters to '\uxxxx' */
                  else if (ch <= 0xffff) {
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'u');
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[ch & 0xF]);
                  }
                  /* Map 21-bit characters to '\U00xxxxxx' */
                  else {
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, 'U');
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 28) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 24) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 20) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 16) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 12) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 8) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[(ch >> 4) & 0xF]);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, Py_hexdigits[ch & 0xF]);
                  }
              }
              /* Copy characters as-is */
              else {
                  PyUnicode_WRITE(okind, odata, o++, ch);
              }
          }
      }
      /* Closing quote already added at the beginning */
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(repr, 1));
      return repr;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(rfind__doc__,
               "S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
  \n\
  Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
  such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n\
  arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
  \n\
  Return -1 on failure.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_rfind(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *substring;
      Py_ssize_t start;
      Py_ssize_t end;
      Py_ssize_t result;
  
      if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("rfind", args, &substring,
                                              &start, &end))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      result = any_find_slice(-1, self, substring, start, end);
  
      Py_DECREF(substring);
  
      if (result == -2)
          return NULL;
  
      return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(rindex__doc__,
               "S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n\
  \n\
  Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_rindex(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *substring;
      Py_ssize_t start;
      Py_ssize_t end;
      Py_ssize_t result;
  
      if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds_unicode("rindex", args, &substring,
                                              &start, &end))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(substring) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      result = any_find_slice(-1, self, substring, start, end);
  
      Py_DECREF(substring);
  
      if (result == -2)
          return NULL;
  
      if (result < 0) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "substring not found");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(rjust__doc__,
               "S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is\n\
  done using the specified fill character (default is a space).");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_rjust(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      Py_ssize_t width;
      Py_UCS4 fillchar = ' ';
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n|O&:rjust", &width, convert_uc, &fillchar))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) >= width)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  
      return pad(self, width - PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self), 0, fillchar);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Split(PyObject *s, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
  {
      PyObject *result;
  
      s = PyUnicode_FromObject(s);
      if (s == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (sep != NULL) {
          sep = PyUnicode_FromObject(sep);
          if (sep == NULL) {
              Py_DECREF(s);
              return NULL;
          }
      }
  
      result = split(s, sep, maxsplit);
  
      Py_DECREF(s);
      Py_XDECREF(sep);
      return result;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(split__doc__,
               "S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n\
  \n\
  Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n\
  delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n\
  splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any\n\
  whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are\n\
  removed from the result.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_split(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  {
      static char *kwlist[] = {"sep", "maxsplit", 0};
      PyObject *substring = Py_None;
      Py_ssize_t maxcount = -1;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|On:split",
                                       kwlist, &substring, &maxcount))
          return NULL;
  
      if (substring == Py_None)
          return split(self, NULL, maxcount);
      else if (PyUnicode_Check(substring))
          return split(self, substring, maxcount);
      else
          return PyUnicode_Split(self, substring, maxcount);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Partition(PyObject *str_in, PyObject *sep_in)
  {
      PyObject* str_obj;
      PyObject* sep_obj;
      PyObject* out;
      int kind1, kind2, kind;
      void *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
  
      str_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(str_in);
      if (!str_obj)
          return NULL;
      sep_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(sep_in);
      if (!sep_obj) {
          Py_DECREF(str_obj);
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(sep_obj) == -1 || PyUnicode_READY(str_obj) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
          Py_DECREF(str_obj);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str_obj);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(sep_obj);
      kind = Py_MAX(kind1, kind2);
      buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str_obj);
      if (kind1 != kind)
          buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str_obj, kind);
      if (!buf1)
          goto onError;
      buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(sep_obj);
      if (kind2 != kind)
          buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(sep_obj, kind);
      if (!buf2)
          goto onError;
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str_obj);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sep_obj);
  
      switch (PyUnicode_KIND(str_obj)) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str_obj) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(sep_obj))
              out = asciilib_partition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
          else
              out = ucs1lib_partition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          out = ucs2lib_partition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          out = ucs4lib_partition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
          break;
      default:
          assert(0);
          out = 0;
      }
  
      Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
      Py_DECREF(str_obj);
      if (kind1 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf1);
      if (kind2 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
  
      return out;
    onError:
      Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
      Py_DECREF(str_obj);
      if (kind1 != kind && buf1)
          PyMem_Free(buf1);
      if (kind2 != kind && buf2)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_RPartition(PyObject *str_in, PyObject *sep_in)
  {
      PyObject* str_obj;
      PyObject* sep_obj;
      PyObject* out;
      int kind1, kind2, kind;
      void *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
      Py_ssize_t len1, len2;
  
      str_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(str_in);
      if (!str_obj)
          return NULL;
      sep_obj = PyUnicode_FromObject(sep_in);
      if (!sep_obj) {
          Py_DECREF(str_obj);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      kind1 = PyUnicode_KIND(str_in);
      kind2 = PyUnicode_KIND(sep_obj);
      kind = Py_MAX(kind1, kind2);
      buf1 = PyUnicode_DATA(str_in);
      if (kind1 != kind)
          buf1 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(str_in, kind);
      if (!buf1)
          goto onError;
      buf2 = PyUnicode_DATA(sep_obj);
      if (kind2 != kind)
          buf2 = _PyUnicode_AsKind(sep_obj, kind);
      if (!buf2)
          goto onError;
      len1 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str_obj);
      len2 = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(sep_obj);
  
      switch (PyUnicode_KIND(str_in)) {
      case PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND:
          if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(str_obj) && PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(sep_obj))
              out = asciilib_rpartition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
          else
              out = ucs1lib_rpartition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND:
          out = ucs2lib_rpartition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
          break;
      case PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND:
          out = ucs4lib_rpartition(str_obj, buf1, len1, sep_obj, buf2, len2);
          break;
      default:
          assert(0);
          out = 0;
      }
  
      Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
      Py_DECREF(str_obj);
      if (kind1 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf1);
      if (kind2 != kind)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
  
      return out;
    onError:
      Py_DECREF(sep_obj);
      Py_DECREF(str_obj);
      if (kind1 != kind && buf1)
          PyMem_Free(buf1);
      if (kind2 != kind && buf2)
          PyMem_Free(buf2);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(partition__doc__,
               "S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n\
  \n\
  Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,\n\
  the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not\n\
  found, return S and two empty strings.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_partition(PyObject *self, PyObject *separator)
  {
      return PyUnicode_Partition(self, separator);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(rpartition__doc__,
               "S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n\
  \n\
  Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return\n\
  the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the\n\
  separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_rpartition(PyObject *self, PyObject *separator)
  {
      return PyUnicode_RPartition(self, separator);
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_RSplit(PyObject *s, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
  {
      PyObject *result;
  
      s = PyUnicode_FromObject(s);
      if (s == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (sep != NULL) {
          sep = PyUnicode_FromObject(sep);
          if (sep == NULL) {
              Py_DECREF(s);
              return NULL;
          }
      }
  
      result = rsplit(s, sep, maxsplit);
  
      Py_DECREF(s);
      Py_XDECREF(sep);
      return result;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(rsplit__doc__,
               "S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n\
  \n\
  Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n\
  delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and\n\
  working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n\
  splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string\n\
  is a separator.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_rsplit(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  {
      static char *kwlist[] = {"sep", "maxsplit", 0};
      PyObject *substring = Py_None;
      Py_ssize_t maxcount = -1;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|On:rsplit",
                                       kwlist, &substring, &maxcount))
          return NULL;
  
      if (substring == Py_None)
          return rsplit(self, NULL, maxcount);
      else if (PyUnicode_Check(substring))
          return rsplit(self, substring, maxcount);
      else
          return PyUnicode_RSplit(self, substring, maxcount);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(splitlines__doc__,
               "S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings\n\
  \n\
  Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.\n\
  Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends\n\
  is given and true.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_splitlines(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  {
      static char *kwlist[] = {"keepends", 0};
      int keepends = 0;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|i:splitlines",
                                       kwlist, &keepends))
          return NULL;
  
      return PyUnicode_Splitlines(self, keepends);
  }
  
  static
  PyObject *unicode_str(PyObject *self)
  {
      return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(swapcase__doc__,
               "S.swapcase() -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase\n\
  and vice versa.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_swapcase(PyObject *self)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      return case_operation(self, do_swapcase);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(maketrans__doc__,
               "str.maketrans(x[, y[, z]]) -> dict (static method)\n\
  \n\
  Return a translation table usable for str.translate().\n\
  If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode\n\
  ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.\n\
  Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.\n\
  If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and\n\
  in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the\n\
  character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it\n\
  must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_maketrans(PyObject *null, PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *x, *y = NULL, *z = NULL;
      PyObject *new = NULL, *key, *value;
      Py_ssize_t i = 0;
      int res;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|UU:maketrans", &x, &y, &z))
          return NULL;
      new = PyDict_New();
      if (!new)
          return NULL;
      if (y != NULL) {
          int x_kind, y_kind, z_kind;
          void *x_data, *y_data, *z_data;
  
          /* x must be a string too, of equal length */
          if (!PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "first maketrans argument must "
                              "be a string if there is a second argument");
              goto err;
          }
          if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(x) != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(y)) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "the first two maketrans "
                              "arguments must have equal length");
              goto err;
          }
          /* create entries for translating chars in x to those in y */
          x_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(x);
          y_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(y);
          x_data = PyUnicode_DATA(x);
          y_data = PyUnicode_DATA(y);
          for (i = 0; i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(x); i++) {
              key = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(x_kind, x_data, i));
              if (!key)
                  goto err;
              value = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(y_kind, y_data, i));
              if (!value) {
                  Py_DECREF(key);
                  goto err;
              }
              res = PyDict_SetItem(new, key, value);
              Py_DECREF(key);
              Py_DECREF(value);
              if (res < 0)
                  goto err;
          }
          /* create entries for deleting chars in z */
          if (z != NULL) {
              z_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(z);
              z_data = PyUnicode_DATA(z);
              for (i = 0; i < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(z); i++) {
                  key = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(z_kind, z_data, i));
                  if (!key)
                      goto err;
                  res = PyDict_SetItem(new, key, Py_None);
                  Py_DECREF(key);
                  if (res < 0)
                      goto err;
              }
          }
      } else {
          int kind;
          void *data;
  
          /* x must be a dict */
          if (!PyDict_CheckExact(x)) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "if you give only one argument "
                              "to maketrans it must be a dict");
              goto err;
          }
          /* copy entries into the new dict, converting string keys to int keys */
          while (PyDict_Next(x, &i, &key, &value)) {
              if (PyUnicode_Check(key)) {
                  /* convert string keys to integer keys */
                  PyObject *newkey;
                  if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(key) != 1) {
                      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "string keys in translate "
                                      "table must be of length 1");
                      goto err;
                  }
                  kind = PyUnicode_KIND(key);
                  data = PyUnicode_DATA(key);
                  newkey = PyLong_FromLong(PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0));
                  if (!newkey)
                      goto err;
                  res = PyDict_SetItem(new, newkey, value);
                  Py_DECREF(newkey);
                  if (res < 0)
                      goto err;
              } else if (PyLong_Check(key)) {
                  /* just keep integer keys */
                  if (PyDict_SetItem(new, key, value) < 0)
                      goto err;
              } else {
                  PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "keys in translate table must "
                                  "be strings or integers");
                  goto err;
              }
          }
      }
      return new;
    err:
      Py_DECREF(new);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(translate__doc__,
               "S.translate(table) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of the string S, where all characters have been mapped\n\
  through the given translation table, which must be a mapping of\n\
  Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.\n\
  Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to None\n\
  are deleted.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_translate(PyObject *self, PyObject *table)
  {
      return _PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(self, table, "ignore");
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(upper__doc__,
               "S.upper() -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.");
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_upper(PyObject *self)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self))
          return ascii_upper_or_lower(self, 0);
      return case_operation(self, do_upper);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(zfill__doc__,
               "S.zfill(width) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field\n\
  of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_zfill(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
  {
      Py_ssize_t fill;
      PyObject *u;
      Py_ssize_t width;
      int kind;
      void *data;
      Py_UCS4 chr;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n:zfill", &width))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self) >= width)
          return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
  
      fill = width - PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
  
      u = pad(self, fill, 0, '0');
  
      if (u == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(u);
      data = PyUnicode_DATA(u);
      chr = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, fill);
  
      if (chr == '+' || chr == '-') {
          /* move sign to beginning of string */
          PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, 0, chr);
          PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, fill, '0');
      }
  
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(u, 1));
      return u;
  }
  
  #if 0
  static PyObject *
  unicode__decimal2ascii(PyObject *self)
  {
      return PyUnicode_TransformDecimalAndSpaceToASCII(self);
  }
  #endif
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(startswith__doc__,
               "S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n\
  With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n\
  With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n\
  prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_startswith(PyObject *self,
                     PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *subobj;
      PyObject *substring;
      Py_ssize_t start = 0;
      Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
      int result;
  
      if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds("startswith", args, &subobj, &start, &end))
          return NULL;
      if (PyTuple_Check(subobj)) {
          Py_ssize_t i;
          for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subobj); i++) {
              substring = PyUnicode_FromObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subobj, i));
              if (substring == NULL)
                  return NULL;
              result = tailmatch(self, substring, start, end, -1);
              Py_DECREF(substring);
              if (result) {
                  Py_RETURN_TRUE;
              }
          }
          /* nothing matched */
          Py_RETURN_FALSE;
      }
      substring = PyUnicode_FromObject(subobj);
      if (substring == NULL) {
          if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
              PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "startswith first arg must be str or "
                           "a tuple of str, not %s", Py_TYPE(subobj)->tp_name);
          return NULL;
      }
      result = tailmatch(self, substring, start, end, -1);
      Py_DECREF(substring);
      return PyBool_FromLong(result);
  }
  
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(endswith__doc__,
               "S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n\
  \n\
  Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n\
  With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n\
  With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n\
  suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_endswith(PyObject *self,
                   PyObject *args)
  {
      PyObject *subobj;
      PyObject *substring;
      Py_ssize_t start = 0;
      Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
      int result;
  
      if (!stringlib_parse_args_finds("endswith", args, &subobj, &start, &end))
          return NULL;
      if (PyTuple_Check(subobj)) {
          Py_ssize_t i;
          for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subobj); i++) {
              substring = PyUnicode_FromObject(
                  PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subobj, i));
              if (substring == NULL)
                  return NULL;
              result = tailmatch(self, substring, start, end, +1);
              Py_DECREF(substring);
              if (result) {
                  Py_RETURN_TRUE;
              }
          }
          Py_RETURN_FALSE;
      }
      substring = PyUnicode_FromObject(subobj);
      if (substring == NULL) {
          if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
              PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "endswith first arg must be str or "
                           "a tuple of str, not %s", Py_TYPE(subobj)->tp_name);
          return NULL;
      }
      result = tailmatch(self, substring, start, end, +1);
      Py_DECREF(substring);
      return PyBool_FromLong(result);
  }
  
  Py_LOCAL_INLINE(void)
  _PyUnicodeWriter_Update(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer)
  {
      writer->size = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(writer->buffer);
      writer->maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(writer->buffer);
      writer->data = PyUnicode_DATA(writer->buffer);
      writer->kind = PyUnicode_KIND(writer->buffer);
  }
  
  void
  _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, Py_ssize_t min_length)
  {
      memset(writer, 0, sizeof(*writer));
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      writer->kind = 5;    /* invalid kind */
  #endif
      writer->min_length = Py_MAX(min_length, 100);
      writer->overallocate = (min_length > 0);
  }
  
  int
  _PyUnicodeWriter_PrepareInternal(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer,
                                   Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 maxchar)
  {
      Py_ssize_t newlen;
      PyObject *newbuffer;
  
      assert(length > 0);
  
      if (length > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - writer->pos) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return -1;
      }
      newlen = writer->pos + length;
  
      if (writer->buffer == NULL) {
          if (writer->overallocate) {
              /* overallocate 25% to limit the number of resize */
              if (newlen <= (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - newlen / 4))
                  newlen += newlen / 4;
              if (newlen < writer->min_length)
                  newlen = writer->min_length;
          }
          writer->buffer = PyUnicode_New(newlen, maxchar);
          if (writer->buffer == NULL)
              return -1;
          _PyUnicodeWriter_Update(writer);
          return 0;
      }
  
      if (newlen > writer->size) {
          if (writer->overallocate) {
              /* overallocate 25% to limit the number of resize */
              if (newlen <= (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - newlen / 4))
                  newlen += newlen / 4;
              if (newlen < writer->min_length)
                  newlen = writer->min_length;
          }
  
          if (maxchar > writer->maxchar || writer->readonly) {
              /* resize + widen */
              newbuffer = PyUnicode_New(newlen, maxchar);
              if (newbuffer == NULL)
                  return -1;
              _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(newbuffer, 0,
                                            writer->buffer, 0, writer->pos);
              Py_DECREF(writer->buffer);
              writer->readonly = 0;
          }
          else {
              newbuffer = resize_compact(writer->buffer, newlen);
              if (newbuffer == NULL)
                  return -1;
          }
          writer->buffer = newbuffer;
          _PyUnicodeWriter_Update(writer);
      }
      else if (maxchar > writer->maxchar) {
          assert(!writer->readonly);
          newbuffer = PyUnicode_New(writer->size, maxchar);
          if (newbuffer == NULL)
              return -1;
          _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(newbuffer, 0,
                                        writer->buffer, 0, writer->pos);
          Py_DECREF(writer->buffer);
          writer->buffer = newbuffer;
          _PyUnicodeWriter_Update(writer);
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  int
  _PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer, PyObject *str)
  {
      Py_UCS4 maxchar;
      Py_ssize_t len;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(str) == -1)
          return -1;
      len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str);
      if (len == 0)
          return 0;
      maxchar = PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(str);
      if (maxchar > writer->maxchar || len > writer->size - writer->pos) {
          if (writer->buffer == NULL && !writer->overallocate) {
              Py_INCREF(str);
              writer->buffer = str;
              _PyUnicodeWriter_Update(writer);
              writer->readonly = 1;
              writer->size = 0;
              writer->pos += len;
              return 0;
          }
          if (_PyUnicodeWriter_PrepareInternal(writer, len, maxchar) == -1)
              return -1;
      }
      _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(writer->buffer, writer->pos,
                                    str, 0, len);
      writer->pos += len;
      return 0;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer)
  {
      if (writer->pos == 0) {
          Py_XDECREF(writer->buffer);
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
      if (writer->readonly) {
          assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(writer->buffer) == writer->pos);
          return writer->buffer;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(writer->buffer) != writer->pos) {
          PyObject *newbuffer;
          newbuffer = resize_compact(writer->buffer, writer->pos);
          if (newbuffer == NULL) {
              Py_DECREF(writer->buffer);
              return NULL;
          }
          writer->buffer = newbuffer;
      }
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(writer->buffer, 1));
      return writer->buffer;
  }
  
  void
  _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer)
  {
      Py_CLEAR(writer->buffer);
  }
  
  #include "stringlib/unicode_format.h"
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(format__doc__,
               "S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.\n\
  The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').");
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(format_map__doc__,
               "S.format_map(mapping) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.\n\
  The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode__format__(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
  {
      PyObject *format_spec;
      _PyUnicodeWriter writer;
      int ret;
  
      if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U:__format__", &format_spec))
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
      _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer, 0);
      ret = _PyUnicode_FormatAdvancedWriter(&writer,
                                            self, format_spec, 0,
                                            PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(format_spec));
      if (ret == -1) {
          _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
          return NULL;
      }
      return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(p_format__doc__,
               "S.__format__(format_spec) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode__sizeof__(PyObject *v)
  {
      Py_ssize_t size;
  
      /* If it's a compact object, account for base structure +
         character data. */
      if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT_ASCII(v))
          size = sizeof(PyASCIIObject) + PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) + 1;
      else if (PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(v))
          size = sizeof(PyCompactUnicodeObject) +
              (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) + 1) * PyUnicode_KIND(v);
      else {
          /* If it is a two-block object, account for base object, and
             for character block if present. */
          size = sizeof(PyUnicodeObject);
          if (_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(v))
              size += (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) + 1) *
                  PyUnicode_KIND(v);
      }
      /* If the wstr pointer is present, account for it unless it is shared
         with the data pointer. Check if the data is not shared. */
      if (_PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(v))
          size += (PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(v) + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t);
      if (_PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(v))
          size += PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(v) + 1;
  
      return PyLong_FromSsize_t(size);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(sizeof__doc__,
               "S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_getnewargs(PyObject *v)
  {
      PyObject *copy = _PyUnicode_Copy(v);
      if (!copy)
          return NULL;
      return Py_BuildValue("(N)", copy);
  }
  
  static PyMethodDef unicode_methods[] = {
      {"encode", (PyCFunction) unicode_encode, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, encode__doc__},
      {"replace", (PyCFunction) unicode_replace, METH_VARARGS, replace__doc__},
      {"split", (PyCFunction) unicode_split, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, split__doc__},
      {"rsplit", (PyCFunction) unicode_rsplit, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, rsplit__doc__},
      {"join", (PyCFunction) unicode_join, METH_O, join__doc__},
      {"capitalize", (PyCFunction) unicode_capitalize, METH_NOARGS, capitalize__doc__},
      {"casefold", (PyCFunction) unicode_casefold, METH_NOARGS, casefold__doc__},
      {"title", (PyCFunction) unicode_title, METH_NOARGS, title__doc__},
      {"center", (PyCFunction) unicode_center, METH_VARARGS, center__doc__},
      {"count", (PyCFunction) unicode_count, METH_VARARGS, count__doc__},
      {"expandtabs", (PyCFunction) unicode_expandtabs, METH_VARARGS, expandtabs__doc__},
      {"find", (PyCFunction) unicode_find, METH_VARARGS, find__doc__},
      {"partition", (PyCFunction) unicode_partition, METH_O, partition__doc__},
      {"index", (PyCFunction) unicode_index, METH_VARARGS, index__doc__},
      {"ljust", (PyCFunction) unicode_ljust, METH_VARARGS, ljust__doc__},
      {"lower", (PyCFunction) unicode_lower, METH_NOARGS, lower__doc__},
      {"lstrip", (PyCFunction) unicode_lstrip, METH_VARARGS, lstrip__doc__},
      {"rfind", (PyCFunction) unicode_rfind, METH_VARARGS, rfind__doc__},
      {"rindex", (PyCFunction) unicode_rindex, METH_VARARGS, rindex__doc__},
      {"rjust", (PyCFunction) unicode_rjust, METH_VARARGS, rjust__doc__},
      {"rstrip", (PyCFunction) unicode_rstrip, METH_VARARGS, rstrip__doc__},
      {"rpartition", (PyCFunction) unicode_rpartition, METH_O, rpartition__doc__},
      {"splitlines", (PyCFunction) unicode_splitlines, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, splitlines__doc__},
      {"strip", (PyCFunction) unicode_strip, METH_VARARGS, strip__doc__},
      {"swapcase", (PyCFunction) unicode_swapcase, METH_NOARGS, swapcase__doc__},
      {"translate", (PyCFunction) unicode_translate, METH_O, translate__doc__},
      {"upper", (PyCFunction) unicode_upper, METH_NOARGS, upper__doc__},
      {"startswith", (PyCFunction) unicode_startswith, METH_VARARGS, startswith__doc__},
      {"endswith", (PyCFunction) unicode_endswith, METH_VARARGS, endswith__doc__},
      {"islower", (PyCFunction) unicode_islower, METH_NOARGS, islower__doc__},
      {"isupper", (PyCFunction) unicode_isupper, METH_NOARGS, isupper__doc__},
      {"istitle", (PyCFunction) unicode_istitle, METH_NOARGS, istitle__doc__},
      {"isspace", (PyCFunction) unicode_isspace, METH_NOARGS, isspace__doc__},
      {"isdecimal", (PyCFunction) unicode_isdecimal, METH_NOARGS, isdecimal__doc__},
      {"isdigit", (PyCFunction) unicode_isdigit, METH_NOARGS, isdigit__doc__},
      {"isnumeric", (PyCFunction) unicode_isnumeric, METH_NOARGS, isnumeric__doc__},
      {"isalpha", (PyCFunction) unicode_isalpha, METH_NOARGS, isalpha__doc__},
      {"isalnum", (PyCFunction) unicode_isalnum, METH_NOARGS, isalnum__doc__},
      {"isidentifier", (PyCFunction) unicode_isidentifier, METH_NOARGS, isidentifier__doc__},
      {"isprintable", (PyCFunction) unicode_isprintable, METH_NOARGS, isprintable__doc__},
      {"zfill", (PyCFunction) unicode_zfill, METH_VARARGS, zfill__doc__},
      {"format", (PyCFunction) do_string_format, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, format__doc__},
      {"format_map", (PyCFunction) do_string_format_map, METH_O, format_map__doc__},
      {"__format__", (PyCFunction) unicode__format__, METH_VARARGS, p_format__doc__},
      {"maketrans", (PyCFunction) unicode_maketrans,
       METH_VARARGS | METH_STATIC, maketrans__doc__},
      {"__sizeof__", (PyCFunction) unicode__sizeof__, METH_NOARGS, sizeof__doc__},
  #if 0
      /* These methods are just used for debugging the implementation. */
      {"_decimal2ascii", (PyCFunction) unicode__decimal2ascii, METH_NOARGS},
  #endif
  
      {"__getnewargs__",  (PyCFunction)unicode_getnewargs, METH_NOARGS},
      {NULL, NULL}
  };
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_mod(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
  {
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(v))
          Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
      return PyUnicode_Format(v, w);
  }
  
  static PyNumberMethods unicode_as_number = {
      0,              /*nb_add*/
      0,              /*nb_subtract*/
      0,              /*nb_multiply*/
      unicode_mod,            /*nb_remainder*/
  };
  
  static PySequenceMethods unicode_as_sequence = {
      (lenfunc) unicode_length,       /* sq_length */
      PyUnicode_Concat,           /* sq_concat */
      (ssizeargfunc) unicode_repeat,  /* sq_repeat */
      (ssizeargfunc) unicode_getitem,     /* sq_item */
      0,                  /* sq_slice */
      0,                  /* sq_ass_item */
      0,                  /* sq_ass_slice */
      PyUnicode_Contains,         /* sq_contains */
  };
  
  static PyObject*
  unicode_subscript(PyObject* self, PyObject* item)
  {
      if (PyUnicode_READY(self) == -1)
          return NULL;
  
      if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
          Py_ssize_t i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);
          if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
              return NULL;
          if (i < 0)
              i += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self);
          return unicode_getitem(self, i);
      } else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
          Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength, cur, i;
          PyObject *result;
          void *src_data, *dest_data;
          int src_kind, dest_kind;
          Py_UCS4 ch, max_char, kind_limit;
  
          if (PySlice_GetIndicesEx(item, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self),
                                   &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength) < 0) {
              return NULL;
          }
  
          if (slicelength <= 0) {
              Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
              return unicode_empty;
          } else if (start == 0 && step == 1 &&
                     slicelength == PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self)) {
              return unicode_result_unchanged(self);
          } else if (step == 1) {
              return PyUnicode_Substring(self,
                                         start, start + slicelength);
          }
          /* General case */
          src_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(self);
          src_data = PyUnicode_DATA(self);
          if (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(self)) {
              kind_limit = kind_maxchar_limit(src_kind);
              max_char = 0;
              for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelength; cur += step, i++) {
                  ch = PyUnicode_READ(src_kind, src_data, cur);
                  if (ch > max_char) {
                      max_char = ch;
                      if (max_char >= kind_limit)
                          break;
                  }
              }
          }
          else
              max_char = 127;
          result = PyUnicode_New(slicelength, max_char);
          if (result == NULL)
              return NULL;
          dest_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(result);
          dest_data = PyUnicode_DATA(result);
  
          for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelength; cur += step, i++) {
              Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(src_kind, src_data, cur);
              PyUnicode_WRITE(dest_kind, dest_data, i, ch);
          }
          assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(result, 1));
          return result;
      } else {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "string indices must be integers");
          return NULL;
      }
  }
  
  static PyMappingMethods unicode_as_mapping = {
      (lenfunc)unicode_length,        /* mp_length */
      (binaryfunc)unicode_subscript,  /* mp_subscript */
      (objobjargproc)0,           /* mp_ass_subscript */
  };
  
  
  /* Helpers for PyUnicode_Format() */
  
  static PyObject *
  getnextarg(PyObject *args, Py_ssize_t arglen, Py_ssize_t *p_argidx)
  {
      Py_ssize_t argidx = *p_argidx;
      if (argidx < arglen) {
          (*p_argidx)++;
          if (arglen < 0)
              return args;
          else
              return PyTuple_GetItem(args, argidx);
      }
      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                      "not enough arguments for format string");
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* Returns a new reference to a PyUnicode object, or NULL on failure. */
  
  static int
  formatfloat(PyObject *v, int flags, int prec, int type,
              PyObject **p_output, _PyUnicodeWriter *writer)
  {
      char *p;
      double x;
      Py_ssize_t len;
  
      x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
      if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
          return -1;
  
      if (prec < 0)
          prec = 6;
  
      p = PyOS_double_to_string(x, type, prec,
                                (flags & F_ALT) ? Py_DTSF_ALT : 0, NULL);
      if (p == NULL)
          return -1;
      len = strlen(p);
      if (writer) {
          if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(writer, len, 127) == -1)
              return -1;
          unicode_write_cstr(writer->buffer, writer->pos, p, len);
          writer->pos += len;
      }
      else
          *p_output = _PyUnicode_FromASCII(p, len);
      PyMem_Free(p);
      return 0;
  }
  
  /* formatlong() emulates the format codes d, u, o, x and X, and
   * the F_ALT flag, for Python's long (unbounded) ints.  It's not used for
   * Python's regular ints.
   * Return value:  a new PyUnicodeObject*, or NULL if error.
   *     The output string is of the form
   *         "-"? ("0x" | "0X")? digit+
   *     "0x"/"0X" are present only for x and X conversions, with F_ALT
   *         set in flags.  The case of hex digits will be correct,
   *     There will be at least prec digits, zero-filled on the left if
   *         necessary to get that many.
   * val          object to be converted
   * flags        bitmask of format flags; only F_ALT is looked at
   * prec         minimum number of digits; 0-fill on left if needed
   * type         a character in [duoxX]; u acts the same as d
   *
   * CAUTION:  o, x and X conversions on regular ints can never
   * produce a '-' sign, but can for Python's unbounded ints.
   */
  static PyObject*
  formatlong(PyObject *val, int flags, int prec, int type)
  {
      PyObject *result = NULL;
      char *buf;
      Py_ssize_t i;
      int sign;           /* 1 if '-', else 0 */
      int len;            /* number of characters */
      Py_ssize_t llen;
      int numdigits;      /* len == numnondigits + numdigits */
      int numnondigits = 0;
  
      /* Avoid exceeding SSIZE_T_MAX */
      if (prec > INT_MAX-3) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                          "precision too large");
          return NULL;
      }
  
      assert(PyLong_Check(val));
  
      switch (type) {
      case 'd':
      case 'u':
          /* Special-case boolean: we want 0/1 */
          if (PyBool_Check(val))
              result = PyNumber_ToBase(val, 10);
          else
              result = Py_TYPE(val)->tp_str(val);
          break;
      case 'o':
          numnondigits = 2;
          result = PyNumber_ToBase(val, 8);
          break;
      case 'x':
      case 'X':
          numnondigits = 2;
          result = PyNumber_ToBase(val, 16);
          break;
      default:
          assert(!"'type' not in [duoxX]");
      }
      if (!result)
          return NULL;
  
      assert(unicode_modifiable(result));
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(result));
      assert(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(result));
  
      /* To modify the string in-place, there can only be one reference. */
      if (Py_REFCNT(result) != 1) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
      buf = PyUnicode_DATA(result);
      llen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(result);
      if (llen > INT_MAX) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                          "string too large in _PyBytes_FormatLong");
          return NULL;
      }
      len = (int)llen;
      sign = buf[0] == '-';
      numnondigits += sign;
      numdigits = len - numnondigits;
      assert(numdigits > 0);
  
      /* Get rid of base marker unless F_ALT */
      if (((flags & F_ALT) == 0 &&
          (type == 'o' || type == 'x' || type == 'X'))) {
          assert(buf[sign] == '0');
          assert(buf[sign+1] == 'x' || buf[sign+1] == 'X' ||
                 buf[sign+1] == 'o');
          numnondigits -= 2;
          buf += 2;
          len -= 2;
          if (sign)
              buf[0] = '-';
          assert(len == numnondigits + numdigits);
          assert(numdigits > 0);
      }
  
      /* Fill with leading zeroes to meet minimum width. */
      if (prec > numdigits) {
          PyObject *r1 = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL,
                                  numnondigits + prec);
          char *b1;
          if (!r1) {
              Py_DECREF(result);
              return NULL;
          }
          b1 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(r1);
          for (i = 0; i < numnondigits; ++i)
              *b1++ = *buf++;
          for (i = 0; i < prec - numdigits; i++)
              *b1++ = '0';
          for (i = 0; i < numdigits; i++)
              *b1++ = *buf++;
          *b1 = '\0';
          Py_DECREF(result);
          result = r1;
          buf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
          len = numnondigits + prec;
      }
  
      /* Fix up case for hex conversions. */
      if (type == 'X') {
          /* Need to convert all lower case letters to upper case.
             and need to convert 0x to 0X (and -0x to -0X). */
          for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
              if (buf[i] >= 'a' && buf[i] <= 'x')
                  buf[i] -= 'a'-'A';
      }
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(result) || len != PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(result)) {
          PyObject *unicode;
          unicode = _PyUnicode_FromASCII(buf, len);
          Py_DECREF(result);
          result = unicode;
      }
      return result;
  }
  
  static Py_UCS4
  formatchar(PyObject *v)
  {
      /* presume that the buffer is at least 3 characters long */
      if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
          if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(v) == 1) {
              return PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(v, 0);
          }
          goto onError;
      }
      else {
          /* Integer input truncated to a character */
          long x;
          x = PyLong_AsLong(v);
          if (x == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
              goto onError;
  
          if (x < 0 || x > MAX_UNICODE) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                              "%c arg not in range(0x110000)");
              return (Py_UCS4) -1;
          }
  
          return (Py_UCS4) x;
      }
  
    onError:
      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                      "%c requires int or char");
      return (Py_UCS4) -1;
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_Format(PyObject *format, PyObject *args)
  {
      Py_ssize_t fmtcnt, fmtpos, arglen, argidx;
      int args_owned = 0;
      PyObject *dict = NULL;
      PyObject *temp = NULL;
      PyObject *second = NULL;
      PyObject *uformat;
      void *fmt;
      enum PyUnicode_Kind kind, fmtkind;
      _PyUnicodeWriter writer;
      Py_ssize_t sublen;
      Py_UCS4 maxchar;
  
      if (format == NULL || args == NULL) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
      uformat = PyUnicode_FromObject(format);
      if (uformat == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (PyUnicode_READY(uformat) == -1)
          Py_DECREF(uformat);
  
      fmt = PyUnicode_DATA(uformat);
      fmtkind = PyUnicode_KIND(uformat);
      fmtcnt = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uformat);
      fmtpos = 0;
  
      _PyUnicodeWriter_Init(&writer, fmtcnt + 100);
  
      if (PyTuple_Check(args)) {
          arglen = PyTuple_Size(args);
          argidx = 0;
      }
      else {
          arglen = -1;
          argidx = -2;
      }
      if (Py_TYPE(args)->tp_as_mapping && !PyTuple_Check(args) &&
          !PyUnicode_Check(args))
          dict = args;
  
      while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
          if (PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos) != '%') {
              Py_ssize_t nonfmtpos;
              nonfmtpos = fmtpos++;
              while (fmtcnt >= 0 &&
                     PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos) != '%') {
                  fmtpos++;
                  fmtcnt--;
              }
              if (fmtcnt < 0)
                  fmtpos--;
              sublen = fmtpos - nonfmtpos;
              maxchar = _PyUnicode_FindMaxChar(uformat,
                                               nonfmtpos, nonfmtpos + sublen);
              if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(&writer, sublen, maxchar) == -1)
                  goto onError;
  
              _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(writer.buffer, writer.pos,
                                            uformat, nonfmtpos, sublen);
              writer.pos += sublen;
          }
          else {
              /* Got a format specifier */
              int flags = 0;
              Py_ssize_t width = -1;
              int prec = -1;
              Py_UCS4 c = '\0';
              Py_UCS4 fill;
              int sign;
              Py_UCS4 signchar;
              int isnumok;
              PyObject *v = NULL;
              void *pbuf = NULL;
              Py_ssize_t pindex, len;
              Py_UCS4 bufmaxchar;
              Py_ssize_t buflen;
  
              fmtpos++;
              c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos);
              if (c == '(') {
                  Py_ssize_t keystart;
                  Py_ssize_t keylen;
                  PyObject *key;
                  int pcount = 1;
  
                  if (dict == NULL) {
                      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                      "format requires a mapping");
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  ++fmtpos;
                  --fmtcnt;
                  keystart = fmtpos;
                  /* Skip over balanced parentheses */
                  while (pcount > 0 && --fmtcnt >= 0) {
                      c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos);
                      if (c == ')')
                          --pcount;
                      else if (c == '(')
                          ++pcount;
                      fmtpos++;
                  }
                  keylen = fmtpos - keystart - 1;
                  if (fmtcnt < 0 || pcount > 0) {
                      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                                      "incomplete format key");
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  key = PyUnicode_Substring(uformat,
                                            keystart, keystart + keylen);
                  if (key == NULL)
                      goto onError;
                  if (args_owned) {
                      Py_DECREF(args);
                      args_owned = 0;
                  }
                  args = PyObject_GetItem(dict, key);
                  Py_DECREF(key);
                  if (args == NULL) {
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  args_owned = 1;
                  arglen = -1;
                  argidx = -2;
              }
              while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
                  c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
                  switch (c) {
                  case '-': flags |= F_LJUST; continue;
                  case '+': flags |= F_SIGN; continue;
                  case ' ': flags |= F_BLANK; continue;
                  case '#': flags |= F_ALT; continue;
                  case '0': flags |= F_ZERO; continue;
                  }
                  break;
              }
              if (c == '*') {
                  v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
                  if (v == NULL)
                      goto onError;
                  if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
                      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                      "* wants int");
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  width = PyLong_AsLong(v);
                  if (width == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
                      goto onError;
                  if (width < 0) {
                      flags |= F_LJUST;
                      width = -width;
                  }
                  if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
                      c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
              }
              else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
                  width = c - '0';
                  while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
                      c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
                      if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                          break;
                      /* Since c is unsigned, the RHS would end up as unsigned,
                         mixing signed and unsigned comparison. Since c is between
                         '0' and '9', casting to int is safe. */
                      if (width > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - ((int)c - '0')) / 10) {
                          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                                          "width too big");
                          goto onError;
                      }
                      width = width*10 + (c - '0');
                  }
              }
              if (c == '.') {
                  prec = 0;
                  if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
                      c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
                  if (c == '*') {
                      v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
                      if (v == NULL)
                          goto onError;
                      if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
                          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                          "* wants int");
                          goto onError;
                      }
                      prec = PyLong_AsLong(v);
                      if (prec == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
                          goto onError;
                      if (prec < 0)
                          prec = 0;
                      if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
                          c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
                  }
                  else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
                      prec = c - '0';
                      while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
                          c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
                          if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                              break;
                          if (prec > (INT_MAX - ((int)c - '0')) / 10) {
                              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                                              "prec too big");
                              goto onError;
                          }
                          prec = prec*10 + (c - '0');
                      }
                  }
              } /* prec */
              if (fmtcnt >= 0) {
                  if (c == 'h' || c == 'l' || c == 'L') {
                      if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
                          c = PyUnicode_READ(fmtkind, fmt, fmtpos++);
                  }
              }
              if (fmtcnt < 0) {
                  PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                                  "incomplete format");
                  goto onError;
              }
              if (fmtcnt == 0)
                  writer.overallocate = 0;
  
              if (c == '%') {
                  if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(&writer, 1, '%') == -1)
                      goto onError;
                  PyUnicode_WRITE(writer.kind, writer.data, writer.pos, '%');
                  writer.pos += 1;
                  continue;
              }
  
              v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
              if (v == NULL)
                  goto onError;
  
              sign = 0;
              signchar = '\0';
              fill = ' ';
              switch (c) {
  
              case 's':
              case 'r':
              case 'a':
                  if (PyLong_CheckExact(v) && width == -1 && prec == -1) {
                      /* Fast path */
                      if (_PyLong_FormatWriter(&writer, v, 10, flags & F_ALT) == -1)
                          goto onError;
                      goto nextarg;
                  }
  
                  if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(v) && c == 's') {
                      temp = v;
                      Py_INCREF(temp);
                  }
                  else {
                      if (c == 's')
                          temp = PyObject_Str(v);
                      else if (c == 'r')
                          temp = PyObject_Repr(v);
                      else
                          temp = PyObject_ASCII(v);
                  }
                  break;
  
              case 'i':
              case 'd':
              case 'u':
              case 'o':
              case 'x':
              case 'X':
                  if (PyLong_CheckExact(v)
                      && width == -1 && prec == -1
                      && !(flags & (F_SIGN | F_BLANK)))
                  {
                      /* Fast path */
                      switch(c)
                      {
                      case 'd':
                      case 'i':
                      case 'u':
                          if (_PyLong_FormatWriter(&writer, v, 10, flags & F_ALT) == -1)
                              goto onError;
                          goto nextarg;
                      case 'x':
                          if (_PyLong_FormatWriter(&writer, v, 16, flags & F_ALT) == -1)
                              goto onError;
                          goto nextarg;
                      case 'o':
                          if (_PyLong_FormatWriter(&writer, v, 8, flags & F_ALT) == -1)
                              goto onError;
                          goto nextarg;
                      default:
                          break;
                      }
                  }
  
                  isnumok = 0;
                  if (PyNumber_Check(v)) {
                      PyObject *iobj=NULL;
  
                      if (PyLong_Check(v)) {
                          iobj = v;
                          Py_INCREF(iobj);
                      }
                      else {
                          iobj = PyNumber_Long(v);
                      }
                      if (iobj!=NULL) {
                          if (PyLong_Check(iobj)) {
                              isnumok = 1;
                              sign = 1;
                              temp = formatlong(iobj, flags, prec, (c == 'i'? 'd': c));
                              Py_DECREF(iobj);
                          }
                          else {
                              Py_DECREF(iobj);
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  if (!isnumok) {
                      PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                                   "%%%c format: a number is required, "
                                   "not %.200s", (char)c, Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
                      goto onError;
                  }
                  if (flags & F_ZERO)
                      fill = '0';
                  break;
  
              case 'e':
              case 'E':
              case 'f':
              case 'F':
              case 'g':
              case 'G':
                  if (width == -1 && prec == -1
                      && !(flags & (F_SIGN | F_BLANK)))
                  {
                      /* Fast path */
                      if (formatfloat(v, flags, prec, c, NULL, &writer) == -1)
                          goto onError;
                      goto nextarg;
                  }
  
                  sign = 1;
                  if (flags & F_ZERO)
                      fill = '0';
                  if (formatfloat(v, flags, prec, c, &temp, NULL) == -1)
                      temp = NULL;
                  break;
  
              case 'c':
              {
                  Py_UCS4 ch = formatchar(v);
                  if (ch == (Py_UCS4) -1)
                      goto onError;
                  if (width == -1 && prec == -1) {
                      /* Fast path */
                      if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(&writer, 1, ch) == -1)
                          goto onError;
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(writer.kind, writer.data, writer.pos, ch);
                      writer.pos += 1;
                      goto nextarg;
                  }
                  temp = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(ch);
                  break;
              }
  
              default:
                  PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                               "unsupported format character '%c' (0x%x) "
                               "at index %zd",
                               (31<=c && c<=126) ? (char)c : '?',
                               (int)c,
                               fmtpos - 1);
                  goto onError;
              }
              if (temp == NULL)
                  goto onError;
              assert (PyUnicode_Check(temp));
  
              if (width == -1 && prec == -1
                  && !(flags & (F_SIGN | F_BLANK)))
              {
                  /* Fast path */
                  if (_PyUnicodeWriter_WriteStr(&writer, temp) == -1)
                      goto onError;
                  goto nextarg;
              }
  
              if (PyUnicode_READY(temp) == -1) {
                  Py_CLEAR(temp);
                  goto onError;
              }
              kind = PyUnicode_KIND(temp);
              pbuf = PyUnicode_DATA(temp);
              len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
  
              if (c == 's' || c == 'r' || c == 'a') {
                  if (prec >= 0 && len > prec)
                      len = prec;
              }
  
              /* pbuf is initialized here. */
              pindex = 0;
              if (sign) {
                  Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex);
                  if (ch == '-' || ch == '+') {
                      signchar = ch;
                      len--;
                      pindex++;
                  }
                  else if (flags & F_SIGN)
                      signchar = '+';
                  else if (flags & F_BLANK)
                      signchar = ' ';
                  else
                      sign = 0;
              }
              if (width < len)
                  width = len;
  
              /* Compute the length and maximum character of the
                 written characters */
              bufmaxchar = 127;
              if (!(flags & F_LJUST)) {
                  if (sign) {
                      if ((width-1) > len)
                          bufmaxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(bufmaxchar, fill);
                  }
                  else {
                      if (width > len)
                          bufmaxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(bufmaxchar, fill);
                  }
              }
              maxchar = _PyUnicode_FindMaxChar(temp, 0, pindex+len);
              bufmaxchar = MAX_MAXCHAR(bufmaxchar, maxchar);
  
              buflen = width;
              if (sign && len == width)
                  buflen++;
  
              if (_PyUnicodeWriter_Prepare(&writer, buflen, bufmaxchar) == -1)
                  goto onError;
  
              /* Write characters */
              if (sign) {
                  if (fill != ' ') {
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(writer.kind, writer.data, writer.pos, signchar);
                      writer.pos += 1;
                  }
                  if (width > len)
                      width--;
              }
              if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'x' || c == 'X' || c == 'o')) {
                  assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex) == '0');
                  assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex + 1) == c);
                  if (fill != ' ') {
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(writer.kind, writer.data, writer.pos, '0');
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(writer.kind, writer.data, writer.pos+1, c);
                      writer.pos += 2;
                      pindex += 2;
                  }
                  width -= 2;
                  if (width < 0)
                      width = 0;
                  len -= 2;
              }
              if (width > len && !(flags & F_LJUST)) {
                  sublen = width - len;
                  FILL(writer.kind, writer.data, fill, writer.pos, sublen);
                  writer.pos += sublen;
                  width = len;
              }
              if (fill == ' ') {
                  if (sign) {
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(writer.kind, writer.data, writer.pos, signchar);
                      writer.pos += 1;
                  }
                  if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'x' || c == 'X' || c == 'o')) {
                      assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex) == '0');
                      assert(PyUnicode_READ(kind, pbuf, pindex+1) == c);
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(writer.kind, writer.data, writer.pos, '0');
                      PyUnicode_WRITE(writer.kind, writer.data, writer.pos+1, c);
                      writer.pos += 2;
                      pindex += 2;
                  }
              }
  
              if (len) {
                  _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(writer.buffer, writer.pos,
                                                temp, pindex, len);
                  writer.pos += len;
              }
              if (width > len) {
                  sublen = width - len;
                  FILL(writer.kind, writer.data, ' ', writer.pos, sublen);
                  writer.pos += sublen;
              }
  
  nextarg:
              if (dict && (argidx < arglen) && c != '%') {
                  PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                  "not all arguments converted during string formatting");
                  goto onError;
              }
              Py_CLEAR(temp);
          } /* '%' */
      } /* until end */
      if (argidx < arglen && !dict) {
          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                          "not all arguments converted during string formatting");
          goto onError;
      }
  
      if (args_owned) {
          Py_DECREF(args);
      }
      Py_DECREF(uformat);
      Py_XDECREF(temp);
      Py_XDECREF(second);
      return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer);
  
    onError:
      Py_DECREF(uformat);
      Py_XDECREF(temp);
      Py_XDECREF(second);
      _PyUnicodeWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
      if (args_owned) {
          Py_DECREF(args);
      }
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  {
      PyObject *x = NULL;
      static char *kwlist[] = {"object", "encoding", "errors", 0};
      char *encoding = NULL;
      char *errors = NULL;
  
      if (type != &PyUnicode_Type)
          return unicode_subtype_new(type, args, kwds);
      if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|Oss:str",
                                       kwlist, &x, &encoding, &errors))
          return NULL;
      if (x == NULL) {
          Py_INCREF(unicode_empty);
          return unicode_empty;
      }
      if (encoding == NULL && errors == NULL)
          return PyObject_Str(x);
      else
          return PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(x, encoding, errors);
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  {
      PyObject *unicode, *self;
      Py_ssize_t length, char_size;
      int share_wstr, share_utf8;
      unsigned int kind;
      void *data;
  
      assert(PyType_IsSubtype(type, &PyUnicode_Type));
  
      unicode = unicode_new(&PyUnicode_Type, args, kwds);
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
      assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(unicode));
      if (PyUnicode_READY(unicode) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(unicode);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      self = type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
      if (self == NULL) {
          Py_DECREF(unicode);
          return NULL;
      }
      kind = PyUnicode_KIND(unicode);
      length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unicode);
  
      _PyUnicode_LENGTH(self) = length;
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = -1;
  #else
      _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode);
  #endif
      _PyUnicode_STATE(self).interned = 0;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(self).kind = kind;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(self).compact = 0;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(self).ascii = _PyUnicode_STATE(unicode).ascii;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(self).ready = 1;
      _PyUnicode_WSTR(self) = NULL;
      _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(self) = 0;
      _PyUnicode_UTF8(self) = NULL;
      _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(self) = 0;
      _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(self) = NULL;
  
      share_utf8 = 0;
      share_wstr = 0;
      if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
          char_size = 1;
          if (PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(unicode) < 128)
              share_utf8 = 1;
      }
      else if (kind == PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND) {
          char_size = 2;
          if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
              share_wstr = 1;
      }
      else {
          assert(kind == PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND);
          char_size = 4;
          if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 4)
              share_wstr = 1;
      }
  
      /* Ensure we won't overflow the length. */
      if (length > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / char_size - 1)) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          goto onError;
      }
      data = PyObject_MALLOC((length + 1) * char_size);
      if (data == NULL) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          goto onError;
      }
  
      _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(self) = data;
      if (share_utf8) {
          _PyUnicode_UTF8_LENGTH(self) = length;
          _PyUnicode_UTF8(self) = data;
      }
      if (share_wstr) {
          _PyUnicode_WSTR_LENGTH(self) = length;
          _PyUnicode_WSTR(self) = (wchar_t *)data;
      }
  
      Py_MEMCPY(data, PyUnicode_DATA(unicode),
                kind * (length + 1));
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(self, 1));
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      _PyUnicode_HASH(self) = _PyUnicode_HASH(unicode);
  #endif
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      return self;
  
  onError:
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      Py_DECREF(self);
      return NULL;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(unicode_doc,
               "str(string[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str\n\
  \n\
  Create a new string object from the given encoded string.\n\
  encoding defaults to the current default string encoding.\n\
  errors can be 'strict', 'replace' or 'ignore' and defaults to 'strict'.");
  
  static PyObject *unicode_iter(PyObject *seq);
  
  PyTypeObject PyUnicode_Type = {
      PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
      "str",              /* tp_name */
      sizeof(PyUnicodeObject),        /* tp_size */
      0,                  /* tp_itemsize */
      /* Slots */
      (destructor)unicode_dealloc,    /* tp_dealloc */
      0,                  /* tp_print */
      0,                  /* tp_getattr */
      0,                  /* tp_setattr */
      0,                  /* tp_reserved */
      unicode_repr,           /* tp_repr */
      &unicode_as_number,         /* tp_as_number */
      &unicode_as_sequence,       /* tp_as_sequence */
      &unicode_as_mapping,        /* tp_as_mapping */
      (hashfunc) unicode_hash,        /* tp_hash*/
      0,                  /* tp_call*/
      (reprfunc) unicode_str,     /* tp_str */
      PyObject_GenericGetAttr,        /* tp_getattro */
      0,                  /* tp_setattro */
      0,                  /* tp_as_buffer */
      Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE |
      Py_TPFLAGS_UNICODE_SUBCLASS,    /* tp_flags */
      unicode_doc,            /* tp_doc */
      0,                  /* tp_traverse */
      0,                  /* tp_clear */
      PyUnicode_RichCompare,      /* tp_richcompare */
      0,                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
      unicode_iter,           /* tp_iter */
      0,                  /* tp_iternext */
      unicode_methods,            /* tp_methods */
      0,                  /* tp_members */
      0,                  /* tp_getset */
      &PyBaseObject_Type,         /* tp_base */
      0,                  /* tp_dict */
      0,                  /* tp_descr_get */
      0,                  /* tp_descr_set */
      0,                  /* tp_dictoffset */
      0,                  /* tp_init */
      0,                  /* tp_alloc */
      unicode_new,            /* tp_new */
      PyObject_Del,           /* tp_free */
  };
  
  /* Initialize the Unicode implementation */
  
  int _PyUnicode_Init(void)
  {
      int i;
  
      /* XXX - move this array to unicodectype.c ? */
      Py_UCS2 linebreak[] = {
          0x000A, /* LINE FEED */
          0x000D, /* CARRIAGE RETURN */
          0x001C, /* FILE SEPARATOR */
          0x001D, /* GROUP SEPARATOR */
          0x001E, /* RECORD SEPARATOR */
          0x0085, /* NEXT LINE */
          0x2028, /* LINE SEPARATOR */
          0x2029, /* PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR */
      };
  
      /* Init the implementation */
      unicode_empty = PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
      if (!unicode_empty)
          Py_FatalError("Can't create empty string");
      assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode_empty, 1));
  
      for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
          unicode_latin1[i] = NULL;
      if (PyType_Ready(&PyUnicode_Type) < 0)
          Py_FatalError("Can't initialize 'unicode'");
  
      /* initialize the linebreak bloom filter */
      bloom_linebreak = make_bloom_mask(
          PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND, linebreak,
          Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(linebreak));
  
      PyType_Ready(&EncodingMapType);
  
  #ifdef HAVE_MBCS
      winver.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(winver);
      if (!GetVersionEx((OSVERSIONINFO*)&winver)) {
          PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
          return -1;
      }
  #endif
      return 0;
  }
  
  /* Finalize the Unicode implementation */
  
  int
  PyUnicode_ClearFreeList(void)
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  void
  _PyUnicode_Fini(void)
  {
      int i;
  
      Py_XDECREF(unicode_empty);
      unicode_empty = NULL;
  
      for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
          if (unicode_latin1[i]) {
              Py_DECREF(unicode_latin1[i]);
              unicode_latin1[i] = NULL;
          }
      }
      _PyUnicode_ClearStaticStrings();
      (void)PyUnicode_ClearFreeList();
  }
  
  void
  PyUnicode_InternInPlace(PyObject **p)
  {
      register PyObject *s = *p;
      PyObject *t;
  #ifdef Py_DEBUG
      assert(s != NULL);
      assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(s));
  #else
      if (s == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(s))
          return;
  #endif
      /* If it's a subclass, we don't really know what putting
         it in the interned dict might do. */
      if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(s))
          return;
      if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(s))
          return;
      if (interned == NULL) {
          interned = PyDict_New();
          if (interned == NULL) {
              PyErr_Clear(); /* Don't leave an exception */
              return;
          }
      }
      /* It might be that the GetItem call fails even
         though the key is present in the dictionary,
         namely when this happens during a stack overflow. */
      Py_ALLOW_RECURSION
      t = PyDict_GetItem(interned, s);
      Py_END_ALLOW_RECURSION
  
          if (t) {
              Py_INCREF(t);
              Py_DECREF(*p);
              *p = t;
              return;
          }
  
      PyThreadState_GET()->recursion_critical = 1;
      if (PyDict_SetItem(interned, s, s) < 0) {
          PyErr_Clear();
          PyThreadState_GET()->recursion_critical = 0;
          return;
      }
      PyThreadState_GET()->recursion_critical = 0;
      /* The two references in interned are not counted by refcnt.
         The deallocator will take care of this */
      Py_REFCNT(s) -= 2;
      _PyUnicode_STATE(s).interned = SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL;
  }
  
  void
  PyUnicode_InternImmortal(PyObject **p)
  {
      PyUnicode_InternInPlace(p);
      if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(*p) != SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL) {
          _PyUnicode_STATE(*p).interned = SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL;
          Py_INCREF(*p);
      }
  }
  
  PyObject *
  PyUnicode_InternFromString(const char *cp)
  {
      PyObject *s = PyUnicode_FromString(cp);
      if (s == NULL)
          return NULL;
      PyUnicode_InternInPlace(&s);
      return s;
  }
  
  void
  _Py_ReleaseInternedUnicodeStrings(void)
  {
      PyObject *keys;
      PyObject *s;
      Py_ssize_t i, n;
      Py_ssize_t immortal_size = 0, mortal_size = 0;
  
      if (interned == NULL || !PyDict_Check(interned))
          return;
      keys = PyDict_Keys(interned);
      if (keys == NULL || !PyList_Check(keys)) {
          PyErr_Clear();
          return;
      }
  
      /* Since _Py_ReleaseInternedUnicodeStrings() is intended to help a leak
         detector, interned unicode strings are not forcibly deallocated;
         rather, we give them their stolen references back, and then clear
         and DECREF the interned dict. */
  
      n = PyList_GET_SIZE(keys);
      fprintf(stderr, "releasing %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d interned strings\n",
              n);
      for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
          s = PyList_GET_ITEM(keys, i);
          if (PyUnicode_READY(s) == -1) {
              assert(0 && "could not ready string");
              fprintf(stderr, "could not ready string\n");
          }
          switch (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(s)) {
          case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED:
              /* XXX Shouldn't happen */
              break;
          case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL:
              Py_REFCNT(s) += 1;
              immortal_size += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s);
              break;
          case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL:
              Py_REFCNT(s) += 2;
              mortal_size += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s);
              break;
          default:
              Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state.");
          }
          _PyUnicode_STATE(s).interned = SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED;
      }
      fprintf(stderr, "total size of all interned strings: "
              "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d/%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d "
              "mortal/immortal\n", mortal_size, immortal_size);
      Py_DECREF(keys);
      PyDict_Clear(interned);
      Py_DECREF(interned);
      interned = NULL;
  }
  
  
  /********************* Unicode Iterator **************************/
  
  typedef struct {
      PyObject_HEAD
      Py_ssize_t it_index;
      PyObject *it_seq;    /* Set to NULL when iterator is exhausted */
  } unicodeiterobject;
  
  static void
  unicodeiter_dealloc(unicodeiterobject *it)
  {
      _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(it);
      Py_XDECREF(it->it_seq);
      PyObject_GC_Del(it);
  }
  
  static int
  unicodeiter_traverse(unicodeiterobject *it, visitproc visit, void *arg)
  {
      Py_VISIT(it->it_seq);
      return 0;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  unicodeiter_next(unicodeiterobject *it)
  {
      PyObject *seq, *item;
  
      assert(it != NULL);
      seq = it->it_seq;
      if (seq == NULL)
          return NULL;
      assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(seq));
  
      if (it->it_index < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(seq)) {
          int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(seq);
          void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(seq);
          Py_UCS4 chr = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, it->it_index);
          item = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(chr);
          if (item != NULL)
              ++it->it_index;
          return item;
      }
  
      Py_DECREF(seq);
      it->it_seq = NULL;
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static PyObject *
  unicodeiter_len(unicodeiterobject *it)
  {
      Py_ssize_t len = 0;
      if (it->it_seq)
          len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(it->it_seq) - it->it_index;
      return PyLong_FromSsize_t(len);
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(length_hint_doc, "Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicodeiter_reduce(unicodeiterobject *it)
  {
      if (it->it_seq != NULL) {
          return Py_BuildValue("N(O)n", _PyObject_GetBuiltin("iter"),
                               it->it_seq, it->it_index);
      } else {
          PyObject *u = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, 0);
          if (u == NULL)
              return NULL;
          return Py_BuildValue("N(N)", _PyObject_GetBuiltin("iter"), u);
      }
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(reduce_doc, "Return state information for pickling.");
  
  static PyObject *
  unicodeiter_setstate(unicodeiterobject *it, PyObject *state)
  {
      Py_ssize_t index = PyLong_AsSsize_t(state);
      if (index == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
          return NULL;
      if (index < 0)
          index = 0;
      it->it_index = index;
      Py_RETURN_NONE;
  }
  
  PyDoc_STRVAR(setstate_doc, "Set state information for unpickling.");
  
  static PyMethodDef unicodeiter_methods[] = {
      {"__length_hint__", (PyCFunction)unicodeiter_len, METH_NOARGS,
       length_hint_doc},
      {"__reduce__",      (PyCFunction)unicodeiter_reduce, METH_NOARGS,
       reduce_doc},
      {"__setstate__",    (PyCFunction)unicodeiter_setstate, METH_O,
       setstate_doc},
      {NULL,      NULL}       /* sentinel */
  };
  
  PyTypeObject PyUnicodeIter_Type = {
      PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
      "str_iterator",         /* tp_name */
      sizeof(unicodeiterobject),      /* tp_basicsize */
      0,                  /* tp_itemsize */
      /* methods */
      (destructor)unicodeiter_dealloc,    /* tp_dealloc */
      0,                  /* tp_print */
      0,                  /* tp_getattr */
      0,                  /* tp_setattr */
      0,                  /* tp_reserved */
      0,                  /* tp_repr */
      0,                  /* tp_as_number */
      0,                  /* tp_as_sequence */
      0,                  /* tp_as_mapping */
      0,                  /* tp_hash */
      0,                  /* tp_call */
      0,                  /* tp_str */
      PyObject_GenericGetAttr,        /* tp_getattro */
      0,                  /* tp_setattro */
      0,                  /* tp_as_buffer */
      Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,/* tp_flags */
      0,                  /* tp_doc */
      (traverseproc)unicodeiter_traverse, /* tp_traverse */
      0,                  /* tp_clear */
      0,                  /* tp_richcompare */
      0,                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
      PyObject_SelfIter,          /* tp_iter */
      (iternextfunc)unicodeiter_next,     /* tp_iternext */
      unicodeiter_methods,            /* tp_methods */
      0,
  };
  
  static PyObject *
  unicode_iter(PyObject *seq)
  {
      unicodeiterobject *it;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(seq)) {
          PyErr_BadInternalCall();
          return NULL;
      }
      if (PyUnicode_READY(seq) == -1)
          return NULL;
      it = PyObject_GC_New(unicodeiterobject, &PyUnicodeIter_Type);
      if (it == NULL)
          return NULL;
      it->it_index = 0;
      Py_INCREF(seq);
      it->it_seq = seq;
      _PyObject_GC_TRACK(it);
      return (PyObject *)it;
  }
  
  
  size_t
  Py_UNICODE_strlen(const Py_UNICODE *u)
  {
      int res = 0;
      while(*u++)
          res++;
      return res;
  }
  
  Py_UNICODE*
  Py_UNICODE_strcpy(Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2)
  {
      Py_UNICODE *u = s1;
      while ((*u++ = *s2++));
      return s1;
  }
  
  Py_UNICODE*
  Py_UNICODE_strncpy(Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2, size_t n)
  {
      Py_UNICODE *u = s1;
      while ((*u++ = *s2++))
          if (n-- == 0)
              break;
      return s1;
  }
  
  Py_UNICODE*
  Py_UNICODE_strcat(Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2)
  {
      Py_UNICODE *u1 = s1;
      u1 += Py_UNICODE_strlen(u1);
      Py_UNICODE_strcpy(u1, s2);
      return s1;
  }
  
  int
  Py_UNICODE_strcmp(const Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2)
  {
      while (*s1 && *s2 && *s1 == *s2)
          s1++, s2++;
      if (*s1 && *s2)
          return (*s1 < *s2) ? -1 : +1;
      if (*s1)
          return 1;
      if (*s2)
          return -1;
      return 0;
  }
  
  int
  Py_UNICODE_strncmp(const Py_UNICODE *s1, const Py_UNICODE *s2, size_t n)
  {
      register Py_UNICODE u1, u2;
      for (; n != 0; n--) {
          u1 = *s1;
          u2 = *s2;
          if (u1 != u2)
              return (u1 < u2) ? -1 : +1;
          if (u1 == '\0')
              return 0;
          s1++;
          s2++;
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  Py_UNICODE*
  Py_UNICODE_strchr(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_UNICODE c)
  {
      const Py_UNICODE *p;
      for (p = s; *p; p++)
          if (*p == c)
              return (Py_UNICODE*)p;
      return NULL;
  }
  
  Py_UNICODE*
  Py_UNICODE_strrchr(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_UNICODE c)
  {
      const Py_UNICODE *p;
      p = s + Py_UNICODE_strlen(s);
      while (p != s) {
          p--;
          if (*p == c)
              return (Py_UNICODE*)p;
      }
      return NULL;
  }
  
  Py_UNICODE*
  PyUnicode_AsUnicodeCopy(PyObject *unicode)
  {
      Py_UNICODE *u, *copy;
      Py_ssize_t len, size;
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(unicode)) {
          PyErr_BadArgument();
          return NULL;
      }
      u = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(unicode, &len);
      if (u == NULL)
          return NULL;
      /* Ensure we won't overflow the size. */
      if (len > ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(Py_UNICODE)) - 1)) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return NULL;
      }
      size = len + 1; /* copy the null character */
      size *= sizeof(Py_UNICODE);
      copy = PyMem_Malloc(size);
      if (copy == NULL) {
          PyErr_NoMemory();
          return NULL;
      }
      memcpy(copy, u, size);
      return copy;
  }
  
  /* A _string module, to export formatter_parser and formatter_field_name_split
     to the string.Formatter class implemented in Python. */
  
  static PyMethodDef _string_methods[] = {
      {"formatter_field_name_split", (PyCFunction) formatter_field_name_split,
       METH_O, PyDoc_STR("split the argument as a field name")},
      {"formatter_parser", (PyCFunction) formatter_parser,
       METH_O, PyDoc_STR("parse the argument as a format string")},
      {NULL, NULL}
  };
  
  static struct PyModuleDef _string_module = {
      PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
      "_string",
      PyDoc_STR("string helper module"),
      0,
      _string_methods,
      NULL,
      NULL,
      NULL,
      NULL
  };
  
  PyMODINIT_FUNC
  PyInit__string(void)
  {
      return PyModule_Create(&_string_module);
  }
  
  
  #ifdef __cplusplus
  }
  #endif
  