text: from __future__ import division, print_function
  import numpy as np
  import math
  from scratchML.utils import train_test_split, normalize
  from scratchML.utils import Plot, accuracy_score
  
  
  class NaiveBayes():
      """The Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier. """
      def fit(self, X, y):
          self.X, self.y = X, y
          self.classes = np.unique(y)
          self.parameters = []
          # Calculate the mean and variance of each feature for each class
          for i, c in enumerate(self.classes):
              # Only select the rows where the label equals the given class
              X_where_c = X[np.where(y == c)]
              self.parameters.append([])
              # Add the mean and variance for each feature (column)
              for col in X_where_c.T:
                  parameters = {"mean": col.mean(), "var": col.var()}
                  self.parameters[i].append(parameters)
  
      def _calculate_likelihood(self, mean, var, x):
          """ Gaussian likelihood of the data x given mean and var """
          eps = 1e-4  # Added in denominator to prevent division by zero
          coeff = 1.0 / math.sqrt(2.0 * math.pi * var + eps)
          exponent = math.exp(-(math.pow(x - mean, 2) / (2 * var + eps)))
          return coeff * exponent
  
      def _calculate_prior(self, c):
          """ Calculate the prior of class c
          (samples where class == c / total number of samples)"""
          frequency = np.mean(self.y == c)
          return frequency
  
      def _classify(self, sample):
          """ Classification using Bayes Rule P(Y|X) = P(X|Y)*P(Y)/P(X),
              or Posterior = Likelihood * Prior / Scaling Factor
  
          P(Y|X) - The posterior is the probability that sample x is of class y given the
                   feature values of x being distributed according to distribution of y and the prior.
          P(X|Y) - Likelihood of data X given class distribution Y.
                   Gaussian distribution (given by _calculate_likelihood)
          P(Y)   - Prior (given by _calculate_prior)
          P(X)   - Scales the posterior to make it a proper probability distribution.
                   This term is ignored in this implementation since it doesn't affect
                   which class distribution the sample is most likely to belong to.
  
          Classifies the sample as the class that results in the largest P(Y|X) (posterior)
          """
          posteriors = []
          # Go through list of classes
          for i, c in enumerate(self.classes):
              # Initialize posterior as prior
              posterior = self._calculate_prior(c)
              # Naive assumption (independence):
              # P(x1,x2,x3|Y) = P(x1|Y)*P(x2|Y)*P(x3|Y)
              # Posterior is product of prior and likelihoods (ignoring scaling factor)
              for feature_value, params in zip(sample, self.parameters[i]):
                  # Likelihood of feature value given distribution of feature values given y
                  likelihood = self._calculate_likelihood(
                      params["mean"], params["var"], feature_value)
                  posterior *= likelihood
              posteriors.append(posterior)
          # Return the class with the largest posterior probability
          return self.classes[np.argmax(posteriors)]
  
      def predict(self, X):
          """ Predict the class labels of the samples in X """
          y_pred = [self._classify(sample) for sample in X]
          return y_pred
  