text: #ifndef AL_FSTREAM_H
  #define AL_FSTREAM_H
  
  #ifdef _WIN32
  
  #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
  #include <windows.h>
  
  #include <array>
  #include <string>
  #include <fstream>
  
  
  namespace al {
  
  // Windows' std::ifstream fails with non-ANSI paths since the standard only
  // specifies names using const char* (or std::string). MSVC has a non-standard
  // extension using const wchar_t* (or std::wstring?) to handle Unicode paths,
  // but not all Windows compilers support it. So we have to make our own istream
  // that accepts UTF-8 paths and forwards to Unicode-aware I/O functions.
  class filebuf final : public std::streambuf {
      std::array<char_type,4096> mBuffer;
      HANDLE mFile{INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE};
  
      int_type underflow() override;
      pos_type seekoff(off_type offset, std::ios_base::seekdir whence, std::ios_base::openmode mode) override;
      pos_type seekpos(pos_type pos, std::ios_base::openmode mode) override;
  
  public:
      filebuf() = default;
      ~filebuf() override;
  
      bool open(const wchar_t *filename, std::ios_base::openmode mode);
      bool open(const char *filename, std::ios_base::openmode mode);
  
      bool is_open() const noexcept { return mFile != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE; }
  
      void close();
  };
  
  // Inherit from std::istream to use our custom streambuf
  class ifstream final : public std::istream {
      filebuf mStreamBuf;
  
  public:
      ifstream(const wchar_t *filename, std::ios_base::openmode mode = std::ios_base::in);
      ifstream(const std::wstring &filename, std::ios_base::openmode mode = std::ios_base::in)
        : ifstream(filename.c_str(), mode) { }
      ifstream(const char *filename, std::ios_base::openmode mode = std::ios_base::in);
      ifstream(const std::string &filename, std::ios_base::openmode mode = std::ios_base::in)
        : ifstream(filename.c_str(), mode) { }
      ~ifstream() override;
  
      bool is_open() const noexcept { return mStreamBuf.is_open(); }
  
      void close() { mStreamBuf.close(); }
  };
  
  } // namespace al
  
  #else /* _WIN32 */
  
  #include <fstream>
  
  namespace al {
  
  using filebuf = std::filebuf;
  using ifstream = std::ifstream;
  
  } // namespace al
  
  #endif /* _WIN32 */
  
  #endif /* AL_FSTREAM_H */
  