text: # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
  
  ########################################################################
  #
  # License: BSD
  # Created: October 14, 2002
  # Author: Francesc Alted - faltet@pytables.com
  #
  # $Id$
  #
  ########################################################################
  
  """Here is defined the Leaf class."""
  
  import warnings
  import math
  
  import numpy
  
  from tables.flavor import (check_flavor, internal_flavor,
                             alias_map as flavor_alias_map)
  from tables.node import Node
  from tables.filters import Filters
  from tables.utils import byteorders, lazyattr, SizeType
  from tables.exceptions import PerformanceWarning
  from tables import utilsextension
  from tables._past import previous_api
  
  
  def csformula(expected_mb):
      """Return the fitted chunksize for expected_mb."""
  
      # For a basesize of 8 KB, this will return:
      # 8 KB for datasets <= 1 MB
      # 1 MB for datasets >= 10 TB
      basesize = 8 * 1024   # 8 KB is a good minimum
      return basesize * int(2**math.log10(expected_mb))
  
  
  def limit_es(expected_mb):
      """Protection against creating too small or too large chunks."""
  
      if expected_mb < 1:        # < 1 MB
          expected_mb = 1
      elif expected_mb > 10**7:  # > 10 TB
          expected_mb = 10**7
      return expected_mb
  
  
  def calc_chunksize(expected_mb):
      """Compute the optimum HDF5 chunksize for I/O purposes.
  
      Rational: HDF5 takes the data in bunches of chunksize length to
      write the on disk. A BTree in memory is used to map structures on
      disk. The more chunks that are allocated for a dataset the larger
      the B-tree. Large B-trees take memory and causes file storage
      overhead as well as more disk I/O and higher contention for the meta
      data cache.  You have to balance between memory and I/O overhead
      (small B-trees) and time to access to data (big B-trees).
  
      The tuning of the chunksize parameter affects the performance and
      the memory consumed. This is based on my own experiments and, as
      always, your mileage may vary.
  
      """
  
      expected_mb = limit_es(expected_mb)
      zone = int(math.log10(expected_mb))
      expected_mb = 10**zone
      chunksize = csformula(expected_mb)
      return chunksize * 8     # XXX: Multiply by 8 seems optimal for
                             # sequential access
  
  
  class Leaf(Node):
      """Abstract base class for all PyTables leaves.
  
      A leaf is a node (see the Node class in :class:`Node`) which hangs from a
      group (see the Group class in :class:`Group`) but, unlike a group, it can
      not have any further children below it (i.e. it is an end node).
  
      This definition includes all nodes which contain actual data (datasets
      handled by the Table - see :ref:`TableClassDescr`, Array -
      see :ref:`ArrayClassDescr`, CArray - see :ref:`CArrayClassDescr`, EArray -
      see :ref:`EArrayClassDescr`, and VLArray - see :ref:`VLArrayClassDescr`
      classes) and unsupported nodes (the UnImplemented
      class - :ref:`UnImplementedClassDescr`) these classes do in fact inherit
      from Leaf.
  
  
      .. rubric:: Leaf attributes
  
      These instance variables are provided in addition to those in Node
      (see :ref:`NodeClassDescr`):
  
      .. attribute:: byteorder
  
          The byte ordering of the leaf data *on disk*.  It will be either
          ``little`` or ``big``.
  
      .. attribute:: dtype
  
          The NumPy dtype that most closely matches this leaf type.
  
      .. attribute:: extdim
  
          The index of the enlargeable dimension (-1 if none).
  
      .. attribute:: nrows
  
          The length of the main dimension of the leaf data.
  
      .. attribute:: nrowsinbuf
  
          The number of rows that fit in internal input buffers.
  
          You can change this to fine-tune the speed or memory
          requirements of your application.
  
      .. attribute:: shape
  
          The shape of data in the leaf.
  
      """
  
      # Properties
      # ~~~~~~~~~~
  
      # Node property aliases
      # `````````````````````
      # These are a little hard to override, but so are properties.
      attrs = Node._v_attrs
      """The associated AttributeSet instance - see :ref:`AttributeSetClassDescr`
      (This is an easier-to-write alias of :attr:`Node._v_attrs`."""
      title = Node._v_title
      """A description for this node
      (This is an easier-to-write alias of :attr:`Node._v_title`)."""
  
      # Read-only node property aliases
      # ```````````````````````````````
      name = property(
          lambda self: self._v_name, None, None,
          """The name of this node in its parent group
          (This is an easier-to-write alias of :attr:`Node._v_name`).""")
  
      chunkshape = property(
          lambda self: getattr(self, '_v_chunkshape', None), None, None,
          """The HDF5 chunk size for chunked leaves (a tuple).
  
          This is read-only because you cannot change the chunk size of a
          leaf once it has been created.
          """)
  
      object_id = property(
          lambda self: self._v_objectid, None, None,
          """A node identifier, which may change from run to run.
          (This is an easier-to-write alias of :attr:`Node._v_objectid`).
  
          .. versionchanged:: 3.0
             The *objectID* property has been renamed into *object_id*.
  
          """)
  
      objectID = previous_api(object_id)
  
      ndim = property(
          lambda self: len(self.shape), None, None,
          """The number of dimensions of the leaf data.
  
          .. versionadded: 2.4""")
  
      # Lazy read-only attributes
      # `````````````````````````
      @lazyattr
      def filters(self):
          """Filter properties for this leaf.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Filters
  
          """
  
          return Filters._from_leaf(self)
  
      # Other properties
      # ````````````````
      def _getmaindim(self):
          if self.extdim < 0:
              return 0  # choose the first dimension
          return self.extdim
  
      maindim = property(
          _getmaindim, None, None,
          """The dimension along which iterators work.
  
          Its value is 0 (i.e. the first dimension) when the dataset is not
          extendable, and self.extdim (where available) for extendable ones.
          """)
  
      def _setflavor(self, flavor):
          self._v_file._check_writable()
          check_flavor(flavor)
          self._v_attrs.FLAVOR = self._flavor = flavor  # logs the change
  
      def _delflavor(self):
          del self._v_attrs.FLAVOR
          self._flavor = internal_flavor
  
      flavor = property(
          lambda self: self._flavor, _setflavor, _delflavor,
          """The type of data object read from this leaf.
  
          It can be any of 'numpy' or 'python'.
  
          You can (and are encouraged to) use this property to get, set
          and delete the FLAVOR HDF5 attribute of the leaf. When the leaf
          has no such attribute, the default flavor is used..
          """)
  
      size_on_disk = property(lambda self: self._get_storage_size(), None, None,
                              """
          The size of this leaf's data in bytes as it is stored on disk.  If the
          data is compressed, this shows the compressed size.  In the case of
          uncompressed, chunked data, this may be slightly larger than the amount
          of data, due to partially filled chunks.
          """)
  
      # Special methods
      # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      def __init__(self, parentnode, name,
                   new=False, filters=None,
                   byteorder=None, _log=True):
          self._v_new = new
          """Is this the first time the node has been created?"""
          self.nrowsinbuf = None
          """
          The number of rows that fits in internal input buffers.
  
          You can change this to fine-tune the speed or memory
          requirements of your application.
          """
          self._flavor = None
          """Private storage for the `flavor` property."""
  
          if new:
              # Get filter properties from parent group if not given.
              if filters is None:
                  filters = parentnode._v_filters
              self.__dict__['filters'] = filters  # bypass the property
  
              if byteorder not in (None, 'little', 'big'):
                  raise ValueError(
                      "the byteorder can only take 'little' or 'big' values "
                      "and you passed: %s" % byteorder)
              self.byteorder = byteorder
              """The byte ordering of the leaf data *on disk*."""
  
          # Existing filters need not be read since `filters`
          # is a lazy property that automatically handles their loading.
  
          super(Leaf, self).__init__(parentnode, name, _log)
  
      def __len__(self):
          """Return the length of the main dimension of the leaf data.
  
          Please note that this may raise an OverflowError on 32-bit platforms
          for datasets having more than 2**31-1 rows.  This is a limitation of
          Python that you can work around by using the nrows or shape attributes.
  
          """
  
          return self.nrows
  
      def __str__(self):
          """The string representation for this object is its pathname in the
          HDF5 object tree plus some additional metainfo."""
  
          # Get this class name
          classname = self.__class__.__name__
          # The title
          title = self._v_title
          # The filters
          filters = ""
          if self.filters.fletcher32:
              filters += ", fletcher32"
          if self.filters.complevel:
              if self.filters.shuffle:
                  filters += ", shuffle"
              filters += ", %s(%s)" % (self.filters.complib,
                                       self.filters.complevel)
          return "%s (%s%s%s) %r" % \
                 (self._v_pathname, classname, self.shape, filters, title)
  
      # Private methods
      # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      def _g_post_init_hook(self):
          """Code to be run after node creation and before creation logging.
  
          This method gets or sets the flavor of the leaf.
  
          """
  
          super(Leaf, self)._g_post_init_hook()
          if self._v_new:  # set flavor of new node
              if self._flavor is None:
                  self._flavor = internal_flavor
              else:  # flavor set at creation time, do not log
                  if self._v_file.params['PYTABLES_SYS_ATTRS']:
                      self._v_attrs._g__setattr('FLAVOR', self._flavor)
          else:  # get flavor of existing node (if any)
              if self._v_file.params['PYTABLES_SYS_ATTRS']:
                  flavor = getattr(self._v_attrs, 'FLAVOR', internal_flavor)
                  self._flavor = flavor_alias_map.get(flavor, flavor)
              else:
                  self._flavor = internal_flavor
  
      _g_postInitHook = previous_api(_g_post_init_hook)
  
      def _calc_chunkshape(self, expectedrows, rowsize, itemsize):
          """Calculate the shape for the HDF5 chunk."""
  
          # In case of a scalar shape, return the unit chunksize
          if self.shape == ():
              return (SizeType(1),)
  
          # Compute the chunksize
          MB = 1024 * 1024
          expected_mb = (expectedrows * rowsize) // MB
          chunksize = calc_chunksize(expected_mb)
  
          maindim = self.maindim
          # Compute the chunknitems
          chunknitems = chunksize // itemsize
          # Safeguard against itemsizes being extremely large
          if chunknitems == 0:
              chunknitems = 1
          chunkshape = list(self.shape)
          # Check whether trimming the main dimension is enough
          chunkshape[maindim] = 1
          newchunknitems = numpy.prod(chunkshape, dtype=SizeType)
          if newchunknitems <= chunknitems:
              chunkshape[maindim] = chunknitems // newchunknitems
          else:
              # No, so start trimming other dimensions as well
              for j in xrange(len(chunkshape)):
                  # Check whether trimming this dimension is enough
                  chunkshape[j] = 1
                  newchunknitems = numpy.prod(chunkshape, dtype=SizeType)
                  if newchunknitems <= chunknitems:
                      chunkshape[j] = chunknitems // newchunknitems
                      break
              else:
                  # Ops, we ran out of the loop without a break
                  # Set the last dimension to chunknitems
                  chunkshape[-1] = chunknitems
  
          return tuple(SizeType(s) for s in chunkshape)
  
      def _calc_nrowsinbuf(self):
          """Calculate the number of rows that fits on a PyTables buffer."""
  
          params = self._v_file.params
          # Compute the nrowsinbuf
          rowsize = self.rowsize
          buffersize = params['IO_BUFFER_SIZE']
          nrowsinbuf = buffersize // rowsize
  
          # tableextension.pyx performs an assertion
          # to make sure nrowsinbuf is greater than or
          # equal to the chunksize.
          # See gh-206 and gh-238
          if self.chunkshape is not None:
              chunksize = self.chunkshape[self.maindim]
              if nrowsinbuf < chunksize:
                  nrowsinbuf = chunksize
  
          # Safeguard against row sizes being extremely large
          if nrowsinbuf == 0:
              nrowsinbuf = 1
              # If rowsize is too large, issue a Performance warning
              maxrowsize = params['BUFFER_TIMES'] * buffersize
              if rowsize > maxrowsize:
                  warnings.warn("""\
  The Leaf ``%s`` is exceeding the maximum recommended rowsize (%d bytes);
  be ready to see PyTables asking for *lots* of memory and possibly slow
  I/O.  You may want to reduce the rowsize by trimming the value of
  dimensions that are orthogonal (and preferably close) to the *main*
  dimension of this leave.  Alternatively, in case you have specified a
  very small/large chunksize, you may want to increase/decrease it."""
                                % (self._v_pathname, maxrowsize),
                                PerformanceWarning)
          return nrowsinbuf
  
      # This method is appropriate for calls to __getitem__ methods
      def _process_range(self, start, stop, step, dim=None, warn_negstep=True):
          if dim is None:
              nrows = self.nrows  # self.shape[self.maindim]
          else:
              nrows = self.shape[dim]
  
          if warn_negstep and step and step < 0:
              raise ValueError("slice step cannot be negative")
  
          #if start is not None: start = long(start)
          #if stop is not None: stop = long(stop)
          #if step is not None: step = long(step)
  
          return slice(start, stop, step).indices(long(nrows))
  
      _processRange = previous_api(_process_range)
  
      # This method is appropriate for calls to read() methods
      def _process_range_read(self, start, stop, step, warn_negstep=True):
          nrows = self.nrows
          if start is not None and stop is None and step is None:
              # Protection against start greater than available records
              # nrows == 0 is a special case for empty objects
              if nrows > 0 and start >= nrows:
                  raise IndexError("start of range (%s) is greater than "
                                   "number of rows (%s)" % (start, nrows))
              step = 1
              if start == -1:  # corner case
                  stop = nrows
              else:
                  stop = start + 1
          # Finally, get the correct values (over the main dimension)
          start, stop, step = self._process_range(start, stop, step,
                                                  warn_negstep=warn_negstep)
          return (start, stop, step)
  
      _processRangeRead = previous_api(_process_range_read)
  
      def _g_copy(self, newparent, newname, recursive, _log=True, **kwargs):
          # Compute default arguments.
          start = kwargs.pop('start', None)
          stop = kwargs.pop('stop', None)
          step = kwargs.pop('step', None)
          title = kwargs.pop('title', self._v_title)
          filters = kwargs.pop('filters', self.filters)
          chunkshape = kwargs.pop('chunkshape', self.chunkshape)
          copyuserattrs = kwargs.pop('copyuserattrs', True)
          stats = kwargs.pop('stats', None)
          if chunkshape == 'keep':
              chunkshape = self.chunkshape  # Keep the original chunkshape
          elif chunkshape == 'auto':
              chunkshape = None             # Will recompute chunkshape
  
          # Fix arguments with explicit None values for backwards compatibility.
          if title is None:
              title = self._v_title
          if filters is None:
              filters = self.filters
  
          # Create a copy of the object.
          (new_node, bytes) = self._g_copy_with_stats(
              newparent, newname, start, stop, step,
              title, filters, chunkshape, _log, **kwargs)
  
          # Copy user attributes if requested (or the flavor at least).
          if copyuserattrs:
              self._v_attrs._g_copy(new_node._v_attrs, copyclass=True)
          elif 'FLAVOR' in self._v_attrs:
              if self._v_file.params['PYTABLES_SYS_ATTRS']:
                  new_node._v_attrs._g__setattr('FLAVOR', self._flavor)
          new_node._flavor = self._flavor  # update cached value
  
          # Update statistics if needed.
          if stats is not None:
              stats['leaves'] += 1
              stats['bytes'] += bytes
  
          return new_node
  
      def _g_fix_byteorder_data(self, data, dbyteorder):
          "Fix the byteorder of data passed in constructors."
          dbyteorder = byteorders[dbyteorder]
          # If self.byteorder has not been passed as an argument of
          # the constructor, then set it to the same value of data.
          if self.byteorder is None:
              self.byteorder = dbyteorder
          # Do an additional in-place byteswap of data if the in-memory
          # byteorder doesn't match that of the on-disk.  This is the only
          # place that we have to do the conversion manually. In all the
          # other cases, it will be HDF5 the responsible of doing the
          # byteswap properly.
          if dbyteorder in ['little', 'big']:
              if dbyteorder != self.byteorder:
                  # if data is not writeable, do a copy first
                  if not data.flags.writeable:
                      data = data.copy()
                  data.byteswap(True)
          else:
              # Fix the byteorder again, no matter which byteorder have
              # specified the user in the constructor.
              self.byteorder = "irrelevant"
          return data
  
      def _point_selection(self, key):
          """Perform a point-wise selection.
  
          `key` can be any of the following items:
  
          * A boolean array with the same shape than self. Those positions
            with True values will signal the coordinates to be returned.
  
          * A numpy array (or list or tuple) with the point coordinates.
            This has to be a two-dimensional array of size len(self.shape)
            by num_elements containing a list of of zero-based values
            specifying the coordinates in the dataset of the selected
            elements. The order of the element coordinates in the array
            specifies the order in which the array elements are iterated
            through when I/O is performed. Duplicate coordinate locations
            are not checked for.
  
          Return the coordinates array.  If this is not possible, raise a
          `TypeError` so that the next selection method can be tried out.
  
          This is useful for whatever `Leaf` instance implementing a
          point-wise selection.
  
          """
  
          if type(key) in (list, tuple):
              if isinstance(key, tuple) and len(key) > len(self.shape):
                  raise IndexError("Invalid index or slice: %r" % (key,))
              # Try to convert key to a numpy array.  If not possible,
              # a TypeError will be issued (to be catched later on).
              try:
                  key = numpy.array(key)
              except ValueError:
                  raise TypeError("Invalid index or slice: %r" % (key,))
          elif not isinstance(key, numpy.ndarray):
              raise TypeError("Invalid index or slice: %r" % (key,))
  
          # Protection against empty keys
          if len(key) == 0:
              return numpy.array([], dtype="i8")
  
          if key.dtype.kind == 'b':
              if not key.shape == self.shape:
                  raise IndexError(
                      "Boolean indexing array has incompatible shape")
              # Get the True coordinates (64-bit indices!)
              coords = numpy.asarray(key.nonzero(), dtype='i8')
              coords = numpy.transpose(coords)
          elif key.dtype.kind == 'i' or key.dtype.kind == 'u':
              if len(key.shape) > 2:
                  raise IndexError(
                      "Coordinate indexing array has incompatible shape")
              elif len(key.shape) == 2:
                  if key.shape[0] != len(self.shape):
                      raise IndexError(
                          "Coordinate indexing array has incompatible shape")
                  coords = numpy.asarray(key, dtype="i8")
                  coords = numpy.transpose(coords)
              else:
                  # For 1-dimensional datasets
                  coords = numpy.asarray(key, dtype="i8")
  
              # handle negative indices
              idx = coords < 0
              coords[idx] = (coords + self.shape)[idx]
  
              # bounds check
              if numpy.any(coords < 0) or numpy.any(coords >= self.shape):
                  raise IndexError("Index out of bounds")
          else:
              raise TypeError("Only integer coordinates allowed.")
          # We absolutely need a contiguous array
          if not coords.flags.contiguous:
              coords = coords.copy()
          return coords
  
      _pointSelection = previous_api(_point_selection)
  
      # Public methods
      # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      # Tree manipulation
      # `````````````````
      def remove(self):
          """Remove this node from the hierarchy.
  
          This method has the behavior described
          in :meth:`Node._f_remove`. Please note that there is no recursive flag
          since leaves do not have child nodes.
  
          """
  
          self._f_remove(False)
  
      def rename(self, newname):
          """Rename this node in place.
  
          This method has the behavior described in :meth:`Node._f_rename()`.
  
          """
  
          self._f_rename(newname)
  
      def move(self, newparent=None, newname=None,
               overwrite=False, createparents=False):
          """Move or rename this node.
  
          This method has the behavior described in :meth:`Node._f_move`
  
          """
  
          self._f_move(newparent, newname, overwrite, createparents)
  
      def copy(self, newparent=None, newname=None,
               overwrite=False, createparents=False, **kwargs):
          """Copy this node and return the new one.
  
          This method has the behavior described in :meth:`Node._f_copy`. Please
          note that there is no recursive flag since leaves do not have child
          nodes.
  
          .. warning::
  
              Note that unknown parameters passed to this method will be
              ignored, so may want to double check the spelling of these
              (i.e. if you write them incorrectly, they will most probably
              be ignored).
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          title
              The new title for the destination. If omitted or None, the original
              title is used.
          filters : Filters
              Specifying this parameter overrides the original filter properties
              in the source node. If specified, it must be an instance of the
              Filters class (see :ref:`FiltersClassDescr`). The default is to
              copy the filter properties from the source node.
          copyuserattrs
              You can prevent the user attributes from being copied by setting
              this parameter to False. The default is to copy them.
          start, stop, step : int
              Specify the range of rows to be copied; the default is to copy all
              the rows.
          stats
              This argument may be used to collect statistics on the copy
              process. When used, it should be a dictionary with keys 'groups',
              'leaves' and 'bytes' having a numeric value. Their values will be
              incremented to reflect the number of groups, leaves and bytes,
              respectively, that have been copied during the operation.
          chunkshape
              The chunkshape of the new leaf.  It supports a couple of special
              values.  A value of keep means that the chunkshape will be the same
              than original leaf (this is the default).  A value of auto means
              that a new shape will be computed automatically in order to ensure
              best performance when accessing the dataset through the main
              dimension.  Any other value should be an integer or a tuple
              matching the dimensions of the leaf.
  
          """
  
          return self._f_copy(
              newparent, newname, overwrite, createparents, **kwargs)
  
      def truncate(self, size):
          """Truncate the main dimension to be size rows.
  
          If the main dimension previously was larger than this size, the extra
          data is lost.  If the main dimension previously was shorter, it is
          extended, and the extended part is filled with the default values.
  
          The truncation operation can only be applied to *enlargeable* datasets,
          else a TypeError will be raised.
  
          """
  
          # A non-enlargeable arrays (Array, CArray) cannot be truncated
          if self.extdim < 0:
              raise TypeError("non-enlargeable datasets cannot be truncated")
          self._g_truncate(size)
  
      def isvisible(self):
          """Is this node visible?
  
          This method has the behavior described in :meth:`Node._f_isvisible()`.
  
          """
  
          return self._f_isvisible()
  
      isVisible = previous_api(isvisible)
  
      # Attribute handling
      # ``````````````````
      def get_attr(self, name):
          """Get a PyTables attribute from this node.
  
          This method has the behavior described in :meth:`Node._f_getattr`.
  
          """
  
          return self._f_getattr(name)
  
      getAttr = previous_api(get_attr)
  
      def set_attr(self, name, value):
          """Set a PyTables attribute for this node.
  
          This method has the behavior described in :meth:`Node._f_setattr()`.
  
          """
  
          self._f_setattr(name, value)
  
      setAttr = previous_api(set_attr)
  
      def del_attr(self, name):
          """Delete a PyTables attribute from this node.
  
          This method has the behavior described in :meth:`Node_f_delAttr`.
  
          """
  
          self._f_delattr(name)
  
      delAttr = previous_api(del_attr)
  
      # Data handling
      # `````````````
      def flush(self):
          """Flush pending data to disk.
  
          Saves whatever remaining buffered data to disk. It also releases
          I/O buffers, so if you are filling many datasets in the same
          PyTables session, please call flush() extensively so as to help
          PyTables to keep memory requirements low.
  
          """
  
          self._g_flush()
  
      def _f_close(self, flush=True):
          """Close this node in the tree.
  
          This method has the behavior described in :meth:`Node._f_close`.
          Besides that, the optional argument flush tells whether to flush
          pending data to disk or not before closing.
  
          """
  
          if not self._v_isopen:
              return  # the node is already closed or not initialized
  
          # Only do a flush in case the leaf has an IO buffer.  The
          # internal buffers of HDF5 will be flushed afterwards during the
          # self._g_close() call.  Avoiding an unnecessary flush()
          # operation accelerates the closing for the unbuffered leaves.
          if flush and hasattr(self, "_v_iobuf"):
              self.flush()
  
          # Close the dataset and release resources
          self._g_close()
  
          # Close myself as a node.
          super(Leaf, self)._f_close()
  
      def close(self, flush=True):
          """Close this node in the tree.
  
          This method is completely equivalent to :meth:`Leaf._f_close`.
  
          """
  
          self._f_close(flush)
  
  
  ## Local Variables:
  ## mode: python
  ## py-indent-offset: 4
  ## tab-width: 4
  ## fill-column: 72
  ## End:
  