text: import sys
  import unicodedata
  import unittest
  import urllib.parse
  
  RFC1808_BASE = "http://a/b/c/d;p?q#f"
  RFC2396_BASE = "http://a/b/c/d;p?q"
  RFC3986_BASE = 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q'
  SIMPLE_BASE  = 'http://a/b/c/d'
  
  # Each parse_qsl testcase is a two-tuple that contains
  # a string with the query and a list with the expected result.
  
  parse_qsl_test_cases = [
      ("", []),
      ("&", []),
      ("&&", []),
      ("=", [('', '')]),
      ("=a", [('', 'a')]),
      ("a", [('a', '')]),
      ("a=", [('a', '')]),
      ("&a=b", [('a', 'b')]),
      ("a=a+b&b=b+c", [('a', 'a b'), ('b', 'b c')]),
      ("a=1&a=2", [('a', '1'), ('a', '2')]),
      (b"", []),
      (b"&", []),
      (b"&&", []),
      (b"=", [(b'', b'')]),
      (b"=a", [(b'', b'a')]),
      (b"a", [(b'a', b'')]),
      (b"a=", [(b'a', b'')]),
      (b"&a=b", [(b'a', b'b')]),
      (b"a=a+b&b=b+c", [(b'a', b'a b'), (b'b', b'b c')]),
      (b"a=1&a=2", [(b'a', b'1'), (b'a', b'2')]),
      (";a=b", [(';a', 'b')]),
      ("a=a+b;b=b+c", [('a', 'a b;b=b c')]),
      (b";a=b", [(b';a', b'b')]),
      (b"a=a+b;b=b+c", [(b'a', b'a b;b=b c')]),
  ]
  
  # Each parse_qs testcase is a two-tuple that contains
  # a string with the query and a dictionary with the expected result.
  
  parse_qs_test_cases = [
      ("", {}),
      ("&", {}),
      ("&&", {}),
      ("=", {'': ['']}),
      ("=a", {'': ['a']}),
      ("a", {'a': ['']}),
      ("a=", {'a': ['']}),
      ("&a=b", {'a': ['b']}),
      ("a=a+b&b=b+c", {'a': ['a b'], 'b': ['b c']}),
      ("a=1&a=2", {'a': ['1', '2']}),
      (b"", {}),
      (b"&", {}),
      (b"&&", {}),
      (b"=", {b'': [b'']}),
      (b"=a", {b'': [b'a']}),
      (b"a", {b'a': [b'']}),
      (b"a=", {b'a': [b'']}),
      (b"&a=b", {b'a': [b'b']}),
      (b"a=a+b&b=b+c", {b'a': [b'a b'], b'b': [b'b c']}),
      (b"a=1&a=2", {b'a': [b'1', b'2']}),
      (";a=b", {';a': ['b']}),
      ("a=a+b;b=b+c", {'a': ['a b;b=b c']}),
      (b";a=b", {b';a': [b'b']}),
      (b"a=a+b;b=b+c", {b'a':[ b'a b;b=b c']}),
  ]
  
  class UrlParseTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
  
      def checkRoundtrips(self, url, parsed, split):
          result = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
          self.assertEqual(result, parsed)
          t = (result.scheme, result.netloc, result.path,
               result.params, result.query, result.fragment)
          self.assertEqual(t, parsed)
          # put it back together and it should be the same
          result2 = urllib.parse.urlunparse(result)
          self.assertEqual(result2, url)
          self.assertEqual(result2, result.geturl())
  
          # the result of geturl() is a fixpoint; we can always parse it
          # again to get the same result:
          result3 = urllib.parse.urlparse(result.geturl())
          self.assertEqual(result3.geturl(), result.geturl())
          self.assertEqual(result3,          result)
          self.assertEqual(result3.scheme,   result.scheme)
          self.assertEqual(result3.netloc,   result.netloc)
          self.assertEqual(result3.path,     result.path)
          self.assertEqual(result3.params,   result.params)
          self.assertEqual(result3.query,    result.query)
          self.assertEqual(result3.fragment, result.fragment)
          self.assertEqual(result3.username, result.username)
          self.assertEqual(result3.password, result.password)
          self.assertEqual(result3.hostname, result.hostname)
          self.assertEqual(result3.port,     result.port)
  
          # check the roundtrip using urlsplit() as well
          result = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
          self.assertEqual(result, split)
          t = (result.scheme, result.netloc, result.path,
               result.query, result.fragment)
          self.assertEqual(t, split)
          result2 = urllib.parse.urlunsplit(result)
          self.assertEqual(result2, url)
          self.assertEqual(result2, result.geturl())
  
          # check the fixpoint property of re-parsing the result of geturl()
          result3 = urllib.parse.urlsplit(result.geturl())
          self.assertEqual(result3.geturl(), result.geturl())
          self.assertEqual(result3,          result)
          self.assertEqual(result3.scheme,   result.scheme)
          self.assertEqual(result3.netloc,   result.netloc)
          self.assertEqual(result3.path,     result.path)
          self.assertEqual(result3.query,    result.query)
          self.assertEqual(result3.fragment, result.fragment)
          self.assertEqual(result3.username, result.username)
          self.assertEqual(result3.password, result.password)
          self.assertEqual(result3.hostname, result.hostname)
          self.assertEqual(result3.port,     result.port)
  
      def test_qsl(self):
          for orig, expect in parse_qsl_test_cases:
              result = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(orig, keep_blank_values=True)
              self.assertEqual(result, expect, "Error parsing %r" % orig)
              expect_without_blanks = [v for v in expect if len(v[1])]
              result = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(orig, keep_blank_values=False)
              self.assertEqual(result, expect_without_blanks,
                              "Error parsing %r" % orig)
  
      def test_qs(self):
          for orig, expect in parse_qs_test_cases:
              result = urllib.parse.parse_qs(orig, keep_blank_values=True)
              self.assertEqual(result, expect, "Error parsing %r" % orig)
              expect_without_blanks = {v: expect[v]
                                       for v in expect if len(expect[v][0])}
              result = urllib.parse.parse_qs(orig, keep_blank_values=False)
              self.assertEqual(result, expect_without_blanks,
                              "Error parsing %r" % orig)
  
      def test_roundtrips(self):
          str_cases = [
              ('file:///tmp/junk.txt',
               ('file', '', '/tmp/junk.txt', '', '', ''),
               ('file', '', '/tmp/junk.txt', '', '')),
              ('imap://mail.python.org/mbox1',
               ('imap', 'mail.python.org', '/mbox1', '', '', ''),
               ('imap', 'mail.python.org', '/mbox1', '', '')),
              ('mms://wms.sys.hinet.net/cts/Drama/09006251100.asf',
               ('mms', 'wms.sys.hinet.net', '/cts/Drama/09006251100.asf',
                '', '', ''),
               ('mms', 'wms.sys.hinet.net', '/cts/Drama/09006251100.asf',
                '', '')),
              ('nfs://server/path/to/file.txt',
               ('nfs', 'server', '/path/to/file.txt', '', '', ''),
               ('nfs', 'server', '/path/to/file.txt', '', '')),
              ('svn+ssh://svn.zope.org/repos/main/ZConfig/trunk/',
               ('svn+ssh', 'svn.zope.org', '/repos/main/ZConfig/trunk/',
                '', '', ''),
               ('svn+ssh', 'svn.zope.org', '/repos/main/ZConfig/trunk/',
                '', '')),
              ('git+ssh://git@github.com/user/project.git',
              ('git+ssh', 'git@github.com','/user/project.git',
               '','',''),
              ('git+ssh', 'git@github.com','/user/project.git',
               '', '')),
              ]
          def _encode(t):
              return (t[0].encode('ascii'),
                      tuple(x.encode('ascii') for x in t[1]),
                      tuple(x.encode('ascii') for x in t[2]))
          bytes_cases = [_encode(x) for x in str_cases]
          for url, parsed, split in str_cases + bytes_cases:
              self.checkRoundtrips(url, parsed, split)
  
      def test_http_roundtrips(self):
          # urllib.parse.urlsplit treats 'http:' as an optimized special case,
          # so we test both 'http:' and 'https:' in all the following.
          # Three cheers for white box knowledge!
          str_cases = [
              ('://www.python.org',
               ('www.python.org', '', '', '', ''),
               ('www.python.org', '', '', '')),
              ('://www.python.org#abc',
               ('www.python.org', '', '', '', 'abc'),
               ('www.python.org', '', '', 'abc')),
              ('://www.python.org?q=abc',
               ('www.python.org', '', '', 'q=abc', ''),
               ('www.python.org', '', 'q=abc', '')),
              ('://www.python.org/#abc',
               ('www.python.org', '/', '', '', 'abc'),
               ('www.python.org', '/', '', 'abc')),
              ('://a/b/c/d;p?q#f',
               ('a', '/b/c/d', 'p', 'q', 'f'),
               ('a', '/b/c/d;p', 'q', 'f')),
              ]
          def _encode(t):
              return (t[0].encode('ascii'),
                      tuple(x.encode('ascii') for x in t[1]),
                      tuple(x.encode('ascii') for x in t[2]))
          bytes_cases = [_encode(x) for x in str_cases]
          str_schemes = ('http', 'https')
          bytes_schemes = (b'http', b'https')
          str_tests = str_schemes, str_cases
          bytes_tests = bytes_schemes, bytes_cases
          for schemes, test_cases in (str_tests, bytes_tests):
              for scheme in schemes:
                  for url, parsed, split in test_cases:
                      url = scheme + url
                      parsed = (scheme,) + parsed
                      split = (scheme,) + split
                      self.checkRoundtrips(url, parsed, split)
  
      def checkJoin(self, base, relurl, expected):
          str_components = (base, relurl, expected)
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urljoin(base, relurl), expected)
          bytes_components = baseb, relurlb, expectedb = [
                              x.encode('ascii') for x in str_components]
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urljoin(baseb, relurlb), expectedb)
  
      def test_unparse_parse(self):
          str_cases = ['Python', './Python','x-newscheme://foo.com/stuff','x://y','x:/y','x:/','/',]
          bytes_cases = [x.encode('ascii') for x in str_cases]
          for u in str_cases + bytes_cases:
              self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlunsplit(urllib.parse.urlsplit(u)), u)
              self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlunparse(urllib.parse.urlparse(u)), u)
  
      def test_RFC1808(self):
          # "normal" cases from RFC 1808:
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g:h', 'g:h')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g', 'http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, './g', 'http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g/', 'http://a/b/c/g/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '/g', 'http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '//g', 'http://g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g?y', 'http://a/b/c/g?y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g?y/./x', 'http://a/b/c/g?y/./x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '#s', 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g#s', 'http://a/b/c/g#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g#s/./x', 'http://a/b/c/g#s/./x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g?y#s', 'http://a/b/c/g?y#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g;x', 'http://a/b/c/g;x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g;x?y#s', 'http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '.', 'http://a/b/c/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, './', 'http://a/b/c/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '..', 'http://a/b/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '../', 'http://a/b/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '../g', 'http://a/b/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '../..', 'http://a/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '../../', 'http://a/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '../../g', 'http://a/g')
  
          # "abnormal" cases from RFC 1808:
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '', 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q#f')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g.', 'http://a/b/c/g.')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '.g', 'http://a/b/c/.g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g..', 'http://a/b/c/g..')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '..g', 'http://a/b/c/..g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, './../g', 'http://a/b/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, './g/.', 'http://a/b/c/g/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g/./h', 'http://a/b/c/g/h')
          self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'g/../h', 'http://a/b/c/h')
  
          # RFC 1808 and RFC 1630 disagree on these (according to RFC 1808),
          # so we'll not actually run these tests (which expect 1808 behavior).
          #self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'http:g', 'http:g')
          #self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, 'http:', 'http:')
  
          # XXX: The following tests are no longer compatible with RFC3986
          # self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '../../../g', 'http://a/../g')
          # self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '../../../../g', 'http://a/../../g')
          # self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '/./g', 'http://a/./g')
          # self.checkJoin(RFC1808_BASE, '/../g', 'http://a/../g')
  
  
      def test_RFC2368(self):
          # Issue 11467: path that starts with a number is not parsed correctly
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse('mailto:1337@example.org'),
                  ('mailto', '', '1337@example.org', '', '', ''))
  
      def test_RFC2396(self):
          # cases from RFC 2396
  
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g:h', 'g:h')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g', 'http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, './g', 'http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g/', 'http://a/b/c/g/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '/g', 'http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '//g', 'http://g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g?y', 'http://a/b/c/g?y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '#s', 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g#s', 'http://a/b/c/g#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g?y#s', 'http://a/b/c/g?y#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g;x', 'http://a/b/c/g;x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g;x?y#s', 'http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '.', 'http://a/b/c/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, './', 'http://a/b/c/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '..', 'http://a/b/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '../', 'http://a/b/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '../g', 'http://a/b/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '../..', 'http://a/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '../../', 'http://a/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '../../g', 'http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '', RFC2396_BASE)
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g.', 'http://a/b/c/g.')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '.g', 'http://a/b/c/.g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g..', 'http://a/b/c/g..')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '..g', 'http://a/b/c/..g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, './../g', 'http://a/b/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, './g/.', 'http://a/b/c/g/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g/./h', 'http://a/b/c/g/h')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g/../h', 'http://a/b/c/h')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g;x=1/./y', 'http://a/b/c/g;x=1/y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g;x=1/../y', 'http://a/b/c/y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g?y/./x', 'http://a/b/c/g?y/./x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g?y/../x', 'http://a/b/c/g?y/../x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g#s/./x', 'http://a/b/c/g#s/./x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, 'g#s/../x', 'http://a/b/c/g#s/../x')
  
          # XXX: The following tests are no longer compatible with RFC3986
          # self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '../../../g', 'http://a/../g')
          # self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '../../../../g', 'http://a/../../g')
          # self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '/./g', 'http://a/./g')
          # self.checkJoin(RFC2396_BASE, '/../g', 'http://a/../g')
  
      def test_RFC3986(self):
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '?y','http://a/b/c/d;p?y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, ';x', 'http://a/b/c/;x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g:h','g:h')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g','http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, './g','http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g/','http://a/b/c/g/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '/g','http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '//g','http://g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '?y','http://a/b/c/d;p?y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g?y','http://a/b/c/g?y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '#s','http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g#s','http://a/b/c/g#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g?y#s','http://a/b/c/g?y#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, ';x','http://a/b/c/;x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g;x','http://a/b/c/g;x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g;x?y#s','http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '','http://a/b/c/d;p?q')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '.','http://a/b/c/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, './','http://a/b/c/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '..','http://a/b/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '../','http://a/b/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '../g','http://a/b/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '../..','http://a/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '../../','http://a/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '../../g','http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '../../../g', 'http://a/g')
  
          # Abnormal Examples
  
          # The 'abnormal scenarios' are incompatible with RFC2986 parsing
          # Tests are here for reference.
  
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '../../../g','http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '../../../../g','http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '/./g','http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '/../g','http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g.','http://a/b/c/g.')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '.g','http://a/b/c/.g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g..','http://a/b/c/g..')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, '..g','http://a/b/c/..g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, './../g','http://a/b/g')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, './g/.','http://a/b/c/g/')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g/./h','http://a/b/c/g/h')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g/../h','http://a/b/c/h')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g;x=1/./y','http://a/b/c/g;x=1/y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g;x=1/../y','http://a/b/c/y')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g?y/./x','http://a/b/c/g?y/./x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g?y/../x','http://a/b/c/g?y/../x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g#s/./x','http://a/b/c/g#s/./x')
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'g#s/../x','http://a/b/c/g#s/../x')
          #self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'http:g','http:g') # strict parser
          self.checkJoin(RFC3986_BASE, 'http:g','http://a/b/c/g') #relaxed parser
  
          # Test for issue9721
          self.checkJoin('http://a/b/c/de', ';x','http://a/b/c/;x')
  
      def test_urljoins(self):
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'g:h','g:h')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'http:g','http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'http:','http://a/b/c/d')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'g','http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, './g','http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'g/','http://a/b/c/g/')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '/g','http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '//g','http://g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '?y','http://a/b/c/d?y')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'g?y','http://a/b/c/g?y')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'g?y/./x','http://a/b/c/g?y/./x')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '.','http://a/b/c/')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, './','http://a/b/c/')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '..','http://a/b/')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '../','http://a/b/')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '../g','http://a/b/g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '../..','http://a/')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '../../g','http://a/g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, './../g','http://a/b/g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, './g/.','http://a/b/c/g/')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'g/./h','http://a/b/c/g/h')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'g/../h','http://a/b/c/h')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'http:g','http://a/b/c/g')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'http:','http://a/b/c/d')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'http:?y','http://a/b/c/d?y')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'http:g?y','http://a/b/c/g?y')
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, 'http:g?y/./x','http://a/b/c/g?y/./x')
          self.checkJoin('http:///', '..','http:///')
          self.checkJoin('', 'http://a/b/c/g?y/./x','http://a/b/c/g?y/./x')
          self.checkJoin('', 'http://a/./g', 'http://a/./g')
          self.checkJoin('svn://pathtorepo/dir1', 'dir2', 'svn://pathtorepo/dir2')
          self.checkJoin('svn+ssh://pathtorepo/dir1', 'dir2', 'svn+ssh://pathtorepo/dir2')
          self.checkJoin('ws://a/b','g','ws://a/g')
          self.checkJoin('wss://a/b','g','wss://a/g')
  
          # XXX: The following tests are no longer compatible with RFC3986
          # self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '../../../g','http://a/../g')
          # self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE, '/./g','http://a/./g')
  
          # test for issue22118 duplicate slashes
          self.checkJoin(SIMPLE_BASE + '/', 'foo', SIMPLE_BASE + '/foo')
  
          # Non-RFC-defined tests, covering variations of base and trailing
          # slashes
          self.checkJoin('http://a/b/c/d/e/', '../../f/g/', 'http://a/b/c/f/g/')
          self.checkJoin('http://a/b/c/d/e', '../../f/g/', 'http://a/b/f/g/')
          self.checkJoin('http://a/b/c/d/e/', '/../../f/g/', 'http://a/f/g/')
          self.checkJoin('http://a/b/c/d/e', '/../../f/g/', 'http://a/f/g/')
          self.checkJoin('http://a/b/c/d/e/', '../../f/g', 'http://a/b/c/f/g')
          self.checkJoin('http://a/b/', '../../f/g/', 'http://a/f/g/')
  
          # issue 23703: don't duplicate filename
          self.checkJoin('a', 'b', 'b')
  
      def test_RFC2732(self):
          str_cases = [
              ('http://Test.python.org:5432/foo/', 'test.python.org', 5432),
              ('http://12.34.56.78:5432/foo/', '12.34.56.78', 5432),
              ('http://[::1]:5432/foo/', '::1', 5432),
              ('http://[dead:beef::1]:5432/foo/', 'dead:beef::1', 5432),
              ('http://[dead:beef::]:5432/foo/', 'dead:beef::', 5432),
              ('http://[dead:beef:cafe:5417:affe:8FA3:deaf:feed]:5432/foo/',
               'dead:beef:cafe:5417:affe:8fa3:deaf:feed', 5432),
              ('http://[::12.34.56.78]:5432/foo/', '::12.34.56.78', 5432),
              ('http://[::ffff:12.34.56.78]:5432/foo/',
               '::ffff:12.34.56.78', 5432),
              ('http://Test.python.org/foo/', 'test.python.org', None),
              ('http://12.34.56.78/foo/', '12.34.56.78', None),
              ('http://[::1]/foo/', '::1', None),
              ('http://[dead:beef::1]/foo/', 'dead:beef::1', None),
              ('http://[dead:beef::]/foo/', 'dead:beef::', None),
              ('http://[dead:beef:cafe:5417:affe:8FA3:deaf:feed]/foo/',
               'dead:beef:cafe:5417:affe:8fa3:deaf:feed', None),
              ('http://[::12.34.56.78]/foo/', '::12.34.56.78', None),
              ('http://[::ffff:12.34.56.78]/foo/',
               '::ffff:12.34.56.78', None),
              ('http://Test.python.org:/foo/', 'test.python.org', None),
              ('http://12.34.56.78:/foo/', '12.34.56.78', None),
              ('http://[::1]:/foo/', '::1', None),
              ('http://[dead:beef::1]:/foo/', 'dead:beef::1', None),
              ('http://[dead:beef::]:/foo/', 'dead:beef::', None),
              ('http://[dead:beef:cafe:5417:affe:8FA3:deaf:feed]:/foo/',
               'dead:beef:cafe:5417:affe:8fa3:deaf:feed', None),
              ('http://[::12.34.56.78]:/foo/', '::12.34.56.78', None),
              ('http://[::ffff:12.34.56.78]:/foo/',
               '::ffff:12.34.56.78', None),
              ]
          def _encode(t):
              return t[0].encode('ascii'), t[1].encode('ascii'), t[2]
          bytes_cases = [_encode(x) for x in str_cases]
          for url, hostname, port in str_cases + bytes_cases:
              urlparsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
              self.assertEqual((urlparsed.hostname, urlparsed.port) , (hostname, port))
  
          str_cases = [
                  'http://::12.34.56.78]/',
                  'http://[::1/foo/',
                  'ftp://[::1/foo/bad]/bad',
                  'http://[::1/foo/bad]/bad',
                  'http://[::ffff:12.34.56.78']
          bytes_cases = [x.encode('ascii') for x in str_cases]
          for invalid_url in str_cases + bytes_cases:
              self.assertRaises(ValueError, urllib.parse.urlparse, invalid_url)
  
      def test_urldefrag(self):
          str_cases = [
              ('http://python.org#frag', 'http://python.org', 'frag'),
              ('http://python.org', 'http://python.org', ''),
              ('http://python.org/#frag', 'http://python.org/', 'frag'),
              ('http://python.org/', 'http://python.org/', ''),
              ('http://python.org/?q#frag', 'http://python.org/?q', 'frag'),
              ('http://python.org/?q', 'http://python.org/?q', ''),
              ('http://python.org/p#frag', 'http://python.org/p', 'frag'),
              ('http://python.org/p?q', 'http://python.org/p?q', ''),
              (RFC1808_BASE, 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q', 'f'),
              (RFC2396_BASE, 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q', ''),
          ]
          def _encode(t):
              return type(t)(x.encode('ascii') for x in t)
          bytes_cases = [_encode(x) for x in str_cases]
          for url, defrag, frag in str_cases + bytes_cases:
              result = urllib.parse.urldefrag(url)
              self.assertEqual(result.geturl(), url)
              self.assertEqual(result, (defrag, frag))
              self.assertEqual(result.url, defrag)
              self.assertEqual(result.fragment, frag)
  
      def test_urlsplit_scoped_IPv6(self):
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit('http://[FE80::822a:a8ff:fe49:470c%tESt]:1234')
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, "fe80::822a:a8ff:fe49:470c%tESt")
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, '[FE80::822a:a8ff:fe49:470c%tESt]:1234')
  
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(b'http://[FE80::822a:a8ff:fe49:470c%tESt]:1234')
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, b"fe80::822a:a8ff:fe49:470c%tESt")
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, b'[FE80::822a:a8ff:fe49:470c%tESt]:1234')
  
      def test_urlsplit_attributes(self):
          url = "HTTP://WWW.PYTHON.ORG/doc/#frag"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
          self.assertEqual(p.scheme, "http")
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, "WWW.PYTHON.ORG")
          self.assertEqual(p.path, "/doc/")
          self.assertEqual(p.query, "")
          self.assertEqual(p.fragment, "frag")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.password, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, "www.python.org")
          self.assertEqual(p.port, None)
          # geturl() won't return exactly the original URL in this case
          # since the scheme is always case-normalized
          # We handle this by ignoring the first 4 characters of the URL
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl()[4:], url[4:])
  
          url = "http://User:Pass@www.python.org:080/doc/?query=yes#frag"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
          self.assertEqual(p.scheme, "http")
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, "User:Pass@www.python.org:080")
          self.assertEqual(p.path, "/doc/")
          self.assertEqual(p.query, "query=yes")
          self.assertEqual(p.fragment, "frag")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, "User")
          self.assertEqual(p.password, "Pass")
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, "www.python.org")
          self.assertEqual(p.port, 80)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl(), url)
  
          # Addressing issue1698, which suggests Username can contain
          # "@" characters.  Though not RFC compliant, many ftp sites allow
          # and request email addresses as usernames.
  
          url = "http://User@example.com:Pass@www.python.org:080/doc/?query=yes#frag"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
          self.assertEqual(p.scheme, "http")
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, "User@example.com:Pass@www.python.org:080")
          self.assertEqual(p.path, "/doc/")
          self.assertEqual(p.query, "query=yes")
          self.assertEqual(p.fragment, "frag")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, "User@example.com")
          self.assertEqual(p.password, "Pass")
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, "www.python.org")
          self.assertEqual(p.port, 80)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl(), url)
  
          # And check them all again, only with bytes this time
          url = b"HTTP://WWW.PYTHON.ORG/doc/#frag"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
          self.assertEqual(p.scheme, b"http")
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, b"WWW.PYTHON.ORG")
          self.assertEqual(p.path, b"/doc/")
          self.assertEqual(p.query, b"")
          self.assertEqual(p.fragment, b"frag")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.password, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, b"www.python.org")
          self.assertEqual(p.port, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl()[4:], url[4:])
  
          url = b"http://User:Pass@www.python.org:080/doc/?query=yes#frag"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
          self.assertEqual(p.scheme, b"http")
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, b"User:Pass@www.python.org:080")
          self.assertEqual(p.path, b"/doc/")
          self.assertEqual(p.query, b"query=yes")
          self.assertEqual(p.fragment, b"frag")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, b"User")
          self.assertEqual(p.password, b"Pass")
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, b"www.python.org")
          self.assertEqual(p.port, 80)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl(), url)
  
          url = b"http://User@example.com:Pass@www.python.org:080/doc/?query=yes#frag"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
          self.assertEqual(p.scheme, b"http")
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, b"User@example.com:Pass@www.python.org:080")
          self.assertEqual(p.path, b"/doc/")
          self.assertEqual(p.query, b"query=yes")
          self.assertEqual(p.fragment, b"frag")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, b"User@example.com")
          self.assertEqual(p.password, b"Pass")
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, b"www.python.org")
          self.assertEqual(p.port, 80)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl(), url)
  
          # Verify an illegal port raises ValueError
          url = b"HTTP://WWW.PYTHON.ORG:65536/doc/#frag"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "out of range"):
              p.port
  
      def test_attributes_bad_port(self):
          """Check handling of invalid ports."""
          for bytes in (False, True):
              for parse in (urllib.parse.urlsplit, urllib.parse.urlparse):
                  for port in ("foo", "1.5", "-1", "0x10"):
                      with self.subTest(bytes=bytes, parse=parse, port=port):
                          netloc = "www.example.net:" + port
                          url = "http://" + netloc
                          if bytes:
                              netloc = netloc.encode("ascii")
                              url = url.encode("ascii")
                          p = parse(url)
                          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, netloc)
                          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                              p.port
  
      def test_attributes_without_netloc(self):
          # This example is straight from RFC 3261.  It looks like it
          # should allow the username, hostname, and port to be filled
          # in, but doesn't.  Since it's a URI and doesn't use the
          # scheme://netloc syntax, the netloc and related attributes
          # should be left empty.
          uri = "sip:alice@atlanta.com;maddr=239.255.255.1;ttl=15"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(uri)
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, "")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.password, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.port, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl(), uri)
  
          p = urllib.parse.urlparse(uri)
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, "")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.password, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.port, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl(), uri)
  
          # You guessed it, repeating the test with bytes input
          uri = b"sip:alice@atlanta.com;maddr=239.255.255.1;ttl=15"
          p = urllib.parse.urlsplit(uri)
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, b"")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.password, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.port, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl(), uri)
  
          p = urllib.parse.urlparse(uri)
          self.assertEqual(p.netloc, b"")
          self.assertEqual(p.username, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.password, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.hostname, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.port, None)
          self.assertEqual(p.geturl(), uri)
  
      def test_noslash(self):
          # Issue 1637: http://foo.com?query is legal
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("http://example.com?blahblah=/foo"),
                           ('http', 'example.com', '', '', 'blahblah=/foo', ''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"http://example.com?blahblah=/foo"),
                           (b'http', b'example.com', b'', b'', b'blahblah=/foo', b''))
  
      def test_withoutscheme(self):
          # Test urlparse without scheme
          # Issue 754016: urlparse goes wrong with IP:port without scheme
          # RFC 1808 specifies that netloc should start with //, urlparse expects
          # the same, otherwise it classifies the portion of url as path.
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("path"),
                  ('','','path','','',''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("//www.python.org:80"),
                  ('','www.python.org:80','','','',''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("http://www.python.org:80"),
                  ('http','www.python.org:80','','','',''))
          # Repeat for bytes input
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"path"),
                  (b'',b'',b'path',b'',b'',b''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"//www.python.org:80"),
                  (b'',b'www.python.org:80',b'',b'',b'',b''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"http://www.python.org:80"),
                  (b'http',b'www.python.org:80',b'',b'',b'',b''))
  
      def test_portseparator(self):
          # Issue 754016 makes changes for port separator ':' from scheme separator
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("path:80"),
                  ('','','path:80','','',''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("http:"),('http','','','','',''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("https:"),('https','','','','',''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("http://www.python.org:80"),
                  ('http','www.python.org:80','','','',''))
          # As usual, need to check bytes input as well
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"path:80"),
                  (b'',b'',b'path:80',b'',b'',b''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"http:"),(b'http',b'',b'',b'',b'',b''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"https:"),(b'https',b'',b'',b'',b'',b''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"http://www.python.org:80"),
                  (b'http',b'www.python.org:80',b'',b'',b'',b''))
  
      def test_usingsys(self):
          # Issue 3314: sys module is used in the error
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, urllib.parse.urlencode, "foo")
  
      def test_anyscheme(self):
          # Issue 7904: s3://foo.com/stuff has netloc "foo.com".
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("s3://foo.com/stuff"),
                           ('s3', 'foo.com', '/stuff', '', '', ''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("x-newscheme://foo.com/stuff"),
                           ('x-newscheme', 'foo.com', '/stuff', '', '', ''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("x-newscheme://foo.com/stuff?query#fragment"),
                           ('x-newscheme', 'foo.com', '/stuff', '', 'query', 'fragment'))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse("x-newscheme://foo.com/stuff?query"),
                           ('x-newscheme', 'foo.com', '/stuff', '', 'query', ''))
  
          # And for bytes...
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"s3://foo.com/stuff"),
                           (b's3', b'foo.com', b'/stuff', b'', b'', b''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"x-newscheme://foo.com/stuff"),
                           (b'x-newscheme', b'foo.com', b'/stuff', b'', b'', b''))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"x-newscheme://foo.com/stuff?query#fragment"),
                           (b'x-newscheme', b'foo.com', b'/stuff', b'', b'query', b'fragment'))
          self.assertEqual(urllib.parse.urlparse(b"x-newscheme://foo.com/stuff?query"),
                           (b'x-newscheme', b'foo.com', b'/stuff', b'', b'query', b''))
  
      def test_default_scheme(self):
          # Exercise the scheme parameter of urlparse() and urlsplit()
          for func in (urllib.parse.urlparse, urllib.parse.urlsplit):
              with self.subTest(function=func):
                  result = func("http://example.net/", "ftp")
                  self.assertEqual(result.scheme, "http")
                  result = func(b"http://example.net/", b"ftp")
                  self.assertEqual(result.scheme, b"http")
                  self.assertEqual(func("path", "ftp").scheme, "ftp")
                  self.assertEqual(func("path", scheme="ftp").scheme, "ftp")
                  self.assertEqual(func(b"path", scheme=b"ftp").scheme, b"ftp")
                  self.assertEqual(func("path").scheme, "")
                  self.assertEqual(func(b"path").scheme, b"")
                  self.assertEqual(func(b"path", "").scheme, b"")
  
      def test_parse_fragments(self):
          # Exercise the allow_fragments parameter of urlparse() and urlsplit()
          tests = (
              ("http:#frag", "path", "frag"),
              ("//example.net#frag", "path", "frag"),
              ("index.html#frag", "path", "frag"),
              (";a=b#frag", "params", "frag"),
              ("?a=b#frag", "query", "frag"),
              ("#frag", "path", "frag"),
              ("abc#@frag", "path", "@frag"),
              ("//abc#@frag", "path", "@frag"),
              ("//abc:80#@frag", "path", "@frag"),
              ("//abc#@frag:80", "path", "@frag:80"),
          )
          for url, attr, expected_frag in tests:
              for func in (urllib.parse.urlparse, urllib.parse.urlsplit):
                  if attr == "params" and func is urllib.parse.urlsplit:
                      attr = "path"
                  with self.subTest(url=url, function=func):
                      result = func(url, allow_fragments=False)
                      self.assertEqual(result.fragment, "")
                      self.assertTrue(
                              getattr(result, attr).endswith("#" + expected_frag))
                      self.assertEqual(func(url, "", False).fragment, "")
  
                      result = func(url, allow_fragments=True)
                      self.assertEqual(result.fragment, expected_frag)
                      self.assertFalse(
                              getattr(result, attr).endswith(expected_frag))
                      self.assertEqual(func(url, "", True).fragment,
                                       expected_frag)
                      self.assertEqual(func(url).fragment, expected_frag)
  
      def test_mixed_types_rejected(self):
          # Several functions that process either strings or ASCII encoded bytes
          # accept multiple arguments. Check they reject mixed type input
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urlparse("www.python.org", b"http")
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urlparse(b"www.python.org", "http")
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urlsplit("www.python.org", b"http")
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urlsplit(b"www.python.org", "http")
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urlunparse(( b"http", "www.python.org","","","",""))
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urlunparse(("http", b"www.python.org","","","",""))
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urlunsplit((b"http", "www.python.org","","",""))
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urlunsplit(("http", b"www.python.org","","",""))
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urljoin("http://python.org", b"http://python.org")
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot mix str"):
              urllib.parse.urljoin(b"http://python.org", "http://python.org")
  
      def _check_result_type(self, str_type):
          num_args = len(str_type._fields)
          bytes_type = str_type._encoded_counterpart
          self.assertIs(bytes_type._decoded_counterpart, str_type)
          str_args = ('',) * num_args
          bytes_args = (b'',) * num_args
          str_result = str_type(*str_args)
          bytes_result = bytes_type(*bytes_args)
          encoding = 'ascii'
          errors = 'strict'
          self.assertEqual(str_result, str_args)
          self.assertEqual(bytes_result.decode(), str_args)
          self.assertEqual(bytes_result.decode(), str_result)
          self.assertEqual(bytes_result.decode(encoding), str_args)
          self.assertEqual(bytes_result.decode(encoding), str_result)
          self.assertEqual(bytes_result.decode(encoding, errors), str_args)
          self.assertEqual(bytes_result.decode(encoding, errors), str_result)
          self.assertEqual(bytes_result, bytes_args)
          self.assertEqual(str_result.encode(), bytes_args)
          self.assertEqual(str_result.encode(), bytes_result)
          self.assertEqual(str_result.encode(encoding), bytes_args)
          self.assertEqual(str_result.encode(encoding), bytes_result)
          self.assertEqual(str_result.encode(encoding, errors), bytes_args)
          self.assertEqual(str_result.encode(encoding, errors), bytes_result)
  
      def test_result_pairs(self):
          # Check encoding and decoding between result pairs
          result_types = [
            urllib.parse.DefragResult,
            urllib.parse.SplitResult,
            urllib.parse.ParseResult,
          ]
          for result_type in result_types:
              self._check_result_type(result_type)
  
      def test_parse_qs_encoding(self):
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qs("key=\u0141%E9", encoding="latin-1")
          self.assertEqual(result, {'key': ['\u0141\xE9']})
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qs("key=\u0141%C3%A9", encoding="utf-8")
          self.assertEqual(result, {'key': ['\u0141\xE9']})
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qs("key=\u0141%C3%A9", encoding="ascii")
          self.assertEqual(result, {'key': ['\u0141\ufffd\ufffd']})
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qs("key=\u0141%E9-", encoding="ascii")
          self.assertEqual(result, {'key': ['\u0141\ufffd-']})
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qs("key=\u0141%E9-", encoding="ascii",
                                                            errors="ignore")
          self.assertEqual(result, {'key': ['\u0141-']})
  
      def test_parse_qsl_encoding(self):
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qsl("key=\u0141%E9", encoding="latin-1")
          self.assertEqual(result, [('key', '\u0141\xE9')])
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qsl("key=\u0141%C3%A9", encoding="utf-8")
          self.assertEqual(result, [('key', '\u0141\xE9')])
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qsl("key=\u0141%C3%A9", encoding="ascii")
          self.assertEqual(result, [('key', '\u0141\ufffd\ufffd')])
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qsl("key=\u0141%E9-", encoding="ascii")
          self.assertEqual(result, [('key', '\u0141\ufffd-')])
          result = urllib.parse.parse_qsl("key=\u0141%E9-", encoding="ascii",
                                                            errors="ignore")
          self.assertEqual(result, [('key', '\u0141-')])
  
      def test_parse_qsl_max_num_fields(self):
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              urllib.parse.parse_qs('&'.join(['a=a']*11), max_num_fields=10)
          urllib.parse.parse_qs('&'.join(['a=a']*10), max_num_fields=10)
  
      def test_parse_qs_separator(self):
          parse_qs_semicolon_cases = [
              (";", {}),
              (";;", {}),
              (";a=b", {'a': ['b']}),
              ("a=a+b;b=b+c", {'a': ['a b'], 'b': ['b c']}),
              ("a=1;a=2", {'a': ['1', '2']}),
              (b";", {}),
              (b";;", {}),
              (b";a=b", {b'a': [b'b']}),
              (b"a=a+b;b=b+c", {b'a': [b'a b'], b'b': [b'b c']}),
              (b"a=1;a=2", {b'a': [b'1', b'2']}),
          ]
          for orig, expect in parse_qs_semicolon_cases:
              with self.subTest(f"Original: {orig!r}, Expected: {expect!r}"):
                  result = urllib.parse.parse_qs(orig, separator=';')
                  self.assertEqual(result, expect, "Error parsing %r" % orig)
                  result_bytes = urllib.parse.parse_qs(orig, separator=b';')
                  self.assertEqual(result_bytes, expect, "Error parsing %r" % orig)
  
  
      def test_parse_qsl_separator(self):
          parse_qsl_semicolon_cases = [
              (";", []),
              (";;", []),
              (";a=b", [('a', 'b')]),
              ("a=a+b;b=b+c", [('a', 'a b'), ('b', 'b c')]),
              ("a=1;a=2", [('a', '1'), ('a', '2')]),
              (b";", []),
              (b";;", []),
              (b";a=b", [(b'a', b'b')]),
              (b"a=a+b;b=b+c", [(b'a', b'a b'), (b'b', b'b c')]),
              (b"a=1;a=2", [(b'a', b'1'), (b'a', b'2')]),
          ]
          for orig, expect in parse_qsl_semicolon_cases:
              with self.subTest(f"Original: {orig!r}, Expected: {expect!r}"):
                  result = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(orig, separator=';')
                  self.assertEqual(result, expect, "Error parsing %r" % orig)
                  result_bytes = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(orig, separator=b';')
                  self.assertEqual(result_bytes, expect, "Error parsing %r" % orig)
  
  
      def test_urlencode_sequences(self):
          # Other tests incidentally urlencode things; test non-covered cases:
          # Sequence and object values.
          result = urllib.parse.urlencode({'a': [1, 2], 'b': (3, 4, 5)}, True)
          # we cannot rely on ordering here
          assert set(result.split('&')) == {'a=1', 'a=2', 'b=3', 'b=4', 'b=5'}
  
          class Trivial:
              def __str__(self):
                  return 'trivial'
  
          result = urllib.parse.urlencode({'a': Trivial()}, True)
          self.assertEqual(result, 'a=trivial')
  
      def test_urlencode_quote_via(self):
          result = urllib.parse.urlencode({'a': 'some value'})
          self.assertEqual(result, "a=some+value")
          result = urllib.parse.urlencode({'a': 'some value/another'},
                                          quote_via=urllib.parse.quote)
          self.assertEqual(result, "a=some%20value%2Fanother")
          result = urllib.parse.urlencode({'a': 'some value/another'},
                                          safe='/', quote_via=urllib.parse.quote)
          self.assertEqual(result, "a=some%20value/another")
  
      def test_quote_from_bytes(self):
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, urllib.parse.quote_from_bytes, 'foo')
          result = urllib.parse.quote_from_bytes(b'archaeological arcana')
          self.assertEqual(result, 'archaeological%20arcana')
          result = urllib.parse.quote_from_bytes(b'')
          self.assertEqual(result, '')
  
      def test_unquote_to_bytes(self):
          result = urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes('abc%20def')
          self.assertEqual(result, b'abc def')
          result = urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes('')
          self.assertEqual(result, b'')
  
      def test_quote_errors(self):
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, urllib.parse.quote, b'foo',
                            encoding='utf-8')
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, urllib.parse.quote, b'foo', errors='strict')
  
      def test_issue14072(self):
          p1 = urllib.parse.urlsplit('tel:+31-641044153')
          self.assertEqual(p1.scheme, 'tel')
          self.assertEqual(p1.path, '+31-641044153')
          p2 = urllib.parse.urlsplit('tel:+31641044153')
          self.assertEqual(p2.scheme, 'tel')
          self.assertEqual(p2.path, '+31641044153')
          # assert the behavior for urlparse
          p1 = urllib.parse.urlparse('tel:+31-641044153')
          self.assertEqual(p1.scheme, 'tel')
          self.assertEqual(p1.path, '+31-641044153')
          p2 = urllib.parse.urlparse('tel:+31641044153')
          self.assertEqual(p2.scheme, 'tel')
          self.assertEqual(p2.path, '+31641044153')
  
      def test_port_casting_failure_message(self):
          message = "Port could not be cast to integer value as 'oracle'"
          p1 = urllib.parse.urlparse('http://Server=sde; Service=sde:oracle')
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, message):
              p1.port
  
          p2 = urllib.parse.urlsplit('http://Server=sde; Service=sde:oracle')
          with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, message):
              p2.port
  
      def test_telurl_params(self):
          p1 = urllib.parse.urlparse('tel:123-4;phone-context=+1-650-516')
          self.assertEqual(p1.scheme, 'tel')
          self.assertEqual(p1.path, '123-4')
          self.assertEqual(p1.params, 'phone-context=+1-650-516')
  
          p1 = urllib.parse.urlparse('tel:+1-201-555-0123')
          self.assertEqual(p1.scheme, 'tel')
          self.assertEqual(p1.path, '+1-201-555-0123')
          self.assertEqual(p1.params, '')
  
          p1 = urllib.parse.urlparse('tel:7042;phone-context=example.com')
          self.assertEqual(p1.scheme, 'tel')
          self.assertEqual(p1.path, '7042')
          self.assertEqual(p1.params, 'phone-context=example.com')
  
          p1 = urllib.parse.urlparse('tel:863-1234;phone-context=+1-914-555')
          self.assertEqual(p1.scheme, 'tel')
          self.assertEqual(p1.path, '863-1234')
          self.assertEqual(p1.params, 'phone-context=+1-914-555')
  
      def test_Quoter_repr(self):
          quoter = urllib.parse.Quoter(urllib.parse._ALWAYS_SAFE)
          self.assertIn('Quoter', repr(quoter))
  
      def test_all(self):
          expected = []
          undocumented = {
              'splitattr', 'splithost', 'splitnport', 'splitpasswd',
              'splitport', 'splitquery', 'splittag', 'splittype', 'splituser',
              'splitvalue',
              'Quoter', 'ResultBase', 'clear_cache', 'to_bytes', 'unwrap',
          }
          for name in dir(urllib.parse):
              if name.startswith('_') or name in undocumented:
                  continue
              object = getattr(urllib.parse, name)
              if getattr(object, '__module__', None) == 'urllib.parse':
                  expected.append(name)
          self.assertCountEqual(urllib.parse.__all__, expected)
  
      def test_urlsplit_normalization(self):
          # Certain characters should never occur in the netloc,
          # including under normalization.
          # Ensure that ALL of them are detected and cause an error
          illegal_chars = '/:#?@'
          hex_chars = {'{:04X}'.format(ord(c)) for c in illegal_chars}
          denorm_chars = [
              c for c in map(chr, range(128, sys.maxunicode))
              if (hex_chars & set(unicodedata.decomposition(c).split()))
              and c not in illegal_chars
          ]
          # Sanity check that we found at least one such character
          self.assertIn('\u2100', denorm_chars)
          self.assertIn('\uFF03', denorm_chars)
  
          # bpo-36742: Verify port separators are ignored when they
          # existed prior to decomposition
          urllib.parse.urlsplit('http://\u30d5\u309a:80')
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
              urllib.parse.urlsplit('http://\u30d5\u309a\ufe1380')
  
          for scheme in ["http", "https", "ftp"]:
              for netloc in ["netloc{}false.netloc", "n{}user@netloc"]:
                  for c in denorm_chars:
                      url = "{}://{}/path".format(scheme, netloc.format(c))
                      with self.subTest(url=url, char='{:04X}'.format(ord(c))):
                          with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                              urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
  
  class Utility_Tests(unittest.TestCase):
      """Testcase to test the various utility functions in the urllib."""
      # In Python 2 this test class was in test_urllib.
  
      def test_splittype(self):
          splittype = urllib.parse._splittype
          self.assertEqual(splittype('type:opaquestring'), ('type', 'opaquestring'))
          self.assertEqual(splittype('opaquestring'), (None, 'opaquestring'))
          self.assertEqual(splittype(':opaquestring'), (None, ':opaquestring'))
          self.assertEqual(splittype('type:'), ('type', ''))
          self.assertEqual(splittype('type:opaque:string'), ('type', 'opaque:string'))
  
      def test_splithost(self):
          splithost = urllib.parse._splithost
          self.assertEqual(splithost('//www.example.org:80/foo/bar/baz.html'),
                           ('www.example.org:80', '/foo/bar/baz.html'))
          self.assertEqual(splithost('//www.example.org:80'),
                           ('www.example.org:80', ''))
          self.assertEqual(splithost('/foo/bar/baz.html'),
                           (None, '/foo/bar/baz.html'))
  
          # bpo-30500: # starts a fragment.
          self.assertEqual(splithost('//127.0.0.1#@host.com'),
                           ('127.0.0.1', '/#@host.com'))
          self.assertEqual(splithost('//127.0.0.1#@host.com:80'),
                           ('127.0.0.1', '/#@host.com:80'))
          self.assertEqual(splithost('//127.0.0.1:80#@host.com'),
                           ('127.0.0.1:80', '/#@host.com'))
  
          # Empty host is returned as empty string.
          self.assertEqual(splithost("///file"),
                           ('', '/file'))
  
          # Trailing semicolon, question mark and hash symbol are kept.
          self.assertEqual(splithost("//example.net/file;"),
                           ('example.net', '/file;'))
          self.assertEqual(splithost("//example.net/file?"),
                           ('example.net', '/file?'))
          self.assertEqual(splithost("//example.net/file#"),
                           ('example.net', '/file#'))
  
      def test_splituser(self):
          splituser = urllib.parse._splituser
          self.assertEqual(splituser('User:Pass@www.python.org:080'),
                           ('User:Pass', 'www.python.org:080'))
          self.assertEqual(splituser('@www.python.org:080'),
                           ('', 'www.python.org:080'))
          self.assertEqual(splituser('www.python.org:080'),
                           (None, 'www.python.org:080'))
          self.assertEqual(splituser('User:Pass@'),
                           ('User:Pass', ''))
          self.assertEqual(splituser('User@example.com:Pass@www.python.org:080'),
                           ('User@example.com:Pass', 'www.python.org:080'))
  
      def test_splitpasswd(self):
          # Some of the password examples are not sensible, but it is added to
          # confirming to RFC2617 and addressing issue4675.
          splitpasswd = urllib.parse._splitpasswd
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:ab'), ('user', 'ab'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\nb'), ('user', 'a\nb'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\tb'), ('user', 'a\tb'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\rb'), ('user', 'a\rb'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\fb'), ('user', 'a\fb'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a\vb'), ('user', 'a\vb'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a:b'), ('user', 'a:b'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:a b'), ('user', 'a b'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user 2:ab'), ('user 2', 'ab'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user+1:a+b'), ('user+1', 'a+b'))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user:'), ('user', ''))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd('user'), ('user', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitpasswd(':ab'), ('', 'ab'))
  
      def test_splitport(self):
          splitport = urllib.parse._splitport
          self.assertEqual(splitport('parrot:88'), ('parrot', '88'))
          self.assertEqual(splitport('parrot'), ('parrot', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitport('parrot:'), ('parrot', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitport('127.0.0.1'), ('127.0.0.1', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitport('parrot:cheese'), ('parrot:cheese', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitport('[::1]:88'), ('[::1]', '88'))
          self.assertEqual(splitport('[::1]'), ('[::1]', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitport(':88'), ('', '88'))
  
      def test_splitnport(self):
          splitnport = urllib.parse._splitnport
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot:88'), ('parrot', 88))
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot'), ('parrot', -1))
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot', 55), ('parrot', 55))
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot:'), ('parrot', -1))
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot:', 55), ('parrot', 55))
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('127.0.0.1'), ('127.0.0.1', -1))
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('127.0.0.1', 55), ('127.0.0.1', 55))
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot:cheese'), ('parrot', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitnport('parrot:cheese', 55), ('parrot', None))
  
      def test_splitquery(self):
          # Normal cases are exercised by other tests; ensure that we also
          # catch cases with no port specified (testcase ensuring coverage)
          splitquery = urllib.parse._splitquery
          self.assertEqual(splitquery('http://python.org/fake?foo=bar'),
                           ('http://python.org/fake', 'foo=bar'))
          self.assertEqual(splitquery('http://python.org/fake?foo=bar?'),
                           ('http://python.org/fake?foo=bar', ''))
          self.assertEqual(splitquery('http://python.org/fake'),
                           ('http://python.org/fake', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitquery('?foo=bar'), ('', 'foo=bar'))
  
      def test_splittag(self):
          splittag = urllib.parse._splittag
          self.assertEqual(splittag('http://example.com?foo=bar#baz'),
                           ('http://example.com?foo=bar', 'baz'))
          self.assertEqual(splittag('http://example.com?foo=bar#'),
                           ('http://example.com?foo=bar', ''))
          self.assertEqual(splittag('#baz'), ('', 'baz'))
          self.assertEqual(splittag('http://example.com?foo=bar'),
                           ('http://example.com?foo=bar', None))
          self.assertEqual(splittag('http://example.com?foo=bar#baz#boo'),
                           ('http://example.com?foo=bar#baz', 'boo'))
  
      def test_splitattr(self):
          splitattr = urllib.parse._splitattr
          self.assertEqual(splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2'),
                           ('/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2']))
          self.assertEqual(splitattr('/path;'), ('/path', ['']))
          self.assertEqual(splitattr(';attr1=value1;attr2=value2'),
                           ('', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2']))
          self.assertEqual(splitattr('/path'), ('/path', []))
  
      def test_splitvalue(self):
          # Normal cases are exercised by other tests; test pathological cases
          # with no key/value pairs. (testcase ensuring coverage)
          splitvalue = urllib.parse._splitvalue
          self.assertEqual(splitvalue('foo=bar'), ('foo', 'bar'))
          self.assertEqual(splitvalue('foo='), ('foo', ''))
          self.assertEqual(splitvalue('=bar'), ('', 'bar'))
          self.assertEqual(splitvalue('foobar'), ('foobar', None))
          self.assertEqual(splitvalue('foo=bar=baz'), ('foo', 'bar=baz'))
  
      def test_to_bytes(self):
          result = urllib.parse._to_bytes('http://www.python.org')
          self.assertEqual(result, 'http://www.python.org')
          self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, urllib.parse._to_bytes,
                            'http://www.python.org/medi\u00e6val')
  
      def test_unwrap(self):
          for wrapped_url in ('<URL:scheme://host/path>', '<scheme://host/path>',
                              'URL:scheme://host/path', 'scheme://host/path'):
              url = urllib.parse.unwrap(wrapped_url)
              self.assertEqual(url, 'scheme://host/path')
  
  
  class DeprecationTest(unittest.TestCase):
  
      def test_splittype_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splittype('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splittype() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splithost_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splithost('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splithost() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splituser_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splituser('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splituser() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splitpasswd_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splitpasswd('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splitpasswd() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splitport_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splitport('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splitport() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splitnport_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splitnport('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splitnport() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splitquery_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splitquery('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splitquery() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splittag_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splittag('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splittag() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splitattr_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splitattr('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splitattr() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.urlparse() instead')
  
      def test_splitvalue_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.splitvalue('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.splitvalue() is deprecated as of 3.8, '
                           'use urllib.parse.parse_qsl() instead')
  
      def test_to_bytes_deprecation(self):
          with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
              urllib.parse.to_bytes('')
          self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning),
                           'urllib.parse.to_bytes() is deprecated as of 3.8')
  
  
  if __name__ == "__main__":
      unittest.main()
  