text: s = 'abc'
  
  s_rjust = s.rjust(8)
  
  print(s_rjust)
  #      abc
  
  print(type(s_rjust))
  # <class 'str'>
  
  print(s.rjust(2))
  # abc
  
  print(s.rjust(8, '+'))
  # +++++abc
  
  print(s.rjust(8, '漢'))
  # 漢漢漢漢漢abc
  
  # print(s.rjust(8, 'xyz'))
  # TypeError: The fill character must be exactly one character long
  
  s_n = '-123'
  
  print(s_n.rjust(8, '0'))
  # 0000-123
  
  print(s_n.zfill(8))
  # -0000123
  
  s = 'abc'
  
  print(s.center(8))
  #   abc   
  
  print(s.center(8, '+'))
  # ++abc+++
  
  print(s.center(9, '+'))
  # +++abc+++
  
  print(s.center(10, '+'))
  # +++abc++++
  
  s = 'abc'
  
  print(s.ljust(8))
  # abc     
  
  print(s.ljust(8, '+'))
  # abc+++++
  
  n = 123
  
  print(type(n))
  # <class 'int'>
  
  print(str(n).rjust(8, '@'))
  # @@@@@123
  
  print(str(n).center(8, '@'))
  # @@123@@@
  
  print(str(n).ljust(8, '@'))
  # 123@@@@@
  
  s = 'abc'
  
  print('right : {:@>8}'.format(s))
  # right : @@@@@abc
  
  print('center: {:@^8}'.format(s))
  # center: @@abc@@@
  
  print('left  : {:@<8}'.format(s))
  # left  : abc@@@@@
  
  n = 255
  
  print('right : {:08}'.format(n))
  # right : 00000255
  
  print('right : {:08x}'.format(n))
  # right : 000000ff
  
  print(f'right : {n:08}')
  # right : 00000255
  
  print(f'right : {n:08x}')
  # right : 000000ff
  