text: # Copyright (C) 2012 Google Inc.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  
  """Classes to encapsulate a single HTTP request.
  
  The classes implement a command pattern, with every
  object supporting an execute() method that does the
  actuall HTTP request.
  """
  
  __author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
  
  import StringIO
  import base64
  import copy
  import gzip
  import httplib2
  import mimeparse
  import mimetypes
  import os
  import sys
  import urllib
  import urlparse
  import uuid
  
  from email.generator import Generator
  from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
  from email.mime.nonmultipart import MIMENonMultipart
  from email.parser import FeedParser
  from errors import BatchError
  from errors import HttpError
  from errors import InvalidChunkSizeError
  from errors import ResumableUploadError
  from errors import UnexpectedBodyError
  from errors import UnexpectedMethodError
  from model import JsonModel
  from oauth2client import util
  from oauth2client.anyjson import simplejson
  
  
  DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE = 512*1024
  
  MAX_URI_LENGTH = 4000
  
  
  class MediaUploadProgress(object):
    """Status of a resumable upload."""
  
    def __init__(self, resumable_progress, total_size):
      """Constructor.
  
      Args:
        resumable_progress: int, bytes sent so far.
        total_size: int, total bytes in complete upload, or None if the total
          upload size isn't known ahead of time.
      """
      self.resumable_progress = resumable_progress
      self.total_size = total_size
  
    def progress(self):
      """Percent of upload completed, as a float.
  
      Returns:
        the percentage complete as a float, returning 0.0 if the total size of
        the upload is unknown.
      """
      if self.total_size is not None:
        return float(self.resumable_progress) / float(self.total_size)
      else:
        return 0.0
  
  
  class MediaDownloadProgress(object):
    """Status of a resumable download."""
  
    def __init__(self, resumable_progress, total_size):
      """Constructor.
  
      Args:
        resumable_progress: int, bytes received so far.
        total_size: int, total bytes in complete download.
      """
      self.resumable_progress = resumable_progress
      self.total_size = total_size
  
    def progress(self):
      """Percent of download completed, as a float.
  
      Returns:
        the percentage complete as a float, returning 0.0 if the total size of
        the download is unknown.
      """
      if self.total_size is not None:
        return float(self.resumable_progress) / float(self.total_size)
      else:
        return 0.0
  
  
  class MediaUpload(object):
    """Describes a media object to upload.
  
    Base class that defines the interface of MediaUpload subclasses.
  
    Note that subclasses of MediaUpload may allow you to control the chunksize
    when uploading a media object. It is important to keep the size of the chunk
    as large as possible to keep the upload efficient. Other factors may influence
    the size of the chunk you use, particularly if you are working in an
    environment where individual HTTP requests may have a hardcoded time limit,
    such as under certain classes of requests under Google App Engine.
  
    Streams are io.Base compatible objects that support seek(). Some MediaUpload
    subclasses support using streams directly to upload data. Support for
    streaming may be indicated by a MediaUpload sub-class and if appropriate for a
    platform that stream will be used for uploading the media object. The support
    for streaming is indicated by has_stream() returning True. The stream() method
    should return an io.Base object that supports seek(). On platforms where the
    underlying httplib module supports streaming, for example Python 2.6 and
    later, the stream will be passed into the http library which will result in
    less memory being used and possibly faster uploads.
  
    If you need to upload media that can't be uploaded using any of the existing
    MediaUpload sub-class then you can sub-class MediaUpload for your particular
    needs.
    """
  
    def chunksize(self):
      """Chunk size for resumable uploads.
  
      Returns:
        Chunk size in bytes.
      """
      raise NotImplementedError()
  
    def mimetype(self):
      """Mime type of the body.
  
      Returns:
        Mime type.
      """
      return 'application/octet-stream'
  
    def size(self):
      """Size of upload.
  
      Returns:
        Size of the body, or None of the size is unknown.
      """
      return None
  
    def resumable(self):
      """Whether this upload is resumable.
  
      Returns:
        True if resumable upload or False.
      """
      return False
  
    def getbytes(self, begin, end):
      """Get bytes from the media.
  
      Args:
        begin: int, offset from beginning of file.
        length: int, number of bytes to read, starting at begin.
  
      Returns:
        A string of bytes read. May be shorter than length if EOF was reached
        first.
      """
      raise NotImplementedError()
  
    def has_stream(self):
      """Does the underlying upload support a streaming interface.
  
      Streaming means it is an io.IOBase subclass that supports seek, i.e.
      seekable() returns True.
  
      Returns:
        True if the call to stream() will return an instance of a seekable io.Base
        subclass.
      """
      return False
  
    def stream(self):
      """A stream interface to the data being uploaded.
  
      Returns:
        The returned value is an io.IOBase subclass that supports seek, i.e.
        seekable() returns True.
      """
      raise NotImplementedError()
  
    @util.positional(1)
    def _to_json(self, strip=None):
      """Utility function for creating a JSON representation of a MediaUpload.
  
      Args:
        strip: array, An array of names of members to not include in the JSON.
  
      Returns:
         string, a JSON representation of this instance, suitable to pass to
         from_json().
      """
      t = type(self)
      d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
      if strip is not None:
        for member in strip:
          del d[member]
      d['_class'] = t.__name__
      d['_module'] = t.__module__
      return simplejson.dumps(d)
  
    def to_json(self):
      """Create a JSON representation of an instance of MediaUpload.
  
      Returns:
         string, a JSON representation of this instance, suitable to pass to
         from_json().
      """
      return self._to_json()
  
    @classmethod
    def new_from_json(cls, s):
      """Utility class method to instantiate a MediaUpload subclass from a JSON
      representation produced by to_json().
  
      Args:
        s: string, JSON from to_json().
  
      Returns:
        An instance of the subclass of MediaUpload that was serialized with
        to_json().
      """
      data = simplejson.loads(s)
      # Find and call the right classmethod from_json() to restore the object.
      module = data['_module']
      m = __import__(module, fromlist=module.split('.')[:-1])
      kls = getattr(m, data['_class'])
      from_json = getattr(kls, 'from_json')
      return from_json(s)
  
  
  class MediaIoBaseUpload(MediaUpload):
    """A MediaUpload for a io.Base objects.
  
    Note that the Python file object is compatible with io.Base and can be used
    with this class also.
  
      fh = io.BytesIO('...Some data to upload...')
      media = MediaIoBaseUpload(fh, mimetype='image/png',
        chunksize=1024*1024, resumable=True)
      farm.animals().insert(
          id='cow',
          name='cow.png',
          media_body=media).execute()
  
    Depending on the platform you are working on, you may pass -1 as the
    chunksize, which indicates that the entire file should be uploaded in a single
    request. If the underlying platform supports streams, such as Python 2.6 or
    later, then this can be very efficient as it avoids multiple connections, and
    also avoids loading the entire file into memory before sending it. Note that
    Google App Engine has a 5MB limit on request size, so you should never set
    your chunksize larger than 5MB, or to -1.
    """
  
    @util.positional(3)
    def __init__(self, fd, mimetype, chunksize=DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE,
        resumable=False):
      """Constructor.
  
      Args:
        fd: io.Base or file object, The source of the bytes to upload. MUST be
          opened in blocking mode, do not use streams opened in non-blocking mode.
          The given stream must be seekable, that is, it must be able to call
          seek() on fd.
        mimetype: string, Mime-type of the file.
        chunksize: int, File will be uploaded in chunks of this many bytes. Only
          used if resumable=True. Pass in a value of -1 if the file is to be
          uploaded as a single chunk. Note that Google App Engine has a 5MB limit
          on request size, so you should never set your chunksize larger than 5MB,
          or to -1.
        resumable: bool, True if this is a resumable upload. False means upload
          in a single request.
      """
      super(MediaIoBaseUpload, self).__init__()
      self._fd = fd
      self._mimetype = mimetype
      if not (chunksize == -1 or chunksize > 0):
        raise InvalidChunkSizeError()
      self._chunksize = chunksize
      self._resumable = resumable
  
      self._fd.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
      self._size = self._fd.tell()
  
    def chunksize(self):
      """Chunk size for resumable uploads.
  
      Returns:
        Chunk size in bytes.
      """
      return self._chunksize
  
    def mimetype(self):
      """Mime type of the body.
  
      Returns:
        Mime type.
      """
      return self._mimetype
  
    def size(self):
      """Size of upload.
  
      Returns:
        Size of the body, or None of the size is unknown.
      """
      return self._size
  
    def resumable(self):
      """Whether this upload is resumable.
  
      Returns:
        True if resumable upload or False.
      """
      return self._resumable
  
    def getbytes(self, begin, length):
      """Get bytes from the media.
  
      Args:
        begin: int, offset from beginning of file.
        length: int, number of bytes to read, starting at begin.
  
      Returns:
        A string of bytes read. May be shorted than length if EOF was reached
        first.
      """
      self._fd.seek(begin)
      return self._fd.read(length)
  
    def has_stream(self):
      """Does the underlying upload support a streaming interface.
  
      Streaming means it is an io.IOBase subclass that supports seek, i.e.
      seekable() returns True.
  
      Returns:
        True if the call to stream() will return an instance of a seekable io.Base
        subclass.
      """
      return True
  
    def stream(self):
      """A stream interface to the data being uploaded.
  
      Returns:
        The returned value is an io.IOBase subclass that supports seek, i.e.
        seekable() returns True.
      """
      return self._fd
  
    def to_json(self):
      """This upload type is not serializable."""
      raise NotImplementedError('MediaIoBaseUpload is not serializable.')
  
  
  class MediaFileUpload(MediaIoBaseUpload):
    """A MediaUpload for a file.
  
    Construct a MediaFileUpload and pass as the media_body parameter of the
    method. For example, if we had a service that allowed uploading images:
  
  
      media = MediaFileUpload('cow.png', mimetype='image/png',
        chunksize=1024*1024, resumable=True)
      farm.animals().insert(
          id='cow',
          name='cow.png',
          media_body=media).execute()
  
    Depending on the platform you are working on, you may pass -1 as the
    chunksize, which indicates that the entire file should be uploaded in a single
    request. If the underlying platform supports streams, such as Python 2.6 or
    later, then this can be very efficient as it avoids multiple connections, and
    also avoids loading the entire file into memory before sending it. Note that
    Google App Engine has a 5MB limit on request size, so you should never set
    your chunksize larger than 5MB, or to -1.
    """
  
    @util.positional(2)
    def __init__(self, filename, mimetype=None, chunksize=DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE,
                 resumable=False):
      """Constructor.
  
      Args:
        filename: string, Name of the file.
        mimetype: string, Mime-type of the file. If None then a mime-type will be
          guessed from the file extension.
        chunksize: int, File will be uploaded in chunks of this many bytes. Only
          used if resumable=True. Pass in a value of -1 if the file is to be
          uploaded in a single chunk. Note that Google App Engine has a 5MB limit
          on request size, so you should never set your chunksize larger than 5MB,
          or to -1.
        resumable: bool, True if this is a resumable upload. False means upload
          in a single request.
      """
      self._filename = filename
      fd = open(self._filename, 'rb')
      if mimetype is None:
        (mimetype, encoding) = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)
      super(MediaFileUpload, self).__init__(fd, mimetype, chunksize=chunksize,
                                            resumable=resumable)
  
    def to_json(self):
      """Creating a JSON representation of an instance of MediaFileUpload.
  
      Returns:
         string, a JSON representation of this instance, suitable to pass to
         from_json().
      """
      return self._to_json(strip=['_fd'])
  
    @staticmethod
    def from_json(s):
      d = simplejson.loads(s)
      return MediaFileUpload(d['_filename'], mimetype=d['_mimetype'],
                             chunksize=d['_chunksize'], resumable=d['_resumable'])
  
  
  class MediaInMemoryUpload(MediaIoBaseUpload):
    """MediaUpload for a chunk of bytes.
  
    DEPRECATED: Use MediaIoBaseUpload with either io.TextIOBase or StringIO for
    the stream.
    """
  
    @util.positional(2)
    def __init__(self, body, mimetype='application/octet-stream',
                 chunksize=DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, resumable=False):
      """Create a new MediaInMemoryUpload.
  
    DEPRECATED: Use MediaIoBaseUpload with either io.TextIOBase or StringIO for
    the stream.
  
    Args:
      body: string, Bytes of body content.
      mimetype: string, Mime-type of the file or default of
        'application/octet-stream'.
      chunksize: int, File will be uploaded in chunks of this many bytes. Only
        used if resumable=True.
      resumable: bool, True if this is a resumable upload. False means upload
        in a single request.
      """
      fd = StringIO.StringIO(body)
      super(MediaInMemoryUpload, self).__init__(fd, mimetype, chunksize=chunksize,
                                                resumable=resumable)
  
  
  class MediaIoBaseDownload(object):
    """"Download media resources.
  
    Note that the Python file object is compatible with io.Base and can be used
    with this class also.
  
  
    Example:
      request = farms.animals().get_media(id='cow')
      fh = io.FileIO('cow.png', mode='wb')
      downloader = MediaIoBaseDownload(fh, request, chunksize=1024*1024)
  
      done = False
      while done is False:
        status, done = downloader.next_chunk()
        if status:
          print "Download %d%%." % int(status.progress() * 100)
      print "Download Complete!"
    """
  
    @util.positional(3)
    def __init__(self, fd, request, chunksize=DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE):
      """Constructor.
  
      Args:
        fd: io.Base or file object, The stream in which to write the downloaded
          bytes.
        request: apiclient.http.HttpRequest, the media request to perform in
          chunks.
        chunksize: int, File will be downloaded in chunks of this many bytes.
      """
      self._fd = fd
      self._request = request
      self._uri = request.uri
      self._chunksize = chunksize
      self._progress = 0
      self._total_size = None
      self._done = False
  
    def next_chunk(self):
      """Get the next chunk of the download.
  
      Returns:
        (status, done): (MediaDownloadStatus, boolean)
           The value of 'done' will be True when the media has been fully
           downloaded.
  
      Raises:
        apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
        httplib2.HttpLib2Error if a transport error has occured.
      """
      headers = {
          'range': 'bytes=%d-%d' % (
              self._progress, self._progress + self._chunksize)
          }
      http = self._request.http
      http.follow_redirects = False
  
      resp, content = http.request(self._uri, headers=headers)
      if resp.status in [301, 302, 303, 307, 308] and 'location' in resp:
          self._uri = resp['location']
          resp, content = http.request(self._uri, headers=headers)
      if resp.status in [200, 206]:
        self._progress += len(content)
        self._fd.write(content)
  
        if 'content-range' in resp:
          content_range = resp['content-range']
          length = content_range.rsplit('/', 1)[1]
          self._total_size = int(length)
  
        if self._progress == self._total_size:
          self._done = True
        return MediaDownloadProgress(self._progress, self._total_size), self._done
      else:
        raise HttpError(resp, content, uri=self._uri)
  
  
  class _StreamSlice(object):
    """Truncated stream.
  
    Takes a stream and presents a stream that is a slice of the original stream.
    This is used when uploading media in chunks. In later versions of Python a
    stream can be passed to httplib in place of the string of data to send. The
    problem is that httplib just blindly reads to the end of the stream. This
    wrapper presents a virtual stream that only reads to the end of the chunk.
    """
  
    def __init__(self, stream, begin, chunksize):
      """Constructor.
  
      Args:
        stream: (io.Base, file object), the stream to wrap.
        begin: int, the seek position the chunk begins at.
        chunksize: int, the size of the chunk.
      """
      self._stream = stream
      self._begin = begin
      self._chunksize = chunksize
      self._stream.seek(begin)
  
    def read(self, n=-1):
      """Read n bytes.
  
      Args:
        n, int, the number of bytes to read.
  
      Returns:
        A string of length 'n', or less if EOF is reached.
      """
      # The data left available to read sits in [cur, end)
      cur = self._stream.tell()
      end = self._begin + self._chunksize
      if n == -1 or cur + n > end:
        n = end - cur
      return self._stream.read(n)
  
  
  class HttpRequest(object):
    """Encapsulates a single HTTP request."""
  
    @util.positional(4)
    def __init__(self, http, postproc, uri,
                 method='GET',
                 body=None,
                 headers=None,
                 methodId=None,
                 resumable=None):
      """Constructor for an HttpRequest.
  
      Args:
        http: httplib2.Http, the transport object to use to make a request
        postproc: callable, called on the HTTP response and content to transform
                  it into a data object before returning, or raising an exception
                  on an error.
        uri: string, the absolute URI to send the request to
        method: string, the HTTP method to use
        body: string, the request body of the HTTP request,
        headers: dict, the HTTP request headers
        methodId: string, a unique identifier for the API method being called.
        resumable: MediaUpload, None if this is not a resumbale request.
      """
      self.uri = uri
      self.method = method
      self.body = body
      self.headers = headers or {}
      self.methodId = methodId
      self.http = http
      self.postproc = postproc
      self.resumable = resumable
      self._in_error_state = False
  
      # Pull the multipart boundary out of the content-type header.
      major, minor, params = mimeparse.parse_mime_type(
          headers.get('content-type', 'application/json'))
  
      # The size of the non-media part of the request.
      self.body_size = len(self.body or '')
  
      # The resumable URI to send chunks to.
      self.resumable_uri = None
  
      # The bytes that have been uploaded.
      self.resumable_progress = 0
  
    @util.positional(1)
    def execute(self, http=None):
      """Execute the request.
  
      Args:
        http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used in place of the
              one the HttpRequest request object was constructed with.
  
      Returns:
        A deserialized object model of the response body as determined
        by the postproc.
  
      Raises:
        apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
        httplib2.HttpLib2Error if a transport error has occured.
      """
      if http is None:
        http = self.http
      if self.resumable:
        body = None
        while body is None:
          _, body = self.next_chunk(http=http)
        return body
      else:
        if 'content-length' not in self.headers:
          self.headers['content-length'] = str(self.body_size)
        # If the request URI is too long then turn it into a POST request.
        if len(self.uri) > MAX_URI_LENGTH and self.method == 'GET':
          self.method = 'POST'
          self.headers['x-http-method-override'] = 'GET'
          self.headers['content-type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
          parsed = urlparse.urlparse(self.uri)
          self.uri = urlparse.urlunparse(
              (parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, parsed.path, parsed.params, None,
               None)
              )
          self.body = parsed.query
          self.headers['content-length'] = str(len(self.body))
  
        resp, content = http.request(self.uri, method=self.method,
                                     body=self.body,
                                     headers=self.headers)
        if resp.status >= 300:
          raise HttpError(resp, content, uri=self.uri)
      return self.postproc(resp, content)
  
    @util.positional(1)
    def next_chunk(self, http=None):
      """Execute the next step of a resumable upload.
  
      Can only be used if the method being executed supports media uploads and
      the MediaUpload object passed in was flagged as using resumable upload.
  
      Example:
  
        media = MediaFileUpload('cow.png', mimetype='image/png',
                                chunksize=1000, resumable=True)
        request = farm.animals().insert(
            id='cow',
            name='cow.png',
            media_body=media)
  
        response = None
        while response is None:
          status, response = request.next_chunk()
          if status:
            print "Upload %d%% complete." % int(status.progress() * 100)
  
  
      Returns:
        (status, body): (ResumableMediaStatus, object)
           The body will be None until the resumable media is fully uploaded.
  
      Raises:
        apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
        httplib2.HttpLib2Error if a transport error has occured.
      """
      if http is None:
        http = self.http
  
      if self.resumable.size() is None:
        size = '*'
      else:
        size = str(self.resumable.size())
  
      if self.resumable_uri is None:
        start_headers = copy.copy(self.headers)
        start_headers['X-Upload-Content-Type'] = self.resumable.mimetype()
        if size != '*':
          start_headers['X-Upload-Content-Length'] = size
        start_headers['content-length'] = str(self.body_size)
  
        resp, content = http.request(self.uri, self.method,
                                     body=self.body,
                                     headers=start_headers)
        if resp.status == 200 and 'location' in resp:
          self.resumable_uri = resp['location']
        else:
          raise ResumableUploadError("Failed to retrieve starting URI.")
      elif self._in_error_state:
        # If we are in an error state then query the server for current state of
        # the upload by sending an empty PUT and reading the 'range' header in
        # the response.
        headers = {
            'Content-Range': 'bytes */%s' % size,
            'content-length': '0'
            }
        resp, content = http.request(self.resumable_uri, 'PUT',
                                     headers=headers)
        status, body = self._process_response(resp, content)
        if body:
          # The upload was complete.
          return (status, body)
  
      # The httplib.request method can take streams for the body parameter, but
      # only in Python 2.6 or later. If a stream is available under those
      # conditions then use it as the body argument.
      if self.resumable.has_stream() and sys.version_info[1] >= 6:
        data = self.resumable.stream()
        if self.resumable.chunksize() == -1:
          data.seek(self.resumable_progress)
          chunk_end = self.resumable.size() - self.resumable_progress - 1
        else:
          # Doing chunking with a stream, so wrap a slice of the stream.
          data = _StreamSlice(data, self.resumable_progress,
                              self.resumable.chunksize())
          chunk_end = min(
              self.resumable_progress + self.resumable.chunksize() - 1,
              self.resumable.size() - 1)
      else:
        data = self.resumable.getbytes(
            self.resumable_progress, self.resumable.chunksize())
  
        # A short read implies that we are at EOF, so finish the upload.
        if len(data) < self.resumable.chunksize():
          size = str(self.resumable_progress + len(data))
  
        chunk_end = self.resumable_progress + len(data) - 1
  
      headers = {
          'Content-Range': 'bytes %d-%d/%s' % (
              self.resumable_progress, chunk_end, size),
          # Must set the content-length header here because httplib can't
          # calculate the size when working with _StreamSlice.
          'Content-Length': str(chunk_end - self.resumable_progress + 1)
          }
      try:
        resp, content = http.request(self.resumable_uri, 'PUT',
                                     body=data,
                                     headers=headers)
      except:
        self._in_error_state = True
        raise
  
      return self._process_response(resp, content)
  
    def _process_response(self, resp, content):
      """Process the response from a single chunk upload.
  
      Args:
        resp: httplib2.Response, the response object.
        content: string, the content of the response.
  
      Returns:
        (status, body): (ResumableMediaStatus, object)
           The body will be None until the resumable media is fully uploaded.
  
      Raises:
        apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx or a 308.
      """
      if resp.status in [200, 201]:
        self._in_error_state = False
        return None, self.postproc(resp, content)
      elif resp.status == 308:
        self._in_error_state = False
        # A "308 Resume Incomplete" indicates we are not done.
        self.resumable_progress = int(resp['range'].split('-')[1]) + 1
        if 'location' in resp:
          self.resumable_uri = resp['location']
      else:
        self._in_error_state = True
        raise HttpError(resp, content, uri=self.uri)
  
      return (MediaUploadProgress(self.resumable_progress, self.resumable.size()),
              None)
  
    def to_json(self):
      """Returns a JSON representation of the HttpRequest."""
      d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
      if d['resumable'] is not None:
        d['resumable'] = self.resumable.to_json()
      del d['http']
      del d['postproc']
  
      return simplejson.dumps(d)
  
    @staticmethod
    def from_json(s, http, postproc):
      """Returns an HttpRequest populated with info from a JSON object."""
      d = simplejson.loads(s)
      if d['resumable'] is not None:
        d['resumable'] = MediaUpload.new_from_json(d['resumable'])
      return HttpRequest(
          http,
          postproc,
          uri=d['uri'],
          method=d['method'],
          body=d['body'],
          headers=d['headers'],
          methodId=d['methodId'],
          resumable=d['resumable'])
  
  
  class BatchHttpRequest(object):
    """Batches multiple HttpRequest objects into a single HTTP request.
  
    Example:
      from apiclient.http import BatchHttpRequest
  
      def list_animals(request_id, response, exception):
        \"\"\"Do something with the animals list response.\"\"\"
        if exception is not None:
          # Do something with the exception.
          pass
        else:
          # Do something with the response.
          pass
  
      def list_farmers(request_id, response, exception):
        \"\"\"Do something with the farmers list response.\"\"\"
        if exception is not None:
          # Do something with the exception.
          pass
        else:
          # Do something with the response.
          pass
  
      service = build('farm', 'v2')
  
      batch = BatchHttpRequest()
  
      batch.add(service.animals().list(), list_animals)
      batch.add(service.farmers().list(), list_farmers)
      batch.execute(http=http)
    """
  
    @util.positional(1)
    def __init__(self, callback=None, batch_uri=None):
      """Constructor for a BatchHttpRequest.
  
      Args:
        callback: callable, A callback to be called for each response, of the
          form callback(id, response, exception). The first parameter is the
          request id, and the second is the deserialized response object. The
          third is an apiclient.errors.HttpError exception object if an HTTP error
          occurred while processing the request, or None if no error occurred.
        batch_uri: string, URI to send batch requests to.
      """
      if batch_uri is None:
        batch_uri = 'https://www.googleapis.com/batch'
      self._batch_uri = batch_uri
  
      # Global callback to be called for each individual response in the batch.
      self._callback = callback
  
      # A map from id to request.
      self._requests = {}
  
      # A map from id to callback.
      self._callbacks = {}
  
      # List of request ids, in the order in which they were added.
      self._order = []
  
      # The last auto generated id.
      self._last_auto_id = 0
  
      # Unique ID on which to base the Content-ID headers.
      self._base_id = None
  
      # A map from request id to (httplib2.Response, content) response pairs
      self._responses = {}
  
      # A map of id(Credentials) that have been refreshed.
      self._refreshed_credentials = {}
  
    def _refresh_and_apply_credentials(self, request, http):
      """Refresh the credentials and apply to the request.
  
      Args:
        request: HttpRequest, the request.
        http: httplib2.Http, the global http object for the batch.
      """
      # For the credentials to refresh, but only once per refresh_token
      # If there is no http per the request then refresh the http passed in
      # via execute()
      creds = None
      if request.http is not None and hasattr(request.http.request,
          'credentials'):
        creds = request.http.request.credentials
      elif http is not None and hasattr(http.request, 'credentials'):
        creds = http.request.credentials
      if creds is not None:
        if id(creds) not in self._refreshed_credentials:
          creds.refresh(http)
          self._refreshed_credentials[id(creds)] = 1
  
      # Only apply the credentials if we are using the http object passed in,
      # otherwise apply() will get called during _serialize_request().
      if request.http is None or not hasattr(request.http.request,
          'credentials'):
        creds.apply(request.headers)
  
    def _id_to_header(self, id_):
      """Convert an id to a Content-ID header value.
  
      Args:
        id_: string, identifier of individual request.
  
      Returns:
        A Content-ID header with the id_ encoded into it. A UUID is prepended to
        the value because Content-ID headers are supposed to be universally
        unique.
      """
      if self._base_id is None:
        self._base_id = uuid.uuid4()
  
      return '<%s+%s>' % (self._base_id, urllib.quote(id_))
  
    def _header_to_id(self, header):
      """Convert a Content-ID header value to an id.
  
      Presumes the Content-ID header conforms to the format that _id_to_header()
      returns.
  
      Args:
        header: string, Content-ID header value.
  
      Returns:
        The extracted id value.
  
      Raises:
        BatchError if the header is not in the expected format.
      """
      if header[0] != '<' or header[-1] != '>':
        raise BatchError("Invalid value for Content-ID: %s" % header)
      if '+' not in header:
        raise BatchError("Invalid value for Content-ID: %s" % header)
      base, id_ = header[1:-1].rsplit('+', 1)
  
      return urllib.unquote(id_)
  
    def _serialize_request(self, request):
      """Convert an HttpRequest object into a string.
  
      Args:
        request: HttpRequest, the request to serialize.
  
      Returns:
        The request as a string in application/http format.
      """
      # Construct status line
      parsed = urlparse.urlparse(request.uri)
      request_line = urlparse.urlunparse(
          (None, None, parsed.path, parsed.params, parsed.query, None)
          )
      status_line = request.method + ' ' + request_line + ' HTTP/1.1\n'
      major, minor = request.headers.get('content-type', 'application/json').split('/')
      msg = MIMENonMultipart(major, minor)
      headers = request.headers.copy()
  
      if request.http is not None and hasattr(request.http.request,
          'credentials'):
        request.http.request.credentials.apply(headers)
  
      # MIMENonMultipart adds its own Content-Type header.
      if 'content-type' in headers:
        del headers['content-type']
  
      for key, value in headers.iteritems():
        msg[key] = value
      msg['Host'] = parsed.netloc
      msg.set_unixfrom(None)
  
      if request.body is not None:
        msg.set_payload(request.body)
        msg['content-length'] = str(len(request.body))
  
      # Serialize the mime message.
      fp = StringIO.StringIO()
      # maxheaderlen=0 means don't line wrap headers.
      g = Generator(fp, maxheaderlen=0)
      g.flatten(msg, unixfrom=False)
      body = fp.getvalue()
  
      # Strip off the \n\n that the MIME lib tacks onto the end of the payload.
      if request.body is None:
        body = body[:-2]
  
      return status_line.encode('utf-8') + body
  
    def _deserialize_response(self, payload):
      """Convert string into httplib2 response and content.
  
      Args:
        payload: string, headers and body as a string.
  
      Returns:
        A pair (resp, content), such as would be returned from httplib2.request.
      """
      # Strip off the status line
      status_line, payload = payload.split('\n', 1)
      protocol, status, reason = status_line.split(' ', 2)
  
      # Parse the rest of the response
      parser = FeedParser()
      parser.feed(payload)
      msg = parser.close()
      msg['status'] = status
  
      # Create httplib2.Response from the parsed headers.
      resp = httplib2.Response(msg)
      resp.reason = reason
      resp.version = int(protocol.split('/', 1)[1].replace('.', ''))
  
      content = payload.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)[1]
  
      return resp, content
  
    def _new_id(self):
      """Create a new id.
  
      Auto incrementing number that avoids conflicts with ids already used.
  
      Returns:
         string, a new unique id.
      """
      self._last_auto_id += 1
      while str(self._last_auto_id) in self._requests:
        self._last_auto_id += 1
      return str(self._last_auto_id)
  
    @util.positional(2)
    def add(self, request, callback=None, request_id=None):
      """Add a new request.
  
      Every callback added will be paired with a unique id, the request_id. That
      unique id will be passed back to the callback when the response comes back
      from the server. The default behavior is to have the library generate it's
      own unique id. If the caller passes in a request_id then they must ensure
      uniqueness for each request_id, and if they are not an exception is
      raised. Callers should either supply all request_ids or nevery supply a
      request id, to avoid such an error.
  
      Args:
        request: HttpRequest, Request to add to the batch.
        callback: callable, A callback to be called for this response, of the
          form callback(id, response, exception). The first parameter is the
          request id, and the second is the deserialized response object. The
          third is an apiclient.errors.HttpError exception object if an HTTP error
          occurred while processing the request, or None if no errors occurred.
        request_id: string, A unique id for the request. The id will be passed to
          the callback with the response.
  
      Returns:
        None
  
      Raises:
        BatchError if a media request is added to a batch.
        KeyError is the request_id is not unique.
      """
      if request_id is None:
        request_id = self._new_id()
      if request.resumable is not None:
        raise BatchError("Media requests cannot be used in a batch request.")
      if request_id in self._requests:
        raise KeyError("A request with this ID already exists: %s" % request_id)
      self._requests[request_id] = request
      self._callbacks[request_id] = callback
      self._order.append(request_id)
  
    def _execute(self, http, order, requests):
      """Serialize batch request, send to server, process response.
  
      Args:
        http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used to make the request with.
        order: list, list of request ids in the order they were added to the
          batch.
        request: list, list of request objects to send.
  
      Raises:
        httplib2.HttpLib2Error if a transport error has occured.
        apiclient.errors.BatchError if the response is the wrong format.
      """
      message = MIMEMultipart('mixed')
      # Message should not write out it's own headers.
      setattr(message, '_write_headers', lambda self: None)
  
      # Add all the individual requests.
      for request_id in order:
        request = requests[request_id]
  
        msg = MIMENonMultipart('application', 'http')
        msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = 'binary'
        msg['Content-ID'] = self._id_to_header(request_id)
  
        body = self._serialize_request(request)
        msg.set_payload(body)
        message.attach(msg)
  
      body = message.as_string()
  
      headers = {}
      headers['content-type'] = ('multipart/mixed; '
                                 'boundary="%s"') % message.get_boundary()
  
      resp, content = http.request(self._batch_uri, 'POST', body=body,
                                   headers=headers)
  
      if resp.status >= 300:
        raise HttpError(resp, content, uri=self._batch_uri)
  
      # Now break out the individual responses and store each one.
      boundary, _ = content.split(None, 1)
  
      # Prepend with a content-type header so FeedParser can handle it.
      header = 'content-type: %s\r\n\r\n' % resp['content-type']
      for_parser = header + content
  
      parser = FeedParser()
      parser.feed(for_parser)
      mime_response = parser.close()
  
      if not mime_response.is_multipart():
        raise BatchError("Response not in multipart/mixed format.", resp=resp,
                         content=content)
  
      for part in mime_response.get_payload():
        request_id = self._header_to_id(part['Content-ID'])
        response, content = self._deserialize_response(part.get_payload())
        self._responses[request_id] = (response, content)
  
    @util.positional(1)
    def execute(self, http=None):
      """Execute all the requests as a single batched HTTP request.
  
      Args:
        http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used in place of the one the
          HttpRequest request object was constructed with.  If one isn't supplied
          then use a http object from the requests in this batch.
  
      Returns:
        None
  
      Raises:
        httplib2.HttpLib2Error if a transport error has occured.
        apiclient.errors.BatchError if the response is the wrong format.
      """
  
      # If http is not supplied use the first valid one given in the requests.
      if http is None:
        for request_id in self._order:
          request = self._requests[request_id]
          if request is not None:
            http = request.http
            break
  
      if http is None:
        raise ValueError("Missing a valid http object.")
  
      self._execute(http, self._order, self._requests)
  
      # Loop over all the requests and check for 401s. For each 401 request the
      # credentials should be refreshed and then sent again in a separate batch.
      redo_requests = {}
      redo_order = []
  
      for request_id in self._order:
        resp, content = self._responses[request_id]
        if resp['status'] == '401':
          redo_order.append(request_id)
          request = self._requests[request_id]
          self._refresh_and_apply_credentials(request, http)
          redo_requests[request_id] = request
  
      if redo_requests:
        self._execute(http, redo_order, redo_requests)
  
      # Now process all callbacks that are erroring, and raise an exception for
      # ones that return a non-2xx response? Or add extra parameter to callback
      # that contains an HttpError?
  
      for request_id in self._order:
        resp, content = self._responses[request_id]
  
        request = self._requests[request_id]
        callback = self._callbacks[request_id]
  
        response = None
        exception = None
        try:
          if resp.status >= 300:
            raise HttpError(resp, content, uri=request.uri)
          response = request.postproc(resp, content)
        except HttpError, e:
          exception = e
  
        if callback is not None:
          callback(request_id, response, exception)
        if self._callback is not None:
          self._callback(request_id, response, exception)
  
  
  class HttpRequestMock(object):
    """Mock of HttpRequest.
  
    Do not construct directly, instead use RequestMockBuilder.
    """
  
    def __init__(self, resp, content, postproc):
      """Constructor for HttpRequestMock
  
      Args:
        resp: httplib2.Response, the response to emulate coming from the request
        content: string, the response body
        postproc: callable, the post processing function usually supplied by
                  the model class. See model.JsonModel.response() as an example.
      """
      self.resp = resp
      self.content = content
      self.postproc = postproc
      if resp is None:
        self.resp = httplib2.Response({'status': 200, 'reason': 'OK'})
      if 'reason' in self.resp:
        self.resp.reason = self.resp['reason']
  
    def execute(self, http=None):
      """Execute the request.
  
      Same behavior as HttpRequest.execute(), but the response is
      mocked and not really from an HTTP request/response.
      """
      return self.postproc(self.resp, self.content)
  
  
  class RequestMockBuilder(object):
    """A simple mock of HttpRequest
  
      Pass in a dictionary to the constructor that maps request methodIds to
      tuples of (httplib2.Response, content, opt_expected_body) that should be
      returned when that method is called. None may also be passed in for the
      httplib2.Response, in which case a 200 OK response will be generated.
      If an opt_expected_body (str or dict) is provided, it will be compared to
      the body and UnexpectedBodyError will be raised on inequality.
  
      Example:
        response = '{"data": {"id": "tag:google.c...'
        requestBuilder = RequestMockBuilder(
          {
            'plus.activities.get': (None, response),
          }
        )
        apiclient.discovery.build("plus", "v1", requestBuilder=requestBuilder)
  
      Methods that you do not supply a response for will return a
      200 OK with an empty string as the response content or raise an excpetion
      if check_unexpected is set to True. The methodId is taken from the rpcName
      in the discovery document.
  
      For more details see the project wiki.
    """
  
    def __init__(self, responses, check_unexpected=False):
      """Constructor for RequestMockBuilder
  
      The constructed object should be a callable object
      that can replace the class HttpResponse.
  
      responses - A dictionary that maps methodIds into tuples
                  of (httplib2.Response, content). The methodId
                  comes from the 'rpcName' field in the discovery
                  document.
      check_unexpected - A boolean setting whether or not UnexpectedMethodError
                         should be raised on unsupplied method.
      """
      self.responses = responses
      self.check_unexpected = check_unexpected
  
    def __call__(self, http, postproc, uri, method='GET', body=None,
                 headers=None, methodId=None, resumable=None):
      """Implements the callable interface that discovery.build() expects
      of requestBuilder, which is to build an object compatible with
      HttpRequest.execute(). See that method for the description of the
      parameters and the expected response.
      """
      if methodId in self.responses:
        response = self.responses[methodId]
        resp, content = response[:2]
        if len(response) > 2:
          # Test the body against the supplied expected_body.
          expected_body = response[2]
          if bool(expected_body) != bool(body):
            # Not expecting a body and provided one
            # or expecting a body and not provided one.
            raise UnexpectedBodyError(expected_body, body)
          if isinstance(expected_body, str):
            expected_body = simplejson.loads(expected_body)
          body = simplejson.loads(body)
          if body != expected_body:
            raise UnexpectedBodyError(expected_body, body)
        return HttpRequestMock(resp, content, postproc)
      elif self.check_unexpected:
        raise UnexpectedMethodError(methodId=methodId)
      else:
        model = JsonModel(False)
        return HttpRequestMock(None, '{}', model.response)
  
  
  class HttpMock(object):
    """Mock of httplib2.Http"""
  
    def __init__(self, filename, headers=None):
      """
      Args:
        filename: string, absolute filename to read response from
        headers: dict, header to return with response
      """
      if headers is None:
        headers = {'status': '200 OK'}
      f = file(filename, 'r')
      self.data = f.read()
      f.close()
      self.headers = headers
  
    def request(self, uri,
                method='GET',
                body=None,
                headers=None,
                redirections=1,
                connection_type=None):
      return httplib2.Response(self.headers), self.data
  
  
  class HttpMockSequence(object):
    """Mock of httplib2.Http
  
    Mocks a sequence of calls to request returning different responses for each
    call. Create an instance initialized with the desired response headers
    and content and then use as if an httplib2.Http instance.
  
      http = HttpMockSequence([
        ({'status': '401'}, ''),
        ({'status': '200'}, '{"access_token":"1/3w","expires_in":3600}'),
        ({'status': '200'}, 'echo_request_headers'),
        ])
      resp, content = http.request("http://examples.com")
  
    There are special values you can pass in for content to trigger
    behavours that are helpful in testing.
  
    'echo_request_headers' means return the request headers in the response body
    'echo_request_headers_as_json' means return the request headers in
       the response body
    'echo_request_body' means return the request body in the response body
    'echo_request_uri' means return the request uri in the response body
    """
  
    def __init__(self, iterable):
      """
      Args:
        iterable: iterable, a sequence of pairs of (headers, body)
      """
      self._iterable = iterable
      self.follow_redirects = True
  
    def request(self, uri,
                method='GET',
                body=None,
                headers=None,
                redirections=1,
                connection_type=None):
      resp, content = self._iterable.pop(0)
      if content == 'echo_request_headers':
        content = headers
      elif content == 'echo_request_headers_as_json':
        content = simplejson.dumps(headers)
      elif content == 'echo_request_body':
        if hasattr(body, 'read'):
          content = body.read()
        else:
          content = body
      elif content == 'echo_request_uri':
        content = uri
      return httplib2.Response(resp), content
  
  
  def set_user_agent(http, user_agent):
    """Set the user-agent on every request.
  
    Args:
       http - An instance of httplib2.Http
           or something that acts like it.
       user_agent: string, the value for the user-agent header.
  
    Returns:
       A modified instance of http that was passed in.
  
    Example:
  
      h = httplib2.Http()
      h = set_user_agent(h, "my-app-name/6.0")
  
    Most of the time the user-agent will be set doing auth, this is for the rare
    cases where you are accessing an unauthenticated endpoint.
    """
    request_orig = http.request
  
    # The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
    def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
                    redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
                    connection_type=None):
      """Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
      if headers is None:
        headers = {}
      if 'user-agent' in headers:
        headers['user-agent'] = user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
      else:
        headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
      resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
                          redirections, connection_type)
      return resp, content
  
    http.request = new_request
    return http
  
  
  def tunnel_patch(http):
    """Tunnel PATCH requests over POST.
    Args:
       http - An instance of httplib2.Http
           or something that acts like it.
  
    Returns:
       A modified instance of http that was passed in.
  
    Example:
  
      h = httplib2.Http()
      h = tunnel_patch(h, "my-app-name/6.0")
  
    Useful if you are running on a platform that doesn't support PATCH.
    Apply this last if you are using OAuth 1.0, as changing the method
    will result in a different signature.
    """
    request_orig = http.request
  
    # The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
    def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
                    redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
                    connection_type=None):
      """Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
      if headers is None:
        headers = {}
      if method == 'PATCH':
        if 'oauth_token' in headers.get('authorization', ''):
          logging.warning(
              'OAuth 1.0 request made with Credentials after tunnel_patch.')
        headers['x-http-method-override'] = "PATCH"
        method = 'POST'
      resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
                          redirections, connection_type)
      return resp, content
  
    http.request = new_request
    return http
  