text: r"""UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122.
  
  This module provides immutable UUID objects (class UUID) and the functions
  uuid1(), uuid3(), uuid4(), uuid5() for generating version 1, 3, 4, and 5
  UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.
  
  If all you want is a unique ID, you should probably call uuid1() or uuid4().
  Note that uuid1() may compromise privacy since it creates a UUID containing
  the computer's network address.  uuid4() creates a random UUID.
  
  Typical usage:
  
      >>> import uuid
  
      # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
      >>> uuid.uuid1()    # doctest: +SKIP
      UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')
  
      # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
      >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
      UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')
  
      # make a random UUID
      >>> uuid.uuid4()    # doctest: +SKIP
      UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')
  
      # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
      >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
      UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')
  
      # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
      >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')
  
      # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
      >>> str(x)
      '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'
  
      # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
      >>> x.bytes
      b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'
  
      # make a UUID from a 16-byte string
      >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
      UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
  """
  
  import os
  import sys
  
  from enum import Enum
  
  
  __author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee <ping@zesty.ca>'
  
  # The recognized platforms - known behaviors
  if sys.platform in ('win32', 'darwin'):
      _AIX = _LINUX = False
  else:
      import platform
      _platform_system = platform.system()
      _AIX     = _platform_system == 'AIX'
      _LINUX   = _platform_system == 'Linux'
  
  RESERVED_NCS, RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, RESERVED_FUTURE = [
      'reserved for NCS compatibility', 'specified in RFC 4122',
      'reserved for Microsoft compatibility', 'reserved for future definition']
  
  int_ = int      # The built-in int type
  bytes_ = bytes  # The built-in bytes type
  
  
  class SafeUUID(Enum):
      safe = 0
      unsafe = -1
      unknown = None
  
  
  class UUID:
      """Instances of the UUID class represent UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.
      UUID objects are immutable, hashable, and usable as dictionary keys.
      Converting a UUID to a string with str() yields something in the form
      '12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc'.  The UUID constructor accepts
      five possible forms: a similar string of hexadecimal digits, or a tuple
      of six integer fields (with 32-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 8-bit, 8-bit, and
      48-bit values respectively) as an argument named 'fields', or a string
      of 16 bytes (with all the integer fields in big-endian order) as an
      argument named 'bytes', or a string of 16 bytes (with the first three
      fields in little-endian order) as an argument named 'bytes_le', or a
      single 128-bit integer as an argument named 'int'.
  
      UUIDs have these read-only attributes:
  
          bytes       the UUID as a 16-byte string (containing the six
                      integer fields in big-endian byte order)
  
          bytes_le    the UUID as a 16-byte string (with time_low, time_mid,
                      and time_hi_version in little-endian byte order)
  
          fields      a tuple of the six integer fields of the UUID,
                      which are also available as six individual attributes
                      and two derived attributes:
  
              time_low                the first 32 bits of the UUID
              time_mid                the next 16 bits of the UUID
              time_hi_version         the next 16 bits of the UUID
              clock_seq_hi_variant    the next 8 bits of the UUID
              clock_seq_low           the next 8 bits of the UUID
              node                    the last 48 bits of the UUID
  
              time                    the 60-bit timestamp
              clock_seq               the 14-bit sequence number
  
          hex         the UUID as a 32-character hexadecimal string
  
          int         the UUID as a 128-bit integer
  
          urn         the UUID as a URN as specified in RFC 4122
  
          variant     the UUID variant (one of the constants RESERVED_NCS,
                      RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, or RESERVED_FUTURE)
  
          version     the UUID version number (1 through 5, meaningful only
                      when the variant is RFC_4122)
  
          is_safe     An enum indicating whether the UUID has been generated in
                      a way that is safe for multiprocessing applications, via
                      uuid_generate_time_safe(3).
      """
  
      __slots__ = ('int', 'is_safe', '__weakref__')
  
      def __init__(self, hex=None, bytes=None, bytes_le=None, fields=None,
                         int=None, version=None,
                         *, is_safe=SafeUUID.unknown):
          r"""Create a UUID from either a string of 32 hexadecimal digits,
          a string of 16 bytes as the 'bytes' argument, a string of 16 bytes
          in little-endian order as the 'bytes_le' argument, a tuple of six
          integers (32-bit time_low, 16-bit time_mid, 16-bit time_hi_version,
          8-bit clock_seq_hi_variant, 8-bit clock_seq_low, 48-bit node) as
          the 'fields' argument, or a single 128-bit integer as the 'int'
          argument.  When a string of hex digits is given, curly braces,
          hyphens, and a URN prefix are all optional.  For example, these
          expressions all yield the same UUID:
  
          UUID('{12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678}')
          UUID('12345678123456781234567812345678')
          UUID('urn:uuid:12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678')
          UUID(bytes='\x12\x34\x56\x78'*4)
          UUID(bytes_le='\x78\x56\x34\x12\x34\x12\x78\x56' +
                        '\x12\x34\x56\x78\x12\x34\x56\x78')
          UUID(fields=(0x12345678, 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x12, 0x34, 0x567812345678))
          UUID(int=0x12345678123456781234567812345678)
  
          Exactly one of 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int' must
          be given.  The 'version' argument is optional; if given, the resulting
          UUID will have its variant and version set according to RFC 4122,
          overriding the given 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int'.
  
          is_safe is an enum exposed as an attribute on the instance.  It
          indicates whether the UUID has been generated in a way that is safe
          for multiprocessing applications, via uuid_generate_time_safe(3).
          """
  
          if [hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, int].count(None) != 4:
              raise TypeError('one of the hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, '
                              'or int arguments must be given')
          if hex is not None:
              hex = hex.replace('urn:', '').replace('uuid:', '')
              hex = hex.strip('{}').replace('-', '')
              if len(hex) != 32:
                  raise ValueError('badly formed hexadecimal UUID string')
              int = int_(hex, 16)
          if bytes_le is not None:
              if len(bytes_le) != 16:
                  raise ValueError('bytes_le is not a 16-char string')
              bytes = (bytes_le[4-1::-1] + bytes_le[6-1:4-1:-1] +
                       bytes_le[8-1:6-1:-1] + bytes_le[8:])
          if bytes is not None:
              if len(bytes) != 16:
                  raise ValueError('bytes is not a 16-char string')
              assert isinstance(bytes, bytes_), repr(bytes)
              int = int_.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big')
          if fields is not None:
              if len(fields) != 6:
                  raise ValueError('fields is not a 6-tuple')
              (time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
               clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node) = fields
              if not 0 <= time_low < 1<<32:
                  raise ValueError('field 1 out of range (need a 32-bit value)')
              if not 0 <= time_mid < 1<<16:
                  raise ValueError('field 2 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
              if not 0 <= time_hi_version < 1<<16:
                  raise ValueError('field 3 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
              if not 0 <= clock_seq_hi_variant < 1<<8:
                  raise ValueError('field 4 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
              if not 0 <= clock_seq_low < 1<<8:
                  raise ValueError('field 5 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
              if not 0 <= node < 1<<48:
                  raise ValueError('field 6 out of range (need a 48-bit value)')
              clock_seq = (clock_seq_hi_variant << 8) | clock_seq_low
              int = ((time_low << 96) | (time_mid << 80) |
                     (time_hi_version << 64) | (clock_seq << 48) | node)
          if int is not None:
              if not 0 <= int < 1<<128:
                  raise ValueError('int is out of range (need a 128-bit value)')
          if version is not None:
              if not 1 <= version <= 5:
                  raise ValueError('illegal version number')
              # Set the variant to RFC 4122.
              int &= ~(0xc000 << 48)
              int |= 0x8000 << 48
              # Set the version number.
              int &= ~(0xf000 << 64)
              int |= version << 76
          object.__setattr__(self, 'int', int)
          object.__setattr__(self, 'is_safe', is_safe)
  
      def __getstate__(self):
          d = {'int': self.int}
          if self.is_safe != SafeUUID.unknown:
              # is_safe is a SafeUUID instance.  Return just its value, so that
              # it can be un-pickled in older Python versions without SafeUUID.
              d['is_safe'] = self.is_safe.value
          return d
  
      def __setstate__(self, state):
          object.__setattr__(self, 'int', state['int'])
          # is_safe was added in 3.7; it is also omitted when it is "unknown"
          object.__setattr__(self, 'is_safe',
                             SafeUUID(state['is_safe'])
                             if 'is_safe' in state else SafeUUID.unknown)
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          if isinstance(other, UUID):
              return self.int == other.int
          return NotImplemented
  
      # Q. What's the value of being able to sort UUIDs?
      # A. Use them as keys in a B-Tree or similar mapping.
  
      def __lt__(self, other):
          if isinstance(other, UUID):
              return self.int < other.int
          return NotImplemented
  
      def __gt__(self, other):
          if isinstance(other, UUID):
              return self.int > other.int
          return NotImplemented
  
      def __le__(self, other):
          if isinstance(other, UUID):
              return self.int <= other.int
          return NotImplemented
  
      def __ge__(self, other):
          if isinstance(other, UUID):
              return self.int >= other.int
          return NotImplemented
  
      def __hash__(self):
          return hash(self.int)
  
      def __int__(self):
          return self.int
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
  
      def __setattr__(self, name, value):
          raise TypeError('UUID objects are immutable')
  
      def __str__(self):
          hex = '%032x' % self.int
          return '%s-%s-%s-%s-%s' % (
              hex[:8], hex[8:12], hex[12:16], hex[16:20], hex[20:])
  
      @property
      def bytes(self):
          return self.int.to_bytes(16, 'big')
  
      @property
      def bytes_le(self):
          bytes = self.bytes
          return (bytes[4-1::-1] + bytes[6-1:4-1:-1] + bytes[8-1:6-1:-1] +
                  bytes[8:])
  
      @property
      def fields(self):
          return (self.time_low, self.time_mid, self.time_hi_version,
                  self.clock_seq_hi_variant, self.clock_seq_low, self.node)
  
      @property
      def time_low(self):
          return self.int >> 96
  
      @property
      def time_mid(self):
          return (self.int >> 80) & 0xffff
  
      @property
      def time_hi_version(self):
          return (self.int >> 64) & 0xffff
  
      @property
      def clock_seq_hi_variant(self):
          return (self.int >> 56) & 0xff
  
      @property
      def clock_seq_low(self):
          return (self.int >> 48) & 0xff
  
      @property
      def time(self):
          return (((self.time_hi_version & 0x0fff) << 48) |
                  (self.time_mid << 32) | self.time_low)
  
      @property
      def clock_seq(self):
          return (((self.clock_seq_hi_variant & 0x3f) << 8) |
                  self.clock_seq_low)
  
      @property
      def node(self):
          return self.int & 0xffffffffffff
  
      @property
      def hex(self):
          return '%032x' % self.int
  
      @property
      def urn(self):
          return 'urn:uuid:' + str(self)
  
      @property
      def variant(self):
          if not self.int & (0x8000 << 48):
              return RESERVED_NCS
          elif not self.int & (0x4000 << 48):
              return RFC_4122
          elif not self.int & (0x2000 << 48):
              return RESERVED_MICROSOFT
          else:
              return RESERVED_FUTURE
  
      @property
      def version(self):
          # The version bits are only meaningful for RFC 4122 UUIDs.
          if self.variant == RFC_4122:
              return int((self.int >> 76) & 0xf)
  
  def _popen(command, *args):
      import os, shutil, subprocess
      executable = shutil.which(command)
      if executable is None:
          path = os.pathsep.join(('/sbin', '/usr/sbin'))
          executable = shutil.which(command, path=path)
          if executable is None:
              return None
      # LC_ALL=C to ensure English output, stderr=DEVNULL to prevent output
      # on stderr (Note: we don't have an example where the words we search
      # for are actually localized, but in theory some system could do so.)
      env = dict(os.environ)
      env['LC_ALL'] = 'C'
      proc = subprocess.Popen((executable,) + args,
                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                              stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
                              env=env)
      return proc
  
  # For MAC (a.k.a. IEEE 802, or EUI-48) addresses, the second least significant
  # bit of the first octet signifies whether the MAC address is universally (0)
  # or locally (1) administered.  Network cards from hardware manufacturers will
  # always be universally administered to guarantee global uniqueness of the MAC
  # address, but any particular machine may have other interfaces which are
  # locally administered.  An example of the latter is the bridge interface to
  # the Touch Bar on MacBook Pros.
  #
  # This bit works out to be the 42nd bit counting from 1 being the least
  # significant, or 1<<41.  We'll prefer universally administered MAC addresses
  # over locally administered ones since the former are globally unique, but
  # we'll return the first of the latter found if that's all the machine has.
  #
  # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Universal_vs._local
  
  def _is_universal(mac):
      return not (mac & (1 << 41))
  
  def _find_mac(command, args, hw_identifiers, get_index):
      first_local_mac = None
      try:
          proc = _popen(command, *args.split())
          if not proc:
              return None
          with proc:
              for line in proc.stdout:
                  words = line.lower().rstrip().split()
                  for i in range(len(words)):
                      if words[i] in hw_identifiers:
                          try:
                              word = words[get_index(i)]
                              mac = int(word.replace(b':', b''), 16)
                              if _is_universal(mac):
                                  return mac
                              first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac
                          except (ValueError, IndexError):
                              # Virtual interfaces, such as those provided by
                              # VPNs, do not have a colon-delimited MAC address
                              # as expected, but a 16-byte HWAddr separated by
                              # dashes. These should be ignored in favor of a
                              # real MAC address
                              pass
      except OSError:
          pass
      return first_local_mac or None
  
  def _ifconfig_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ifconfig."""
      # This works on Linux ('' or '-a'), Tru64 ('-av'), but not all Unixes.
      keywords = (b'hwaddr', b'ether', b'address:', b'lladdr')
      for args in ('', '-a', '-av'):
          mac = _find_mac('ifconfig', args, keywords, lambda i: i+1)
          if mac:
              return mac
          return None
  
  def _ip_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ip."""
      # This works on Linux with iproute2.
      mac = _find_mac('ip', 'link', [b'link/ether'], lambda i: i+1)
      if mac:
          return mac
      return None
  
  def _arp_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Unix by running arp."""
      import os, socket
      try:
          ip_addr = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
      except OSError:
          return None
  
      # Try getting the MAC addr from arp based on our IP address (Solaris).
      mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode(ip_addr)], lambda i: -1)
      if mac:
          return mac
  
      # This works on OpenBSD
      mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode(ip_addr)], lambda i: i+1)
      if mac:
          return mac
  
      # This works on Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD
      mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode('(%s)' % ip_addr)],
                      lambda i: i+2)
      # Return None instead of 0.
      if mac:
          return mac
      return None
  
  def _lanscan_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Unix by running lanscan."""
      # This might work on HP-UX.
      return _find_mac('lanscan', '-ai', [b'lan0'], lambda i: 0)
  
  def _netstat_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Unix by running netstat."""
      # This might work on AIX, Tru64 UNIX.
      first_local_mac = None
      try:
          proc = _popen('netstat', '-ia')
          if not proc:
              return None
          with proc:
              words = proc.stdout.readline().rstrip().split()
              try:
                  i = words.index(b'Address')
              except ValueError:
                  return None
              for line in proc.stdout:
                  try:
                      words = line.rstrip().split()
                      word = words[i]
                      if len(word) == 17 and word.count(b':') == 5:
                          mac = int(word.replace(b':', b''), 16)
                          if _is_universal(mac):
                              return mac
                          first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac
                  except (ValueError, IndexError):
                      pass
      except OSError:
          pass
      return first_local_mac or None
  
  def _ipconfig_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Windows by running ipconfig.exe."""
      import os, re, subprocess
      first_local_mac = None
      dirs = ['', r'c:\windows\system32', r'c:\winnt\system32']
      try:
          import ctypes
          buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(300)
          ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetSystemDirectoryA(buffer, 300)
          dirs.insert(0, buffer.value.decode('mbcs'))
      except:
          pass
      for dir in dirs:
          try:
              proc = subprocess.Popen([os.path.join(dir, 'ipconfig'), '/all'],
                                      stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                                      encoding="oem")
          except OSError:
              continue
          with proc:
              for line in proc.stdout:
                  value = line.split(':')[-1].strip().lower()
                  if re.fullmatch('(?:[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]-){5}[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]', value):
                      mac = int(value.replace('-', ''), 16)
                      if _is_universal(mac):
                          return mac
                      first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac
      return first_local_mac or None
  
  def _netbios_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Windows using NetBIOS calls.
      See http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118623 for details."""
      import win32wnet, netbios
      first_local_mac = None
      ncb = netbios.NCB()
      ncb.Command = netbios.NCBENUM
      ncb.Buffer = adapters = netbios.LANA_ENUM()
      adapters._pack()
      if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
          return None
      adapters._unpack()
      for i in range(adapters.length):
          ncb.Reset()
          ncb.Command = netbios.NCBRESET
          ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
          if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
              continue
          ncb.Reset()
          ncb.Command = netbios.NCBASTAT
          ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
          ncb.Callname = '*'.ljust(16)
          ncb.Buffer = status = netbios.ADAPTER_STATUS()
          if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
              continue
          status._unpack()
          bytes = status.adapter_address[:6]
          if len(bytes) != 6:
              continue
          mac = int.from_bytes(bytes, 'big')
          if _is_universal(mac):
              return mac
          first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac
      return first_local_mac or None
  
  
  _generate_time_safe = _UuidCreate = None
  _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = None
  
  # Import optional C extension at toplevel, to help disabling it when testing
  try:
      import _uuid
  except ImportError:
      _uuid = None
  
  
  def _load_system_functions():
      """
      Try to load platform-specific functions for generating uuids.
      """
      global _generate_time_safe, _UuidCreate, _has_uuid_generate_time_safe
  
      if _has_uuid_generate_time_safe is not None:
          return
  
      _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = False
  
      if sys.platform == "darwin" and int(os.uname().release.split('.')[0]) < 9:
          # The uuid_generate_* functions are broken on MacOS X 10.5, as noted
          # in issue #8621 the function generates the same sequence of values
          # in the parent process and all children created using fork (unless
          # those children use exec as well).
          #
          # Assume that the uuid_generate functions are broken from 10.5 onward,
          # the test can be adjusted when a later version is fixed.
          pass
      elif _uuid is not None:
          _generate_time_safe = _uuid.generate_time_safe
          _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = _uuid.has_uuid_generate_time_safe
          return
  
      try:
          # If we couldn't find an extension module, try ctypes to find
          # system routines for UUID generation.
          # Thanks to Thomas Heller for ctypes and for his help with its use here.
          import ctypes
          import ctypes.util
  
          # The uuid_generate_* routines are provided by libuuid on at least
          # Linux and FreeBSD, and provided by libc on Mac OS X.
          _libnames = ['uuid']
          if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
              _libnames.append('c')
          for libname in _libnames:
              try:
                  lib = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library(libname))
              except Exception:                           # pragma: nocover
                  continue
              # Try to find the safe variety first.
              if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time_safe'):
                  _uuid_generate_time_safe = lib.uuid_generate_time_safe
                  # int uuid_generate_time_safe(uuid_t out);
                  def _generate_time_safe():
                      _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
                      res = _uuid_generate_time_safe(_buffer)
                      return bytes(_buffer.raw), res
                  _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = True
                  break
  
              elif hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time'):    # pragma: nocover
                  _uuid_generate_time = lib.uuid_generate_time
                  # void uuid_generate_time(uuid_t out);
                  _uuid_generate_time.restype = None
                  def _generate_time_safe():
                      _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
                      _uuid_generate_time(_buffer)
                      return bytes(_buffer.raw), None
                  break
  
          # On Windows prior to 2000, UuidCreate gives a UUID containing the
          # hardware address.  On Windows 2000 and later, UuidCreate makes a
          # random UUID and UuidCreateSequential gives a UUID containing the
          # hardware address.  These routines are provided by the RPC runtime.
          # NOTE:  at least on Tim's WinXP Pro SP2 desktop box, while the last
          # 6 bytes returned by UuidCreateSequential are fixed, they don't appear
          # to bear any relationship to the MAC address of any network device
          # on the box.
          try:
              lib = ctypes.windll.rpcrt4
          except:
              lib = None
          _UuidCreate = getattr(lib, 'UuidCreateSequential',
                                getattr(lib, 'UuidCreate', None))
  
      except Exception as exc:
          import warnings
          warnings.warn(f"Could not find fallback ctypes uuid functions: {exc}",
                        ImportWarning)
  
  
  def _unix_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Unix using the _uuid extension module
      or ctypes."""
      _load_system_functions()
      uuid_time, _ = _generate_time_safe()
      return UUID(bytes=uuid_time).node
  
  def _windll_getnode():
      """Get the hardware address on Windows using ctypes."""
      import ctypes
      _load_system_functions()
      _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
      if _UuidCreate(_buffer) == 0:
          return UUID(bytes=bytes_(_buffer.raw)).node
  
  def _random_getnode():
      """Get a random node ID."""
      # RFC 4122, $4.1.6 says "For systems with no IEEE address, a randomly or
      # pseudo-randomly generated value may be used; see Section 4.5.  The
      # multicast bit must be set in such addresses, in order that they will
      # never conflict with addresses obtained from network cards."
      #
      # The "multicast bit" of a MAC address is defined to be "the least
      # significant bit of the first octet".  This works out to be the 41st bit
      # counting from 1 being the least significant bit, or 1<<40.
      #
      # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Unicast_vs._multicast
      import random
      return random.getrandbits(48) | (1 << 40)
  
  
  # _OS_GETTERS, when known, are targeted for a specific OS or platform.
  # The order is by 'common practice' on the specified platform.
  # Note: 'posix' and 'windows' _OS_GETTERS are prefixed by a dll/dlload() method
  # which, when successful, means none of these "external" methods are called.
  # _GETTERS is (also) used by test_uuid.py to SkipUnless(), e.g.,
  #     @unittest.skipUnless(_uuid._ifconfig_getnode in _uuid._GETTERS, ...)
  if _LINUX:
      _OS_GETTERS = [_ip_getnode, _ifconfig_getnode]
  elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
      _OS_GETTERS = [_ifconfig_getnode, _arp_getnode, _netstat_getnode]
  elif sys.platform == 'win32':
      _OS_GETTERS = [_netbios_getnode, _ipconfig_getnode]
  elif _AIX:
      _OS_GETTERS = [_netstat_getnode]
  else:
      _OS_GETTERS = [_ifconfig_getnode, _ip_getnode, _arp_getnode,
                     _netstat_getnode, _lanscan_getnode]
  if os.name == 'posix':
      _GETTERS = [_unix_getnode] + _OS_GETTERS
  elif os.name == 'nt':
      _GETTERS = [_windll_getnode] + _OS_GETTERS
  else:
      _GETTERS = _OS_GETTERS
  
  _node = None
  
  def getnode(*, getters=None):
      """Get the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer.
  
      The first time this runs, it may launch a separate program, which could
      be quite slow.  If all attempts to obtain the hardware address fail, we
      choose a random 48-bit number with its eighth bit set to 1 as recommended
      in RFC 4122.
      """
      global _node
      if _node is not None:
          return _node
  
      for getter in _GETTERS + [_random_getnode]:
          try:
              _node = getter()
          except:
              continue
          if (_node is not None) and (0 <= _node < (1 << 48)):
              return _node
      assert False, '_random_getnode() returned invalid value: {}'.format(_node)
  
  
  _last_timestamp = None
  
  def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None):
      """Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time.
      If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware
      address.  If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number;
      otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen."""
  
      # When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't
      # use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122).
      _load_system_functions()
      if _generate_time_safe is not None and node is clock_seq is None:
          uuid_time, safely_generated = _generate_time_safe()
          try:
              is_safe = SafeUUID(safely_generated)
          except ValueError:
              is_safe = SafeUUID.unknown
          return UUID(bytes=uuid_time, is_safe=is_safe)
  
      global _last_timestamp
      import time
      nanoseconds = time.time_ns()
      # 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the
      # UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
      timestamp = nanoseconds // 100 + 0x01b21dd213814000
      if _last_timestamp is not None and timestamp <= _last_timestamp:
          timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1
      _last_timestamp = timestamp
      if clock_seq is None:
          import random
          clock_seq = random.getrandbits(14) # instead of stable storage
      time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffff
      time_mid = (timestamp >> 32) & 0xffff
      time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48) & 0x0fff
      clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xff
      clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8) & 0x3f
      if node is None:
          node = getnode()
      return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
                          clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1)
  
  def uuid3(namespace, name):
      """Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
      from hashlib import md5
      hash = md5(namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8")).digest()
      return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=3)
  
  def uuid4():
      """Generate a random UUID."""
      return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4)
  
  def uuid5(namespace, name):
      """Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
      from hashlib import sha1
      hash = sha1(namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8")).digest()
      return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5)
  
  # The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5().
  
  NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
  NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
  NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
  NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
  