text: /*
   * Copyright (c) 2021 HopeBayTech.
   *
   * This file is part of Tera.
   * See https://github.com/HopeBayMobile for further info.
   *
   * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   * You may obtain a copy of the License at
   *
   *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  // Google Test - The Google C++ Testing Framework
  //
  // This file tests the universal value printer.
  
  #include "gtest/gtest-printers.h"
  
  #include <ctype.h>
  #include <limits.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <deque>
  #include <list>
  #include <map>
  #include <set>
  #include <sstream>
  #include <string>
  #include <utility>
  #include <vector>
  
  #include "gtest/gtest.h"
  
  // hash_map and hash_set are available under Visual C++.
  #if _MSC_VER
  # define GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_ 1  // Indicates that hash_map is available.
  # include <hash_map>            // NOLINT
  # define GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_ 1  // Indicates that hash_set is available.
  # include <hash_set>            // NOLINT
  #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  
  // Some user-defined types for testing the universal value printer.
  
  // An anonymous enum type.
  enum AnonymousEnum {
    kAE1 = -1,
    kAE2 = 1
  };
  
  // An enum without a user-defined printer.
  enum EnumWithoutPrinter {
    kEWP1 = -2,
    kEWP2 = 42
  };
  
  // An enum with a << operator.
  enum EnumWithStreaming {
    kEWS1 = 10
  };
  
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, EnumWithStreaming e) {
    return os << (e == kEWS1 ? "kEWS1" : "invalid");
  }
  
  // An enum with a PrintTo() function.
  enum EnumWithPrintTo {
    kEWPT1 = 1
  };
  
  void PrintTo(EnumWithPrintTo e, std::ostream* os) {
    *os << (e == kEWPT1 ? "kEWPT1" : "invalid");
  }
  
  // A class implicitly convertible to BiggestInt.
  class BiggestIntConvertible {
   public:
    operator ::testing::internal::BiggestInt() const { return 42; }
  };
  
  // A user-defined unprintable class template in the global namespace.
  template <typename T>
  class UnprintableTemplateInGlobal {
   public:
    UnprintableTemplateInGlobal() : value_() {}
   private:
    T value_;
  };
  
  // A user-defined streamable type in the global namespace.
  class StreamableInGlobal {
   public:
    virtual ~StreamableInGlobal() {}
  };
  
  inline void operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const StreamableInGlobal& /* x */) {
    os << "StreamableInGlobal";
  }
  
  void operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const StreamableInGlobal* /* x */) {
    os << "StreamableInGlobal*";
  }
  
  namespace foo {
  
  // A user-defined unprintable type in a user namespace.
  class UnprintableInFoo {
   public:
    UnprintableInFoo() : z_(0) { memcpy(xy_, "\xEF\x12\x0\x0\x34\xAB\x0\x0", 8); }
   private:
    char xy_[8];
    double z_;
  };
  
  // A user-defined printable type in a user-chosen namespace.
  struct PrintableViaPrintTo {
    PrintableViaPrintTo() : value() {}
    int value;
  };
  
  void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintTo& x, ::std::ostream* os) {
    *os << "PrintableViaPrintTo: " << x.value;
  }
  
  // A type with a user-defined << for printing its pointer.
  struct PointerPrintable {
  };
  
  ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os,
                             const PointerPrintable* /* x */) {
    return os << "PointerPrintable*";
  }
  
  // A user-defined printable class template in a user-chosen namespace.
  template <typename T>
  class PrintableViaPrintToTemplate {
   public:
    explicit PrintableViaPrintToTemplate(const T& a_value) : value_(a_value) {}
  
    const T& value() const { return value_; }
   private:
    T value_;
  };
  
  template <typename T>
  void PrintTo(const PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<T>& x, ::std::ostream* os) {
    *os << "PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: " << x.value();
  }
  
  // A user-defined streamable class template in a user namespace.
  template <typename T>
  class StreamableTemplateInFoo {
   public:
    StreamableTemplateInFoo() : value_() {}
  
    const T& value() const { return value_; }
   private:
    T value_;
  };
  
  template <typename T>
  inline ::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os,
                                    const StreamableTemplateInFoo<T>& x) {
    return os << "StreamableTemplateInFoo: " << x.value();
  }
  
  }  // namespace foo
  
  namespace testing {
  namespace gtest_printers_test {
  
  using ::std::deque;
  using ::std::list;
  using ::std::make_pair;
  using ::std::map;
  using ::std::multimap;
  using ::std::multiset;
  using ::std::pair;
  using ::std::set;
  using ::std::vector;
  using ::testing::PrintToString;
  using ::testing::internal::FormatForComparisonFailureMessage;
  using ::testing::internal::ImplicitCast_;
  using ::testing::internal::NativeArray;
  using ::testing::internal::RE;
  using ::testing::internal::Strings;
  using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrint;
  using ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter;
  using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrint;
  using ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings;
  using ::testing::internal::kReference;
  using ::testing::internal::string;
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
  using ::std::tr1::make_tuple;
  using ::std::tr1::tuple;
  #endif
  
  // The hash_* classes are not part of the C++ standard.  STLport
  // defines them in namespace std.  MSVC defines them in ::stdext.  GCC
  // defines them in ::.
  #ifdef _STLP_HASH_MAP  // We got <hash_map> from STLport.
  using ::std::hash_map;
  using ::std::hash_set;
  using ::std::hash_multimap;
  using ::std::hash_multiset;
  #elif _MSC_VER
  using ::stdext::hash_map;
  using ::stdext::hash_set;
  using ::stdext::hash_multimap;
  using ::stdext::hash_multiset;
  #endif
  
  // Prints a value to a string using the universal value printer.  This
  // is a helper for testing UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() for various types.
  template <typename T>
  string Print(const T& value) {
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, &ss);
    return ss.str();
  }
  
  // Prints a value passed by reference to a string, using the universal
  // value printer.  This is a helper for testing
  // UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print() for various types.
  template <typename T>
  string PrintByRef(const T& value) {
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print(value, &ss);
    return ss.str();
  }
  
  // Tests printing various enum types.
  
  TEST(PrintEnumTest, AnonymousEnum) {
    EXPECT_EQ("-1", Print(kAE1));
    EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(kAE2));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithoutPrinter) {
    EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(kEWP1));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", Print(kEWP2));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithStreaming) {
    EXPECT_EQ("kEWS1", Print(kEWS1));
    EXPECT_EQ("invalid", Print(static_cast<EnumWithStreaming>(0)));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintEnumTest, EnumWithPrintTo) {
    EXPECT_EQ("kEWPT1", Print(kEWPT1));
    EXPECT_EQ("invalid", Print(static_cast<EnumWithPrintTo>(0)));
  }
  
  // Tests printing a class implicitly convertible to BiggestInt.
  
  TEST(PrintClassTest, BiggestIntConvertible) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", Print(BiggestIntConvertible()));
  }
  
  // Tests printing various char types.
  
  // char.
  TEST(PrintCharTest, PlainChar) {
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print('\0'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\'' (39, 0x27)", Print('\''));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\"' (34, 0x22)", Print('"'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'?' (63, 0x3F)", Print('?'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\\\' (92, 0x5C)", Print('\\'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\a' (7)", Print('\a'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\b' (8)", Print('\b'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\f' (12, 0xC)", Print('\f'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\n' (10, 0xA)", Print('\n'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\r' (13, 0xD)", Print('\r'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\t' (9)", Print('\t'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\v' (11, 0xB)", Print('\v'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\x7F' (127)", Print('\x7F'));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print('\xFF'));
    EXPECT_EQ("' ' (32, 0x20)", Print(' '));
    EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97, 0x61)", Print('a'));
  }
  
  // signed char.
  TEST(PrintCharTest, SignedChar) {
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<signed char>('\0')));
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\xCE' (-50)",
              Print(static_cast<signed char>(-50)));
  }
  
  // unsigned char.
  TEST(PrintCharTest, UnsignedChar) {
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\0'", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('\0')));
    EXPECT_EQ("'b' (98, 0x62)",
              Print(static_cast<unsigned char>('b')));
  }
  
  // Tests printing other simple, built-in types.
  
  // bool.
  TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Bool) {
    EXPECT_EQ("false", Print(false));
    EXPECT_EQ("true", Print(true));
  }
  
  // wchar_t.
  TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Wchar_t) {
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\0'", Print(L'\0'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\'' (39, 0x27)", Print(L'\''));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\"' (34, 0x22)", Print(L'"'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'?' (63, 0x3F)", Print(L'?'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\\\' (92, 0x5C)", Print(L'\\'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\a' (7)", Print(L'\a'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\b' (8)", Print(L'\b'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\f' (12, 0xC)", Print(L'\f'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\n' (10, 0xA)", Print(L'\n'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\r' (13, 0xD)", Print(L'\r'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\t' (9)", Print(L'\t'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\v' (11, 0xB)", Print(L'\v'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x7F' (127)", Print(L'\x7F'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xFF' (255)", Print(L'\xFF'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L' ' (32, 0x20)", Print(L' '));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'a' (97, 0x61)", Print(L'a'));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\x576' (1398)", Print(static_cast<wchar_t>(0x576)));
    EXPECT_EQ("L'\\xC74D' (51021)", Print(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xC74D)));
  }
  
  // Test that Int64 provides more storage than wchar_t.
  TEST(PrintTypeSizeTest, Wchar_t) {
    EXPECT_LT(sizeof(wchar_t), sizeof(testing::internal::Int64));
  }
  
  // Various integer types.
  TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Integer) {
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\xFF' (255)", Print(static_cast<unsigned char>(255)));  // uint8
    EXPECT_EQ("'\\x80' (-128)", Print(static_cast<signed char>(-128)));  // int8
    EXPECT_EQ("65535", Print(USHRT_MAX));  // uint16
    EXPECT_EQ("-32768", Print(SHRT_MIN));  // int16
    EXPECT_EQ("4294967295", Print(UINT_MAX));  // uint32
    EXPECT_EQ("-2147483648", Print(INT_MIN));  // int32
    EXPECT_EQ("18446744073709551615",
              Print(static_cast<testing::internal::UInt64>(-1)));  // uint64
    EXPECT_EQ("-9223372036854775808",
              Print(static_cast<testing::internal::Int64>(1) << 63));  // int64
  }
  
  // Size types.
  TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, Size_t) {
    EXPECT_EQ("1", Print(sizeof('a')));  // size_t.
  #if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
    // Windows has no ssize_t type.
    EXPECT_EQ("-2", Print(static_cast<ssize_t>(-2)));  // ssize_t.
  #endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
  }
  
  // Floating-points.
  TEST(PrintBuiltInTypeTest, FloatingPoints) {
    EXPECT_EQ("1.5", Print(1.5f));   // float
    EXPECT_EQ("-2.5", Print(-2.5));  // double
  }
  
  // Since ::std::stringstream::operator<<(const void *) formats the pointer
  // output differently with different compilers, we have to create the expected
  // output first and use it as our expectation.
  static string PrintPointer(const void *p) {
    ::std::stringstream expected_result_stream;
    expected_result_stream << p;
    return expected_result_stream.str();
  }
  
  // Tests printing C strings.
  
  // const char*.
  TEST(PrintCStringTest, Const) {
    const char* p = "World";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"World\"", Print(p));
  }
  
  // char*.
  TEST(PrintCStringTest, NonConst) {
    char p[] = "Hi";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"Hi\"",
              Print(static_cast<char*>(p)));
  }
  
  // NULL C string.
  TEST(PrintCStringTest, Null) {
    const char* p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // Tests that C strings are escaped properly.
  TEST(PrintCStringTest, EscapesProperly) {
    const char* p = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to \"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"
              "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\"",
              Print(p));
  }
  
  
  
  // MSVC compiler can be configured to define whar_t as a typedef
  // of unsigned short. Defining an overload for const wchar_t* in that case
  // would cause pointers to unsigned shorts be printed as wide strings,
  // possibly accessing more memory than intended and causing invalid
  // memory accesses. MSVC defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when
  // wchar_t is implemented as a native type.
  #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
  
  // const wchar_t*.
  TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Const) {
    const wchar_t* p = L"World";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"World\"", Print(p));
  }
  
  // wchar_t*.
  TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, NonConst) {
    wchar_t p[] = L"Hi";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p) + " pointing to L\"Hi\"",
              Print(static_cast<wchar_t*>(p)));
  }
  
  // NULL wide C string.
  TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, Null) {
    const wchar_t* p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // Tests that wide C strings are escaped properly.
  TEST(PrintWideCStringTest, EscapesProperly) {
    const wchar_t s[] = {'\'', '"', '?', '\\', '\a', '\b', '\f', '\n', '\r',
                         '\t', '\v', 0xD3, 0x576, 0x8D3, 0xC74D, ' ', 'a', '\0'};
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s) + " pointing to L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f"
              "\\n\\r\\t\\v\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\"",
              Print(static_cast<const wchar_t*>(s)));
  }
  #endif  // native wchar_t
  
  // Tests printing pointers to other char types.
  
  // signed char*.
  TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, SignedChar) {
    signed char* p = reinterpret_cast<signed char*>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // const signed char*.
  TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstSignedChar) {
    signed char* p = reinterpret_cast<signed char*>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // unsigned char*.
  TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, UnsignedChar) {
    unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // const unsigned char*.
  TEST(PrintCharPointerTest, ConstUnsignedChar) {
    const unsigned char* p = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(0x1234);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // Tests printing pointers to simple, built-in types.
  
  // bool*.
  TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Bool) {
    bool* p = reinterpret_cast<bool*>(0xABCD);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // void*.
  TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, Void) {
    void* p = reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xABCD);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // const void*.
  TEST(PrintPointerToBuiltInTypeTest, ConstVoid) {
    const void* p = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0xABCD);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // Tests printing pointers to pointers.
  TEST(PrintPointerToPointerTest, IntPointerPointer) {
    int** p = reinterpret_cast<int**>(0xABCD);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(p), Print(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // Tests printing (non-member) function pointers.
  
  void MyFunction(int /* n */) {}
  
  TEST(PrintPointerTest, NonMemberFunctionPointer) {
    // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the
    // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and
    // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce
    // this limitation.
    EXPECT_EQ(
        PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(
            reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(&MyFunction))),
        Print(&MyFunction));
    int (*p)(bool) = NULL;  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", Print(p));
  }
  
  // An assertion predicate determining whether a one string is a prefix for
  // another.
  template <typename StringType>
  AssertionResult HasPrefix(const StringType& str, const StringType& prefix) {
    if (str.find(prefix, 0) == 0)
      return AssertionSuccess();
  
    const bool is_wide_string = sizeof(prefix[0]) > 1;
    const char* const begin_string_quote = is_wide_string ? "L\"" : "\"";
    return AssertionFailure()
        << begin_string_quote << prefix << "\" is not a prefix of "
        << begin_string_quote << str << "\"\n";
  }
  
  // Tests printing member variable pointers.  Although they are called
  // pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.
  // Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be
  // printed as raw bytes.
  
  struct Foo {
   public:
    virtual ~Foo() {}
    int MyMethod(char x) { return x + 1; }
    virtual char MyVirtualMethod(int /* n */) { return 'a'; }
  
    int value;
  };
  
  TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberVariablePointer) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::value),
                          Print(sizeof(&Foo::value)) + "-byte object "));
    int (Foo::*p) = NULL;  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),
                          Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
  }
  
  // Tests printing member function pointers.  Although they are called
  // pointers, they don't point to a location in the address space.
  // Their representation is implementation-defined.  Thus they will be
  // printed as raw bytes.
  TEST(PrintPointerTest, MemberFunctionPointer) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyMethod),
                          Print(sizeof(&Foo::MyMethod)) + "-byte object "));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        HasPrefix(Print(&Foo::MyVirtualMethod),
                  Print(sizeof((&Foo::MyVirtualMethod))) + "-byte object "));
    int (Foo::*p)(char) = NULL;  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(Print(p),
                          Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
  }
  
  // Tests printing C arrays.
  
  // The difference between this and Print() is that it ensures that the
  // argument is a reference to an array.
  template <typename T, size_t N>
  string PrintArrayHelper(T (&a)[N]) {
    return Print(a);
  }
  
  // One-dimensional array.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, OneDimensionalArray) {
    int a[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // Two-dimensional array.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, TwoDimensionalArray) {
    int a[2][5] = {
      { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 },
      { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 }
    };
    EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 } }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // Array of const elements.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstArray) {
    const bool a[1] = { false };
    EXPECT_EQ("{ false }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // char array without terminating NUL.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, CharArrayWithNoTerminatingNul) {
    // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.
    char a[] = { 'H', '\0', 'i' };
    EXPECT_EQ("\"H\\0i\" (no terminating NUL)", PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // const char array with terminating NUL.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, ConstCharArrayWithTerminatingNul) {
    const char a[] = "\0Hi";
    EXPECT_EQ("\"\\0Hi\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // const wchar_t array without terminating NUL.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, WCharArrayWithNoTerminatingNul) {
    // Array a contains '\0' in the middle and doesn't end with '\0'.
    const wchar_t a[] = { L'H', L'\0', L'i' };
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"H\\0i\" (no terminating NUL)", PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // wchar_t array with terminating NUL.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, WConstCharArrayWithTerminatingNul) {
    const wchar_t a[] = L"\0Hi";
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"\\0Hi\"", PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // Array of objects.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, ObjectArray) {
    string a[3] = { "Hi", "Hello", "Ni hao" };
    EXPECT_EQ("{ \"Hi\", \"Hello\", \"Ni hao\" }", PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // Array with many elements.
  TEST(PrintArrayTest, BigArray) {
    int a[100] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }",
              PrintArrayHelper(a));
  }
  
  // Tests printing ::string and ::std::string.
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
  // ::string.
  TEST(PrintStringTest, StringInGlobalNamespace) {
    const char s[] = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
    const ::string str(s, sizeof(s));
    EXPECT_EQ("\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\\0\"",
              Print(str));
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
  
  // ::std::string.
  TEST(PrintStringTest, StringInStdNamespace) {
    const char s[] = "'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\x7F\xFF a";
    const ::std::string str(s, sizeof(s));
    EXPECT_EQ("\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v\\x7F\\xFF a\\0\"",
              Print(str));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStringTest, StringAmbiguousHex) {
    // "\x6BANANA" is ambiguous, it can be interpreted as starting with either of:
    // '\x6', '\x6B', or '\x6BA'.
  
    // a hex escaping sequence following by a decimal digit
    EXPECT_EQ("\"0\\x12\" \"3\"", Print(::std::string("0\x12" "3")));
    // a hex escaping sequence following by a hex digit (lower-case)
    EXPECT_EQ("\"mm\\x6\" \"bananas\"", Print(::std::string("mm\x6" "bananas")));
    // a hex escaping sequence following by a hex digit (upper-case)
    EXPECT_EQ("\"NOM\\x6\" \"BANANA\"", Print(::std::string("NOM\x6" "BANANA")));
    // a hex escaping sequence following by a non-xdigit
    EXPECT_EQ("\"!\\x5-!\"", Print(::std::string("!\x5-!")));
  }
  
  // Tests printing ::wstring and ::std::wstring.
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
  // ::wstring.
  TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringInGlobalNamespace) {
    const wchar_t s[] = L"'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";
    const ::wstring str(s, sizeof(s)/sizeof(wchar_t));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v"
              "\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\\0\"",
              Print(str));
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  // ::std::wstring.
  TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringInStdNamespace) {
    const wchar_t s[] = L"'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\0\r\t\v\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D a";
    const ::std::wstring str(s, sizeof(s)/sizeof(wchar_t));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\0\\r\\t\\v"
              "\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D a\\0\"",
              Print(str));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintWideStringTest, StringAmbiguousHex) {
    // same for wide strings.
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"0\\x12\" L\"3\"", Print(::std::wstring(L"0\x12" L"3")));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"mm\\x6\" L\"bananas\"",
              Print(::std::wstring(L"mm\x6" L"bananas")));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"NOM\\x6\" L\"BANANA\"",
              Print(::std::wstring(L"NOM\x6" L"BANANA")));
    EXPECT_EQ("L\"!\\x5-!\"", Print(::std::wstring(L"!\x5-!")));
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  
  // Tests printing types that support generic streaming (i.e. streaming
  // to std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits> for any valid Char and
  // CharTraits types).
  
  // Tests printing a non-template type that supports generic streaming.
  
  class AllowsGenericStreaming {};
  
  template <typename Char, typename CharTraits>
  std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
      std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
      const AllowsGenericStreaming& /* a */) {
    return os << "AllowsGenericStreaming";
  }
  
  TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, NonTemplateType) {
    AllowsGenericStreaming a;
    EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreaming", Print(a));
  }
  
  // Tests printing a template type that supports generic streaming.
  
  template <typename T>
  class AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate {};
  
  template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
  std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
      std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
      const AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<T>& /* a */) {
    return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate";
  }
  
  TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TemplateType) {
    AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate<int> a;
    EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingTemplate", Print(a));
  }
  
  // Tests printing a type that supports generic streaming and can be
  // implicitly converted to another printable type.
  
  template <typename T>
  class AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate {
   public:
    operator bool() const { return false; }
  };
  
  template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T>
  std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<(
      std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os,
      const AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<T>& /* a */) {
    return os << "AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate";
  }
  
  TEST(PrintTypeWithGenericStreamingTest, TypeImplicitlyConvertible) {
    AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate<int> a;
    EXPECT_EQ("AllowsGenericStreamingAndImplicitConversionTemplate", Print(a));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
  
  // Tests printing StringPiece.
  
  TEST(PrintStringPieceTest, SimpleStringPiece) {
    const StringPiece sp = "Hello";
    EXPECT_EQ("\"Hello\"", Print(sp));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStringPieceTest, UnprintableCharacters) {
    const char str[] = "NUL (\0) and \r\t";
    const StringPiece sp(str, sizeof(str) - 1);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"NUL (\\0) and \\r\\t\"", Print(sp));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
  
  // Tests printing STL containers.
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, EmptyDeque) {
    deque<char> empty;
    EXPECT_EQ("{}", Print(empty));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NonEmptyDeque) {
    deque<int> non_empty;
    non_empty.push_back(1);
    non_empty.push_back(3);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 3 }", Print(non_empty));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneElementHashMap) {
    hash_map<int, char> map1;
    map1[1] = 'a';
    EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, 'a' (97, 0x61)) }", Print(map1));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiMap) {
    hash_multimap<int, bool> map1;
    map1.insert(make_pair(5, true));
    map1.insert(make_pair(5, false));
  
    // Elements of hash_multimap can be printed in any order.
    const string result = Print(map1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(result == "{ (5, true), (5, false) }" ||
                result == "{ (5, false), (5, true) }")
                    << " where Print(map1) returns \"" << result << "\".";
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_HASH_MAP_
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashSet) {
    hash_set<string> set1;
    set1.insert("hello");
    EXPECT_EQ("{ \"hello\" }", Print(set1));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, HashMultiSet) {
    const int kSize = 5;
    int a[kSize] = { 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 };
    hash_multiset<int> set1(a, a + kSize);
  
    // Elements of hash_multiset can be printed in any order.
    const string result = Print(set1);
    const string expected_pattern = "{ d, d, d, d, d }";  // d means a digit.
  
    // Verifies the result matches the expected pattern; also extracts
    // the numbers in the result.
    ASSERT_EQ(expected_pattern.length(), result.length());
    std::vector<int> numbers;
    for (size_t i = 0; i != result.length(); i++) {
      if (expected_pattern[i] == 'd') {
        ASSERT_NE(isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(result[i])), 0);
        numbers.push_back(result[i] - '0');
      } else {
        EXPECT_EQ(expected_pattern[i], result[i]) << " where result is "
                                                  << result;
      }
    }
  
    // Makes sure the result contains the right numbers.
    std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
    std::sort(a, a + kSize);
    EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(a, a + kSize, numbers.begin()));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_HASH_SET_
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, List) {
    const string a[] = {
      "hello",
      "world"
    };
    const list<string> strings(a, a + 2);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ \"hello\", \"world\" }", Print(strings));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Map) {
    map<int, bool> map1;
    map1[1] = true;
    map1[5] = false;
    map1[3] = true;
    EXPECT_EQ("{ (1, true), (3, true), (5, false) }", Print(map1));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiMap) {
    multimap<bool, int> map1;
    // The make_pair template function would deduce the type as
    // pair<bool, int> here, and since the key part in a multimap has to
    // be constant, without a templated ctor in the pair class (as in
    // libCstd on Solaris), make_pair call would fail to compile as no
    // implicit conversion is found.  Thus explicit typename is used
    // here instead.
    map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(true, 0));
    map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(true, 1));
    map1.insert(pair<const bool, int>(false, 2));
    EXPECT_EQ("{ (false, 2), (true, 0), (true, 1) }", Print(map1));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Set) {
    const unsigned int a[] = { 3, 0, 5 };
    set<unsigned int> set1(a, a + 3);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 0, 3, 5 }", Print(set1));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, MultiSet) {
    const int a[] = { 1, 1, 2, 5, 1 };
    multiset<int> set1(a, a + 5);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 1, 1, 2, 5 }", Print(set1));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Pair) {
    pair<const bool, int> p(true, 5);
    EXPECT_EQ("(true, 5)", Print(p));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Vector) {
    vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(1);
    v.push_back(2);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2 }", Print(v));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, LongSequence) {
    const int a[100] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    const vector<int> v(a, a + 100);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, "
              "0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ... }", Print(v));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, NestedContainer) {
    const int a1[] = { 1, 2 };
    const int a2[] = { 3, 4, 5 };
    const list<int> l1(a1, a1 + 2);
    const list<int> l2(a2, a2 + 3);
  
    vector<list<int> > v;
    v.push_back(l1);
    v.push_back(l2);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }", Print(v));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, OneDimensionalNativeArray) {
    const int a[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    NativeArray<int> b(a, 3, kReference);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ 1, 2, 3 }", Print(b));
  }
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, TwoDimensionalNativeArray) {
    const int a[2][3] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
    NativeArray<int[3]> b(a, 2, kReference);
    EXPECT_EQ("{ { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } }", Print(b));
  }
  
  // Tests that a class named iterator isn't treated as a container.
  
  struct iterator {
    char x;
  };
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, Iterator) {
    iterator it = {};
    EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>", Print(it));
  }
  
  // Tests that a class named const_iterator isn't treated as a container.
  
  struct const_iterator {
    char x;
  };
  
  TEST(PrintStlContainerTest, ConstIterator) {
    const_iterator it = {};
    EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>", Print(it));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
  // Tests printing tuples.
  
  // Tuples of various arities.
  TEST(PrintTupleTest, VariousSizes) {
    tuple<> t0;
    EXPECT_EQ("()", Print(t0));
  
    tuple<int> t1(5);
    EXPECT_EQ("(5)", Print(t1));
  
    tuple<char, bool> t2('a', true);
    EXPECT_EQ("('a' (97, 0x61), true)", Print(t2));
  
    tuple<bool, int, int> t3(false, 2, 3);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3)", Print(t3));
  
    tuple<bool, int, int, int> t4(false, 2, 3, 4);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4)", Print(t4));
  
    tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool> t5(false, 2, 3, 4, true);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true)", Print(t5));
  
    tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int> t6(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6)", Print(t6));
  
    tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int> t7(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7)", Print(t7));
  
    tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int, bool> t8(
        false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true)", Print(t8));
  
    tuple<bool, int, int, int, bool, int, int, bool, int> t9(
        false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true, 9);
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 2, 3, 4, true, 6, 7, true, 9)", Print(t9));
  
    const char* const str = "8";
    // VC++ 2010's implementation of tuple of C++0x is deficient, requiring
    // an explicit type cast of NULL to be used.
    tuple<bool, char, short, testing::internal::Int32,  // NOLINT
        testing::internal::Int64, float, double, const char*, void*, string>
        t10(false, 'a', 3, 4, 5, 1.5F, -2.5, str,
            ImplicitCast_<void*>(NULL), "10");
    EXPECT_EQ("(false, 'a' (97, 0x61), 3, 4, 5, 1.5, -2.5, " + PrintPointer(str) +
              " pointing to \"8\", NULL, \"10\")",
              Print(t10));
  }
  
  // Nested tuples.
  TEST(PrintTupleTest, NestedTuple) {
    tuple<tuple<int, bool>, char> nested(make_tuple(5, true), 'a');
    EXPECT_EQ("((5, true), 'a' (97, 0x61))", Print(nested));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
  
  // Tests printing user-defined unprintable types.
  
  // Unprintable types in the global namespace.
  TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace) {
    EXPECT_EQ("1-byte object <00>",
              Print(UnprintableTemplateInGlobal<char>()));
  }
  
  // Unprintable types in a user namespace.
  TEST(PrintUnprintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace) {
    EXPECT_EQ("16-byte object <EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
              Print(::foo::UnprintableInFoo()));
  }
  
  // Unprintable types are that too big to be printed completely.
  
  struct Big {
    Big() { memset(array, 0, sizeof(array)); }
    char array[257];
  };
  
  TEST(PrintUnpritableTypeTest, BigObject) {
    EXPECT_EQ("257-byte object <00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 ... 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 "
              "00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00>",
              Print(Big()));
  }
  
  // Tests printing user-defined streamable types.
  
  // Streamable types in the global namespace.
  TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, InGlobalNamespace) {
    StreamableInGlobal x;
    EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal", Print(x));
    EXPECT_EQ("StreamableInGlobal*", Print(&x));
  }
  
  // Printable template types in a user namespace.
  TEST(PrintStreamableTypeTest, TemplateTypeInUserNamespace) {
    EXPECT_EQ("StreamableTemplateInFoo: 0",
              Print(::foo::StreamableTemplateInFoo<int>()));
  }
  
  // Tests printing user-defined types that have a PrintTo() function.
  TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, InUserNamespace) {
    EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintTo: 0",
              Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintTo()));
  }
  
  // Tests printing a pointer to a user-defined type that has a <<
  // operator for its pointer.
  TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, PointerInUserNamespace) {
    ::foo::PointerPrintable x;
    EXPECT_EQ("PointerPrintable*", Print(&x));
  }
  
  // Tests printing user-defined class template that have a PrintTo() function.
  TEST(PrintPrintableTypeTest, TemplateInUserNamespace) {
    EXPECT_EQ("PrintableViaPrintToTemplate: 5",
              Print(::foo::PrintableViaPrintToTemplate<int>(5)));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_
  
  // Tests printing a protocol message.
  TEST(PrintProtocolMessageTest, PrintsShortDebugString) {
    testing::internal::TestMessage msg;
    msg.set_member("yes");
    EXPECT_EQ("<member:\"yes\">", Print(msg));
  }
  
  // Tests printing a short proto2 message.
  TEST(PrintProto2MessageTest, PrintsShortDebugStringWhenItIsShort) {
    testing::internal::FooMessage msg;
    msg.set_int_field(2);
    msg.set_string_field("hello");
    EXPECT_PRED2(RE::FullMatch, Print(msg),
                 "<int_field:\\s*2\\s+string_field:\\s*\"hello\">");
  }
  
  // Tests printing a long proto2 message.
  TEST(PrintProto2MessageTest, PrintsDebugStringWhenItIsLong) {
    testing::internal::FooMessage msg;
    msg.set_int_field(2);
    msg.set_string_field("hello");
    msg.add_names("peter");
    msg.add_names("paul");
    msg.add_names("mary");
    EXPECT_PRED2(RE::FullMatch, Print(msg),
                 "<\n"
                 "int_field:\\s*2\n"
                 "string_field:\\s*\"hello\"\n"
                 "names:\\s*\"peter\"\n"
                 "names:\\s*\"paul\"\n"
                 "names:\\s*\"mary\"\n"
                 ">");
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_PROTOBUF_
  
  // Tests that the universal printer prints both the address and the
  // value of a reference.
  TEST(PrintReferenceTest, PrintsAddressAndValue) {
    int n = 5;
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&n) + " 5", PrintByRef(n));
  
    int a[2][3] = {
      { 0, 1, 2 },
      { 3, 4, 5 }
    };
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(a) + " { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }",
              PrintByRef(a));
  
    const ::foo::UnprintableInFoo x;
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + PrintPointer(&x) + " 16-byte object "
              "<EF-12 00-00 34-AB 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00 00-00>",
              PrintByRef(x));
  }
  
  // Tests that the universal printer prints a function pointer passed by
  // reference.
  TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesFunctionPointer) {
    void (*fp)(int n) = &MyFunction;
    const string fp_pointer_string =
        PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&fp));
    // We cannot directly cast &MyFunction to const void* because the
    // standard disallows casting between pointers to functions and
    // pointers to objects, and some compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4) enforce
    // this limitation.
    const string fp_string = PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(
        reinterpret_cast<internal::BiggestInt>(fp)));
    EXPECT_EQ("@" + fp_pointer_string + " " + fp_string,
              PrintByRef(fp));
  }
  
  // Tests that the universal printer prints a member function pointer
  // passed by reference.
  TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberFunctionPointer) {
    int (Foo::*p)(char ch) = &Foo::MyMethod;
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
        PrintByRef(p),
        "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&p)) + " " +
            Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
  
    char (Foo::*p2)(int n) = &Foo::MyVirtualMethod;
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
        PrintByRef(p2),
        "@" + PrintPointer(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&p2)) + " " +
            Print(sizeof(p2)) + "-byte object "));
  }
  
  // Tests that the universal printer prints a member variable pointer
  // passed by reference.
  TEST(PrintReferenceTest, HandlesMemberVariablePointer) {
    int (Foo::*p) = &Foo::value;  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_TRUE(HasPrefix(
        PrintByRef(p),
        "@" + PrintPointer(&p) + " " + Print(sizeof(p)) + "-byte object "));
  }
  
  // Tests that FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(), which is used to print
  // an operand in a comparison assertion (e.g. ASSERT_EQ) when the assertion
  // fails, formats the operand in the desired way.
  
  // scalar
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForScalar) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("123",
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(123, 124).c_str());
  }
  
  // non-char pointer
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForNonCharPointer) {
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&n),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&n, &n).c_str());
  }
  
  // non-char array
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, FormatsNonCharArrayAsPointer) {
    // In expression 'array == x', 'array' is compared by pointer.
    // Therefore we want to print an array operand as a pointer.
    int n[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(n),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(n, n).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests formatting a char pointer when it's compared with another pointer.
  // In this case we want to print it as a raw pointer, as the comparision is by
  // pointer.
  
  // char pointer vs pointer
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsPointer) {
    // In expression 'p == x', where 'p' and 'x' are (const or not) char
    // pointers, the operands are compared by pointer.  Therefore we
    // want to print 'p' as a pointer instead of a C string (we don't
    // even know if it's supposed to point to a valid C string).
  
    // const char*
    const char* s = "hello";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, s).c_str());
  
    // char*
    char ch = 'a';
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&ch),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&ch, &ch).c_str());
  }
  
  // wchar_t pointer vs pointer
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsPointer) {
    // In expression 'p == x', where 'p' and 'x' are (const or not) char
    // pointers, the operands are compared by pointer.  Therefore we
    // want to print 'p' as a pointer instead of a wide C string (we don't
    // even know if it's supposed to point to a valid wide C string).
  
    // const wchar_t*
    const wchar_t* s = L"hello";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, s).c_str());
  
    // wchar_t*
    wchar_t ch = L'a';
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(&ch),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(&ch, &ch).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests formatting a char pointer when it's compared to a string object.
  // In this case we want to print the char pointer as a C string.
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
  // char pointer vs ::string
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsString) {
    const char* s = "hello \"world";
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hello \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::string()).c_str());
  
    // char*
    char str[] = "hi\1";
    char* p = str;
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::string()).c_str());
  }
  #endif
  
  // char pointer vs std::string
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharPointerVsStdString) {
    const char* s = "hello \"world";
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hello \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::std::string()).c_str());
  
    // char*
    char str[] = "hi\1";
    char* p = str;
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::std::string()).c_str());
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
  // wchar_t pointer vs ::wstring
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsWString) {
    const wchar_t* s = L"hi \"world";
    EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::wstring()).c_str());
  
    // wchar_t*
    wchar_t str[] = L"hi\1";
    wchar_t* p = str;
    EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::wstring()).c_str());
  }
  #endif
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  // wchar_t pointer vs std::wstring
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharPointerVsStdWString) {
    const wchar_t* s = L"hi \"world";
    EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi \\\"world\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(s, ::std::wstring()).c_str());
  
    // wchar_t*
    wchar_t str[] = L"hi\1";
    wchar_t* p = str;
    EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi\\x1\"",  // The string content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(p, ::std::wstring()).c_str());
  }
  #endif
  
  // Tests formatting a char array when it's compared with a pointer or array.
  // In this case we want to print the array as a row pointer, as the comparison
  // is by pointer.
  
  // char array vs pointer
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsPointer) {
    char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
    char* p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, p).c_str());
  }
  
  // char array vs char array
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsCharArray) {
    const char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, str).c_str());
  }
  
  // wchar_t array vs pointer
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsPointer) {
    wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";
    wchar_t* p = NULL;
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, p).c_str());
  }
  
  // wchar_t array vs wchar_t array
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsWCharArray) {
    const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(str),
              FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, str).c_str());
  }
  
  // Tests formatting a char array when it's compared with a string object.
  // In this case we want to print the array as a C string.
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
  // char array vs string
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsString) {
    const char str[] = "hi \"w\0rld\"";
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi \\\"w\"",  // The content should be escaped.
                                  // Embedded NUL terminates the string.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::string()).c_str());
  }
  #endif
  
  // char array vs std::string
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForCharArrayVsStdString) {
    const char str[] = "hi \"world\"";
    EXPECT_STREQ("\"hi \\\"world\\\"\"",  // The content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::std::string()).c_str());
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
  // wchar_t array vs wstring
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsWString) {
    const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"world\"";
    EXPECT_STREQ("L\"hi \\\"world\\\"\"",  // The content should be escaped.
                 FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::wstring()).c_str());
  }
  #endif
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  // wchar_t array vs std::wstring
  TEST(FormatForComparisonFailureMessageTest, WorksForWCharArrayVsStdWString) {
    const wchar_t str[] = L"hi \"w\0rld\"";
    EXPECT_STREQ(
        "L\"hi \\\"w\"",  // The content should be escaped.
                          // Embedded NUL terminates the string.
        FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(str, ::std::wstring()).c_str());
  }
  #endif
  
  // Useful for testing PrintToString().  We cannot use EXPECT_EQ()
  // there as its implementation uses PrintToString().  The caller must
  // ensure that 'value' has no side effect.
  #define EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(value, expected_string)         \
    EXPECT_TRUE(PrintToString(value) == (expected_string))        \
        << " where " #value " prints as " << (PrintToString(value))
  
  TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForScalar) {
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(123, "123");
  }
  
  TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToConstChar) {
    const char* p = "hello";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\"");
  }
  
  TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForPointerToNonConstChar) {
    char s[] = "hello";
    char* p = s;
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\"");
  }
  
  TEST(PrintToStringTest, EscapesForPointerToConstChar) {
    const char* p = "hello\n";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\\n\"");
  }
  
  TEST(PrintToStringTest, EscapesForPointerToNonConstChar) {
    char s[] = "hello\1";
    char* p = s;
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(p, "\"hello\\x1\"");
  }
  
  TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForArray) {
    int n[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(n, "{ 1, 2, 3 }");
  }
  
  TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForCharArray) {
    char s[] = "hello";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(s, "\"hello\"");
  }
  
  TEST(PrintToStringTest, WorksForCharArrayWithEmbeddedNul) {
    const char str_with_nul[] = "hello\0 world";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(str_with_nul, "\"hello\\0 world\"");
  
    char mutable_str_with_nul[] = "hello\0 world";
    EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_(mutable_str_with_nul, "\"hello\\0 world\"");
  }
  
  #undef EXPECT_PRINT_TO_STRING_
  
  TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForNonReference) {
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalTersePrint(123, &ss);
    EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForReference) {
    const int& n = 123;
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalTersePrint(n, &ss);
    EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalTersePrintTest, WorksForCString) {
    const char* s1 = "abc";
    ::std::stringstream ss1;
    UniversalTersePrint(s1, &ss1);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss1.str());
  
    char* s2 = const_cast<char*>(s1);
    ::std::stringstream ss2;
    UniversalTersePrint(s2, &ss2);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"abc\"", ss2.str());
  
    const char* s3 = NULL;
    ::std::stringstream ss3;
    UniversalTersePrint(s3, &ss3);
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForNonReference) {
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalPrint(123, &ss);
    EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForReference) {
    const int& n = 123;
    ::std::stringstream ss;
    UniversalPrint(n, &ss);
    EXPECT_EQ("123", ss.str());
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCString) {
    const char* s1 = "abc";
    ::std::stringstream ss1;
    UniversalPrint(s1, &ss1);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s1) + " pointing to \"abc\"", string(ss1.str()));
  
    char* s2 = const_cast<char*>(s1);
    ::std::stringstream ss2;
    UniversalPrint(s2, &ss2);
    EXPECT_EQ(PrintPointer(s2) + " pointing to \"abc\"", string(ss2.str()));
  
    const char* s3 = NULL;
    ::std::stringstream ss3;
    UniversalPrint(s3, &ss3);
    EXPECT_EQ("NULL", ss3.str());
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalPrintTest, WorksForCharArray) {
    const char str[] = "\"Line\0 1\"\nLine 2";
    ::std::stringstream ss1;
    UniversalPrint(str, &ss1);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"\\\"Line\\0 1\\\"\\nLine 2\"", ss1.str());
  
    const char mutable_str[] = "\"Line\0 1\"\nLine 2";
    ::std::stringstream ss2;
    UniversalPrint(mutable_str, &ss2);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"\\\"Line\\0 1\\\"\\nLine 2\"", ss2.str());
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
  
  TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsEmptyTuple) {
    Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, result.size());
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsOneTuple) {
    Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(1u, result.size());
    EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsTwoTuple) {
    Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(make_tuple(1, 'a'));
    ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());
    EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ("'a' (97, 0x61)", result[1]);
  }
  
  TEST(UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStringsTest, PrintsTersely) {
    const int n = 1;
    Strings result = UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
        tuple<const int&, const char*>(n, "a"));
    ASSERT_EQ(2u, result.size());
    EXPECT_EQ("1", result[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ("\"a\"", result[1]);
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE
  
  }  // namespace gtest_printers_test
  }  // namespace testing
  