text: # This code is part of Qiskit.
  #
  # (C) Copyright IBM 2017.
  #
  # This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
  # obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
  # of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
  #
  # Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
  # copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
  # that they have been altered from the originals.
  
  """Unitary gate."""
  
  from warnings import warn
  from typing import List, Optional, Union, Tuple
  import numpy as np
  from scipy.linalg import schur
  
  from qiskit.circuit.parameterexpression import ParameterExpression
  from qiskit.circuit.exceptions import CircuitError
  from .instruction import Instruction
  
  
  class Gate(Instruction):
      """Unitary gate."""
  
      def __init__(
          self, name: str, num_qubits: int, params: List, label: Optional[str] = None
      ) -> None:
          """Create a new gate.
  
          Args:
              name: The Qobj name of the gate.
              num_qubits: The number of qubits the gate acts on.
              params: A list of parameters.
              label: An optional label for the gate.
          """
          self.definition = None
          super().__init__(name, num_qubits, 0, params, label=label)
  
      # Set higher priority than Numpy array and matrix classes
      __array_priority__ = 20
  
      def to_matrix(self) -> np.ndarray:
          """Return a Numpy.array for the gate unitary matrix.
  
          Returns:
              np.ndarray: if the Gate subclass has a matrix definition.
  
          Raises:
              CircuitError: If a Gate subclass does not implement this method an
                  exception will be raised when this base class method is called.
          """
          if hasattr(self, "__array__"):
              # pylint: disable=no-member
              return self.__array__(dtype=complex)
          raise CircuitError(f"to_matrix not defined for this {type(self)}")
  
      def power(self, exponent: float):
          """Creates a unitary gate as `gate^exponent`.
  
          Args:
              exponent (float): Gate^exponent
  
          Returns:
              qiskit.extensions.UnitaryGate: To which `to_matrix` is self.to_matrix^exponent.
  
          Raises:
              CircuitError: If Gate is not unitary
          """
          from qiskit.quantum_info.operators import Operator  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
          from qiskit.extensions.unitary import UnitaryGate  # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
  
          # Should be diagonalized because it's a unitary.
          decomposition, unitary = schur(Operator(self).data, output="complex")
          # Raise the diagonal entries to the specified power
          decomposition_power = list()
  
          decomposition_diagonal = decomposition.diagonal()
          # assert off-diagonal are 0
          if not np.allclose(np.diag(decomposition_diagonal), decomposition):
              raise CircuitError("The matrix is not diagonal")
  
          for element in decomposition_diagonal:
              decomposition_power.append(pow(element, exponent))
          # Then reconstruct the resulting gate.
          unitary_power = unitary @ np.diag(decomposition_power) @ unitary.conj().T
          return UnitaryGate(unitary_power, label=f"{self.name}^{exponent}")
  
      def _return_repeat(self, exponent: float) -> "Gate":
          return Gate(name=f"{self.name}*{exponent}", num_qubits=self.num_qubits, params=self.params)
  
      def control(
          self,
          num_ctrl_qubits: int = 1,
          label: Optional[str] = None,
          ctrl_state: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
      ):
          """Return controlled version of gate. See :class:`.ControlledGate` for usage.
  
          Args:
              num_ctrl_qubits: number of controls to add to gate (default=1)
              label: optional gate label
              ctrl_state: The control state in decimal or as a bitstring
                  (e.g. '111'). If None, use 2**num_ctrl_qubits-1.
  
          Returns:
              qiskit.circuit.ControlledGate: Controlled version of gate. This default algorithm
              uses num_ctrl_qubits-1 ancillae qubits so returns a gate of size
              num_qubits + 2*num_ctrl_qubits - 1.
  
          Raises:
              QiskitError: unrecognized mode or invalid ctrl_state
          """
          # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
          from .add_control import add_control
  
          return add_control(self, num_ctrl_qubits, label, ctrl_state)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _broadcast_single_argument(qarg: List) -> List:
          """Expands a single argument.
  
          For example: [q[0], q[1]] -> [q[0]], [q[1]]
          """
          # [q[0], q[1]] -> [q[0]]
          #              -> [q[1]]
          for arg0 in qarg:
              yield [arg0], []
  
      @staticmethod
      def _broadcast_2_arguments(qarg0: List, qarg1: List) -> List:
          if len(qarg0) == len(qarg1):
              # [[q[0], q[1]], [r[0], r[1]]] -> [q[0], r[0]]
              #                              -> [q[1], r[1]]
              for arg0, arg1 in zip(qarg0, qarg1):
                  yield [arg0, arg1], []
          elif len(qarg0) == 1:
              # [[q[0]], [r[0], r[1]]] -> [q[0], r[0]]
              #                        -> [q[0], r[1]]
              for arg1 in qarg1:
                  yield [qarg0[0], arg1], []
          elif len(qarg1) == 1:
              # [[q[0], q[1]], [r[0]]] -> [q[0], r[0]]
              #                        -> [q[1], r[0]]
              for arg0 in qarg0:
                  yield [arg0, qarg1[0]], []
          else:
              raise CircuitError(
                  f"Not sure how to combine these two-qubit arguments:\n {qarg0}\n {qarg1}"
              )
  
      @staticmethod
      def _broadcast_3_or_more_args(qargs: List) -> List:
          if all(len(qarg) == len(qargs[0]) for qarg in qargs):
              for arg in zip(*qargs):
                  yield list(arg), []
          else:
              raise CircuitError("Not sure how to combine these qubit arguments:\n %s\n" % qargs)
  
      def broadcast_arguments(self, qargs: List, cargs: List) -> Tuple[List, List]:
          """Validation and handling of the arguments and its relationship.
  
          For example, ``cx([q[0],q[1]], q[2])`` means ``cx(q[0], q[2]); cx(q[1], q[2])``. This
          method yields the arguments in the right grouping. In the given example::
  
              in: [[q[0],q[1]], q[2]],[]
              outs: [q[0], q[2]], []
                    [q[1], q[2]], []
  
          The general broadcasting rules are:
  
              * If len(qargs) == 1::
  
                  [q[0], q[1]] -> [q[0]],[q[1]]
  
              * If len(qargs) == 2::
  
                  [[q[0], q[1]], [r[0], r[1]]] -> [q[0], r[0]], [q[1], r[1]]
                  [[q[0]], [r[0], r[1]]]       -> [q[0], r[0]], [q[0], r[1]]
                  [[q[0], q[1]], [r[0]]]       -> [q[0], r[0]], [q[1], r[0]]
  
              * If len(qargs) >= 3::
  
                  [q[0], q[1]], [r[0], r[1]],  ...] -> [q[0], r[0], ...], [q[1], r[1], ...]
  
          Args:
              qargs: List of quantum bit arguments.
              cargs: List of classical bit arguments.
  
          Returns:
              A tuple with single arguments.
  
          Raises:
              CircuitError: If the input is not valid. For example, the number of
                  arguments does not match the gate expectation.
          """
          if len(qargs) != self.num_qubits or cargs:
              raise CircuitError(
                  f"The amount of qubit({len(qargs)})/clbit({len(cargs)}) arguments does"
                  f" not match the gate expectation ({self.num_qubits})."
              )
  
          if any(not qarg for qarg in qargs):
              raise CircuitError("One or more of the arguments are empty")
  
          if len(qargs) == 1:
              return Gate._broadcast_single_argument(qargs[0])
          elif len(qargs) == 2:
              return Gate._broadcast_2_arguments(qargs[0], qargs[1])
          elif len(qargs) >= 3:
              return Gate._broadcast_3_or_more_args(qargs)
          else:
              raise CircuitError("This gate cannot handle %i arguments" % len(qargs))
  
      def validate_parameter(self, parameter):
          """Gate parameters should be int, float, or ParameterExpression"""
          if isinstance(parameter, ParameterExpression):
              if len(parameter.parameters) > 0:
                  return parameter  # expression has free parameters, we cannot validate it
              if not parameter.is_real():
                  msg = f"Bound parameter expression is complex in gate {self.name}"
                  raise CircuitError(msg)
              return parameter  # per default assume parameters must be real when bound
          if isinstance(parameter, (int, float)):
              return parameter
          elif isinstance(parameter, (np.integer, np.floating)):
              return parameter.item()
          elif isinstance(parameter, np.ndarray):
              warn(
                  "Gate param type %s is being deprecated as of 0.16.0, and will be removed "
                  "no earlier than 3 months after that release date. "
                  "Considering creating your own Gate subclass with the method validate_parameter "
                  " to allow this param type." % type(parameter),
                  DeprecationWarning,
                  3,
              )
              return parameter
          else:
              raise CircuitError(f"Invalid param type {type(parameter)} for gate {self.name}.")
  