text: /*
   * Copyright (c) 2008-2017 Nicira, Inc.
   *
   * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
   *
   *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  #include <config.h>
  #include <ctype.h>
  #include <errno.h>
  #include <getopt.h>
  #include <inttypes.h>
  #include <sys/socket.h>
  #include <net/if.h>
  #include <signal.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <sys/stat.h>
  #include <sys/time.h>
  
  #include "byte-order.h"
  #include "classifier.h"
  #include "command-line.h"
  #include "daemon.h"
  #include "colors.h"
  #include "compiler.h"
  #include "dirs.h"
  #include "dp-packet.h"
  #include "fatal-signal.h"
  #include "nx-match.h"
  #include "odp-util.h"
  #include "ofp-version-opt.h"
  #include "ofproto/ofproto.h"
  #include "openflow/nicira-ext.h"
  #include "openflow/openflow.h"
  #include "openvswitch/dynamic-string.h"
  #include "openvswitch/meta-flow.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-actions.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-bundle.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-errors.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-group.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-match.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-meter.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-msgs.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-monitor.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-port.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-print.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-util.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-parse.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-queue.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-switch.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-table.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofpbuf.h"
  #include "openvswitch/shash.h"
  #include "openvswitch/vconn.h"
  #include "openvswitch/vlog.h"
  #include "packets.h"
  #include "pcap-file.h"
  #include "openvswitch/poll-loop.h"
  #include "random.h"
  #include "sort.h"
  #include "stream-ssl.h"
  #include "socket-util.h"
  #include "timeval.h"
  #include "unixctl.h"
  #include "util.h"
  
  VLOG_DEFINE_THIS_MODULE(ofctl);
  
  /* --bundle: Use OpenFlow 1.3+ bundle for making the flow table change atomic.
   * NOTE: If OpenFlow 1.3 or higher is not selected with the '-O' option,
   * OpenFlow 1.4 will be implicitly selected.  Also the flow mod will use
   * OpenFlow 1.4, so the semantics may be different (see the comment in
   * parse_options() for details).
   */
  static bool bundle = false;
  
  /* --color: Use color markers. */
  static bool enable_color;
  
  /* --read-only: Do not execute read only commands. */
  static bool read_only;
  
  /* --strict: Use strict matching for flow mod commands?  Additionally governs
   * use of nx_pull_match() instead of nx_pull_match_loose() in parse-nx-match.
   */
  static bool strict;
  
  /* --may-create: If true, the mod-group command creates a group that does not
   * yet exist; otherwise, such a command has no effect. */
  static bool may_create;
  
  /* --readd: If true, on replace-flows, re-add even flows that have not changed
   * (to reset flow counters). */
  static bool readd;
  
  /* -F, --flow-format: Allowed protocols.  By default, any protocol is
   * allowed. */
  static enum ofputil_protocol allowed_protocols = OFPUTIL_P_ANY;
  
  /* -P, --packet-in-format: Packet IN format to use in monitor and snoop
   * commands.  Either one of NXPIF_* to force a particular packet_in format, or
   * -1 to let ovs-ofctl choose the default. */
  static int preferred_packet_in_format = -1;
  
  /* -m, --more: Additional verbosity for ofp-print functions. */
  static int verbosity;
  
  /* --timestamp: Print a timestamp before each received packet on "monitor" and
   * "snoop" command? */
  static bool timestamp;
  
  /* --unixctl-path: Path to use for unixctl server, for "monitor" and "snoop"
       commands. */
  static char *unixctl_path;
  
  /* --sort, --rsort: Sort order. */
  enum sort_order { SORT_ASC, SORT_DESC };
  struct sort_criterion {
      const struct mf_field *field; /* NULL means to sort by priority. */
      enum sort_order order;
  };
  static struct sort_criterion *criteria;
  static size_t n_criteria, allocated_criteria;
  
  /* --names, --no-names: Show port and table names in output and accept them in
   * input.  (When neither is specified, the default is to accept port names but,
   * for backward compatibility, not to show them unless this is an interactive
   * console session.)  */
  static int use_names = -1;
  static const struct ofputil_port_map *ports_to_accept(const char *vconn_name);
  static const struct ofputil_port_map *ports_to_show(const char *vconn_name);
  static const struct ofputil_table_map *tables_to_accept(
      const char *vconn_name);
  static const struct ofputil_table_map *tables_to_show(const char *vconn_name);
  static bool should_accept_names(void);
  static bool should_show_names(void);
  
  /* --stats, --no-stats: Show statistics in flow dumps? */
  static int show_stats = 1;
  
  /* --pcap: Makes "compose-packet" print a pcap on stdout. */
  static int print_pcap = 0;
  
  /* --raw: Makes "ofp-print" read binary data from stdin. */
  static int raw = 0;
  
  static const struct ovs_cmdl_command *get_all_commands(void);
  
  OVS_NO_RETURN static void usage(void);
  static void parse_options(int argc, char *argv[]);
  
  int
  main(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
      struct ovs_cmdl_context ctx = { .argc = 0, };
      set_program_name(argv[0]);
      service_start(&argc, &argv);
      parse_options(argc, argv);
      fatal_ignore_sigpipe();
      ctx.argc = argc - optind;
      ctx.argv = argv + optind;
  
      daemon_become_new_user(false);
      if (read_only) {
          ovs_cmdl_run_command_read_only(&ctx, get_all_commands());
      } else {
          ovs_cmdl_run_command(&ctx, get_all_commands());
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  add_sort_criterion(enum sort_order order, const char *field)
  {
      struct sort_criterion *sc;
  
      if (n_criteria >= allocated_criteria) {
          criteria = x2nrealloc(criteria, &allocated_criteria, sizeof *criteria);
      }
  
      sc = &criteria[n_criteria++];
      if (!field || !strcasecmp(field, "priority")) {
          sc->field = NULL;
      } else {
          sc->field = mf_from_name(field);
          if (!sc->field) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s: unknown field name", field);
          }
      }
      sc->order = order;
  }
  
  static void
  parse_options(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
      enum {
          OPT_STRICT = UCHAR_MAX + 1,
          OPT_READD,
          OPT_TIMESTAMP,
          OPT_SORT,
          OPT_RSORT,
          OPT_UNIXCTL,
          OPT_BUNDLE,
          OPT_COLOR,
          OPT_MAY_CREATE,
          OPT_READ_ONLY,
          DAEMON_OPTION_ENUMS,
          OFP_VERSION_OPTION_ENUMS,
          VLOG_OPTION_ENUMS,
          SSL_OPTION_ENUMS,
      };
      static const struct option long_options[] = {
          {"timeout", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
          {"strict", no_argument, NULL, OPT_STRICT},
          {"readd", no_argument, NULL, OPT_READD},
          {"flow-format", required_argument, NULL, 'F'},
          {"packet-in-format", required_argument, NULL, 'P'},
          {"more", no_argument, NULL, 'm'},
          {"timestamp", no_argument, NULL, OPT_TIMESTAMP},
          {"sort", optional_argument, NULL, OPT_SORT},
          {"rsort", optional_argument, NULL, OPT_RSORT},
          {"names", no_argument, &use_names, 1},
          {"no-names", no_argument, &use_names, 0},
          {"stats", no_argument, &show_stats, 1},
          {"no-stats", no_argument, &show_stats, 0},
          {"unixctl",     required_argument, NULL, OPT_UNIXCTL},
          {"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
          {"option", no_argument, NULL, 'o'},
          {"bundle", no_argument, NULL, OPT_BUNDLE},
          {"color", optional_argument, NULL, OPT_COLOR},
          {"may-create", no_argument, NULL, OPT_MAY_CREATE},
          {"pcap", no_argument, &print_pcap, 1},
          {"raw", no_argument, &raw, 1},
          {"read-only", no_argument, NULL, OPT_READ_ONLY},
          DAEMON_LONG_OPTIONS,
          OFP_VERSION_LONG_OPTIONS,
          VLOG_LONG_OPTIONS,
          STREAM_SSL_LONG_OPTIONS,
          {NULL, 0, NULL, 0},
      };
      char *short_options = ovs_cmdl_long_options_to_short_options(long_options);
      uint32_t versions;
      enum ofputil_protocol version_protocols;
  
      /* For now, ovs-ofctl only enables OpenFlow 1.0 by default.  This is
       * because ovs-ofctl implements command such as "add-flow" as raw OpenFlow
       * requests, but those requests have subtly different semantics in
       * different OpenFlow versions.  For example:
       *
       *     - In OpenFlow 1.0, a "mod-flow" operation that does not find any
       *       existing flow to modify adds a new flow.
       *
       *     - In OpenFlow 1.1, a "mod-flow" operation that does not find any
       *       existing flow to modify adds a new flow, but only if the mod-flow
       *       did not match on the flow cookie.
       *
       *     - In OpenFlow 1.2 and a later, a "mod-flow" operation never adds a
       *       new flow.
       */
      set_allowed_ofp_versions("OpenFlow10");
  
      for (;;) {
          unsigned long int timeout;
          int c;
  
          c = getopt_long(argc, argv, short_options, long_options, NULL);
          if (c == -1) {
              break;
          }
  
          switch (c) {
          case 't':
              timeout = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
              if (timeout <= 0) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "value %s on -t or --timeout is not at least 1",
                            optarg);
              } else {
                  time_alarm(timeout);
              }
              break;
  
          case 'F':
              allowed_protocols = ofputil_protocols_from_string(optarg);
              if (!allowed_protocols) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "%s: invalid flow format(s)", optarg);
              }
              break;
  
          case 'P':
              preferred_packet_in_format =
                  ofputil_packet_in_format_from_string(optarg);
              if (preferred_packet_in_format < 0) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "unknown packet-in format `%s'", optarg);
              }
              break;
  
          case 'm':
              verbosity++;
              break;
  
          case 'h':
              usage();
  
          case 'o':
              ovs_cmdl_print_options(long_options);
              exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
  
          case OPT_BUNDLE:
              bundle = true;
              break;
  
          case OPT_STRICT:
              strict = true;
              break;
  
          case OPT_READ_ONLY:
              read_only = true;
              break;
  
          case OPT_READD:
              readd = true;
              break;
  
          case OPT_TIMESTAMP:
              timestamp = true;
              break;
  
          case OPT_SORT:
              add_sort_criterion(SORT_ASC, optarg);
              break;
  
          case OPT_RSORT:
              add_sort_criterion(SORT_DESC, optarg);
              break;
  
          case OPT_UNIXCTL:
              unixctl_path = optarg;
              break;
  
          case OPT_COLOR:
              if (optarg) {
                  if (!strcasecmp(optarg, "always")
                      || !strcasecmp(optarg, "yes")
                      || !strcasecmp(optarg, "force")) {
                      enable_color = true;
                  } else if (!strcasecmp(optarg, "never")
                             || !strcasecmp(optarg, "no")
                             || !strcasecmp(optarg, "none")) {
                      enable_color = false;
                  } else if (!strcasecmp(optarg, "auto")
                             || !strcasecmp(optarg, "tty")
                             || !strcasecmp(optarg, "if-tty")) {
                      /* Determine whether we need colors, i.e. whether standard
                       * output is a tty. */
                      enable_color = is_stdout_a_tty();
                  } else {
                      ovs_fatal(0, "incorrect value `%s' for --color", optarg);
                  }
              } else {
                  enable_color = is_stdout_a_tty();
              }
          break;
  
          case OPT_MAY_CREATE:
              may_create = true;
              break;
  
          DAEMON_OPTION_HANDLERS
          OFP_VERSION_OPTION_HANDLERS
          VLOG_OPTION_HANDLERS
          STREAM_SSL_OPTION_HANDLERS
  
          case '?':
              exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  
          case 0:
              break;
  
          default:
              abort();
          }
      }
  
      if (n_criteria) {
          /* Always do a final sort pass based on priority. */
          add_sort_criterion(SORT_DESC, "priority");
      }
  
      free(short_options);
  
      /* Implicit OpenFlow 1.4 with the '--bundle' option. */
      if (bundle && !(get_allowed_ofp_versions() &
                      ofputil_protocols_to_version_bitmap(OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP))) {
          /* Add implicit allowance for OpenFlow 1.4. */
          add_allowed_ofp_versions(ofputil_protocols_to_version_bitmap(
                                       OFPUTIL_P_OF14_OXM));
          /* Remove all versions that do not support bundles. */
          mask_allowed_ofp_versions(ofputil_protocols_to_version_bitmap(
                                       OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP));
      }
      versions = get_allowed_ofp_versions();
      version_protocols = ofputil_protocols_from_version_bitmap(versions);
      if (!(allowed_protocols & version_protocols)) {
          char *protocols = ofputil_protocols_to_string(allowed_protocols);
          struct ds version_s = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
  
          ofputil_format_version_bitmap_names(&version_s, versions);
          ovs_fatal(0, "None of the enabled OpenFlow versions (%s) supports "
                    "any of the enabled flow formats (%s).  (Use -O to enable "
                    "additional OpenFlow versions or -F to enable additional "
                    "flow formats.)", ds_cstr(&version_s), protocols);
      }
      allowed_protocols &= version_protocols;
      mask_allowed_ofp_versions(ofputil_protocols_to_version_bitmap(
                                    allowed_protocols));
  
      colors_init(enable_color);
  }
  
  static void
  usage(void)
  {
      printf("%s: OpenFlow switch management utility\n"
             "usage: %s [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARG...]\n"
             "\nFor OpenFlow switches:\n"
             "  show SWITCH                 show OpenFlow information\n"
             "  dump-desc SWITCH            print switch description\n"
             "  dump-tables SWITCH          print table stats\n"
             "  dump-table-features SWITCH  print table features\n"
             "  dump-table-desc SWITCH      print table description (OF1.4+)\n"
             "  mod-port SWITCH IFACE ACT   modify port behavior\n"
             "  mod-table SWITCH MOD        modify flow table behavior\n"
             "      OF1.1/1.2 MOD: controller, continue, drop\n"
             "      OF1.4+ MOD: evict, noevict, vacancy:low,high, novacancy\n"
             "  get-frags SWITCH            print fragment handling behavior\n"
             "  set-frags SWITCH FRAG_MODE  set fragment handling behavior\n"
             "      FRAG_MODE: normal, drop, reassemble, nx-match\n"
             "  dump-ports SWITCH [PORT]    print port statistics\n"
             "  dump-ports-desc SWITCH [PORT]  print port descriptions\n"
             "  dump-flows SWITCH           print all flow entries\n"
             "  dump-flows SWITCH FLOW      print matching FLOWs\n"
             "  dump-aggregate SWITCH       print aggregate flow statistics\n"
             "  dump-aggregate SWITCH FLOW  print aggregate stats for FLOWs\n"
             "  queue-stats SWITCH [PORT [QUEUE]]  dump queue stats\n"
             "  add-flow SWITCH FLOW        add flow described by FLOW\n"
             "  add-flows SWITCH FILE       add flows from FILE\n"
             "  mod-flows SWITCH FLOW       modify actions of matching FLOWs\n"
             "  del-flows SWITCH [FLOW]     delete matching FLOWs\n"
             "  replace-flows SWITCH FILE   replace flows with those in FILE\n"
             "  diff-flows SOURCE1 SOURCE2  compare flows from two sources\n"
             "  packet-out SWITCH IN_PORT ACTIONS PACKET...\n"
             "                              execute ACTIONS on PACKET\n"
             "  monitor SWITCH [MISSLEN] [invalid_ttl] [watch:[...]]\n"
             "                              print packets received from SWITCH\n"
             "  snoop SWITCH                snoop on SWITCH and its controller\n"
             "  add-group SWITCH GROUP      add group described by GROUP\n"
             "  add-groups SWITCH FILE      add group from FILE\n"
             "  [--may-create] mod-group SWITCH GROUP   modify specific group\n"
             "  del-groups SWITCH [GROUP]   delete matching GROUPs\n"
             "  insert-buckets SWITCH [GROUP] add buckets to GROUP\n"
             "  remove-buckets SWITCH [GROUP] remove buckets from GROUP\n"
             "  dump-group-features SWITCH  print group features\n"
             "  dump-groups SWITCH [GROUP]  print group description\n"
             "  dump-group-stats SWITCH [GROUP]  print group statistics\n"
             "  queue-get-config SWITCH [PORT]  print queue config for PORT\n"
             "  add-meter SWITCH METER      add meter described by METER\n"
             "  mod-meter SWITCH METER      modify specific METER\n"
             "  del-meter SWITCH METER      delete METER\n"
             "  del-meters SWITCH           delete all meters\n"
             "  dump-meter SWITCH METER     print METER configuration\n"
             "  dump-meters SWITCH          print all meter configuration\n"
             "  meter-stats SWITCH [METER]  print meter statistics\n"
             "  meter-features SWITCH       print meter features\n"
             "  add-tlv-map SWITCH MAP      add TLV option MAPpings\n"
             "  del-tlv-map SWITCH [MAP] delete TLV option MAPpings\n"
             "  dump-tlv-map SWITCH      print TLV option mappings\n"
             "  dump-ipfix-bridge SWITCH    print ipfix stats of bridge\n"
             "  dump-ipfix-flow SWITCH      print flow ipfix of a bridge\n"
             "  ct-flush-zone SWITCH ZONE   flush conntrack entries in ZONE\n"
             "\nFor OpenFlow switches and controllers:\n"
             "  probe TARGET                probe whether TARGET is up\n"
             "  ping TARGET [N]             latency of N-byte echos\n"
             "  benchmark TARGET N COUNT    bandwidth of COUNT N-byte echos\n"
             "SWITCH or TARGET is an active OpenFlow connection method.\n"
             "\nOther commands:\n"
             "  ofp-parse FILE              print messages read from FILE\n"
             "  ofp-parse-pcap PCAP         print OpenFlow read from PCAP\n",
             program_name, program_name);
      vconn_usage(true, false, false);
      daemon_usage();
      ofp_version_usage();
      vlog_usage();
      printf("\nOther options:\n"
             "  --strict                    use strict match for flow commands\n"
             "  --read-only                 do not execute read/write commands\n"
             "  --readd                     replace flows that haven't changed\n"
             "  -F, --flow-format=FORMAT    force particular flow format\n"
             "  -P, --packet-in-format=FRMT force particular packet in format\n"
             "  -m, --more                  be more verbose printing OpenFlow\n"
             "  --timestamp                 (monitor, snoop) print timestamps\n"
             "  -t, --timeout=SECS          give up after SECS seconds\n"
             "  --sort[=field]              sort in ascending order\n"
             "  --rsort[=field]             sort in descending order\n"
             "  --names                     show port names instead of numbers\n"
             "  --unixctl=SOCKET            set control socket name\n"
             "  --color[=always|never|auto] control use of color in output\n"
             "  -h, --help                  display this help message\n"
             "  -V, --version               display version information\n");
      exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_exit(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
             const char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED, void *exiting_)
  {
      bool *exiting = exiting_;
      *exiting = true;
      unixctl_command_reply(conn, NULL);
  }
  
  static void run(int retval, const char *message, ...)
      OVS_PRINTF_FORMAT(2, 3);
  
  static void
  run(int retval, const char *message, ...)
  {
      if (retval) {
          va_list args;
  
          va_start(args, message);
          ovs_fatal_valist(retval, message, args);
      }
  }
  
  /* Generic commands. */
  
  static int
  open_vconn_socket(const char *name, struct vconn **vconnp)
  {
      char *vconn_name = xasprintf("unix:%s", name);
      int error;
  
      error = vconn_open(vconn_name, get_allowed_ofp_versions(), DSCP_DEFAULT,
                         vconnp);
      if (error && error != ENOENT) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: failed to open socket (%s)", name,
                    ovs_strerror(error));
      }
      free(vconn_name);
  
      return error;
  }
  
  enum open_target { MGMT, SNOOP };
  
  static enum ofputil_protocol
  open_vconn__(const char *name, enum open_target target,
               struct vconn **vconnp)
  {
      const char *suffix = target == MGMT ? "mgmt" : "snoop";
      char *datapath_name, *datapath_type, *socket_name;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      char *bridge_path;
      int ofp_version;
      int error;
  
      bridge_path = xasprintf("%s/%s.%s", ovs_rundir(), name, suffix);
  
      ofproto_parse_name(name, &datapath_name, &datapath_type);
      socket_name = xasprintf("%s/%s.%s", ovs_rundir(), datapath_name, suffix);
      free(datapath_name);
      free(datapath_type);
  
      if (strchr(name, ':')) {
          run(vconn_open(name, get_allowed_ofp_versions(), DSCP_DEFAULT, vconnp),
              "connecting to %s", name);
      } else if (!open_vconn_socket(name, vconnp)) {
          /* Fall Through. */
      } else if (!open_vconn_socket(bridge_path, vconnp)) {
          /* Fall Through. */
      } else if (!open_vconn_socket(socket_name, vconnp)) {
          /* Fall Through. */
      } else {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s is not a bridge or a socket", name);
      }
  
      if (target == SNOOP) {
          vconn_set_recv_any_version(*vconnp);
      }
  
      free(bridge_path);
      free(socket_name);
  
      VLOG_DBG("connecting to %s", vconn_get_name(*vconnp));
      error = vconn_connect_block(*vconnp);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: failed to connect to socket (%s)", name,
                    ovs_strerror(error));
      }
  
      ofp_version = vconn_get_version(*vconnp);
      protocol = ofputil_protocol_from_ofp_version(ofp_version);
      if (!protocol) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: unsupported OpenFlow version 0x%02x",
                    name, ofp_version);
      }
      return protocol;
  }
  
  static enum ofputil_protocol
  open_vconn(const char *name, struct vconn **vconnp)
  {
      return open_vconn__(name, MGMT, vconnp);
  }
  
  static void
  send_openflow_buffer(struct vconn *vconn, struct ofpbuf *buffer)
  {
      run(vconn_send_block(vconn, buffer), "failed to send packet to switch");
  }
  
  static void
  dump_transaction(struct vconn *vconn, struct ofpbuf *request)
  {
      const struct ofp_header *oh = request->data;
      if (ofpmsg_is_stat_request(oh)) {
          ovs_be32 send_xid = oh->xid;
          enum ofpraw request_raw;
          enum ofpraw reply_raw;
          bool done = false;
  
          ofpraw_decode_partial(&request_raw, request->data, request->size);
          reply_raw = ofpraw_stats_request_to_reply(request_raw, oh->version);
  
          send_openflow_buffer(vconn, request);
          while (!done) {
              ovs_be32 recv_xid;
              struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
              run(vconn_recv_block(vconn, &reply),
                  "OpenFlow packet receive failed");
              recv_xid = ((struct ofp_header *) reply->data)->xid;
              if (send_xid == recv_xid) {
                  enum ofpraw ofpraw;
  
                  ofp_print(stdout, reply->data, reply->size,
                            ports_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                            tables_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                            verbosity + 1);
  
                  ofpraw_decode(&ofpraw, reply->data);
                  if (ofptype_from_ofpraw(ofpraw) == OFPTYPE_ERROR) {
                      done = true;
                  } else if (ofpraw == reply_raw) {
                      done = !ofpmp_more(reply->data);
                  } else {
                      ovs_fatal(0, "received bad reply: %s",
                                ofp_to_string(
                                    reply->data, reply->size,
                                    ports_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                                    tables_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                                    verbosity + 1));
                  }
              } else {
                  VLOG_DBG("received reply with xid %08"PRIx32" "
                           "!= expected %08"PRIx32, recv_xid, send_xid);
              }
              ofpbuf_delete(reply);
          }
      } else {
          struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
          run(vconn_transact(vconn, request, &reply), "talking to %s",
              vconn_get_name(vconn));
          ofp_print(stdout, reply->data, reply->size,
                    ports_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                    tables_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                    verbosity + 1);
          ofpbuf_delete(reply);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  dump_trivial_transaction(const char *vconn_name, enum ofpraw ofpraw)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      open_vconn(vconn_name, &vconn);
      request = ofpraw_alloc(ofpraw, vconn_get_version(vconn), 0);
      dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  /* Sends all of the 'requests', which should be requests that only have replies
   * if an error occurs, and waits for them to succeed or fail.  If an error does
   * occur, prints it and exits with an error.
   *
   * Destroys all of the 'requests'. */
  static void
  transact_multiple_noreply(struct vconn *vconn, struct ovs_list *requests)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
      run(vconn_transact_multiple_noreply(vconn, requests, &reply),
          "talking to %s", vconn_get_name(vconn));
      if (reply) {
          ofp_print(stderr, reply->data, reply->size,
                    ports_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                    tables_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                    verbosity + 2);
          exit(1);
      }
      ofpbuf_delete(reply);
  }
  
  /* Frees the error messages as they are printed. */
  static void
  bundle_print_errors(struct ovs_list *errors, struct ovs_list *requests,
                      const char *vconn_name)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *error, *next;
      struct ofpbuf *bmsg;
  
      INIT_CONTAINER(bmsg, requests, list_node);
  
      LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (error, next, list_node, errors) {
          const struct ofp_header *error_oh = error->data;
          ovs_be32 error_xid = error_oh->xid;
          enum ofperr ofperr;
          struct ofpbuf payload;
  
          ofperr = ofperr_decode_msg(error_oh, &payload);
          if (!ofperr) {
              fprintf(stderr, "***decode error***");
          } else {
              /* Default to the likely truncated message. */
              const struct ofp_header *ofp_msg = payload.data;
              size_t msg_len = payload.size;
  
              /* Find the failing message from the requests list to be able to
               * dump the whole message.  We assume the errors are returned in
               * the same order as in which the messages are sent to get O(n)
               * rather than O(n^2) processing here.  If this heuristics fails we
               * may print the truncated hexdumps instead. */
              LIST_FOR_EACH_CONTINUE (bmsg, list_node, requests) {
                  const struct ofp_header *oh = bmsg->data;
  
                  if (oh->xid == error_xid) {
                      ofp_msg = oh;
                      msg_len = bmsg->size;
                      break;
                  }
              }
              fprintf(stderr, "Error %s for: ", ofperr_get_name(ofperr));
              ofp_print(stderr, ofp_msg, msg_len, ports_to_show(vconn_name),
                        tables_to_show(vconn_name), verbosity + 1);
          }
          ofpbuf_uninit(&payload);
          ofpbuf_delete(error);
      }
      fflush(stderr);
  }
  
  static void
  bundle_transact(struct vconn *vconn, struct ovs_list *requests, uint16_t flags)
  {
      struct ovs_list errors;
      int retval = vconn_bundle_transact(vconn, requests, flags, &errors);
  
      bundle_print_errors(&errors, requests, vconn_get_name(vconn));
  
      if (retval) {
          ovs_fatal(retval, "talking to %s", vconn_get_name(vconn));
      }
  }
  
  /* Sends 'request', which should be a request that only has a reply if an error
   * occurs, and waits for it to succeed or fail.  If an error does occur, prints
   * it and exits with an error.
   *
   * Destroys 'request'. */
  static void
  transact_noreply(struct vconn *vconn, struct ofpbuf *request)
  {
      struct ovs_list requests;
  
      ovs_list_init(&requests);
      ovs_list_push_back(&requests, &request->list_node);
      transact_multiple_noreply(vconn, &requests);
  }
  
  static void
  fetch_switch_config(struct vconn *vconn, struct ofputil_switch_config *config)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct ofpbuf *reply;
      enum ofptype type;
  
      request = ofpraw_alloc(OFPRAW_OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST,
                             vconn_get_version(vconn), 0);
      run(vconn_transact(vconn, request, &reply),
          "talking to %s", vconn_get_name(vconn));
  
      if (ofptype_decode(&type, reply->data)
          || type != OFPTYPE_GET_CONFIG_REPLY) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: bad reply to config request", vconn_get_name(vconn));
      }
      ofputil_decode_get_config_reply(reply->data, config);
      ofpbuf_delete(reply);
  }
  
  static void
  set_switch_config(struct vconn *vconn,
                    const struct ofputil_switch_config *config)
  {
      enum ofp_version version = vconn_get_version(vconn);
      transact_noreply(vconn, ofputil_encode_set_config(config, version));
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_show(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      const char *vconn_name = ctx->argv[1];
      enum ofp_version version;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct ofpbuf *reply;
      bool has_ports;
  
      open_vconn(vconn_name, &vconn);
      version = vconn_get_version(vconn);
      request = ofpraw_alloc(OFPRAW_OFPT_FEATURES_REQUEST, version, 0);
      run(vconn_transact(vconn, request, &reply), "talking to %s", vconn_name);
  
      has_ports = ofputil_switch_features_has_ports(reply);
      ofp_print(stdout, reply->data, reply->size, NULL, NULL, verbosity + 1);
      ofpbuf_delete(reply);
  
      if (!has_ports) {
          request = ofputil_encode_port_desc_stats_request(version, OFPP_ANY);
          dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      }
      dump_trivial_transaction(vconn_name, OFPRAW_OFPT_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_desc(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      dump_trivial_transaction(ctx->argv[1], OFPRAW_OFPST_DESC_REQUEST);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_tables(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      dump_trivial_transaction(ctx->argv[1], OFPRAW_OFPST_TABLE_REQUEST);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_table_features(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      request = ofputil_encode_table_features_request(vconn_get_version(vconn));
  
      /* The following is similar to dump_trivial_transaction(), but it
       * maintains the previous 'ofputil_table_features' from one stats reply
       * message to the next, which allows duplication to be eliminated in the
       * output across messages.  Otherwise the output is much larger and harder
       * to read, because only 17 or so ofputil_table_features elements fit in a
       * single 64 kB OpenFlow message and therefore you get a ton of repetition
       * (every 17th element is printed in full instead of abbreviated). */
  
      const struct ofp_header *request_oh = request->data;
      ovs_be32 send_xid = request_oh->xid;
      bool done = false;
  
      struct ofputil_table_features prev;
      int n = 0;
  
      send_openflow_buffer(vconn, request);
      while (!done) {
          ovs_be32 recv_xid;
          struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
          run(vconn_recv_block(vconn, &reply), "OpenFlow packet receive failed");
          recv_xid = ((struct ofp_header *) reply->data)->xid;
          if (send_xid == recv_xid) {
              enum ofptype type;
              enum ofperr error;
              error = ofptype_decode(&type, reply->data);
              if (error) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "decode error: %s", ofperr_get_name(error));
              } else if (type == OFPTYPE_ERROR) {
                  ofp_print(stdout, reply->data, reply->size, NULL, NULL,
                            verbosity + 1);
                  done = true;
              } else if (type == OFPTYPE_TABLE_FEATURES_STATS_REPLY) {
                  done = !ofpmp_more(reply->data);
                  for (;;) {
                      struct ofputil_table_features tf;
                      int retval;
  
                      retval = ofputil_decode_table_features(reply, &tf, true);
                      if (retval) {
                          if (retval != EOF) {
                              ovs_fatal(0, "decode error: %s",
                                        ofperr_get_name(retval));
                          }
                          break;
                      }
  
                      struct ds s = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
                      ofp_print_table_features(&s, &tf, n ? &prev : NULL,
                                               NULL, NULL,
                                               tables_to_show(ctx->argv[1]));
                      puts(ds_cstr(&s));
                      ds_destroy(&s);
  
                      prev = tf;
                      n++;
                  }
              } else {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "received bad reply: %s",
                            ofp_to_string(reply->data, reply->size,
                                          ports_to_show(ctx->argv[1]),
                                          tables_to_show(ctx->argv[1]),
                                          verbosity + 1));
              }
          } else {
              VLOG_DBG("received reply with xid %08"PRIx32" "
                       "!= expected %08"PRIx32, recv_xid, send_xid);
          }
          ofpbuf_delete(reply);
      }
  
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_table_desc(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      request = ofputil_encode_table_desc_request(vconn_get_version(vconn));
      if (request) {
          dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      }
  
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  
  static bool
  str_to_ofp(const char *s, ofp_port_t *ofp_port)
  {
      bool ret;
      uint32_t port_;
  
      ret = str_to_uint(s, 10, &port_);
      *ofp_port = u16_to_ofp(port_);
      return ret;
  }
  
  struct port_iterator {
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      enum { PI_FEATURES, PI_PORT_DESC } variant;
      struct ofpbuf *reply;
      ovs_be32 send_xid;
      bool more;
  };
  
  static void
  port_iterator_fetch_port_desc(struct port_iterator *pi)
  {
      pi->variant = PI_PORT_DESC;
      pi->more = true;
  
      struct ofpbuf *rq = ofputil_encode_port_desc_stats_request(
          vconn_get_version(pi->vconn), OFPP_ANY);
      pi->send_xid = ((struct ofp_header *) rq->data)->xid;
      send_openflow_buffer(pi->vconn, rq);
  }
  
  static void
  port_iterator_fetch_features(struct port_iterator *pi)
  {
      pi->variant = PI_FEATURES;
  
      /* Fetch the switch's ofp_switch_features. */
      enum ofp_version version = vconn_get_version(pi->vconn);
      struct ofpbuf *rq = ofpraw_alloc(OFPRAW_OFPT_FEATURES_REQUEST, version, 0);
      run(vconn_transact(pi->vconn, rq, &pi->reply),
          "talking to %s", vconn_get_name(pi->vconn));
  
      enum ofptype type;
      if (ofptype_decode(&type, pi->reply->data)
          || type != OFPTYPE_FEATURES_REPLY) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: received bad features reply",
                    vconn_get_name(pi->vconn));
      }
      if (!ofputil_switch_features_has_ports(pi->reply)) {
          /* The switch features reply does not contain a complete list of ports.
           * Probably, there are more ports than will fit into a single 64 kB
           * OpenFlow message.  Use OFPST_PORT_DESC to get a complete list of
           * ports. */
          ofpbuf_delete(pi->reply);
          pi->reply = NULL;
          port_iterator_fetch_port_desc(pi);
          return;
      }
  
      struct ofputil_switch_features features;
      enum ofperr error = ofputil_pull_switch_features(pi->reply, &features);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: failed to decode features reply (%s)",
                    vconn_get_name(pi->vconn), ofperr_to_string(error));
      }
  }
  
  /* Initializes 'pi' to prepare for iterating through all of the ports on the
   * OpenFlow switch to which 'vconn' is connected.
   *
   * During iteration, the client should not make other use of 'vconn', because
   * that can cause other messages to be interleaved with the replies used by the
   * iterator and thus some ports may be missed or a hang can occur. */
  static void
  port_iterator_init(struct port_iterator *pi, struct vconn *vconn)
  {
      memset(pi, 0, sizeof *pi);
      pi->vconn = vconn;
      if (vconn_get_version(vconn) < OFP13_VERSION) {
          port_iterator_fetch_features(pi);
      } else {
          port_iterator_fetch_port_desc(pi);
      }
  }
  
  /* Obtains the next port from 'pi'.  On success, initializes '*pp' with the
   * port's details and returns true, otherwise (if all the ports have already
   * been seen), returns false.  */
  static bool
  port_iterator_next(struct port_iterator *pi, struct ofputil_phy_port *pp)
  {
      for (;;) {
          if (pi->reply) {
              int retval = ofputil_pull_phy_port(vconn_get_version(pi->vconn),
                                                 pi->reply, pp);
              if (!retval) {
                  return true;
              } else if (retval != EOF) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "received bad reply: %s",
                            ofp_to_string(pi->reply->data, pi->reply->size,
                                          NULL, NULL, verbosity + 1));
              }
          }
  
          if (pi->variant == PI_FEATURES || !pi->more) {
              return false;
          }
  
          ovs_be32 recv_xid;
          do {
              ofpbuf_delete(pi->reply);
              run(vconn_recv_block(pi->vconn, &pi->reply),
                  "OpenFlow receive failed");
              recv_xid = ((struct ofp_header *) pi->reply->data)->xid;
          } while (pi->send_xid != recv_xid);
  
          struct ofp_header *oh = pi->reply->data;
          enum ofptype type;
          if (ofptype_pull(&type, pi->reply)
              || type != OFPTYPE_PORT_DESC_STATS_REPLY) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "received bad reply: %s",
                        ofp_to_string(pi->reply->data, pi->reply->size, NULL,
                                      NULL, verbosity + 1));
          }
  
          pi->more = (ofpmp_flags(oh) & OFPSF_REPLY_MORE) != 0;
      }
  }
  
  /* Destroys iterator 'pi'. */
  static void
  port_iterator_destroy(struct port_iterator *pi)
  {
      if (pi) {
          while (pi->variant == PI_PORT_DESC && pi->more) {
              /* Drain vconn's queue of any other replies for this request. */
              struct ofputil_phy_port pp;
              port_iterator_next(pi, &pp);
          }
  
          ofpbuf_delete(pi->reply);
      }
  }
  
  /* Opens a connection to 'vconn_name', fetches the port structure for
   * 'port_name' (which may be a port name or number), and copies it into
   * '*pp'. */
  static void
  fetch_ofputil_phy_port(const char *vconn_name, const char *port_name,
                         struct ofputil_phy_port *pp)
  {
      struct vconn *vconn;
      ofp_port_t port_no;
      bool found = false;
  
      /* Try to interpret the argument as a port number. */
      if (!str_to_ofp(port_name, &port_no)) {
          port_no = OFPP_NONE;
      }
  
      /* OpenFlow 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 put the list of ports in the
       * OFPT_FEATURES_REPLY message.  OpenFlow 1.3 and later versions put it
       * into the OFPST_PORT_DESC reply.  Try it the correct way. */
      open_vconn(vconn_name, &vconn);
      struct port_iterator pi;
      for (port_iterator_init(&pi, vconn); port_iterator_next(&pi, pp); ) {
          if (port_no != OFPP_NONE
              ? port_no == pp->port_no
              : !strcmp(pp->name, port_name)) {
              found = true;
              break;
          }
      }
      port_iterator_destroy(&pi);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  
      if (!found) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: couldn't find port `%s'", vconn_name, port_name);
      }
  }
  
  static const struct ofputil_port_map *
  get_port_map(const char *vconn_name)
  {
      static struct shash port_maps = SHASH_INITIALIZER(&port_maps);
      struct ofputil_port_map *map = shash_find_data(&port_maps, vconn_name);
      if (!map) {
          map = xmalloc(sizeof *map);
          ofputil_port_map_init(map);
          shash_add(&port_maps, vconn_name, map);
  
          if (!strchr(vconn_name, ':') || !vconn_verify_name(vconn_name)) {
              /* For an active vconn (which includes a vconn constructed from a
               * bridge name), connect to it and pull down the port name-number
               * mapping. */
              struct vconn *vconn;
              open_vconn(vconn_name, &vconn);
  
              struct port_iterator pi;
              struct ofputil_phy_port pp;
              for (port_iterator_init(&pi, vconn);
                   port_iterator_next(&pi, &pp); ) {
                  ofputil_port_map_put(map, pp.port_no, pp.name);
              }
              port_iterator_destroy(&pi);
  
              vconn_close(vconn);
          } else {
              /* Don't bother with passive vconns, since it could take a long
               * time for the remote to try to connect to us.  Don't bother with
               * invalid vconn names either. */
          }
      }
      return map;
  }
  
  static const struct ofputil_port_map *
  ports_to_accept(const char *vconn_name)
  {
      return should_accept_names() ? get_port_map(vconn_name) : NULL;
  }
  
  static const struct ofputil_port_map *
  ports_to_show(const char *vconn_name)
  {
      return should_show_names() ? get_port_map(vconn_name) : NULL;
  }
  
  struct table_iterator {
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      enum { TI_STATS, TI_FEATURES } variant;
      struct ofpbuf *reply;
      ovs_be32 send_xid;
      bool more;
  
      struct ofputil_table_features features;
  };
  
  /* Initializes 'ti' to prepare for iterating through all of the tables on the
   * OpenFlow switch to which 'vconn' is connected.
   *
   * During iteration, the client should not make other use of 'vconn', because
   * that can cause other messages to be interleaved with the replies used by the
   * iterator and thus some tables may be missed or a hang can occur. */
  static void
  table_iterator_init(struct table_iterator *ti, struct vconn *vconn)
  {
      memset(ti, 0, sizeof *ti);
      ti->vconn = vconn;
      ti->variant = (vconn_get_version(vconn) < OFP13_VERSION
                     ? TI_STATS : TI_FEATURES);
      ti->more = true;
  
      enum ofpraw ofpraw = (ti->variant == TI_STATS
                            ? OFPRAW_OFPST_TABLE_REQUEST
                            : OFPRAW_OFPST13_TABLE_FEATURES_REQUEST);
      struct ofpbuf *rq = ofpraw_alloc(ofpraw, vconn_get_version(vconn), 0);
      ti->send_xid = ((struct ofp_header *) rq->data)->xid;
      send_openflow_buffer(ti->vconn, rq);
  }
  
  /* Obtains the next table from 'ti'.  On success, returns the next table's
   * features; on failure, returns NULL.  */
  static const struct ofputil_table_features *
  table_iterator_next(struct table_iterator *ti)
  {
      for (;;) {
          if (ti->reply) {
              int retval;
              if (ti->variant == TI_STATS) {
                  struct ofputil_table_stats ts;
                  retval = ofputil_decode_table_stats_reply(ti->reply,
                                                            &ts, &ti->features);
              } else {
                  ovs_assert(ti->variant == TI_FEATURES);
                  retval = ofputil_decode_table_features(ti->reply,
                                                         &ti->features,
                                                         true);
              }
              if (!retval) {
                  return &ti->features;
              } else if (retval != EOF) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "received bad reply: %s",
                            ofp_to_string(ti->reply->data, ti->reply->size,
                                          NULL, NULL, verbosity + 1));
              }
          }
  
          if (!ti->more) {
              return NULL;
          }
  
          ovs_be32 recv_xid;
          do {
              ofpbuf_delete(ti->reply);
              run(vconn_recv_block(ti->vconn, &ti->reply),
                  "OpenFlow receive failed");
              recv_xid = ((struct ofp_header *) ti->reply->data)->xid;
          } while (ti->send_xid != recv_xid);
  
          struct ofp_header *oh = ti->reply->data;
          enum ofptype type;
          if (ofptype_pull(&type, ti->reply)
              || type != (ti->variant == TI_STATS
                          ? OFPTYPE_TABLE_STATS_REPLY
                          : OFPTYPE_TABLE_FEATURES_STATS_REPLY)) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "received bad reply: %s",
                        ofp_to_string(ti->reply->data, ti->reply->size, NULL,
                                      NULL, verbosity + 1));
          }
  
          ti->more = (ofpmp_flags(oh) & OFPSF_REPLY_MORE) != 0;
      }
  }
  
  /* Destroys iterator 'ti'. */
  static void
  table_iterator_destroy(struct table_iterator *ti)
  {
      if (ti) {
          while (ti->more) {
              /* Drain vconn's queue of any other replies for this request. */
              table_iterator_next(ti);
          }
  
          ofpbuf_delete(ti->reply);
      }
  }
  
  static const struct ofputil_table_map *
  get_table_map(const char *vconn_name)
  {
      static struct shash table_maps = SHASH_INITIALIZER(&table_maps);
      struct ofputil_table_map *map = shash_find_data(&table_maps, vconn_name);
      if (!map) {
          map = xmalloc(sizeof *map);
          ofputil_table_map_init(map);
          shash_add(&table_maps, vconn_name, map);
  
          if (!strchr(vconn_name, ':') || !vconn_verify_name(vconn_name)) {
              /* For an active vconn (which includes a vconn constructed from a
               * bridge name), connect to it and pull down the port name-number
               * mapping. */
              struct vconn *vconn;
              open_vconn(vconn_name, &vconn);
  
              struct table_iterator ti;
              table_iterator_init(&ti, vconn);
              for (;;) {
                  const struct ofputil_table_features *tf
                      = table_iterator_next(&ti);
                  if (!tf) {
                      break;
                  }
                  if (tf->name[0]) {
                      ofputil_table_map_put(map, tf->table_id, tf->name);
                  }
              }
              table_iterator_destroy(&ti);
  
              vconn_close(vconn);
          } else {
              /* Don't bother with passive vconns, since it could take a long
               * time for the remote to try to connect to us.  Don't bother with
               * invalid vconn names either. */
          }
      }
      return map;
  }
  
  static const struct ofputil_table_map *
  tables_to_accept(const char *vconn_name)
  {
      return should_accept_names() ? get_table_map(vconn_name) : NULL;
  }
  
  static const struct ofputil_table_map *
  tables_to_show(const char *vconn_name)
  {
      return should_show_names() ? get_table_map(vconn_name) : NULL;
  }
  
  /* We accept port and table names unless the feature is turned off
   * explicitly. */
  static bool
  should_accept_names(void)
  {
      return use_names != 0;
  }
  
  /* We show port and table names only if the feature is turned on explicitly, or
   * if we're interacting with a user on the console. */
  static bool
  should_show_names(void)
  {
      static int interactive = -1;
      if (interactive == -1) {
          interactive = isatty(STDOUT_FILENO);
      }
  
      return use_names > 0 || (use_names == -1 && interactive);
  }
  
  /* Returns the port number corresponding to 'port_name' (which may be a port
   * name or number) within the switch 'vconn_name'. */
  static ofp_port_t
  str_to_port_no(const char *vconn_name, const char *port_name)
  {
      ofp_port_t port_no;
      if (ofputil_port_from_string(port_name, NULL, &port_no) ||
          ofputil_port_from_string(port_name, ports_to_accept(vconn_name),
                                   &port_no)) {
          return port_no;
      }
      ovs_fatal(0, "%s: unknown port `%s'", vconn_name, port_name);
  }
  
  static bool
  try_set_protocol(struct vconn *vconn, enum ofputil_protocol want,
                   enum ofputil_protocol *cur)
  {
      for (;;) {
          struct ofpbuf *request, *reply;
          enum ofputil_protocol next;
  
          request = ofputil_encode_set_protocol(*cur, want, &next);
          if (!request) {
              return *cur == want;
          }
  
          run(vconn_transact_noreply(vconn, request, &reply),
              "talking to %s", vconn_get_name(vconn));
          if (reply) {
              char *s = ofp_to_string(reply->data, reply->size, NULL, NULL, 2);
              VLOG_DBG("%s: failed to set protocol, switch replied: %s",
                       vconn_get_name(vconn), s);
              free(s);
              ofpbuf_delete(reply);
              return false;
          }
  
          *cur = next;
      }
  }
  
  static enum ofputil_protocol
  set_protocol_for_flow_dump(struct vconn *vconn,
                             enum ofputil_protocol cur_protocol,
                             enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols)
  {
      char *usable_s;
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < ofputil_n_flow_dump_protocols; i++) {
          enum ofputil_protocol f = ofputil_flow_dump_protocols[i];
          if (f & usable_protocols & allowed_protocols
              && try_set_protocol(vconn, f, &cur_protocol)) {
              return f;
          }
      }
  
      usable_s = ofputil_protocols_to_string(usable_protocols);
      if (usable_protocols & allowed_protocols) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "switch does not support any of the usable flow "
                    "formats (%s)", usable_s);
  } else {
          char *allowed_s = ofputil_protocols_to_string(allowed_protocols);
          ovs_fatal(0, "none of the usable flow formats (%s) is among the "
                    "allowed flow formats (%s)", usable_s, allowed_s);
      }
  }
  
  static struct vconn *
  prepare_dump_flows(int argc, char *argv[], bool aggregate,
                     struct ofputil_flow_stats_request *fsr,
                     enum ofputil_protocol *protocolp)
  {
      const char *vconn_name = argv[1];
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols, protocol;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      char *error;
  
      const char *match = argc > 2 ? argv[2] : "";
      const struct ofputil_port_map *port_map
          = *match ? ports_to_accept(vconn_name) : NULL;
      const struct ofputil_table_map *table_map
          = *match ? tables_to_accept(vconn_name) : NULL;
      error = parse_ofp_flow_stats_request_str(fsr, aggregate, match,
                                               port_map, table_map,
                                               &usable_protocols);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
  
      protocol = open_vconn(vconn_name, &vconn);
      *protocolp = set_protocol_for_flow_dump(vconn, protocol, usable_protocols);
      return vconn;
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_flows__(int argc, char *argv[], bool aggregate)
  {
      struct ofputil_flow_stats_request fsr;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      vconn = prepare_dump_flows(argc, argv, aggregate, &fsr, &protocol);
      dump_transaction(vconn, ofputil_encode_flow_stats_request(&fsr, protocol));
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  get_match_field(const struct mf_field *field, const struct match *match,
                  union mf_value *value)
  {
      if (!match->tun_md.valid || (field->id < MFF_TUN_METADATA0 ||
                                   field->id >= MFF_TUN_METADATA0 +
                                                TUN_METADATA_NUM_OPTS)) {
          mf_get_value(field, &match->flow, value);
      } else {
          const struct tun_metadata_loc *loc = &match->tun_md.entry[field->id -
                                                           MFF_TUN_METADATA0].loc;
  
          /* Since we don't have a tunnel mapping table, extract the value
           * from the locally allocated location in the match. */
          memset(value, 0, field->n_bytes - loc->len);
          memcpy(value->tun_metadata + field->n_bytes - loc->len,
                 match->flow.tunnel.metadata.opts.u8 + loc->c.offset, loc->len);
      }
  }
  
  static int
  compare_flows(const void *afs_, const void *bfs_)
  {
      const struct ofputil_flow_stats *afs = afs_;
      const struct ofputil_flow_stats *bfs = bfs_;
      const struct match *a = &afs->match;
      const struct match *b = &bfs->match;
      const struct sort_criterion *sc;
  
      for (sc = criteria; sc < &criteria[n_criteria]; sc++) {
          const struct mf_field *f = sc->field;
          int ret;
  
          if (!f) {
              int a_pri = afs->priority;
              int b_pri = bfs->priority;
              ret = a_pri < b_pri ? -1 : a_pri > b_pri;
          } else {
              bool ina, inb;
  
              ina = mf_are_prereqs_ok(f, &a->flow, NULL)
                  && !mf_is_all_wild(f, &a->wc);
              inb = mf_are_prereqs_ok(f, &b->flow, NULL)
                  && !mf_is_all_wild(f, &b->wc);
              if (ina != inb) {
                  /* Skip the test for sc->order, so that missing fields always
                   * sort to the end whether we're sorting in ascending or
                   * descending order. */
                  return ina ? -1 : 1;
              } else {
                  union mf_value aval, bval;
  
                  get_match_field(f, a, &aval);
                  get_match_field(f, b, &bval);
                  ret = memcmp(&aval, &bval, f->n_bytes);
              }
          }
  
          if (ret) {
              return sc->order == SORT_ASC ? ret : -ret;
          }
      }
  
      return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_flows(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      if (!n_criteria && !should_show_names() && show_stats) {
          ofctl_dump_flows__(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, false);
          return;
      } else {
          struct ofputil_flow_stats_request fsr;
          enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
          struct vconn *vconn;
  
          vconn = prepare_dump_flows(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, false,
                                     &fsr, &protocol);
  
          struct ofputil_flow_stats *fses;
          size_t n_fses;
          run(vconn_dump_flows(vconn, &fsr, protocol, &fses, &n_fses),
              "dump flows");
  
          qsort(fses, n_fses, sizeof *fses, compare_flows);
  
          struct ds s = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
          for (size_t i = 0; i < n_fses; i++) {
              ds_clear(&s);
              ofp_print_flow_stats(&s, &fses[i], ports_to_show(ctx->argv[1]),
                                   tables_to_show(ctx->argv[1]), show_stats);
              printf(" %s\n", ds_cstr(&s));
          }
          ds_destroy(&s);
  
          for (size_t i = 0; i < n_fses; i++) {
              free(CONST_CAST(struct ofpact *, fses[i].ofpacts));
          }
          free(fses);
  
          vconn_close(vconn);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_aggregate(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_dump_flows__(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, true);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_queue_stats(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      struct ofputil_queue_stats_request oqs;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
  
      if (ctx->argc > 2 && ctx->argv[2][0] && strcasecmp(ctx->argv[2], "all")) {
          oqs.port_no = str_to_port_no(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argv[2]);
      } else {
          oqs.port_no = OFPP_ANY;
      }
      if (ctx->argc > 3 && ctx->argv[3][0] && strcasecmp(ctx->argv[3], "all")) {
          oqs.queue_id = atoi(ctx->argv[3]);
      } else {
          oqs.queue_id = OFPQ_ALL;
      }
  
      request = ofputil_encode_queue_stats_request(vconn_get_version(vconn), &oqs);
      dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_queue_get_config(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      const char *vconn_name = ctx->argv[1];
      const char *port_name = ctx->argc > 2 ? ctx->argv[2] : "any";
      ofp_port_t port = str_to_port_no(vconn_name, port_name);
      const char *queue_name = ctx->argc > 3 ? ctx->argv[3] : "all";
      uint32_t queue = (!strcasecmp(queue_name, "all")
                        ? OFPQ_ALL
                        : atoi(queue_name));
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol = open_vconn(vconn_name, &vconn);
      enum ofp_version version = ofputil_protocol_to_ofp_version(protocol);
      if (port == OFPP_ANY && version == OFP10_VERSION) {
          /* The user requested all queues on all ports.  OpenFlow 1.0 only
           * supports getting queues for an individual port, so to implement the
           * user's request we have to get a list of all the ports.
           *
           * We use a second vconn to avoid having to accumulate a list of all of
           * the ports. */
          struct vconn *vconn2;
          enum ofputil_protocol protocol2 = open_vconn(vconn_name, &vconn2);
          enum ofp_version version2 = ofputil_protocol_to_ofp_version(protocol2);
  
          struct port_iterator pi;
          struct ofputil_phy_port pp;
          for (port_iterator_init(&pi, vconn); port_iterator_next(&pi, &pp); ) {
              if (ofp_to_u16(pp.port_no) < ofp_to_u16(OFPP_MAX)) {
                  dump_transaction(vconn2,
                                   ofputil_encode_queue_get_config_request(
                                       version2, pp.port_no, queue));
              }
          }
          port_iterator_destroy(&pi);
          vconn_close(vconn2);
      } else {
          dump_transaction(vconn, ofputil_encode_queue_get_config_request(
                               version, port, queue));
      }
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static enum ofputil_protocol
  open_vconn_for_flow_mod(const char *remote, struct vconn **vconnp,
                          enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol cur_protocol;
      char *usable_s;
      int i;
  
      if (!(usable_protocols & allowed_protocols)) {
          char *allowed_s = ofputil_protocols_to_string(allowed_protocols);
          usable_s = ofputil_protocols_to_string(usable_protocols);
          ovs_fatal(0, "none of the usable flow formats (%s) is among the "
                    "allowed flow formats (%s)", usable_s, allowed_s);
      }
  
      /* If the initial flow format is allowed and usable, keep it. */
      cur_protocol = open_vconn(remote, vconnp);
      if (usable_protocols & allowed_protocols & cur_protocol) {
          return cur_protocol;
      }
  
      /* Otherwise try each flow format in turn. */
      for (i = 0; i < sizeof(enum ofputil_protocol) * CHAR_BIT; i++) {
          enum ofputil_protocol f = 1 << i;
  
          if (f != cur_protocol
              && f & usable_protocols & allowed_protocols
              && try_set_protocol(*vconnp, f, &cur_protocol)) {
              return f;
          }
      }
  
      usable_s = ofputil_protocols_to_string(usable_protocols);
      ovs_fatal(0, "switch does not support any of the usable flow "
                "formats (%s)", usable_s);
  }
  
  static void
  bundle_flow_mod__(const char *remote, struct ofputil_flow_mod *fms,
                    size_t n_fms, enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      struct ovs_list requests;
      size_t i;
  
      ovs_list_init(&requests);
  
      /* Bundles need OpenFlow 1.3+. */
      usable_protocols &= OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP;
      protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(remote, &vconn, usable_protocols);
  
      for (i = 0; i < n_fms; i++) {
          struct ofputil_flow_mod *fm = &fms[i];
          struct ofpbuf *request = ofputil_encode_flow_mod(fm, protocol);
  
          ovs_list_push_back(&requests, &request->list_node);
          free(CONST_CAST(struct ofpact *, fm->ofpacts));
      }
  
      bundle_transact(vconn, &requests, OFPBF_ORDERED | OFPBF_ATOMIC);
      ofpbuf_list_delete(&requests);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_flow_mod__(const char *remote, struct ofputil_flow_mod *fms,
                   size_t n_fms, enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      size_t i;
  
      if (bundle) {
          bundle_flow_mod__(remote, fms, n_fms, usable_protocols);
          return;
      }
  
      protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(remote, &vconn, usable_protocols);
  
      for (i = 0; i < n_fms; i++) {
          struct ofputil_flow_mod *fm = &fms[i];
  
          transact_noreply(vconn, ofputil_encode_flow_mod(fm, protocol));
          free(CONST_CAST(struct ofpact *, fm->ofpacts));
      }
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_flow_mod_file(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[], int command)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      struct ofputil_flow_mod *fms = NULL;
      size_t n_fms = 0;
      char *error;
  
      if (command == OFPFC_ADD) {
          /* Allow the file to specify a mix of commands.  If none specified at
           * the beginning of any given line, then the default is OFPFC_ADD, so
           * this is backwards compatible. */
          command = -2;
      }
      error = parse_ofp_flow_mod_file(argv[2], ports_to_accept(argv[1]),
                                      tables_to_accept(argv[1]), command,
                                      &fms, &n_fms, &usable_protocols);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
      ofctl_flow_mod__(argv[1], fms, n_fms, usable_protocols);
      free(fms);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_flow_mod(int argc, char *argv[], uint16_t command)
  {
      if (argc > 2 && !strcmp(argv[2], "-")) {
          ofctl_flow_mod_file(argc, argv, command);
      } else {
          struct ofputil_flow_mod fm;
          char *error;
          enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
  
          error = parse_ofp_flow_mod_str(&fm, argc > 2 ? argv[2] : "",
                                         ports_to_accept(argv[1]),
                                         tables_to_accept(argv[1]), command,
                                         &usable_protocols);
          if (error) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
          }
          ofctl_flow_mod__(argv[1], &fm, 1, usable_protocols);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_add_flow(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_flow_mod(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, OFPFC_ADD);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_add_flows(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_flow_mod_file(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, OFPFC_ADD);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_mod_flows(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_flow_mod(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, strict ? OFPFC_MODIFY_STRICT : OFPFC_MODIFY);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_del_flows(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_flow_mod(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, strict ? OFPFC_DELETE_STRICT : OFPFC_DELETE);
  }
  
  static bool
  set_packet_in_format(struct vconn *vconn,
                       enum nx_packet_in_format packet_in_format,
                       bool must_succeed)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *spif;
  
      spif = ofputil_make_set_packet_in_format(vconn_get_version(vconn),
                                               packet_in_format);
      if (must_succeed) {
          transact_noreply(vconn, spif);
      } else {
          struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
          run(vconn_transact_noreply(vconn, spif, &reply),
              "talking to %s", vconn_get_name(vconn));
          if (reply) {
              char *s = ofp_to_string(reply->data, reply->size, NULL, NULL, 2);
              VLOG_DBG("%s: failed to set packet in format to nx_packet_in, "
                       "controller replied: %s.",
                       vconn_get_name(vconn), s);
              free(s);
              ofpbuf_delete(reply);
  
              return false;
          } else {
              VLOG_DBG("%s: using user-specified packet in format %s",
                       vconn_get_name(vconn),
                       ofputil_packet_in_format_to_string(packet_in_format));
          }
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  static int
  monitor_set_invalid_ttl_to_controller(struct vconn *vconn)
  {
      struct ofputil_switch_config config;
  
      fetch_switch_config(vconn, &config);
      if (!config.invalid_ttl_to_controller) {
          config.invalid_ttl_to_controller = 1;
          set_switch_config(vconn, &config);
  
          /* Then retrieve the configuration to see if it really took.  OpenFlow
           * has ill-defined error reporting for bad flags, so this is about the
           * best we can do. */
          fetch_switch_config(vconn, &config);
          if (!config.invalid_ttl_to_controller) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "setting invalid_ttl_to_controller failed (this "
                        "switch probably doesn't support this flag)");
          }
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  /* Converts hex digits in 'hex' to an OpenFlow message in '*msgp'.  The
   * caller must free '*msgp'.  On success, returns NULL.  On failure, returns
   * an error message and stores NULL in '*msgp'. */
  static const char *
  openflow_from_hex(const char *hex, struct ofpbuf **msgp)
  {
      struct ofp_header *oh;
      struct ofpbuf *msg;
  
      msg = ofpbuf_new(strlen(hex) / 2);
      *msgp = NULL;
  
      if (ofpbuf_put_hex(msg, hex, NULL)[0] != '\0') {
          ofpbuf_delete(msg);
          return "Trailing garbage in hex data";
      }
  
      if (msg->size < sizeof(struct ofp_header)) {
          ofpbuf_delete(msg);
          return "Message too short for OpenFlow";
      }
  
      oh = msg->data;
      if (msg->size != ntohs(oh->length)) {
          ofpbuf_delete(msg);
          return "Message size does not match length in OpenFlow header";
      }
  
      *msgp = msg;
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_send(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc,
             const char *argv[], void *vconn_)
  {
      struct vconn *vconn = vconn_;
      struct ds reply;
      bool ok;
      int i;
  
      ok = true;
      ds_init(&reply);
      for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
          const char *error_msg;
          struct ofpbuf *msg;
          int error;
  
          error_msg = openflow_from_hex(argv[i], &msg);
          if (error_msg) {
              ds_put_format(&reply, "%s\n", error_msg);
              ok = false;
              continue;
          }
  
          fprintf(stderr, "send: ");
          ofp_print(stderr, msg->data, msg->size,
                    ports_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                    tables_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)), verbosity);
  
          error = vconn_send_block(vconn, msg);
          if (error) {
              ofpbuf_delete(msg);
              ds_put_format(&reply, "%s\n", ovs_strerror(error));
              ok = false;
          } else {
              ds_put_cstr(&reply, "sent\n");
          }
      }
  
      if (ok) {
          unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&reply));
      } else {
          unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, ds_cstr(&reply));
      }
      ds_destroy(&reply);
  }
  
  static void
  unixctl_packet_out(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int OVS_UNUSED argc,
                     const char *argv[], void *vconn_)
  {
      struct vconn *vconn = vconn_;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol
          = ofputil_protocol_from_ofp_version(vconn_get_version(vconn));
      struct ds reply = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
      bool ok = true;
  
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      struct ofputil_packet_out po;
      char *error_msg;
  
      error_msg = parse_ofp_packet_out_str(
          &po, argv[1], ports_to_accept(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
          tables_to_accept(vconn_get_name(vconn)), &usable_protocols);
      if (error_msg) {
          ds_put_format(&reply, "%s\n", error_msg);
          free(error_msg);
          ok = false;
      }
  
      if (ok && !(usable_protocols & protocol)) {
          ds_put_format(&reply, "PACKET_OUT actions are incompatible with the OpenFlow connection.\n");
          ok = false;
      }
  
      if (ok) {
          struct ofpbuf *msg = ofputil_encode_packet_out(&po, protocol);
  
          ofp_print(stderr, msg->data, msg->size,
                    ports_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                    tables_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)), verbosity);
  
          int error = vconn_send_block(vconn, msg);
          if (error) {
              ofpbuf_delete(msg);
              ds_put_format(&reply, "%s\n", ovs_strerror(error));
              ok = false;
          }
      }
  
      if (ok) {
          unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&reply));
      } else {
          unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, ds_cstr(&reply));
      }
      ds_destroy(&reply);
  
      if (!error_msg) {
          free(CONST_CAST(void *, po.packet));
          free(po.ofpacts);
      }
  }
  
  struct barrier_aux {
      struct vconn *vconn;        /* OpenFlow connection for sending barrier. */
      struct unixctl_conn *conn;  /* Connection waiting for barrier response. */
  };
  
  static void
  ofctl_barrier(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
                const char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED, void *aux_)
  {
      struct barrier_aux *aux = aux_;
      struct ofpbuf *msg;
      int error;
  
      if (aux->conn) {
          unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "already waiting for barrier reply");
          return;
      }
  
      msg = ofputil_encode_barrier_request(vconn_get_version(aux->vconn));
      error = vconn_send_block(aux->vconn, msg);
      if (error) {
          ofpbuf_delete(msg);
          unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, ovs_strerror(error));
      } else {
          aux->conn = conn;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_set_output_file(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
                        const char *argv[], void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      int fd;
  
      fd = open(argv[1], O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY, 0666);
      if (fd < 0) {
          unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, ovs_strerror(errno));
          return;
      }
  
      fflush(stderr);
      dup2(fd, STDERR_FILENO);
      close(fd);
      unixctl_command_reply(conn, NULL);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_block(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
              const char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED, void *blocked_)
  {
      bool *blocked = blocked_;
  
      if (!*blocked) {
          *blocked = true;
          unixctl_command_reply(conn, NULL);
      } else {
          unixctl_command_reply(conn, "already blocking");
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_unblock(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
                const char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED, void *blocked_)
  {
      bool *blocked = blocked_;
  
      if (*blocked) {
          *blocked = false;
          unixctl_command_reply(conn, NULL);
      } else {
          unixctl_command_reply(conn, "already unblocked");
      }
  }
  
  /* Prints to stderr all of the messages received on 'vconn'.
   *
   * Iff 'reply_to_echo_requests' is true, sends a reply to any echo request
   * received on 'vconn'.
   *
   * If 'resume_continuations' is true, sends an NXT_RESUME in reply to any
   * NXT_PACKET_IN2 that includes a continuation. */
  static void
  monitor_vconn(struct vconn *vconn, bool reply_to_echo_requests,
                bool resume_continuations)
  {
      struct barrier_aux barrier_aux = { vconn, NULL };
      struct unixctl_server *server;
      bool exiting = false;
      bool blocked = false;
      int error;
  
      daemon_save_fd(STDERR_FILENO);
      daemonize_start(false);
      error = unixctl_server_create(unixctl_path, &server);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(error, "failed to create unixctl server");
      }
      unixctl_command_register("exit", "", 0, 0, ofctl_exit, &exiting);
      unixctl_command_register("ofctl/send", "OFMSG...", 1, INT_MAX,
                               ofctl_send, vconn);
      unixctl_command_register("ofctl/packet-out", "\"in_port=<port> packet=<hex data> actions=...\"", 1, 1,
                               unixctl_packet_out, vconn);
      unixctl_command_register("ofctl/barrier", "", 0, 0,
                               ofctl_barrier, &barrier_aux);
      unixctl_command_register("ofctl/set-output-file", "FILE", 1, 1,
                               ofctl_set_output_file, NULL);
  
      unixctl_command_register("ofctl/block", "", 0, 0, ofctl_block, &blocked);
      unixctl_command_register("ofctl/unblock", "", 0, 0, ofctl_unblock,
                               &blocked);
  
      daemonize_complete();
  
      enum ofp_version version = vconn_get_version(vconn);
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol
          = ofputil_protocol_from_ofp_version(version);
  
      for (;;) {
          struct ofpbuf *b;
          int retval;
  
          unixctl_server_run(server);
  
          while (!blocked) {
              enum ofptype type;
  
              retval = vconn_recv(vconn, &b);
              if (retval == EAGAIN) {
                  break;
              }
              run(retval, "vconn_recv");
  
              if (timestamp) {
                  char *s = xastrftime_msec("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.###: ",
                                            time_wall_msec(), true);
                  fputs(s, stderr);
                  free(s);
              }
  
              ofptype_decode(&type, b->data);
              ofp_print(stderr, b->data, b->size,
                        ports_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                        tables_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)), verbosity + 2);
              fflush(stderr);
  
              switch ((int) type) {
              case OFPTYPE_BARRIER_REPLY:
                  if (barrier_aux.conn) {
                      unixctl_command_reply(barrier_aux.conn, NULL);
                      barrier_aux.conn = NULL;
                  }
                  break;
  
              case OFPTYPE_ECHO_REQUEST:
                  if (reply_to_echo_requests) {
                      struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
                      reply = ofputil_encode_echo_reply(b->data);
                      retval = vconn_send_block(vconn, reply);
                      if (retval) {
                          ovs_fatal(retval, "failed to send echo reply");
                      }
                  }
                  break;
  
              case OFPTYPE_PACKET_IN:
                  if (resume_continuations) {
                      struct ofputil_packet_in pin;
                      struct ofpbuf continuation;
  
                      error = ofputil_decode_packet_in(b->data, true, NULL, NULL,
                                                       &pin, NULL, NULL,
                                                       &continuation);
                      if (error) {
                          fprintf(stderr, "decoding packet-in failed: %s",
                                  ofperr_to_string(error));
                      } else if (continuation.size) {
                          struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
                          reply = ofputil_encode_resume(&pin, &continuation,
                                                        protocol);
  
                          fprintf(stderr, "send: ");
                          ofp_print(stderr, reply->data, reply->size,
                                    ports_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                                    tables_to_show(vconn_get_name(vconn)),
                                    verbosity + 2);
                          fflush(stderr);
  
                          retval = vconn_send_block(vconn, reply);
                          if (retval) {
                              ovs_fatal(retval, "failed to send NXT_RESUME");
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  break;
              }
              ofpbuf_delete(b);
          }
  
          if (exiting) {
              break;
          }
  
          vconn_run(vconn);
          vconn_run_wait(vconn);
          if (!blocked) {
              vconn_recv_wait(vconn);
          }
          unixctl_server_wait(server);
          poll_block();
      }
      vconn_close(vconn);
      unixctl_server_destroy(server);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_monitor(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct vconn *vconn;
      int i;
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
  
      /* If the user wants the invalid_ttl_to_controller feature, limit the
       * OpenFlow versions to those that support that feature.  (Support in
       * OpenFlow 1.0 is an Open vSwitch extension.) */
      for (i = 2; i < ctx->argc; i++) {
          if (!strcmp(ctx->argv[i], "invalid_ttl")) {
              uint32_t usable_versions = ((1u << OFP10_VERSION) |
                                          (1u << OFP11_VERSION) |
                                          (1u << OFP12_VERSION));
              uint32_t allowed_versions = get_allowed_ofp_versions();
              if (!(allowed_versions & usable_versions)) {
                  struct ds versions = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
                  ofputil_format_version_bitmap_names(&versions,
                                                      usable_versions);
                  ovs_fatal(0, "invalid_ttl requires one of the OpenFlow "
                            "versions %s but none is enabled (use -O)",
                            ds_cstr(&versions));
              }
              mask_allowed_ofp_versions(usable_versions);
              break;
          }
      }
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      bool resume_continuations = false;
      for (i = 2; i < ctx->argc; i++) {
          const char *arg = ctx->argv[i];
  
          if (isdigit((unsigned char) *arg)) {
              struct ofputil_switch_config config;
  
              fetch_switch_config(vconn, &config);
              config.miss_send_len = atoi(arg);
              set_switch_config(vconn, &config);
          } else if (!strcmp(arg, "invalid_ttl")) {
              monitor_set_invalid_ttl_to_controller(vconn);
          } else if (!strncmp(arg, "watch:", 6)) {
              struct ofputil_flow_monitor_request fmr;
              struct ofpbuf *msg;
              char *error;
  
              error = parse_flow_monitor_request(&fmr, arg + 6,
                                                 ports_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                                 tables_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                                 &usable_protocols);
              if (error) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
              }
  
              msg = ofpbuf_new(0);
              ofputil_append_flow_monitor_request(&fmr, msg);
              dump_transaction(vconn, msg);
              fflush(stdout);
          } else if (!strcmp(arg, "resume")) {
              /* This option is intentionally undocumented because it is meant
               * only for testing. */
              resume_continuations = true;
  
              /* Set miss_send_len to ensure that we get packet-ins. */
              struct ofputil_switch_config config;
              fetch_switch_config(vconn, &config);
              config.miss_send_len = UINT16_MAX;
              set_switch_config(vconn, &config);
          } else {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s: unsupported \"monitor\" argument", arg);
          }
      }
  
      if (preferred_packet_in_format >= 0) {
          /* A particular packet-in format was requested, so we must set it. */
          set_packet_in_format(vconn, preferred_packet_in_format, true);
      } else {
          /* Otherwise, we always prefer NXT_PACKET_IN2. */
          if (!set_packet_in_format(vconn, NXPIF_NXT_PACKET_IN2, false)) {
              /* We can't get NXT_PACKET_IN2.  For OpenFlow 1.0 only, request
               * NXT_PACKET_IN.  (Before 2.6, Open vSwitch will accept a request
               * for NXT_PACKET_IN with OF1.1+, but even after that it still
               * sends packet-ins in the OpenFlow native format.) */
              if (vconn_get_version(vconn) == OFP10_VERSION) {
                  set_packet_in_format(vconn, NXPIF_NXT_PACKET_IN, false);
              }
          }
      }
  
      monitor_vconn(vconn, true, resume_continuations);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_snoop(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      open_vconn__(ctx->argv[1], SNOOP, &vconn);
      monitor_vconn(vconn, false, false);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_ports(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      ofp_port_t port;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      port = ctx->argc > 2 ? str_to_port_no(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argv[2]) : OFPP_ANY;
      request = ofputil_encode_dump_ports_request(vconn_get_version(vconn), port);
      dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_ports_desc(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      ofp_port_t port;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      port = ctx->argc > 2 ? str_to_port_no(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argv[2]) : OFPP_ANY;
      request = ofputil_encode_port_desc_stats_request(vconn_get_version(vconn),
                                                       port);
      dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_probe(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      request = ofputil_encode_echo_request(vconn_get_version(vconn));
      run(vconn_transact(vconn, request, &reply), "talking to %s", ctx->argv[1]);
      if (reply->size != sizeof(struct ofp_header)) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "reply does not match request");
      }
      ofpbuf_delete(reply);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_packet_out(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      struct ofputil_packet_out po;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      struct ofpbuf *opo;
      char *error;
  
      match_init_catchall(&po.flow_metadata);
      /* Use the old syntax when more than 4 arguments are given. */
      if (ctx->argc > 4) {
          struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
          int i;
  
          ofpbuf_init(&ofpacts, 64);
          struct ofpact_parse_params pp = {
              .port_map = ports_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
              .table_map = tables_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
              .ofpacts = &ofpacts,
              .usable_protocols = &usable_protocols
          };
          error = ofpacts_parse_actions(ctx->argv[3], &pp);
          if (error) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
          }
  
          po.buffer_id = UINT32_MAX;
          match_set_in_port(&po.flow_metadata,
                            str_to_port_no(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argv[2]));
          po.ofpacts = ofpacts.data;
          po.ofpacts_len = ofpacts.size;
          po.flow_metadata.flow.packet_type = htonl(PT_ETH);
  
          protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(ctx->argv[1], &vconn,
                                             usable_protocols);
          for (i = 4; i < ctx->argc; i++) {
              struct dp_packet *packet;
              const char *error_msg;
  
              error_msg = eth_from_hex(ctx->argv[i], &packet);
              if (error_msg) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error_msg);
              }
  
              po.packet = dp_packet_data(packet);
              po.packet_len = dp_packet_size(packet);
              opo = ofputil_encode_packet_out(&po, protocol);
              transact_noreply(vconn, opo);
              dp_packet_delete(packet);
          }
          vconn_close(vconn);
          ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
      } else if (ctx->argc == 3) {
          error = parse_ofp_packet_out_str(&po, ctx->argv[2],
                                           ports_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                           tables_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                           &usable_protocols);
          if (error) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
          }
          protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(ctx->argv[1], &vconn,
                                             usable_protocols);
          opo = ofputil_encode_packet_out(&po, protocol);
          transact_noreply(vconn, opo);
          vconn_close(vconn);
          free(CONST_CAST(void *, po.packet));
          free(po.ofpacts);
      } else {
          ovs_fatal(0, "Too many arguments (%d)", ctx->argc);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_mod_port(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofp_config_flag {
          const char *name;             /* The flag's name. */
          enum ofputil_port_config bit; /* Bit to turn on or off. */
          bool on;                      /* Value to set the bit to. */
      };
      static const struct ofp_config_flag flags[] = {
          { "up",          OFPUTIL_PC_PORT_DOWN,    false },
          { "down",        OFPUTIL_PC_PORT_DOWN,    true  },
          { "stp",         OFPUTIL_PC_NO_STP,       false },
          { "receive",     OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV,      false },
          { "receive-stp", OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV_STP,  false },
          { "flood",       OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD,     false },
          { "forward",     OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FWD,       false },
          { "packet-in",   OFPUTIL_PC_NO_PACKET_IN, false },
      };
  
      const struct ofp_config_flag *flag;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      struct ofputil_port_mod pm;
      struct ofputil_phy_port pp;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      const char *command;
      bool not;
  
      fetch_ofputil_phy_port(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argv[2], &pp);
  
      pm.port_no = pp.port_no;
      pm.hw_addr = pp.hw_addr;
      pm.hw_addr64 = pp.hw_addr64;
      pm.config = 0;
      pm.mask = 0;
      pm.advertise = 0;
  
      if (!strncasecmp(ctx->argv[3], "no-", 3)) {
          command = ctx->argv[3] + 3;
          not = true;
      } else if (!strncasecmp(ctx->argv[3], "no", 2)) {
          command = ctx->argv[3] + 2;
          not = true;
      } else {
          command = ctx->argv[3];
          not = false;
      }
      for (flag = flags; flag < &flags[ARRAY_SIZE(flags)]; flag++) {
          if (!strcasecmp(command, flag->name)) {
              pm.mask = flag->bit;
              pm.config = flag->on ^ not ? flag->bit : 0;
              goto found;
          }
      }
      ovs_fatal(0, "unknown mod-port command '%s'", ctx->argv[3]);
  
  found:
      protocol = open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      transact_noreply(vconn, ofputil_encode_port_mod(&pm, protocol));
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  /* This function uses OFPMP14_TABLE_DESC request to get the current
   * table configuration from switch. The function then modifies
   * only that table-config property, which has been requested. */
  static void
  fetch_table_desc(struct vconn *vconn, struct ofputil_table_mod *tm,
                   struct ofputil_table_desc *td)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      ovs_be32 send_xid;
      bool done = false;
      bool found = false;
  
      request = ofputil_encode_table_desc_request(vconn_get_version(vconn));
      send_xid = ((struct ofp_header *) request->data)->xid;
      send_openflow_buffer(vconn, request);
      while (!done) {
          ovs_be32 recv_xid;
          struct ofpbuf *reply;
  
          run(vconn_recv_block(vconn, &reply), "OpenFlow packet receive failed");
          recv_xid = ((struct ofp_header *) reply->data)->xid;
          if (send_xid == recv_xid) {
              struct ofp_header *oh = reply->data;
              struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
  
              enum ofptype type;
              if (ofptype_pull(&type, &b)
                  || type != OFPTYPE_TABLE_DESC_REPLY) {
                  ovs_fatal(0, "received bad reply: %s",
                            ofp_to_string(reply->data, reply->size, NULL, NULL,
                                          verbosity + 1));
              }
              uint16_t flags = ofpmp_flags(oh);
              done = !(flags & OFPSF_REPLY_MORE);
              if (found) {
                  /* We've already found the table desc consisting of current
                   * table configuration, but we need to drain the queue of
                   * any other replies for this request. */
                  continue;
              }
              while (!ofputil_decode_table_desc(&b, td, oh->version)) {
                  if (td->table_id == tm->table_id) {
                      found = true;
                      break;
                  }
              }
          } else {
              VLOG_DBG("received reply with xid %08"PRIx32" "
                       "!= expected %08"PRIx32, recv_xid, send_xid);
          }
          ofpbuf_delete(reply);
      }
      if (tm->eviction != OFPUTIL_TABLE_EVICTION_DEFAULT) {
          tm->vacancy = td->vacancy;
          tm->table_vacancy.vacancy_down = td->table_vacancy.vacancy_down;
          tm->table_vacancy.vacancy_up = td->table_vacancy.vacancy_up;
      } else if (tm->vacancy != OFPUTIL_TABLE_VACANCY_DEFAULT) {
          tm->eviction = td->eviction;
          tm->eviction_flags = td->eviction_flags;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_mod_table(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      uint32_t usable_versions;
      struct ofputil_table_mod tm;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      char *error;
      int i;
  
      error = parse_ofp_table_mod(&tm, ctx->argv[2], ctx->argv[3],
                                  tables_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                  &usable_versions);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
  
      uint32_t allowed_versions = get_allowed_ofp_versions();
      if (!(allowed_versions & usable_versions)) {
          struct ds versions = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
          ofputil_format_version_bitmap_names(&versions, usable_versions);
          ovs_fatal(0, "table_mod '%s' requires one of the OpenFlow "
                    "versions %s",
                    ctx->argv[3], ds_cstr(&versions));
      }
      mask_allowed_ofp_versions(usable_versions);
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol = open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
  
      /* For OpenFlow 1.4+, ovs-ofctl mod-table should not affect table-config
       * properties that the user didn't ask to change, so it is necessary to
       * restore the current configuration of table-config parameters using
       * OFPMP14_TABLE_DESC request. */
      if ((allowed_versions & (1u << OFP14_VERSION)) ||
          (allowed_versions & (1u << OFP15_VERSION))) {
          struct ofputil_table_desc td;
  
          if (tm.table_id == OFPTT_ALL) {
              for (i = 0; i < OFPTT_MAX; i++) {
                  tm.table_id = i;
                  fetch_table_desc(vconn, &tm, &td);
                  transact_noreply(vconn,
                                   ofputil_encode_table_mod(&tm, protocol));
              }
          } else {
              fetch_table_desc(vconn, &tm, &td);
              transact_noreply(vconn, ofputil_encode_table_mod(&tm, protocol));
          }
      } else {
          transact_noreply(vconn, ofputil_encode_table_mod(&tm, protocol));
      }
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_get_frags(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofputil_switch_config config;
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      fetch_switch_config(vconn, &config);
      puts(ofputil_frag_handling_to_string(config.frag));
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_set_frags(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofputil_switch_config config;
      enum ofputil_frag_handling frag;
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      if (!ofputil_frag_handling_from_string(ctx->argv[2], &frag)) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: unknown fragment handling mode", ctx->argv[2]);
      }
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      fetch_switch_config(vconn, &config);
      if (frag != config.frag) {
          /* Set the configuration. */
          config.frag = frag;
          set_switch_config(vconn, &config);
  
          /* Then retrieve the configuration to see if it really took.  OpenFlow
           * has ill-defined error reporting for bad flags, so this is about the
           * best we can do. */
          fetch_switch_config(vconn, &config);
          if (frag != config.frag) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s: setting fragment handling mode failed (this "
                        "switch probably doesn't support mode \"%s\")",
                        ctx->argv[1], ofputil_frag_handling_to_string(frag));
          }
      }
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_ofp_parse(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      const char *filename = ctx->argv[1];
      struct ofpbuf b;
      FILE *file;
  
      file = !strcmp(filename, "-") ? stdin : fopen(filename, "r");
      if (file == NULL) {
          ovs_fatal(errno, "%s: open", filename);
      }
  
      ofpbuf_init(&b, 65536);
      for (;;) {
          struct ofp_header *oh;
          size_t length, tail_len;
          void *tail;
          size_t n;
  
          ofpbuf_clear(&b);
          oh = ofpbuf_put_uninit(&b, sizeof *oh);
          n = fread(oh, 1, sizeof *oh, file);
          if (n == 0) {
              break;
          } else if (n < sizeof *oh) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s: unexpected end of file mid-message", filename);
          }
  
          length = ntohs(oh->length);
          if (length < sizeof *oh) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s: %"PRIuSIZE"-byte message is too short for OpenFlow",
                        filename, length);
          }
  
          tail_len = length - sizeof *oh;
          tail = ofpbuf_put_uninit(&b, tail_len);
          n = fread(tail, 1, tail_len, file);
          if (n < tail_len) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s: unexpected end of file mid-message", filename);
          }
  
          ofp_print(stdout, b.data, b.size, NULL, NULL, verbosity + 2);
      }
      ofpbuf_uninit(&b);
  
      if (file != stdin) {
          fclose(file);
      }
  }
  
  static bool
  is_openflow_port(ovs_be16 port_, char *ports[])
  {
      uint16_t port = ntohs(port_);
      if (ports[0]) {
          int i;
  
          for (i = 0; ports[i]; i++) {
              if (port == atoi(ports[i])) {
                  return true;
              }
          }
          return false;
      } else {
          return port == OFP_PORT || port == OFP_OLD_PORT;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_ofp_parse_pcap(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct tcp_reader *reader;
      FILE *file;
      int error;
      bool first;
  
      file = ovs_pcap_open(ctx->argv[1], "rb");
      if (!file) {
          ovs_fatal(errno, "%s: open failed", ctx->argv[1]);
      }
  
      reader = tcp_reader_open();
      first = true;
      for (;;) {
          struct dp_packet *packet;
          long long int when;
          struct flow flow;
  
          error = ovs_pcap_read(file, &packet, &when);
          if (error) {
              break;
          }
          pkt_metadata_init(&packet->md, ODPP_NONE);
          flow_extract(packet, &flow);
          if (flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IP)
              && flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_TCP
              && (is_openflow_port(flow.tp_src, ctx->argv + 2) ||
                  is_openflow_port(flow.tp_dst, ctx->argv + 2))) {
              struct dp_packet *payload = tcp_reader_run(reader, &flow, packet);
              if (payload) {
                  while (dp_packet_size(payload) >= sizeof(struct ofp_header)) {
                      const struct ofp_header *oh;
                      void *data = dp_packet_data(payload);
                      int length;
  
                      /* Align OpenFlow on 8-byte boundary for safe access. */
                      dp_packet_shift(payload, -((intptr_t) data & 7));
  
                      oh = dp_packet_data(payload);
                      length = ntohs(oh->length);
                      if (dp_packet_size(payload) < length) {
                          break;
                      }
  
                      if (!first) {
                          putchar('\n');
                      }
                      first = false;
  
                      if (timestamp) {
                          char *s = xastrftime_msec("%H:%M:%S.### ", when, true);
                          fputs(s, stdout);
                          free(s);
                      }
  
                      printf(IP_FMT".%"PRIu16" > "IP_FMT".%"PRIu16":\n",
                             IP_ARGS(flow.nw_src), ntohs(flow.tp_src),
                             IP_ARGS(flow.nw_dst), ntohs(flow.tp_dst));
                      ofp_print(stdout, dp_packet_data(payload), length,
                                NULL, NULL, verbosity + 1);
                      dp_packet_pull(payload, length);
                  }
              }
          }
          dp_packet_delete(packet);
      }
      tcp_reader_close(reader);
      fclose(file);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_ping(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      size_t max_payload = 65535 - sizeof(struct ofp_header);
      unsigned int payload;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      int i;
  
      payload = ctx->argc > 2 ? atoi(ctx->argv[2]) : 64;
      if (payload > max_payload) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "payload must be between 0 and %"PRIuSIZE" bytes", max_payload);
      }
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
          struct timeval start, end;
          struct ofpbuf *request, *reply;
          const struct ofp_header *rpy_hdr;
          enum ofptype type;
  
          request = ofpraw_alloc(OFPRAW_OFPT_ECHO_REQUEST,
                                 vconn_get_version(vconn), payload);
          random_bytes(ofpbuf_put_uninit(request, payload), payload);
  
          xgettimeofday(&start);
          run(vconn_transact(vconn, ofpbuf_clone(request), &reply), "transact");
          xgettimeofday(&end);
  
          rpy_hdr = reply->data;
          if (ofptype_pull(&type, reply)
              || type != OFPTYPE_ECHO_REPLY
              || reply->size != payload
              || memcmp(request->msg, reply->msg, payload)) {
              printf("Reply does not match request.  Request:\n");
              ofp_print(stdout, request, request->size, NULL, NULL,
                        verbosity + 2);
              printf("Reply:\n");
              ofp_print(stdout, reply, reply->size, NULL, NULL, verbosity + 2);
          }
          printf("%"PRIu32" bytes from %s: xid=%08"PRIx32" time=%.1f ms\n",
                 reply->size, ctx->argv[1], ntohl(rpy_hdr->xid),
                     (1000*(double)(end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec))
                     + (.001*(end.tv_usec - start.tv_usec)));
          ofpbuf_delete(request);
          ofpbuf_delete(reply);
      }
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_benchmark(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      size_t max_payload = 65535 - sizeof(struct ofp_header);
      struct timeval start, end;
      unsigned int payload_size, message_size;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      double duration;
      int count;
      int i;
  
      payload_size = atoi(ctx->argv[2]);
      if (payload_size > max_payload) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "payload must be between 0 and %"PRIuSIZE" bytes", max_payload);
      }
      message_size = sizeof(struct ofp_header) + payload_size;
  
      count = atoi(ctx->argv[3]);
  
      printf("Sending %d packets * %u bytes (with header) = %u bytes total\n",
             count, message_size, count * message_size);
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      xgettimeofday(&start);
      for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
          struct ofpbuf *request, *reply;
  
          request = ofpraw_alloc(OFPRAW_OFPT_ECHO_REQUEST,
                                 vconn_get_version(vconn), payload_size);
          ofpbuf_put_zeros(request, payload_size);
          run(vconn_transact(vconn, request, &reply), "transact");
          ofpbuf_delete(reply);
      }
      xgettimeofday(&end);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  
      duration = ((1000*(double)(end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec))
                  + (.001*(end.tv_usec - start.tv_usec)));
      printf("Finished in %.1f ms (%.0f packets/s) (%.0f bytes/s)\n",
             duration, count / (duration / 1000.0),
             count * message_size / (duration / 1000.0));
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_ipfix_bridge(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      dump_trivial_transaction(ctx->argv[1], OFPRAW_NXST_IPFIX_BRIDGE_REQUEST);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_ct_flush_zone(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      uint16_t zone_id;
      char *error = str_to_u16(ctx->argv[2], "zone_id", &zone_id);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
  
      struct vconn *vconn;
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      enum ofp_version version = vconn_get_version(vconn);
  
      struct ofpbuf *msg = ofpraw_alloc(OFPRAW_NXT_CT_FLUSH_ZONE, version, 0);
      struct nx_zone_id *nzi = ofpbuf_put_zeros(msg, sizeof *nzi);
      nzi->zone_id = htons(zone_id);
  
      transact_noreply(vconn, msg);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_ipfix_flow(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      dump_trivial_transaction(ctx->argv[1], OFPRAW_NXST_IPFIX_FLOW_REQUEST);
  }
  
  static void
  bundle_group_mod__(const char *remote, struct ofputil_group_mod *gms,
                     size_t n_gms, enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      enum ofp_version version;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      struct ovs_list requests;
      size_t i;
  
      ovs_list_init(&requests);
  
      /* Bundles need OpenFlow 1.3+. */
      usable_protocols &= OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP;
      protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(remote, &vconn, usable_protocols);
      version = ofputil_protocol_to_ofp_version(protocol);
  
      for (i = 0; i < n_gms; i++) {
          struct ofputil_group_mod *gm = &gms[i];
          struct ofpbuf *request = ofputil_encode_group_mod(version, gm);
  
          ovs_list_push_back(&requests, &request->list_node);
          ofputil_uninit_group_mod(gm);
      }
  
      bundle_transact(vconn, &requests, OFPBF_ORDERED | OFPBF_ATOMIC);
      ofpbuf_list_delete(&requests);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_group_mod__(const char *remote, struct ofputil_group_mod *gms,
                    size_t n_gms, enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      struct ofputil_group_mod *gm;
      enum ofp_version version;
      struct ofpbuf *request;
  
      struct vconn *vconn;
      size_t i;
  
      if (bundle) {
          bundle_group_mod__(remote, gms, n_gms, usable_protocols);
          return;
      }
  
      protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(remote, &vconn, usable_protocols);
      version = ofputil_protocol_to_ofp_version(protocol);
  
      for (i = 0; i < n_gms; i++) {
          gm = &gms[i];
          request = ofputil_encode_group_mod(version, gm);
          transact_noreply(vconn, request);
          ofputil_uninit_group_mod(gm);
      }
  
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_group_mod_file(int argc OVS_UNUSED, char *argv[], int command)
  {
      struct ofputil_group_mod *gms = NULL;
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      size_t n_gms = 0;
      char *error;
  
      if (command == OFPGC11_ADD) {
          /* Allow the file to specify a mix of commands.  If none specified at
           * the beginning of any given line, then the default is OFPGC11_ADD, so
           * this is backwards compatible. */
          command = -2;
      }
      error = parse_ofp_group_mod_file(argv[2], ports_to_accept(argv[1]),
                                       tables_to_accept(argv[1]),
                                       command, &gms, &n_gms, &usable_protocols);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
      ofctl_group_mod__(argv[1], gms, n_gms, usable_protocols);
      free(gms);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_group_mod(int argc, char *argv[], uint16_t command)
  {
      if (argc > 2 && !strcmp(argv[2], "-")) {
          ofctl_group_mod_file(argc, argv, command);
      } else {
          enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
          struct ofputil_group_mod gm;
          char *error;
  
          error = parse_ofp_group_mod_str(&gm, command, argc > 2 ? argv[2] : "",
                                          ports_to_accept(argv[1]),
                                          tables_to_accept(argv[1]),
                                          &usable_protocols);
          if (error) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
          }
          ofctl_group_mod__(argv[1], &gm, 1, usable_protocols);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_add_group(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_group_mod(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, OFPGC11_ADD);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_add_groups(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_group_mod_file(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, OFPGC11_ADD);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_mod_group(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_group_mod(ctx->argc, ctx->argv,
                      may_create ? OFPGC11_ADD_OR_MOD : OFPGC11_MODIFY);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_del_groups(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_group_mod(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, OFPGC11_DELETE);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_insert_bucket(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_group_mod(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, OFPGC15_INSERT_BUCKET);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_remove_bucket(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_group_mod(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, OFPGC15_REMOVE_BUCKET);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_group_stats(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      struct ofputil_group_mod gm;
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      uint32_t group_id;
      char *error;
  
      memset(&gm, 0, sizeof gm);
  
      error = parse_ofp_group_mod_str(&gm, OFPGC11_DELETE,
                                      ctx->argc > 2 ? ctx->argv[2] : "",
                                      ports_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                      tables_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                      &usable_protocols);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
  
      group_id = gm.group_id;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      request = ofputil_encode_group_stats_request(vconn_get_version(vconn),
                                                   group_id);
      if (request) {
          dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      }
  
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_group_desc(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      uint32_t group_id;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
  
      if (ctx->argc < 3 || !ofputil_group_from_string(ctx->argv[2], &group_id)) {
          group_id = OFPG_ALL;
      }
  
      request = ofputil_encode_group_desc_request(vconn_get_version(vconn),
                                                  group_id);
      if (request) {
          dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      }
  
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_group_features(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      request = ofputil_encode_group_features_request(vconn_get_version(vconn));
      if (request) {
          dump_transaction(vconn, request);
      }
  
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_bundle(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol, usable_protocols;
      struct ofputil_bundle_msg *bms;
      struct ovs_list requests;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      size_t n_bms;
      char *error;
  
      error = parse_ofp_bundle_file(ctx->argv[2], ports_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                    tables_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]),
                                    &bms, &n_bms, &usable_protocols);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
  
      /* Implicit OpenFlow 1.4. */
      if (!(get_allowed_ofp_versions() &
            ofputil_protocols_to_version_bitmap(OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP))) {
  
          /* Add implicit allowance for OpenFlow 1.4. */
          add_allowed_ofp_versions(ofputil_protocols_to_version_bitmap(
                                       OFPUTIL_P_OF14_OXM));
          /* Remove all versions that do not support bundles. */
          mask_allowed_ofp_versions(ofputil_protocols_to_version_bitmap(
                                       OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP));
          allowed_protocols = ofputil_protocols_from_version_bitmap(
                                       get_allowed_ofp_versions());
      }
  
      /* Bundles need OpenFlow 1.3+. */
      usable_protocols &= OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP;
      protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(ctx->argv[1], &vconn, usable_protocols);
  
      ovs_list_init(&requests);
      ofputil_encode_bundle_msgs(bms, n_bms, &requests, protocol);
      ofputil_free_bundle_msgs(bms, n_bms);
      bundle_transact(vconn, &requests, OFPBF_ORDERED | OFPBF_ATOMIC);
      ofpbuf_list_delete(&requests);
  
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_tlv_mod(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx, uint16_t command)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      struct ofputil_tlv_table_mod ttm;
      char *error;
      enum ofp_version version;
      struct ofpbuf *request;
      struct vconn *vconn;
  
      error = parse_ofp_tlv_table_mod_str(&ttm, command, ctx->argc > 2 ?
                                             ctx->argv[2] : "",
                                             &usable_protocols);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
  
      protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(ctx->argv[1], &vconn, usable_protocols);
      version = ofputil_protocol_to_ofp_version(protocol);
  
      request = ofputil_encode_tlv_table_mod(version, &ttm);
      if (request) {
          transact_noreply(vconn, request);
      }
  
      vconn_close(vconn);
      ofputil_uninit_tlv_table(&ttm.mappings);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_add_tlv_map(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_tlv_mod(ctx, NXTTMC_ADD);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_del_tlv_map(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_tlv_mod(ctx, ctx->argc > 2 ? NXTTMC_DELETE : NXTTMC_CLEAR);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_tlv_map(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      dump_trivial_transaction(ctx->argv[1], OFPRAW_NXT_TLV_TABLE_REQUEST);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_help(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      usage();
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_list_commands(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      ovs_cmdl_print_commands(get_all_commands());
  }
  
  /* replace-flows and diff-flows commands. */
  
  struct flow_tables {
      struct classifier tables[OFPTT_MAX + 1];
  };
  
  #define FOR_EACH_TABLE(CLS, TABLES)                               \
      for ((CLS) = (TABLES)->tables;                                \
           (CLS) < &(TABLES)->tables[ARRAY_SIZE((TABLES)->tables)]; \
           (CLS)++)
  
  static void
  flow_tables_init(struct flow_tables *tables)
  {
      struct classifier *cls;
  
      FOR_EACH_TABLE (cls, tables) {
          classifier_init(cls, NULL);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  flow_tables_defer(struct flow_tables *tables)
  {
      struct classifier *cls;
  
      FOR_EACH_TABLE (cls, tables) {
          classifier_defer(cls);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  flow_tables_publish(struct flow_tables *tables)
  {
      struct classifier *cls;
  
      FOR_EACH_TABLE (cls, tables) {
          classifier_publish(cls);
      }
  }
  
  /* A flow table entry, possibly with two different versions. */
  struct fte {
      struct cls_rule rule;       /* Within a "struct classifier". */
      struct fte_version *versions[2];
  };
  
  /* One version of a Flow Table Entry. */
  struct fte_version {
      ovs_be64 cookie;
      uint16_t idle_timeout;
      uint16_t hard_timeout;
      uint16_t importance;
      uint16_t flags;
      struct ofpact *ofpacts;
      size_t ofpacts_len;
      uint8_t table_id;
  };
  
  /* A FTE entry that has been queued for later insertion after all
   * flows have been scanned to correctly allocation tunnel metadata. */
  struct fte_pending {
      struct match *match;
      int priority;
      struct fte_version *version;
      int index;
  
      struct ovs_list list_node;
  };
  
  /* Processing state during two stage processing of flow table entries.
   * Tracks the maximum size seen for each tunnel metadata entry as well
   * as a list of the pending FTE entries. */
  struct fte_state {
      int tun_metadata_size[TUN_METADATA_NUM_OPTS];
      struct ovs_list fte_pending_list;
  
      /* The final metadata table that we have constructed. */
      struct tun_table *tun_tab;
  
      /* Port and table map.  There is only one of each, not one per source,
       * because it only makes sense to display a single name for a given port
       * or table number. */
      const struct ofputil_port_map *port_map;
      const struct ofputil_table_map *table_map;
  };
  
  /* Frees 'version' and the data that it owns. */
  static void
  fte_version_free(struct fte_version *version)
  {
      if (version) {
          free(CONST_CAST(struct ofpact *, version->ofpacts));
          free(version);
      }
  }
  
  /* Returns true if 'a' and 'b' are the same, false if they differ.
   *
   * Ignores differences in 'flags' because there's no way to retrieve flags from
   * an OpenFlow switch.  We have to assume that they are the same. */
  static bool
  fte_version_equals(const struct fte_version *a, const struct fte_version *b)
  {
      return (a->cookie == b->cookie
              && a->idle_timeout == b->idle_timeout
              && a->hard_timeout == b->hard_timeout
              && a->importance == b->importance
              && a->table_id == b->table_id
              && ofpacts_equal_stringwise(a->ofpacts, a->ofpacts_len,
                                          b->ofpacts, b->ofpacts_len));
  }
  
  /* Clears 's', then if 's' has a version 'index', formats 'fte' and version
   * 'index' into 's', followed by a new-line. */
  static void
  fte_version_format(const struct fte_state *fte_state, const struct fte *fte,
                     int index, struct ds *s)
  {
      const struct fte_version *version = fte->versions[index];
  
      ds_clear(s);
      if (!version) {
          return;
      }
  
      if (version->table_id) {
          ds_put_format(s, "table=%"PRIu8" ", version->table_id);
      }
      cls_rule_format(&fte->rule, fte_state->tun_tab, fte_state->port_map, s);
      if (version->cookie != htonll(0)) {
          ds_put_format(s, " cookie=0x%"PRIx64, ntohll(version->cookie));
      }
      if (version->idle_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(s, " idle_timeout=%"PRIu16, version->idle_timeout);
      }
      if (version->hard_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(s, " hard_timeout=%"PRIu16, version->hard_timeout);
      }
      if (version->importance != 0) {
          ds_put_format(s, " importance=%"PRIu16, version->importance);
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, " actions=");
      struct ofpact_format_params fp = {
          .port_map = fte_state->port_map,
          .s = s,
      };
      ofpacts_format(version->ofpacts, version->ofpacts_len, &fp);
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  }
  
  static struct fte *
  fte_from_cls_rule(const struct cls_rule *cls_rule)
  {
      return cls_rule ? CONTAINER_OF(cls_rule, struct fte, rule) : NULL;
  }
  
  /* Frees 'fte' and its versions. */
  static void
  fte_free(struct fte *fte)
  {
      if (fte) {
          fte_version_free(fte->versions[0]);
          fte_version_free(fte->versions[1]);
          cls_rule_destroy(&fte->rule);
          free(fte);
      }
  }
  
  /* Frees all of the FTEs within 'tables'. */
  static void
  fte_free_all(struct flow_tables *tables)
  {
      struct classifier *cls;
  
      FOR_EACH_TABLE (cls, tables) {
          struct fte *fte;
  
          classifier_defer(cls);
          CLS_FOR_EACH (fte, rule, cls) {
              classifier_remove_assert(cls, &fte->rule);
              ovsrcu_postpone(fte_free, fte);
          }
          classifier_destroy(cls);
      }
  }
  
  /* Searches 'tables' for an FTE matching 'rule', inserting a new one if
   * necessary.  Sets 'version' as the version of that rule with the given
   * 'index', replacing any existing version, if any.
   *
   * Takes ownership of 'version'. */
  static void
  fte_insert(struct flow_tables *tables, const struct match *match,
             int priority, struct fte_version *version, int index)
  {
      struct classifier *cls = &tables->tables[version->table_id];
      struct fte *old, *fte;
  
      fte = xzalloc(sizeof *fte);
      cls_rule_init(&fte->rule, match, priority);
      fte->versions[index] = version;
  
      old = fte_from_cls_rule(classifier_replace(cls, &fte->rule,
                                                 OVS_VERSION_MIN, NULL, 0));
      if (old) {
          fte->versions[!index] = old->versions[!index];
          old->versions[!index] = NULL;
  
          ovsrcu_postpone(fte_free, old);
      }
  }
  
  /* Given a list of the field sizes for each tunnel metadata entry, install
   * a mapping table for later operations. */
  static void
  generate_tun_metadata(struct fte_state *state)
  {
      struct ofputil_tlv_table_mod ttm;
      int i;
  
      ttm.command = NXTTMC_ADD;
      ovs_list_init(&ttm.mappings);
  
      for (i = 0; i < TUN_METADATA_NUM_OPTS; i++) {
          if (state->tun_metadata_size[i] != -1) {
              struct ofputil_tlv_map *map = xmalloc(sizeof *map);
  
              ovs_list_push_back(&ttm.mappings, &map->list_node);
  
              /* We don't care about the actual option class and type since there
               * won't be any lookup. We just need to make them unique. */
              map->option_class = i / UINT8_MAX;
              map->option_type = i;
              map->option_len = ROUND_UP(state->tun_metadata_size[i], 4);
              map->index = i;
          }
      }
  
      tun_metadata_table_mod(&ttm, NULL, &state->tun_tab);
      ofputil_uninit_tlv_table(&ttm.mappings);
  }
  
  /* Once we have created a tunnel mapping table with a consistent overall
   * allocation, we need to remap each flow to use this table from its own
   * allocation. Since the mapping table has already been installed, we
   * can just read the data from the match and rewrite it. On rewrite, it
   * will use the new table. */
  static void
  remap_match(struct fte_state *state, struct match *match)
  {
      int i;
  
      if (!match->tun_md.valid) {
          return;
      }
  
      struct tun_metadata flow = match->flow.tunnel.metadata;
      struct tun_metadata flow_mask = match->wc.masks.tunnel.metadata;
      memset(&match->flow.tunnel.metadata, 0, sizeof match->flow.tunnel.metadata);
      memset(&match->wc.masks.tunnel.metadata, 0,
             sizeof match->wc.masks.tunnel.metadata);
      match->tun_md.valid = false;
  
      match->flow.tunnel.metadata.tab = state->tun_tab;
      match->wc.masks.tunnel.metadata.tab = match->flow.tunnel.metadata.tab;
  
      ULLONG_FOR_EACH_1 (i, flow_mask.present.map) {
          const struct mf_field *field = mf_from_id(MFF_TUN_METADATA0 + i);
          int offset = match->tun_md.entry[i].loc.c.offset;
          int len = match->tun_md.entry[i].loc.len;
          union mf_value value, mask;
  
          memset(&value, 0, field->n_bytes - len);
          memset(&mask, match->tun_md.entry[i].masked ? 0 : 0xff,
                 field->n_bytes - len);
  
          memcpy(value.tun_metadata + field->n_bytes - len,
                 flow.opts.u8 + offset, len);
          memcpy(mask.tun_metadata + field->n_bytes - len,
                 flow_mask.opts.u8 + offset, len);
          mf_set(field, &value, &mask, match, NULL);
      }
  }
  
  /* In order to correctly handle tunnel metadata, we need to have
   * two passes over the flows. This happens because tunnel metadata
   * doesn't have fixed locations in a flow entry but is instead dynamically
   * allocated space. In the case of flows coming from a file, we don't
   * even know the size of each field when we need to do the allocation.
   * When the flows come in, each flow has an individual allocation based
   * on its own fields. However, this allocation is not the same across
   * different flows and therefore fields are not directly comparable.
   *
   * In the first pass, we record the maximum size of each tunnel metadata
   * field as well as queue FTE entries for later processing.
   *
   * In the second pass, we use the metadata size information to create a
   * tunnel mapping table and set that through the tunnel metadata processing
   * code. We then remap all individual flows to use this common allocation
   * scheme. Finally, we load the queued entries into the classifier for
   * comparison.
   *
   * fte_state_init() should be called before processing any flows. */
  static void
  fte_state_init(struct fte_state *state)
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < TUN_METADATA_NUM_OPTS; i++) {
          state->tun_metadata_size[i] = -1;
      }
  
      ovs_list_init(&state->fte_pending_list);
      state->tun_tab = NULL;
      state->port_map = NULL;
      state->table_map = NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  fte_state_destroy(struct fte_state *state)
  {
      tun_metadata_free(state->tun_tab);
  }
  
  /* The first pass of the processing described in the comment about
   * fte_state_init(). fte_queue() is the first pass to be called as each
   * flow is read from its source. */
  static void
  fte_queue(struct fte_state *state, const struct match *match,
            int priority, struct fte_version *version, int index)
  {
      struct fte_pending *pending = xmalloc(sizeof *pending);
      int i;
  
      pending->match = xmemdup(match, sizeof *match);
      pending->priority = priority;
      pending->version = version;
      pending->index = index;
      ovs_list_push_back(&state->fte_pending_list, &pending->list_node);
  
      if (!match->tun_md.valid) {
          return;
      }
  
      ULLONG_FOR_EACH_1 (i, match->wc.masks.tunnel.metadata.present.map) {
          if (match->tun_md.entry[i].loc.len > state->tun_metadata_size[i]) {
              state->tun_metadata_size[i] = match->tun_md.entry[i].loc.len;
          }
      }
  }
  
  /* The second pass of the processing described in the comment about
   * fte_state_init(). This should be called once all flows (from both
   * sides of the comparison) have been added through fte_queue(). */
  static void
  fte_fill(struct fte_state *state, struct flow_tables *tables)
  {
      struct fte_pending *pending;
  
      generate_tun_metadata(state);
  
      flow_tables_init(tables);
      flow_tables_defer(tables);
  
      LIST_FOR_EACH_POP(pending, list_node, &state->fte_pending_list) {
          remap_match(state, pending->match);
          fte_insert(tables, pending->match, pending->priority, pending->version,
                     pending->index);
          free(pending->match);
          free(pending);
      }
  
      flow_tables_publish(tables);
  }
  
  /* Reads the flows in 'filename' as flow table entries in 'tables' for the
   * version with the specified 'index'.  Returns the flow formats able to
   * represent the flows that were read. */
  static enum ofputil_protocol
  read_flows_from_file(const char *filename, struct fte_state *state, int index)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      int line_number;
      struct ds s;
      FILE *file;
  
      file = !strcmp(filename, "-") ? stdin : fopen(filename, "r");
      if (file == NULL) {
          ovs_fatal(errno, "%s: open", filename);
      }
  
      ds_init(&s);
      usable_protocols = OFPUTIL_P_ANY;
      line_number = 0;
      while (!ds_get_preprocessed_line(&s, file, &line_number)) {
          struct fte_version *version;
          struct ofputil_flow_mod fm;
          char *error;
          enum ofputil_protocol usable;
  
          error = parse_ofp_str(&fm, OFPFC_ADD, ds_cstr(&s), state->port_map,
                                state->table_map, &usable);
          if (error) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s:%d: %s", filename, line_number, error);
          }
          usable_protocols &= usable;
  
          version = xmalloc(sizeof *version);
          version->cookie = fm.new_cookie;
          version->idle_timeout = fm.idle_timeout;
          version->hard_timeout = fm.hard_timeout;
          version->importance = fm.importance;
          version->flags = fm.flags & (OFPUTIL_FF_SEND_FLOW_REM
                                       | OFPUTIL_FF_EMERG);
          version->ofpacts = fm.ofpacts;
          version->ofpacts_len = fm.ofpacts_len;
          version->table_id = fm.table_id != OFPTT_ALL ? fm.table_id : 0;
  
          fte_queue(state, &fm.match, fm.priority, version, index);
      }
      ds_destroy(&s);
  
      if (file != stdin) {
          fclose(file);
      }
  
      return usable_protocols;
  }
  
  /* Reads the OpenFlow flow table from 'vconn', which has currently active flow
   * format 'protocol', and adds them as flow table entries in 'tables' for the
   * version with the specified 'index'. */
  static void
  read_flows_from_switch(struct vconn *vconn,
                         enum ofputil_protocol protocol,
                         struct fte_state *state, int index)
  {
      struct ofputil_flow_stats_request fsr;
  
      fsr.aggregate = false;
      match_init_catchall(&fsr.match);
      fsr.out_port = OFPP_ANY;
      fsr.out_group = OFPG_ANY;
      fsr.table_id = 0xff;
      fsr.cookie = fsr.cookie_mask = htonll(0);
  
      struct ofputil_flow_stats *fses;
      size_t n_fses;
      run(vconn_dump_flows(vconn, &fsr, protocol, &fses, &n_fses),
          "dump flows");
      for (size_t i = 0; i < n_fses; i++) {
          const struct ofputil_flow_stats *fs = &fses[i];
          struct fte_version *version;
  
          version = xmalloc(sizeof *version);
          version->cookie = fs->cookie;
          version->idle_timeout = fs->idle_timeout;
          version->hard_timeout = fs->hard_timeout;
          version->importance = fs->importance;
          version->flags = 0;
          version->ofpacts_len = fs->ofpacts_len;
          version->ofpacts = xmemdup(fs->ofpacts, fs->ofpacts_len);
          version->table_id = fs->table_id;
  
          fte_queue(state, &fs->match, fs->priority, version, index);
      }
  
      for (size_t i = 0; i < n_fses; i++) {
          free(CONST_CAST(struct ofpact *, fses[i].ofpacts));
      }
      free(fses);
  }
  
  static void
  fte_make_flow_mod(const struct fte *fte, int index, uint16_t command,
                    enum ofputil_protocol protocol, struct ovs_list *packets)
  {
      const struct fte_version *version = fte->versions[index];
      struct ofpbuf *ofm;
  
      struct ofputil_flow_mod fm = {
          .priority = fte->rule.priority,
          .new_cookie = version->cookie,
          .modify_cookie = true,
          .table_id = version->table_id,
          .command = command,
          .idle_timeout = version->idle_timeout,
          .hard_timeout = version->hard_timeout,
          .importance = version->importance,
          .buffer_id = UINT32_MAX,
          .out_port = OFPP_ANY,
          .out_group = OFPG_ANY,
          .flags = version->flags,
      };
      minimatch_expand(&fte->rule.match, &fm.match);
      if (command == OFPFC_ADD || command == OFPFC_MODIFY ||
          command == OFPFC_MODIFY_STRICT) {
          fm.ofpacts = version->ofpacts;
          fm.ofpacts_len = version->ofpacts_len;
      } else {
          fm.ofpacts = NULL;
          fm.ofpacts_len = 0;
      }
  
      ofm = ofputil_encode_flow_mod(&fm, protocol);
      ovs_list_push_back(packets, &ofm->list_node);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_replace_flows(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      enum { FILE_IDX = 0,  SWITCH_IDX = 1 };
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols, protocol;
      struct fte_state fte_state;
      struct flow_tables tables;
      struct classifier *cls;
      struct ovs_list requests;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      struct fte *fte;
  
      fte_state_init(&fte_state);
      fte_state.port_map = ports_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]);
      fte_state.table_map = tables_to_accept(ctx->argv[1]);
      usable_protocols = read_flows_from_file(ctx->argv[2], &fte_state, FILE_IDX);
  
      protocol = open_vconn(ctx->argv[1], &vconn);
      protocol = set_protocol_for_flow_dump(vconn, protocol, usable_protocols);
  
      read_flows_from_switch(vconn, protocol, &fte_state, SWITCH_IDX);
  
      fte_fill(&fte_state, &tables);
  
      ovs_list_init(&requests);
  
      FOR_EACH_TABLE (cls, &tables) {
          /* Delete flows that exist on the switch but not in the file. */
          CLS_FOR_EACH (fte, rule, cls) {
              struct fte_version *file_ver = fte->versions[FILE_IDX];
              struct fte_version *sw_ver = fte->versions[SWITCH_IDX];
  
              if (sw_ver && !file_ver) {
                  fte_make_flow_mod(fte, SWITCH_IDX, OFPFC_DELETE_STRICT,
                                    protocol, &requests);
              }
          }
  
          /* Add flows that exist in the file but not on the switch.
           * Update flows that exist in both places but differ. */
          CLS_FOR_EACH (fte, rule, cls) {
              struct fte_version *file_ver = fte->versions[FILE_IDX];
              struct fte_version *sw_ver = fte->versions[SWITCH_IDX];
  
              if (file_ver &&
                  (readd || !sw_ver || !fte_version_equals(sw_ver, file_ver))) {
                  fte_make_flow_mod(fte, FILE_IDX, OFPFC_ADD, protocol,
                                    &requests);
              }
          }
      }
      if (bundle) {
          bundle_transact(vconn, &requests, OFPBF_ORDERED | OFPBF_ATOMIC);
      } else {
          transact_multiple_noreply(vconn, &requests);
      }
  
      ofpbuf_list_delete(&requests);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  
      fte_free_all(&tables);
      fte_state_destroy(&fte_state);
  }
  
  static void
  read_flows_from_source(const char *source, struct fte_state *state, int index)
  {
      struct stat s;
  
      if (source[0] == '/' || source[0] == '.'
          || (!strchr(source, ':') && !stat(source, &s))) {
          read_flows_from_file(source, state, index);
      } else {
          enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
          struct vconn *vconn;
  
          protocol = open_vconn(source, &vconn);
          protocol = set_protocol_for_flow_dump(vconn, protocol, OFPUTIL_P_ANY);
          read_flows_from_switch(vconn, protocol, state, index);
          vconn_close(vconn);
  
          if (!state->port_map) {
              state->port_map = ports_to_show(source);
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_diff_flows(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      bool differences = false;
      struct fte_state fte_state;
      struct flow_tables tables;
      struct classifier *cls;
      struct ds a_s, b_s;
      struct fte *fte;
  
      fte_state_init(&fte_state);
      read_flows_from_source(ctx->argv[1], &fte_state, 0);
      read_flows_from_source(ctx->argv[2], &fte_state, 1);
      fte_fill(&fte_state, &tables);
  
      ds_init(&a_s);
      ds_init(&b_s);
  
      FOR_EACH_TABLE (cls, &tables) {
          CLS_FOR_EACH (fte, rule, cls) {
              struct fte_version *a = fte->versions[0];
              struct fte_version *b = fte->versions[1];
  
              if (!a || !b || !fte_version_equals(a, b)) {
                  fte_version_format(&fte_state, fte, 0, &a_s);
                  fte_version_format(&fte_state, fte, 1, &b_s);
                  if (a_s.length) {
                      printf("-%s", ds_cstr(&a_s));
                  }
                  if (b_s.length) {
                      printf("+%s", ds_cstr(&b_s));
                  }
                  differences = true;
              }
          }
      }
  
      ds_destroy(&a_s);
      ds_destroy(&b_s);
  
      fte_free_all(&tables);
      fte_state_destroy(&fte_state);
  
      if (differences) {
          exit(2);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_meter_mod__(const char *bridge, const char *str, int command)
  {
      struct ofputil_meter_mod mm;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      enum ofp_version version;
  
      if (str) {
          char *error;
          error = parse_ofp_meter_mod_str(&mm, str, command, &usable_protocols);
          if (error) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
          }
      } else {
          usable_protocols = OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP;
          mm.command = command;
          mm.meter.meter_id = OFPM13_ALL;
          mm.meter.bands = NULL;
      }
  
      protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(bridge, &vconn, usable_protocols);
      version = ofputil_protocol_to_ofp_version(protocol);
      transact_noreply(vconn, ofputil_encode_meter_mod(version, &mm));
      free(mm.meter.bands);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_meter_request__(const char *bridge, const char *str,
                        enum ofputil_meter_request_type type)
  {
      struct ofputil_meter_mod mm;
      struct vconn *vconn;
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
      enum ofp_version version;
  
      if (str) {
          char *error;
          error = parse_ofp_meter_mod_str(&mm, str, -1, &usable_protocols);
          if (error) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
          }
      } else {
          usable_protocols = OFPUTIL_P_OF13_UP;
          mm.meter.meter_id = OFPM13_ALL;
          mm.meter.bands = NULL;
      }
  
      protocol = open_vconn_for_flow_mod(bridge, &vconn, usable_protocols);
      version = ofputil_protocol_to_ofp_version(protocol);
      dump_transaction(vconn, ofputil_encode_meter_request(version, type,
                                                           mm.meter.meter_id));
      free(mm.meter.bands);
      vconn_close(vconn);
  }
  
  
  static void
  ofctl_add_meter(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_meter_mod__(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argv[2], OFPMC13_ADD);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_mod_meter(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_meter_mod__(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argv[2], OFPMC13_MODIFY);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_del_meters(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_meter_mod__(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argc > 2 ? ctx->argv[2] : NULL, OFPMC13_DELETE);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_dump_meters(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_meter_request__(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argc > 2 ? ctx->argv[2] : NULL,
                            OFPUTIL_METER_CONFIG);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_meter_stats(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_meter_request__(ctx->argv[1], ctx->argc > 2 ? ctx->argv[2] : NULL,
                            OFPUTIL_METER_STATS);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_meter_features(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_meter_request__(ctx->argv[1], NULL, OFPUTIL_METER_FEATURES);
  }
  
  
  /* Undocumented commands for unit testing. */
  
  static void
  ofctl_parse_flows__(struct ofputil_flow_mod *fms, size_t n_fms,
                      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol = 0;
      char *usable_s;
      size_t i;
  
      usable_s = ofputil_protocols_to_string(usable_protocols);
      printf("usable protocols: %s\n", usable_s);
      free(usable_s);
  
      if (!(usable_protocols & allowed_protocols)) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "no usable protocol");
      }
      for (i = 0; i < sizeof(enum ofputil_protocol) * CHAR_BIT; i++) {
          protocol = 1 << i;
          if (protocol & usable_protocols & allowed_protocols) {
              break;
          }
      }
      ovs_assert(is_pow2(protocol));
  
      printf("chosen protocol: %s\n", ofputil_protocol_to_string(protocol));
  
      for (i = 0; i < n_fms; i++) {
          struct ofputil_flow_mod *fm = &fms[i];
          struct ofpbuf *msg;
  
          msg = ofputil_encode_flow_mod(fm, protocol);
          ofp_print(stdout, msg->data, msg->size, NULL, NULL, verbosity);
          ofpbuf_delete(msg);
  
          free(CONST_CAST(struct ofpact *, fm->ofpacts));
      }
  }
  
  /* "parse-flow FLOW": parses the argument as a flow (like add-flow) and prints
   * it back to stdout.  */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_flow(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      struct ofputil_flow_mod fm;
      char *error;
  
      error = parse_ofp_flow_mod_str(&fm, ctx->argv[1], NULL, NULL,
                                     OFPFC_ADD, &usable_protocols);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
      ofctl_parse_flows__(&fm, 1, usable_protocols);
  }
  
  /* "parse-flows FILENAME": reads the named file as a sequence of flows (like
   * add-flows) and prints each of the flows back to stdout.  */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_flows(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols;
      struct ofputil_flow_mod *fms = NULL;
      size_t n_fms = 0;
      char *error;
  
      error = parse_ofp_flow_mod_file(ctx->argv[1], NULL, NULL, OFPFC_ADD,
                                      &fms, &n_fms, &usable_protocols);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
      ofctl_parse_flows__(fms, n_fms, usable_protocols);
      free(fms);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_parse_nxm__(bool oxm, enum ofp_version version)
  {
      struct ds in;
  
      ds_init(&in);
      while (!ds_get_test_line(&in, stdin)) {
          struct ofpbuf nx_match;
          struct match match;
          ovs_be64 cookie, cookie_mask;
          enum ofperr error;
          int match_len;
  
          /* Convert string to nx_match. */
          ofpbuf_init(&nx_match, 0);
          if (oxm) {
              match_len = oxm_match_from_string(ds_cstr(&in), &nx_match);
          } else {
              match_len = nx_match_from_string(ds_cstr(&in), &nx_match);
          }
  
          /* Convert nx_match to match. */
          if (strict) {
              if (oxm) {
                  error = oxm_pull_match(&nx_match, false, NULL, NULL, &match);
              } else {
                  error = nx_pull_match(&nx_match, match_len, &match, &cookie,
                                        &cookie_mask, false, NULL, NULL);
              }
          } else {
              if (oxm) {
                  error = oxm_pull_match_loose(&nx_match, false, NULL, &match);
              } else {
                  error = nx_pull_match_loose(&nx_match, match_len, &match,
                                              &cookie, &cookie_mask, false,
                                              NULL);
              }
          }
  
  
          if (!error) {
              char *out;
  
              /* Convert match back to nx_match. */
              ofpbuf_uninit(&nx_match);
              ofpbuf_init(&nx_match, 0);
              if (oxm) {
                  match_len = oxm_put_match(&nx_match, &match, version);
                  out = oxm_match_to_string(&nx_match, match_len);
              } else {
                  match_len = nx_put_match(&nx_match, &match,
                                           cookie, cookie_mask);
                  out = nx_match_to_string(nx_match.data, match_len);
              }
  
              puts(out);
              free(out);
  
              if (verbosity > 0) {
                  ovs_hex_dump(stdout, nx_match.data, nx_match.size, 0, false);
              }
          } else {
              printf("nx_pull_match() returned error %s\n",
                     ofperr_get_name(error));
          }
  
          ofpbuf_uninit(&nx_match);
      }
      ds_destroy(&in);
  }
  
  /* "parse-nxm": reads a series of NXM nx_match specifications as strings from
   * stdin, does some internal fussing with them, and then prints them back as
   * strings on stdout. */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_nxm(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      ofctl_parse_nxm__(false, 0);
  }
  
  /* "parse-oxm VERSION": reads a series of OXM nx_match specifications as
   * strings from stdin, does some internal fussing with them, and then prints
   * them back as strings on stdout.  VERSION must specify an OpenFlow version,
   * e.g. "OpenFlow12". */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_oxm(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      enum ofp_version version = ofputil_version_from_string(ctx->argv[1]);
      if (version < OFP12_VERSION) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: not a valid version for OXM", ctx->argv[1]);
      }
  
      ofctl_parse_nxm__(true, version);
  }
  
  static void
  print_differences(const char *prefix,
                    const void *a_, size_t a_len,
                    const void *b_, size_t b_len)
  {
      const uint8_t *a = a_;
      const uint8_t *b = b_;
      size_t i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < MIN(a_len, b_len); i++) {
          if (a[i] != b[i]) {
              printf("%s%2"PRIuSIZE": %02"PRIx8" -> %02"PRIx8"\n",
                     prefix, i, a[i], b[i]);
          }
      }
      for (i = a_len; i < b_len; i++) {
          printf("%s%2"PRIuSIZE": (none) -> %02"PRIx8"\n", prefix, i, b[i]);
      }
      for (i = b_len; i < a_len; i++) {
          printf("%s%2"PRIuSIZE": %02"PRIx8" -> (none)\n", prefix, i, a[i]);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_parse_actions__(const char *version_s, bool instructions)
  {
      enum ofp_version version;
      struct ds in;
  
      version = ofputil_version_from_string(version_s);
      if (!version) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s: not a valid OpenFlow version", version_s);
      }
  
      ds_init(&in);
      while (!ds_get_preprocessed_line(&in, stdin, NULL)) {
          struct ofpbuf of_out;
          struct ofpbuf of_in;
          struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
          const char *table_id;
          char *actions;
          enum ofperr error;
          size_t size;
          struct ds s;
  
          /* Parse table_id separated with the follow-up actions by ",", if
           * any. */
          actions = ds_cstr(&in);
          table_id = NULL;
          if (strstr(actions, ",")) {
              table_id = strsep(&actions, ",");
          }
  
          /* Parse hex bytes. */
          ofpbuf_init(&of_in, 0);
          if (ofpbuf_put_hex(&of_in, actions, NULL)[0] != '\0') {
              ovs_fatal(0, "Trailing garbage in hex data");
          }
  
          /* Convert to ofpacts. */
          ofpbuf_init(&ofpacts, 0);
          size = of_in.size;
          error = (instructions
                   ? ofpacts_pull_openflow_instructions
                   : ofpacts_pull_openflow_actions)(
                       &of_in, of_in.size, version, NULL, NULL, &ofpacts);
          if (!error && instructions) {
              /* Verify actions, enforce consistency. */
              enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
              struct match match;
  
              memset(&match, 0, sizeof match);
              protocol = ofputil_protocols_from_ofp_version(version);
              error = ofpacts_check_consistency(ofpacts.data, ofpacts.size,
                                                &match, OFPP_MAX,
                                                table_id ? atoi(table_id) : 0,
                                                OFPTT_MAX + 1, protocol);
          }
          if (error) {
              printf("bad %s %s: %s\n\n",
                     version_s, instructions ? "instructions" : "actions",
                     ofperr_get_name(error));
              ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
              ofpbuf_uninit(&of_in);
              continue;
          }
          ofpbuf_push_uninit(&of_in, size);
  
          /* Print cls_rule. */
          ds_init(&s);
          ds_put_cstr(&s, "actions=");
          struct ofpact_format_params fp = { .s = &s };
          ofpacts_format(ofpacts.data, ofpacts.size, &fp);
          puts(ds_cstr(&s));
          ds_destroy(&s);
  
          /* Convert back to ofp10 actions and print differences from input. */
          ofpbuf_init(&of_out, 0);
          if (instructions) {
             ofpacts_put_openflow_instructions(ofpacts.data, ofpacts.size,
                                               &of_out, version);
          } else {
             ofpacts_put_openflow_actions(ofpacts.data, ofpacts.size,
                                           &of_out, version);
          }
  
          print_differences("", of_in.data, of_in.size,
                            of_out.data, of_out.size);
          putchar('\n');
  
          ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
          ofpbuf_uninit(&of_in);
          ofpbuf_uninit(&of_out);
      }
      ds_destroy(&in);
  }
  
  /* "parse-actions VERSION": reads a series of action specifications for the
   * given OpenFlow VERSION as hex bytes from stdin, converts them to ofpacts,
   * prints them as strings on stdout, and then converts them back to hex bytes
   * and prints any differences from the input. */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_actions(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_parse_actions__(ctx->argv[1], false);
  }
  
  /* "parse-actions VERSION": reads a series of instruction specifications for
   * the given OpenFlow VERSION as hex bytes from stdin, converts them to
   * ofpacts, prints them as strings on stdout, and then converts them back to
   * hex bytes and prints any differences from the input. */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_instructions(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      ofctl_parse_actions__(ctx->argv[1], true);
  }
  
  /* "parse-ofp10-match": reads a series of ofp10_match specifications as hex
   * bytes from stdin, converts them to cls_rules, prints them as strings on
   * stdout, and then converts them back to hex bytes and prints any differences
   * from the input.
   *
   * The input hex bytes may contain "x"s to represent "don't-cares", bytes whose
   * values are ignored in the input and will be set to zero when OVS converts
   * them back to hex bytes.  ovs-ofctl actually sets "x"s to random bits when
   * it does the conversion to hex, to ensure that in fact they are ignored. */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_ofp10_match(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      struct ds expout;
      struct ds in;
  
      ds_init(&in);
      ds_init(&expout);
      while (!ds_get_preprocessed_line(&in, stdin, NULL)) {
          struct ofpbuf match_in, match_expout;
          struct ofp10_match match_out;
          struct ofp10_match match_normal;
          struct match match;
          char *p;
  
          /* Parse hex bytes to use for expected output. */
          ds_clear(&expout);
          ds_put_cstr(&expout, ds_cstr(&in));
          for (p = ds_cstr(&expout); *p; p++) {
              if (*p == 'x') {
                  *p = '0';
              }
          }
          ofpbuf_init(&match_expout, 0);
          if (ofpbuf_put_hex(&match_expout, ds_cstr(&expout), NULL)[0] != '\0') {
              ovs_fatal(0, "Trailing garbage in hex data");
          }
          if (match_expout.size != sizeof(struct ofp10_match)) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "Input is %"PRIu32" bytes, expected %"PRIuSIZE,
                        match_expout.size, sizeof(struct ofp10_match));
          }
  
          /* Parse hex bytes for input. */
          for (p = ds_cstr(&in); *p; p++) {
              if (*p == 'x') {
                  *p = "0123456789abcdef"[random_uint32() & 0xf];
              }
          }
          ofpbuf_init(&match_in, 0);
          if (ofpbuf_put_hex(&match_in, ds_cstr(&in), NULL)[0] != '\0') {
              ovs_fatal(0, "Trailing garbage in hex data");
          }
          if (match_in.size != sizeof(struct ofp10_match)) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "Input is %"PRIu32" bytes, expected %"PRIuSIZE,
                        match_in.size, sizeof(struct ofp10_match));
          }
  
          /* Convert to cls_rule and print. */
          ofputil_match_from_ofp10_match(match_in.data, &match);
          match_print(&match, NULL);
  
          /* Convert back to ofp10_match and print differences from input. */
          ofputil_match_to_ofp10_match(&match, &match_out);
          print_differences("", match_expout.data, match_expout.size,
                            &match_out, sizeof match_out);
  
          /* Normalize, then convert and compare again. */
          ofputil_normalize_match(&match);
          ofputil_match_to_ofp10_match(&match, &match_normal);
          print_differences("normal: ", &match_out, sizeof match_out,
                            &match_normal, sizeof match_normal);
          putchar('\n');
  
          ofpbuf_uninit(&match_in);
          ofpbuf_uninit(&match_expout);
      }
      ds_destroy(&in);
      ds_destroy(&expout);
  }
  
  /* "parse-ofp11-match": reads a series of ofp11_match specifications as hex
   * bytes from stdin, converts them to "struct match"es, prints them as strings
   * on stdout, and then converts them back to hex bytes and prints any
   * differences from the input. */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_ofp11_match(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx OVS_UNUSED)
  {
      struct ds in;
  
      ds_init(&in);
      while (!ds_get_preprocessed_line(&in, stdin, NULL)) {
          struct ofpbuf match_in;
          struct ofp11_match match_out;
          struct match match;
          enum ofperr error;
  
          /* Parse hex bytes. */
          ofpbuf_init(&match_in, 0);
          if (ofpbuf_put_hex(&match_in, ds_cstr(&in), NULL)[0] != '\0') {
              ovs_fatal(0, "Trailing garbage in hex data");
          }
          if (match_in.size != sizeof(struct ofp11_match)) {
              ovs_fatal(0, "Input is %"PRIu32" bytes, expected %"PRIuSIZE,
                        match_in.size, sizeof(struct ofp11_match));
          }
  
          /* Convert to match. */
          error = ofputil_match_from_ofp11_match(match_in.data, &match);
          if (error) {
              printf("bad ofp11_match: %s\n\n", ofperr_get_name(error));
              ofpbuf_uninit(&match_in);
              continue;
          }
  
          /* Print match. */
          match_print(&match, NULL);
  
          /* Convert back to ofp11_match and print differences from input. */
          ofputil_match_to_ofp11_match(&match, &match_out);
  
          print_differences("", match_in.data, match_in.size,
                            &match_out, sizeof match_out);
          putchar('\n');
  
          ofpbuf_uninit(&match_in);
      }
      ds_destroy(&in);
  }
  
  /* "parse-pcap PCAP...": read packets from each PCAP file and print their
   * flows. */
  static void
  ofctl_parse_pcap(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      int error = 0;
      for (int i = 1; i < ctx->argc; i++) {
          const char *filename = ctx->argv[i];
          FILE *pcap = ovs_pcap_open(filename, "rb");
          if (!pcap) {
              error = errno;
              ovs_error(error, "%s: open failed", filename);
              continue;
          }
  
          for (;;) {
              struct dp_packet *packet;
              struct flow flow;
              int retval;
  
              retval = ovs_pcap_read(pcap, &packet, NULL);
              if (retval == EOF) {
                  break;
              } else if (retval) {
                  error = retval;
                  ovs_error(error, "%s: read failed", filename);
              }
  
              pkt_metadata_init(&packet->md, u32_to_odp(ofp_to_u16(OFPP_ANY)));
              flow_extract(packet, &flow);
              flow_print(stdout, &flow, NULL);
              putchar('\n');
              dp_packet_delete(packet);
          }
          fclose(pcap);
      }
      exit(error);
  }
  
  /* "check-vlan VLAN_TCI VLAN_TCI_MASK": converts the specified vlan_tci and
   * mask values to and from various formats and prints the results. */
  static void
  ofctl_check_vlan(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      struct match match;
  
      char *string_s;
      struct ofputil_flow_mod fm;
  
      struct ofpbuf nxm;
      struct match nxm_match;
      int nxm_match_len;
      char *nxm_s;
  
      struct ofp10_match of10_raw;
      struct match of10_match;
  
      struct ofp11_match of11_raw;
      struct match of11_match;
  
      enum ofperr error;
      char *error_s;
  
      enum ofputil_protocol usable_protocols; /* Unused for now. */
  
      match_init_catchall(&match);
      match.flow.vlans[0].tci = htons(strtoul(ctx->argv[1], NULL, 16));
      match.wc.masks.vlans[0].tci = htons(strtoul(ctx->argv[2], NULL, 16));
  
      /* Convert to and from string. */
      string_s = match_to_string(&match, NULL, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
      printf("%s -> ", string_s);
      fflush(stdout);
      error_s = parse_ofp_str(&fm, -1, string_s, NULL, NULL, &usable_protocols);
      if (error_s) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error_s);
      }
      printf("%04"PRIx16"/%04"PRIx16"\n",
             ntohs(fm.match.flow.vlans[0].tci),
             ntohs(fm.match.wc.masks.vlans[0].tci));
      free(string_s);
  
      /* Convert to and from NXM. */
      ofpbuf_init(&nxm, 0);
      nxm_match_len = nx_put_match(&nxm, &match, htonll(0), htonll(0));
      nxm_s = nx_match_to_string(nxm.data, nxm_match_len);
      error = nx_pull_match(&nxm, nxm_match_len, &nxm_match, NULL, NULL, false,
                            NULL, NULL);
      printf("NXM: %s -> ", nxm_s);
      if (error) {
          printf("%s\n", ofperr_to_string(error));
      } else {
          printf("%04"PRIx16"/%04"PRIx16"\n",
                 ntohs(nxm_match.flow.vlans[0].tci),
                 ntohs(nxm_match.wc.masks.vlans[0].tci));
      }
      free(nxm_s);
      ofpbuf_uninit(&nxm);
  
      /* Convert to and from OXM. */
      ofpbuf_init(&nxm, 0);
      nxm_match_len = oxm_put_match(&nxm, &match, OFP12_VERSION);
      nxm_s = oxm_match_to_string(&nxm, nxm_match_len);
      error = oxm_pull_match(&nxm, false, NULL, NULL, &nxm_match);
      printf("OXM: %s -> ", nxm_s);
      if (error) {
          printf("%s\n", ofperr_to_string(error));
      } else {
          uint16_t vid = ntohs(nxm_match.flow.vlans[0].tci) &
              (VLAN_VID_MASK | VLAN_CFI);
          uint16_t mask = ntohs(nxm_match.wc.masks.vlans[0].tci) &
              (VLAN_VID_MASK | VLAN_CFI);
  
          printf("%04"PRIx16"/%04"PRIx16",", vid, mask);
          if (vid && vlan_tci_to_pcp(nxm_match.wc.masks.vlans[0].tci)) {
              printf("%02d\n", vlan_tci_to_pcp(nxm_match.flow.vlans[0].tci));
          } else {
              printf("--\n");
          }
      }
      free(nxm_s);
      ofpbuf_uninit(&nxm);
  
      /* Convert to and from OpenFlow 1.0. */
      ofputil_match_to_ofp10_match(&match, &of10_raw);
      ofputil_match_from_ofp10_match(&of10_raw, &of10_match);
      printf("OF1.0: %04"PRIx16"/%d,%02"PRIx8"/%d -> %04"PRIx16"/%04"PRIx16"\n",
             ntohs(of10_raw.dl_vlan),
             (of10_raw.wildcards & htonl(OFPFW10_DL_VLAN)) != 0,
             of10_raw.dl_vlan_pcp,
             (of10_raw.wildcards & htonl(OFPFW10_DL_VLAN_PCP)) != 0,
             ntohs(of10_match.flow.vlans[0].tci),
             ntohs(of10_match.wc.masks.vlans[0].tci));
  
      /* Convert to and from OpenFlow 1.1. */
      ofputil_match_to_ofp11_match(&match, &of11_raw);
      ofputil_match_from_ofp11_match(&of11_raw, &of11_match);
      printf("OF1.1: %04"PRIx16"/%d,%02"PRIx8"/%d -> %04"PRIx16"/%04"PRIx16"\n",
             ntohs(of11_raw.dl_vlan),
             (of11_raw.wildcards & htonl(OFPFW11_DL_VLAN)) != 0,
             of11_raw.dl_vlan_pcp,
             (of11_raw.wildcards & htonl(OFPFW11_DL_VLAN_PCP)) != 0,
             ntohs(of11_match.flow.vlans[0].tci),
             ntohs(of11_match.wc.masks.vlans[0].tci));
  }
  
  /* "print-error ENUM": Prints the type and code of ENUM for every OpenFlow
   * version. */
  static void
  ofctl_print_error(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      enum ofperr error;
      int version;
  
      error = ofperr_from_name(ctx->argv[1]);
      if (!error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "unknown error \"%s\"", ctx->argv[1]);
      }
  
      for (version = 0; version <= UINT8_MAX; version++) {
          const char *name = ofperr_domain_get_name(version);
          if (name) {
              int vendor = ofperr_get_vendor(error, version);
              int type = ofperr_get_type(error, version);
              int code = ofperr_get_code(error, version);
  
              if (vendor != -1 || type != -1 || code != -1) {
                  printf("%s: vendor %#x, type %d, code %d\n",
                         name, vendor, type, code);
              }
          }
      }
  }
  
  /* "encode-error-reply ENUM REQUEST": Encodes an error reply to REQUEST for the
   * error named ENUM and prints the error reply in hex. */
  static void
  ofctl_encode_error_reply(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      const struct ofp_header *oh;
      struct ofpbuf request, *reply;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofperr_from_name(ctx->argv[1]);
      if (!error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "unknown error \"%s\"", ctx->argv[1]);
      }
  
      ofpbuf_init(&request, 0);
      if (ofpbuf_put_hex(&request, ctx->argv[2], NULL)[0] != '\0') {
          ovs_fatal(0, "Trailing garbage in hex data");
      }
      if (request.size < sizeof(struct ofp_header)) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "Request too short");
      }
  
      oh = request.data;
      if (request.size != ntohs(oh->length)) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "Request size inconsistent");
      }
  
      reply = ofperr_encode_reply(error, request.data);
      ofpbuf_uninit(&request);
  
      ovs_hex_dump(stdout, reply->data, reply->size, 0, false);
      ofpbuf_delete(reply);
  }
  
  /* Usage:
   *    ofp-print HEXSTRING [VERBOSITY]
   *    ofp-print - [VERBOSITY] < HEXSTRING_FILE
   *    ofp-print --raw - [VERBOSITY] < RAW_FILE
   *
   * Converts the hex digits in HEXSTRING into binary data, interpreting them as
   * an OpenFlow message, and prints the OpenFlow message on stdout, at VERBOSITY
   * (level 2 by default).  With -, hex data is read from HEXSTRING_FILE, and
   * with --raw -, raw binary data is read from RAW_FILE. */
  static void
  ofctl_ofp_print(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      int verbosity_ = ctx->argc > 2 ? atoi(ctx->argv[2]) : 2;
  
      struct ofpbuf packet;
      ofpbuf_init(&packet, 0);
  
      char *buffer = NULL;
      if (!strcmp(ctx->argv[1], "-")) {
          if (raw) {
              for (;;) {
                  int c = getchar();
                  if (c == EOF) {
                      break;
                  }
                  ofpbuf_put(&packet, &c, 1);
              }
          } else {
              struct ds line = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
              if (ds_get_line(&line, stdin)) {
                  VLOG_FATAL("Failed to read stdin");
              }
              buffer = ds_steal_cstr(&line);
          }
      } else  {
          buffer = xstrdup(ctx->argv[1]);
      }
      if (buffer && ofpbuf_put_hex(&packet, buffer, NULL)[0] != '\0') {
          ovs_fatal(0, "trailing garbage following hex bytes");
      }
      free(buffer);
      ofp_print(stdout, packet.data, packet.size, NULL, NULL, verbosity_);
      ofpbuf_uninit(&packet);
  }
  
  /* "encode-hello BITMAP...": Encodes each BITMAP as an OpenFlow hello message
   * and dumps each message in hex.  */
  static void
  ofctl_encode_hello(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      uint32_t bitmap = strtol(ctx->argv[1], NULL, 0);
      struct ofpbuf *hello;
  
      hello = ofputil_encode_hello(bitmap);
      ovs_hex_dump(stdout, hello->data, hello->size, 0, false);
      ofp_print(stdout, hello->data, hello->size, NULL, NULL, verbosity);
      ofpbuf_delete(hello);
  }
  
  static void
  ofctl_parse_key_value(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      for (size_t i = 1; i < ctx->argc; i++) {
          char *s = ctx->argv[i];
          char *key, *value;
          int j = 0;
          while (ofputil_parse_key_value(&s, &key, &value)) {
              if (j++) {
                  fputs(", ", stdout);
              }
              fputs(key, stdout);
              if (value[0]) {
                  printf("=%s", value);
              }
          }
          putchar('\n');
      }
  }
  
  /* "compose-packet [--pcap] FLOW [L7]": Converts the OpenFlow flow
   * specification FLOW to a packet with flow_compose() and prints the hex bytes
   * in the packet on stdout.  Also verifies that the flow extracted from that
   * packet matches the original FLOW.
   *
   * With --pcap, prints the packet to stdout instead as a pcap file, so that you
   * can do something like "ovs-ofctl --pcap compose-packet udp | tcpdump -vvvv
   * -r-" to use another tool to dump the packet contents.
   *
   * If L7 is specified, draws the L7 payload data from it, otherwise defaults to
   * 64 bytes of payload. */
  static void
  ofctl_compose_packet(struct ovs_cmdl_context *ctx)
  {
      if (print_pcap && isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) {
          ovs_fatal(1, "not writing pcap data to stdout; redirect to a file "
                    "or pipe to tcpdump instead");
      }
  
      struct flow flow1;
      char *error = parse_ofp_exact_flow(&flow1, NULL, NULL, ctx->argv[1], NULL);
      if (error) {
          ovs_fatal(0, "%s", error);
      }
  
      struct dp_packet p;
      memset(&p, 0, sizeof p);
      dp_packet_init(&p, 0);
  
      void *l7 = NULL;
      size_t l7_len = 64;
      if (ctx->argc > 2) {
          struct dp_packet payload;
          memset(&payload, 0, sizeof payload);
          dp_packet_init(&payload, 0);
          if (dp_packet_put_hex(&payload, ctx->argv[2], NULL)[0] != '\0') {
              ovs_fatal(0, "%s: trailing garbage in packet data", ctx->argv[2]);
          }
          l7_len = dp_packet_size(&payload);
          l7 = dp_packet_steal_data(&payload);
      }
      flow_compose(&p, &flow1, l7, l7_len);
      free(l7);
  
      if (print_pcap) {
          ovs_pcap_write_header(stdout);
          ovs_pcap_write(stdout, &p);
      } else {
          ovs_hex_dump(stdout, dp_packet_data(&p), dp_packet_size(&p), 0, false);
      }
  
      struct flow flow2;
      flow_extract(&p, &flow2);
      flow2.in_port.ofp_port = OFPP_ANY;
  
      dp_packet_uninit(&p);
  
      if (!flow_equal(&flow1, &flow2)) {
          fprintf(stderr, "specified and extracted flows differ:\n");
          fputs("specified: ", stderr);
          flow_print(stderr, &flow1, NULL);
          fputs("\nextracted: ", stderr);
          flow_print(stderr, &flow2, NULL);
          exit(1);
      }
  }
  
  static const struct ovs_cmdl_command all_commands[] = {
      { "show", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_show, OVS_RO },
      { "monitor", "switch [misslen] [invalid_ttl] [watch:[...]]",
        1, 3, ofctl_monitor, OVS_RO },
      { "snoop", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_snoop, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-desc", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_desc, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-tables", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_tables, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-table-features", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_table_features, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-table-desc", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_table_desc, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-flows", "switch",
        1, 2, ofctl_dump_flows, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-aggregate", "switch",
        1, 2, ofctl_dump_aggregate, OVS_RO },
      { "queue-stats", "switch [port [queue]]",
        1, 3, ofctl_queue_stats, OVS_RO },
      { "queue-get-config", "switch [port [queue]]",
        1, 3, ofctl_queue_get_config, OVS_RO },
      { "add-flow", "switch flow",
        2, 2, ofctl_add_flow, OVS_RW },
      { "add-flows", "switch file",
        2, 2, ofctl_add_flows, OVS_RW },
      { "mod-flows", "switch flow",
        2, 2, ofctl_mod_flows, OVS_RW },
      { "del-flows", "switch [flow]",
        1, 2, ofctl_del_flows, OVS_RW },
      { "replace-flows", "switch file",
        2, 2, ofctl_replace_flows, OVS_RW },
      { "diff-flows", "source1 source2",
        2, 2, ofctl_diff_flows, OVS_RW },
      { "add-meter", "switch meter",
        2, 2, ofctl_add_meter, OVS_RW },
      { "mod-meter", "switch meter",
        2, 2, ofctl_mod_meter, OVS_RW },
      { "del-meter", "switch meter",
        2, 2, ofctl_del_meters, OVS_RW },
      { "del-meters", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_del_meters, OVS_RW },
      { "dump-meter", "switch meter",
        2, 2, ofctl_dump_meters, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-meters", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_meters, OVS_RO },
      { "meter-stats", "switch [meter]",
        1, 2, ofctl_meter_stats, OVS_RO },
      { "meter-features", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_meter_features, OVS_RO },
      { "packet-out", "switch \"in_port=<port> packet=<hex data> actions=...\"",
        2, INT_MAX, ofctl_packet_out, OVS_RW },
      { "dump-ports", "switch [port]",
        1, 2, ofctl_dump_ports, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-ports-desc", "switch [port]",
        1, 2, ofctl_dump_ports_desc, OVS_RO },
      { "mod-port", "switch iface act",
        3, 3, ofctl_mod_port, OVS_RW },
      { "mod-table", "switch mod",
        3, 3, ofctl_mod_table, OVS_RW },
      { "get-frags", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_get_frags, OVS_RO },
      { "set-frags", "switch frag_mode",
        2, 2, ofctl_set_frags, OVS_RW },
      { "probe", "target",
        1, 1, ofctl_probe, OVS_RO },
      { "ping", "target [n]",
        1, 2, ofctl_ping, OVS_RO },
      { "benchmark", "target n count",
        3, 3, ofctl_benchmark, OVS_RO },
  
      { "dump-ipfix-bridge", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_ipfix_bridge, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-ipfix-flow", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_ipfix_flow, OVS_RO },
  
      { "ct-flush-zone", "switch zone",
        2, 2, ofctl_ct_flush_zone, OVS_RO },
  
      { "ofp-parse", "file",
        1, 1, ofctl_ofp_parse, OVS_RW },
      { "ofp-parse-pcap", "pcap",
        1, INT_MAX, ofctl_ofp_parse_pcap, OVS_RW },
  
      { "add-group", "switch group",
        1, 2, ofctl_add_group, OVS_RW },
      { "add-groups", "switch file",
        1, 2, ofctl_add_groups, OVS_RW },
      { "mod-group", "switch group",
        1, 2, ofctl_mod_group, OVS_RW },
      { "del-groups", "switch [group]",
        1, 2, ofctl_del_groups, OVS_RW },
      { "insert-buckets", "switch [group]",
        1, 2, ofctl_insert_bucket, OVS_RW },
      { "remove-buckets", "switch [group]",
        1, 2, ofctl_remove_bucket, OVS_RW },
      { "dump-groups", "switch [group]",
        1, 2, ofctl_dump_group_desc, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-group-stats", "switch [group]",
        1, 2, ofctl_dump_group_stats, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-group-features", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_group_features, OVS_RO },
  
      { "bundle", "switch file",
        2, 2, ofctl_bundle, OVS_RW },
  
      { "add-tlv-map", "switch map",
        2, 2, ofctl_add_tlv_map, OVS_RO },
      { "del-tlv-map", "switch [map]",
        1, 2, ofctl_del_tlv_map, OVS_RO },
      { "dump-tlv-map", "switch",
        1, 1, ofctl_dump_tlv_map, OVS_RO },
      { "help", NULL, 0, INT_MAX, ofctl_help, OVS_RO },
      { "list-commands", NULL, 0, INT_MAX, ofctl_list_commands, OVS_RO },
  
      /* Undocumented commands for testing. */
      { "parse-flow", NULL, 1, 1, ofctl_parse_flow, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-flows", NULL, 1, 1, ofctl_parse_flows, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-nx-match", NULL, 0, 0, ofctl_parse_nxm, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-nxm", NULL, 0, 0, ofctl_parse_nxm, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-oxm", NULL, 1, 1, ofctl_parse_oxm, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-actions", NULL, 1, 1, ofctl_parse_actions, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-instructions", NULL, 1, 1, ofctl_parse_instructions, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-ofp10-match", NULL, 0, 0, ofctl_parse_ofp10_match, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-ofp11-match", NULL, 0, 0, ofctl_parse_ofp11_match, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-pcap", NULL, 1, INT_MAX, ofctl_parse_pcap, OVS_RW },
      { "check-vlan", NULL, 2, 2, ofctl_check_vlan, OVS_RW },
      { "print-error", NULL, 1, 1, ofctl_print_error, OVS_RW },
      { "encode-error-reply", NULL, 2, 2, ofctl_encode_error_reply, OVS_RW },
      { "ofp-print", NULL, 1, 2, ofctl_ofp_print, OVS_RW },
      { "encode-hello", NULL, 1, 1, ofctl_encode_hello, OVS_RW },
      { "parse-key-value", NULL, 1, INT_MAX, ofctl_parse_key_value, OVS_RW },
      { "compose-packet", NULL, 1, 2, ofctl_compose_packet, OVS_RO },
  
      { NULL, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, OVS_RO },
  };
  
  static const struct ovs_cmdl_command *get_all_commands(void)
  {
      return all_commands;
  }
  