text: #!/usr/bin/env python
  # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
  """
  Bottle is a fast and simple micro-framework for small web applications. It
  offers request dispatching (Routes) with URL parameter support, templates,
  a built-in HTTP Server and adapters for many third party WSGI/HTTP-server and
  template engines - all in a single file and with no dependencies other than the
  Python Standard Library.
  
  Homepage and documentation: http://bottlepy.org/
  
  Copyright (c) 2015, Marcel Hellkamp.
  License: MIT (see LICENSE for details)
  """
  
  from __future__ import with_statement
  import sys
  
  __author__ = 'Marcel Hellkamp'
  __version__ = '0.13-dev'
  __license__ = 'MIT'
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Command-line interface ########################################################
  ###############################################################################
  # INFO: Some server adapters need to monkey-patch std-lib modules before they
  # are imported. This is why some of the command-line handling is done here, but
  # the actual call to main() is at the end of the file.
  
  
  def _cli_parse(args):
      from optparse import OptionParser
      parser = OptionParser(
          usage="usage: %prog [options] package.module:app")
      opt = parser.add_option
      opt("--version", action="store_true", help="show version number.")
      opt("-b", "--bind", metavar="ADDRESS", help="bind socket to ADDRESS.")
      opt("-s", "--server", default='wsgiref', help="use SERVER as backend.")
      opt("-p", "--plugin", action="append", help="install additional plugin/s.")
      opt("-c", "--conf", action="append", metavar="FILE",
          help="load config values from FILE.")
      opt("-C", "--param", action="append", metavar="NAME=VALUE",
          help="override config values.")
      opt("--debug", action="store_true", help="start server in debug mode.")
      opt("--reload", action="store_true", help="auto-reload on file changes.")
      opts, args = parser.parse_args(args[1:])
  
      return opts, args, parser
  
  
  def _cli_patch(args):
      opts, _, _ = _cli_parse(args)
      if opts.server:
          if opts.server.startswith('gevent'):
              import gevent.monkey
              gevent.monkey.patch_all()
          elif opts.server.startswith('eventlet'):
              import eventlet
              eventlet.monkey_patch()
  
  
  if __name__ == '__main__':
      _cli_patch(sys.argv)
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Imports and Python 2/3 unification ###########################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  import base64, cgi, email.utils, functools, hmac, imp, itertools, mimetypes,\
          os, re, tempfile, threading, time, warnings, hashlib
  
  from types import FunctionType
  from datetime import date as datedate, datetime, timedelta
  from tempfile import TemporaryFile
  from traceback import format_exc, print_exc
  from unicodedata import normalize
  
  # inspect.getargspec was removed in Python 3.6, use
  # Signature-based version where we can (Python 3.3+)
  try:
      from inspect import signature
      def getargspec(func):
          params = signature(func).parameters
          args, varargs, keywords, defaults = [], None, None, []
          for name, param in params.items():
              if param.kind == param.VAR_POSITIONAL:
                  varargs = name
              elif param.kind == param.VAR_KEYWORD:
                  keywords = name
              else:
                  args.append(name)
                  if param.default is not param.empty:
                      defaults.append(param.default)
          return (args, varargs, keywords, tuple(defaults) or None)
  except ImportError:
      try:
          from inspect import getfullargspec
          def getargspec(func):
              spec = getfullargspec(func)
              kwargs = makelist(spec[0]) + makelist(spec.kwonlyargs)
              return kwargs, spec[1], spec[2], spec[3]
      except ImportError:
          from inspect import getargspec
  
  try:
      from simplejson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
  except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
      try:
          from json import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
      except ImportError:
          try:
              from django.utils.simplejson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
          except ImportError:
  
              def json_dumps(data):
                  raise ImportError(
                      "JSON support requires Python 2.6 or simplejson.")
  
              json_lds = json_dumps
  
  # We now try to fix 2.5/2.6/3.1/3.2 incompatibilities.
  # It ain't pretty but it works... Sorry for the mess.
  
  py = sys.version_info
  py3k = py >= (3, 0, 0)
  py25 = py <  (2, 6, 0)
  py31 = (3, 1, 0) <= py < (3, 2, 0)
  
  # Workaround for the missing "as" keyword in py3k.
  def _e():
      return sys.exc_info()[1]
  
  # Workaround for the "print is a keyword/function" Python 2/3 dilemma
  # and a fallback for mod_wsgi (resticts stdout/err attribute access)
  try:
      _stdout, _stderr = sys.stdout.write, sys.stderr.write
  except IOError:
      _stdout = lambda x: sys.stdout.write(x)
      _stderr = lambda x: sys.stderr.write(x)
  
  # Lots of stdlib and builtin differences.
  if py3k:
      import http.client as httplib
      import _thread as thread
      from urllib.parse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
      from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
      urlunquote = functools.partial(urlunquote, encoding='latin1')
      from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
      from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
      import pickle
      from io import BytesIO
      from configparser import ConfigParser, Error as ConfigParserError
      basestring = str
      unicode = str
      json_loads = lambda s: json_lds(touni(s))
      callable = lambda x: hasattr(x, '__call__')
      imap = map
  
      def _raise(*a):
          raise a[0](a[1]).with_traceback(a[2])
  else:  # 2.x
      import httplib
      import thread
      from urlparse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
      from urllib import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
      from Cookie import SimpleCookie
      from itertools import imap
      import cPickle as pickle
      from StringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
      from ConfigParser import SafeConfigParser as ConfigParser, \
                               Error as ConfigParserError
      if py25:
          from UserDict import DictMixin
  
          def next(it):
              return it.next()
  
          bytes = str
      else:  # 2.6, 2.7
          from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
      unicode = unicode
      json_loads = json_lds
      eval(compile('def _raise(*a): raise a[0], a[1], a[2]', '<py3fix>', 'exec'))
  
  if py25 or py31:
      msg = "Python 2.5 and 3.1 support will be dropped in future versions of Bottle."
      warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning)
  
  # Some helpers for string/byte handling
  def tob(s, enc='utf8'):
      return s.encode(enc) if isinstance(s, unicode) else bytes(s)
  
  
  def touni(s, enc='utf8', err='strict'):
      if isinstance(s, bytes):
          return s.decode(enc, err)
      else:
          return unicode(s or ("" if s is None else s))
  
  
  tonat = touni if py3k else tob
  
  # 3.2 fixes cgi.FieldStorage to accept bytes (which makes a lot of sense).
  # 3.1 needs a workaround.
  if py31:
      from io import TextIOWrapper
  
      class NCTextIOWrapper(TextIOWrapper):
          def close(self):
              pass  # Keep wrapped buffer open.
  
  
  # A bug in functools causes it to break if the wrapper is an instance method
  def update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka):
      try:
          functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka)
      except AttributeError:
          pass
  
  # These helpers are used at module level and need to be defined first.
  # And yes, I know PEP-8, but sometimes a lower-case classname makes more sense.
  
  
  def depr(major, minor, cause, fix):
      text = "Warning: Use of deprecated feature or API. (Deprecated in Bottle-%d.%d)\n"\
             "Cause: %s\n"\
             "Fix: %s\n" %  (major, minor, cause, fix)
      if DEBUG == 'strict':
          raise DeprecationWarning(text)
      warnings.warn(text, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
      return DeprecationWarning(text)
  
  
  def makelist(data):  # This is just too handy
      if isinstance(data, (tuple, list, set, dict)):
          return list(data)
      elif data:
          return [data]
      else:
          return []
  
  
  class DictProperty(object):
      """ Property that maps to a key in a local dict-like attribute. """
  
      def __init__(self, attr, key=None, read_only=False):
          self.attr, self.key, self.read_only = attr, key, read_only
  
      def __call__(self, func):
          functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
          self.getter, self.key = func, self.key or func.__name__
          return self
  
      def __get__(self, obj, cls):
          if obj is None: return self
          key, storage = self.key, getattr(obj, self.attr)
          if key not in storage: storage[key] = self.getter(obj)
          return storage[key]
  
      def __set__(self, obj, value):
          if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
          getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] = value
  
      def __delete__(self, obj):
          if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
          del getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key]
  
  
  class cached_property(object):
      """ A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
          itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
          property. """
  
      def __init__(self, func):
          self.__doc__ = getattr(func, '__doc__')
          self.func = func
  
      def __get__(self, obj, cls):
          if obj is None: return self
          value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
          return value
  
  
  class lazy_attribute(object):
      """ A property that caches itself to the class object. """
  
      def __init__(self, func):
          functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
          self.getter = func
  
      def __get__(self, obj, cls):
          value = self.getter(cls)
          setattr(cls, self.__name__, value)
          return value
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Exceptions and Events ########################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  class BottleException(Exception):
      """ A base class for exceptions used by bottle. """
      pass
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Routing ######################################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  class RouteError(BottleException):
      """ This is a base class for all routing related exceptions """
  
  
  class RouteReset(BottleException):
      """ If raised by a plugin or request handler, the route is reset and all
          plugins are re-applied. """
  
  
  class RouterUnknownModeError(RouteError):
  
      pass
  
  
  class RouteSyntaxError(RouteError):
      """ The route parser found something not supported by this router. """
  
  
  class RouteBuildError(RouteError):
      """ The route could not be built. """
  
  
  def _re_flatten(p):
      """ Turn all capturing groups in a regular expression pattern into
          non-capturing groups. """
      if '(' not in p:
          return p
      return re.sub(r'(\\*)(\(\?P<[^>]+>|\((?!\?))', lambda m: m.group(0) if
                    len(m.group(1)) % 2 else m.group(1) + '(?:', p)
  
  
  class Router(object):
      """ A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to
          efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return
          the first target that satisfies the request. The target may be anything,
          usually a string, ID or callable object. A route consists of a path-rule
          and a HTTP method.
  
          The path-rule is either a static path (e.g. `/contact`) or a dynamic
          path that contains wildcards (e.g. `/wiki/<page>`). The wildcard syntax
          and details on the matching order are described in docs:`routing`.
      """
  
      default_pattern = '[^/]+'
      default_filter = 're'
  
      #: The current CPython regexp implementation does not allow more
      #: than 99 matching groups per regular expression.
      _MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN = 99
  
      def __init__(self, strict=False):
          self.rules = []  # All rules in order
          self._groups = {}  # index of regexes to find them in dyna_routes
          self.builder = {}  # Data structure for the url builder
          self.static = {}  # Search structure for static routes
          self.dyna_routes = {}
          self.dyna_regexes = {}  # Search structure for dynamic routes
          #: If true, static routes are no longer checked first.
          self.strict_order = strict
          self.filters = {
              're': lambda conf: (_re_flatten(conf or self.default_pattern),
                                  None, None),
              'int': lambda conf: (r'-?\d+', int, lambda x: str(int(x))),
              'float': lambda conf: (r'-?[\d.]+', float, lambda x: str(float(x))),
              'path': lambda conf: (r'.+?', None, None)
          }
  
      def add_filter(self, name, func):
          """ Add a filter. The provided function is called with the configuration
          string as parameter and must return a (regexp, to_python, to_url) tuple.
          The first element is a string, the last two are callables or None. """
          self.filters[name] = func
  
      rule_syntax = re.compile('(\\\\*)'
          '(?:(?::([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?()(?:#(.*?)#)?)'
            '|(?:<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?(?::([a-zA-Z_]*)'
              '(?::((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\>]+)+)?)?)?>))')
  
      def _itertokens(self, rule):
          offset, prefix = 0, ''
          for match in self.rule_syntax.finditer(rule):
              prefix += rule[offset:match.start()]
              g = match.groups()
              if g[2] is not None:
                  depr(0, 13, "Use of old route syntax.",
                              "Use <name> instead of :name in routes.")
              if len(g[0]) % 2:  # Escaped wildcard
                  prefix += match.group(0)[len(g[0]):]
                  offset = match.end()
                  continue
              if prefix:
                  yield prefix, None, None
              name, filtr, conf = g[4:7] if g[2] is None else g[1:4]
              yield name, filtr or 'default', conf or None
              offset, prefix = match.end(), ''
          if offset <= len(rule) or prefix:
              yield prefix + rule[offset:], None, None
  
      def add(self, rule, method, target, name=None):
          """ Add a new rule or replace the target for an existing rule. """
          anons = 0  # Number of anonymous wildcards found
          keys = []  # Names of keys
          pattern = ''  # Regular expression pattern with named groups
          filters = []  # Lists of wildcard input filters
          builder = []  # Data structure for the URL builder
          is_static = True
  
          for key, mode, conf in self._itertokens(rule):
              if mode:
                  is_static = False
                  if mode == 'default': mode = self.default_filter
                  mask, in_filter, out_filter = self.filters[mode](conf)
                  if not key:
                      pattern += '(?:%s)' % mask
                      key = 'anon%d' % anons
                      anons += 1
                  else:
                      pattern += '(?P<%s>%s)' % (key, mask)
                      keys.append(key)
                  if in_filter: filters.append((key, in_filter))
                  builder.append((key, out_filter or str))
              elif key:
                  pattern += re.escape(key)
                  builder.append((None, key))
  
          self.builder[rule] = builder
          if name: self.builder[name] = builder
  
          if is_static and not self.strict_order:
              self.static.setdefault(method, {})
              self.static[method][self.build(rule)] = (target, None)
              return
  
          try:
              re_pattern = re.compile('^(%s)$' % pattern)
              re_match = re_pattern.match
          except re.error:
              raise RouteSyntaxError("Could not add Route: %s (%s)" %
                                     (rule, _e()))
  
          if filters:
  
              def getargs(path):
                  url_args = re_match(path).groupdict()
                  for name, wildcard_filter in filters:
                      try:
                          url_args[name] = wildcard_filter(url_args[name])
                      except ValueError:
                          raise HTTPError(400, 'Path has wrong format.')
                  return url_args
          elif re_pattern.groupindex:
  
              def getargs(path):
                  return re_match(path).groupdict()
          else:
              getargs = None
  
          flatpat = _re_flatten(pattern)
          whole_rule = (rule, flatpat, target, getargs)
  
          if (flatpat, method) in self._groups:
              if DEBUG:
                  msg = 'Route <%s %s> overwrites a previously defined route'
                  warnings.warn(msg % (method, rule), RuntimeWarning)
              self.dyna_routes[method][
                  self._groups[flatpat, method]] = whole_rule
          else:
              self.dyna_routes.setdefault(method, []).append(whole_rule)
              self._groups[flatpat, method] = len(self.dyna_routes[method]) - 1
  
          self._compile(method)
  
      def _compile(self, method):
          all_rules = self.dyna_routes[method]
          comborules = self.dyna_regexes[method] = []
          maxgroups = self._MAX_GROUPS_PER_PATTERN
          for x in range(0, len(all_rules), maxgroups):
              some = all_rules[x:x + maxgroups]
              combined = (flatpat for (_, flatpat, _, _) in some)
              combined = '|'.join('(^%s$)' % flatpat for flatpat in combined)
              combined = re.compile(combined).match
              rules = [(target, getargs) for (_, _, target, getargs) in some]
              comborules.append((combined, rules))
  
      def build(self, _name, *anons, **query):
          """ Build an URL by filling the wildcards in a rule. """
          builder = self.builder.get(_name)
          if not builder:
              raise RouteBuildError("No route with that name.", _name)
          try:
              for i, value in enumerate(anons):
                  query['anon%d' % i] = value
              url = ''.join([f(query.pop(n)) if n else f for (n, f) in builder])
              return url if not query else url + '?' + urlencode(query)
          except KeyError:
              raise RouteBuildError('Missing URL argument: %r' % _e().args[0])
  
      def match(self, environ):
          """ Return a (target, url_args) tuple or raise HTTPError(400/404/405). """
          verb = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
          path = environ['PATH_INFO'] or '/'
  
          if verb == 'HEAD':
              methods = ['PROXY', verb, 'GET', 'ANY']
          else:
              methods = ['PROXY', verb, 'ANY']
  
          for method in methods:
              if method in self.static and path in self.static[method]:
                  target, getargs = self.static[method][path]
                  return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
              elif method in self.dyna_regexes:
                  for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
                      match = combined(path)
                      if match:
                          target, getargs = rules[match.lastindex - 1]
                          return target, getargs(path) if getargs else {}
  
          # No matching route found. Collect alternative methods for 405 response
          allowed = set([])
          nocheck = set(methods)
          for method in set(self.static) - nocheck:
              if path in self.static[method]:
                  allowed.add(verb)
          for method in set(self.dyna_regexes) - allowed - nocheck:
              for combined, rules in self.dyna_regexes[method]:
                  match = combined(path)
                  if match:
                      allowed.add(method)
          if allowed:
              allow_header = ",".join(sorted(allowed))
              raise HTTPError(405, "Method not allowed.", Allow=allow_header)
  
          # No matching route and no alternative method found. We give up
          raise HTTPError(404, "Not found: " + repr(path))
  
  
  class Route(object):
      """ This class wraps a route callback along with route specific metadata and
          configuration and applies Plugins on demand. It is also responsible for
          turing an URL path rule into a regular expression usable by the Router.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, app, rule, method, callback,
                   name=None,
                   plugins=None,
                   skiplist=None, **config):
          #: The application this route is installed to.
          self.app = app
          #: The path-rule string (e.g. ``/wiki/<page>``).
          self.rule = rule
          #: The HTTP method as a string (e.g. ``GET``).
          self.method = method
          #: The original callback with no plugins applied. Useful for introspection.
          self.callback = callback
          #: The name of the route (if specified) or ``None``.
          self.name = name or None
          #: A list of route-specific plugins (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
          self.plugins = plugins or []
          #: A list of plugins to not apply to this route (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
          self.skiplist = skiplist or []
          #: Additional keyword arguments passed to the :meth:`Bottle.route`
          #: decorator are stored in this dictionary. Used for route-specific
          #: plugin configuration and meta-data.
          self.config = ConfigDict().load_dict(config)
  
      @cached_property
      def call(self):
          """ The route callback with all plugins applied. This property is
              created on demand and then cached to speed up subsequent requests."""
          return self._make_callback()
  
      def reset(self):
          """ Forget any cached values. The next time :attr:`call` is accessed,
              all plugins are re-applied. """
          self.__dict__.pop('call', None)
  
      def prepare(self):
          """ Do all on-demand work immediately (useful for debugging)."""
          self.call
  
      def all_plugins(self):
          """ Yield all Plugins affecting this route. """
          unique = set()
          for p in reversed(self.app.plugins + self.plugins):
              if True in self.skiplist: break
              name = getattr(p, 'name', False)
              if name and (name in self.skiplist or name in unique): continue
              if p in self.skiplist or type(p) in self.skiplist: continue
              if name: unique.add(name)
              yield p
  
      def _make_callback(self):
          callback = self.callback
          for plugin in self.all_plugins():
              try:
                  if hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
                      callback = plugin.apply(callback, self)
                  else:
                      callback = plugin(callback)
              except RouteReset:  # Try again with changed configuration.
                  return self._make_callback()
              if not callback is self.callback:
                  update_wrapper(callback, self.callback)
          return callback
  
      def get_undecorated_callback(self):
          """ Return the callback. If the callback is a decorated function, try to
              recover the original function. """
          func = self.callback
          func = getattr(func, '__func__' if py3k else 'im_func', func)
          closure_attr = '__closure__' if py3k else 'func_closure'
          while hasattr(func, closure_attr) and getattr(func, closure_attr):
              attributes = getattr(func, closure_attr)
              func = attributes[0].cell_contents
  
              # in case of decorators with multiple arguments
              if not isinstance(func, FunctionType):
                  # pick first FunctionType instance from multiple arguments
                  func = filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, FunctionType),
                                map(lambda x: x.cell_contents, attributes))
                  func = list(func)[0]  # py3 support
          return func
  
      def get_callback_args(self):
          """ Return a list of argument names the callback (most likely) accepts
              as keyword arguments. If the callback is a decorated function, try
              to recover the original function before inspection. """
          return getargspec(self.get_undecorated_callback())[0]
  
      def get_config(self, key, default=None):
          """ Lookup a config field and return its value, first checking the
              route.config, then route.app.config."""
          for conf in (self.config, self.app.config):
              if key in conf: return conf[key]
          return default
  
      def __repr__(self):
          cb = self.get_undecorated_callback()
          return '<%s %r %r>' % (self.method, self.rule, cb)
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Application Object ###########################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  class Bottle(object):
      """ Each Bottle object represents a single, distinct web application and
          consists of routes, callbacks, plugins, resources and configuration.
          Instances are callable WSGI applications.
  
          :param catchall: If true (default), handle all exceptions. Turn off to
                           let debugging middleware handle exceptions.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, catchall=True, autojson=True):
          #: A :class:`ConfigDict` for app specific configuration.
          self.config = ConfigDict()
          self.config._add_change_listener(functools.partial(self.trigger_hook, 'config'))
          self.config.meta_set('autojson', 'validate', bool)
          self.config.meta_set('catchall', 'validate', bool)
          self.config['catchall'] = catchall
          self.config['autojson'] = autojson
  
          self._mounts = []
  
          #: A :class:`ResourceManager` for application files
          self.resources = ResourceManager()
  
          self.routes = []  # List of installed :class:`Route` instances.
          self.router = Router()  # Maps requests to :class:`Route` instances.
          self.error_handler = {}
  
          # Core plugins
          self.plugins = []  # List of installed plugins.
          if self.config['autojson']:
              self.install(JSONPlugin())
          self.install(TemplatePlugin())
  
      #: If true, most exceptions are caught and returned as :exc:`HTTPError`
      catchall = DictProperty('config', 'catchall')
  
      __hook_names = 'before_request', 'after_request', 'app_reset', 'config'
      __hook_reversed = 'after_request'
  
      @cached_property
      def _hooks(self):
          return dict((name, []) for name in self.__hook_names)
  
      def add_hook(self, name, func):
          """ Attach a callback to a hook. Three hooks are currently implemented:
  
              before_request
                  Executed once before each request. The request context is
                  available, but no routing has happened yet.
              after_request
                  Executed once after each request regardless of its outcome.
              app_reset
                  Called whenever :meth:`Bottle.reset` is called.
          """
          if name in self.__hook_reversed:
              self._hooks[name].insert(0, func)
          else:
              self._hooks[name].append(func)
  
      def remove_hook(self, name, func):
          """ Remove a callback from a hook. """
          if name in self._hooks and func in self._hooks[name]:
              self._hooks[name].remove(func)
              return True
  
      def trigger_hook(self, __name, *args, **kwargs):
          """ Trigger a hook and return a list of results. """
          return [hook(*args, **kwargs) for hook in self._hooks[__name][:]]
  
      def hook(self, name):
          """ Return a decorator that attaches a callback to a hook. See
              :meth:`add_hook` for details."""
  
          def decorator(func):
              self.add_hook(name, func)
              return func
  
          return decorator
  
      def _mount_wsgi(self, prefix, app, **options):
          segments = [p for p in prefix.split('/') if p]
          if not segments:
              raise ValueError('WSGI applications cannot be mounted to "/".')
          path_depth = len(segments)
  
          def mountpoint_wrapper():
              try:
                  request.path_shift(path_depth)
                  rs = HTTPResponse([])
  
                  def start_response(status, headerlist, exc_info=None):
                      if exc_info:
                          _raise(*exc_info)
                      rs.status = status
                      for name, value in headerlist:
                          rs.add_header(name, value)
                      return rs.body.append
  
                  body = app(request.environ, start_response)
                  rs.body = itertools.chain(rs.body, body) if rs.body else body
                  return rs
              finally:
                  request.path_shift(-path_depth)
  
          options.setdefault('skip', True)
          options.setdefault('method', 'PROXY')
          options.setdefault('mountpoint', {'prefix': prefix, 'target': app})
          options['callback'] = mountpoint_wrapper
  
          self.route('/%s/<:re:.*>' % '/'.join(segments), **options)
          if not prefix.endswith('/'):
              self.route('/' + '/'.join(segments), **options)
  
      def _mount_app(self, prefix, app, **options):
          if app in self._mounts or '_mount.app' in app.config:
              depr(0, 13, "Application mounted multiple times. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
                   "Clone application before mounting to a different location.")
              return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
  
          if options:
              depr(0, 13, "Unsupported mount options. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
                   "Do not specify any route options when mounting bottle application.")
              return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
  
          if not prefix.endswith("/"):
              depr(0, 13, "Prefix must end in '/'. Falling back to WSGI mount.",
                   "Consider adding an explicit redirect from '/prefix' to '/prefix/' in the parent application.")
              return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
  
          self._mounts.append(app)
          app.config['_mount.prefix'] = prefix
          app.config['_mount.app'] = self
          for route in app.routes:
              route.rule = prefix + route.rule.lstrip('/')
              self.add_route(route)
  
      def mount(self, prefix, app, **options):
          """ Mount an application (:class:`Bottle` or plain WSGI) to a specific
              URL prefix. Example::
  
                  parent_app.mount('/prefix/', child_app)
  
              :param prefix: path prefix or `mount-point`.
              :param app: an instance of :class:`Bottle` or a WSGI application.
  
              Plugins from the parent application are not applied to the routes
              of the mounted child application. If you need plugins in the child
              application, install them separately.
  
              While it is possible to use path wildcards within the prefix path
              (:class:`Bottle` childs only), it is highly discouraged.
  
              The prefix path must end with a slash. If you want to access the
              root of the child application via `/prefix` in addition to
              `/prefix/`, consider adding a route with a 307 redirect to the
              parent application.
          """
  
          if not prefix.startswith('/'):
              raise ValueError("Prefix must start with '/'")
  
          if isinstance(app, Bottle):
              return self._mount_app(prefix, app, **options)
          else:
              return self._mount_wsgi(prefix, app, **options)
  
      def merge(self, routes):
          """ Merge the routes of another :class:`Bottle` application or a list of
              :class:`Route` objects into this application. The routes keep their
              'owner', meaning that the :data:`Route.app` attribute is not
              changed. """
          if isinstance(routes, Bottle):
              routes = routes.routes
          for route in routes:
              self.add_route(route)
  
      def install(self, plugin):
          """ Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being
              applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple
              decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API.
          """
          if hasattr(plugin, 'setup'): plugin.setup(self)
          if not callable(plugin) and not hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
              raise TypeError("Plugins must be callable or implement .apply()")
          self.plugins.append(plugin)
          self.reset()
          return plugin
  
      def uninstall(self, plugin):
          """ Uninstall plugins. Pass an instance to remove a specific plugin, a type
              object to remove all plugins that match that type, a string to remove
              all plugins with a matching ``name`` attribute or ``True`` to remove all
              plugins. Return the list of removed plugins. """
          removed, remove = [], plugin
          for i, plugin in list(enumerate(self.plugins))[::-1]:
              if remove is True or remove is plugin or remove is type(plugin) \
              or getattr(plugin, 'name', True) == remove:
                  removed.append(plugin)
                  del self.plugins[i]
                  if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
          if removed: self.reset()
          return removed
  
      def reset(self, route=None):
          """ Reset all routes (force plugins to be re-applied) and clear all
              caches. If an ID or route object is given, only that specific route
              is affected. """
          if route is None: routes = self.routes
          elif isinstance(route, Route): routes = [route]
          else: routes = [self.routes[route]]
          for route in routes:
              route.reset()
          if DEBUG:
              for route in routes:
                  route.prepare()
          self.trigger_hook('app_reset')
  
      def close(self):
          """ Close the application and all installed plugins. """
          for plugin in self.plugins:
              if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
  
      def run(self, **kwargs):
          """ Calls :func:`run` with the same parameters. """
          run(self, **kwargs)
  
      def match(self, environ):
          """ Search for a matching route and return a (:class:`Route` , urlargs)
              tuple. The second value is a dictionary with parameters extracted
              from the URL. Raise :exc:`HTTPError` (404/405) on a non-match."""
          return self.router.match(environ)
  
      def get_url(self, routename, **kargs):
          """ Return a string that matches a named route """
          scriptname = request.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + '/'
          location = self.router.build(routename, **kargs).lstrip('/')
          return urljoin(urljoin('/', scriptname), location)
  
      def add_route(self, route):
          """ Add a route object, but do not change the :data:`Route.app`
              attribute."""
          self.routes.append(route)
          self.router.add(route.rule, route.method, route, name=route.name)
          if DEBUG: route.prepare()
  
      def route(self,
                path=None,
                method='GET',
                callback=None,
                name=None,
                apply=None,
                skip=None, **config):
          """ A decorator to bind a function to a request URL. Example::
  
                  @app.route('/hello/<name>')
                  def hello(name):
                      return 'Hello %s' % name
  
              The ``<name>`` part is a wildcard. See :class:`Router` for syntax
              details.
  
              :param path: Request path or a list of paths to listen to. If no
                path is specified, it is automatically generated from the
                signature of the function.
              :param method: HTTP method (`GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, ...) or a list of
                methods to listen to. (default: `GET`)
              :param callback: An optional shortcut to avoid the decorator
                syntax. ``route(..., callback=func)`` equals ``route(...)(func)``
              :param name: The name for this route. (default: None)
              :param apply: A decorator or plugin or a list of plugins. These are
                applied to the route callback in addition to installed plugins.
              :param skip: A list of plugins, plugin classes or names. Matching
                plugins are not installed to this route. ``True`` skips all.
  
              Any additional keyword arguments are stored as route-specific
              configuration and passed to plugins (see :meth:`Plugin.apply`).
          """
          if callable(path): path, callback = None, path
          plugins = makelist(apply)
          skiplist = makelist(skip)
  
          def decorator(callback):
              if isinstance(callback, basestring): callback = load(callback)
              for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback):
                  for verb in makelist(method):
                      verb = verb.upper()
                      route = Route(self, rule, verb, callback,
                                    name=name,
                                    plugins=plugins,
                                    skiplist=skiplist, **config)
                      self.add_route(route)
              return callback
  
          return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
  
      def get(self, path=None, method='GET', **options):
          """ Equals :meth:`route`. """
          return self.route(path, method, **options)
  
      def post(self, path=None, method='POST', **options):
          """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``POST`` method parameter. """
          return self.route(path, method, **options)
  
      def put(self, path=None, method='PUT', **options):
          """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PUT`` method parameter. """
          return self.route(path, method, **options)
  
      def delete(self, path=None, method='DELETE', **options):
          """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``DELETE`` method parameter. """
          return self.route(path, method, **options)
  
      def patch(self, path=None, method='PATCH', **options):
          """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PATCH`` method parameter. """
          return self.route(path, method, **options)
  
      def error(self, code=500):
          """ Decorator: Register an output handler for a HTTP error code"""
  
          def wrapper(handler):
              self.error_handler[int(code)] = handler
              return handler
  
          return wrapper
  
      def default_error_handler(self, res):
          return tob(template(ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE, e=res))
  
      def _handle(self, environ):
          path = environ['bottle.raw_path'] = environ['PATH_INFO']
          if py3k:
              environ['PATH_INFO'] = path.encode('latin1').decode('utf8', 'ignore')
  
          def _inner_handle():
              # Maybe pass variables as locals for better performance? 
              try:
                  route, args = self.router.match(environ)
                  environ['route.handle'] = route
                  environ['bottle.route'] = route
                  environ['route.url_args'] = args
                  return route.call(**args)
              except HTTPResponse:
                  return _e()
              except RouteReset:
                  route.reset()
                  return _inner_handle()
              except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
                  raise
              except Exception:
                  if not self.catchall: raise
                  stacktrace = format_exc()
                  environ['wsgi.errors'].write(stacktrace)
                  return HTTPError(500, "Internal Server Error", _e(), stacktrace)
  
          try:
              out = None
              environ['bottle.app'] = self
              request.bind(environ)
              response.bind()
              try:
                  self.trigger_hook('before_request')
              except HTTPResponse:
                  return  _e()
              out = _inner_handle()
              return out
          finally:
              if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
                  out.apply(response)
              self.trigger_hook('after_request')
  
      def _cast(self, out, peek=None):
          """ Try to convert the parameter into something WSGI compatible and set
          correct HTTP headers when possible.
          Support: False, str, unicode, dict, HTTPResponse, HTTPError, file-like,
          iterable of strings and iterable of unicodes
          """
  
          # Empty output is done here
          if not out:
              if 'Content-Length' not in response:
                  response['Content-Length'] = 0
              return []
          # Join lists of byte or unicode strings. Mixed lists are NOT supported
          if isinstance(out, (tuple, list))\
          and isinstance(out[0], (bytes, unicode)):
              out = out[0][0:0].join(out)  # b'abc'[0:0] -> b''
          # Encode unicode strings
          if isinstance(out, unicode):
              out = out.encode(response.charset)
          # Byte Strings are just returned
          if isinstance(out, bytes):
              if 'Content-Length' not in response:
                  response['Content-Length'] = len(out)
              return [out]
          # HTTPError or HTTPException (recursive, because they may wrap anything)
          # TODO: Handle these explicitly in handle() or make them iterable.
          if isinstance(out, HTTPError):
              out.apply(response)
              out = self.error_handler.get(out.status_code,
                                           self.default_error_handler)(out)
              return self._cast(out)
          if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
              out.apply(response)
              return self._cast(out.body)
  
          # File-like objects.
          if hasattr(out, 'read'):
              if 'wsgi.file_wrapper' in request.environ:
                  return request.environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](out)
              elif hasattr(out, 'close') or not hasattr(out, '__iter__'):
                  return WSGIFileWrapper(out)
  
          # Handle Iterables. We peek into them to detect their inner type.
          try:
              iout = iter(out)
              first = next(iout)
              while not first:
                  first = next(iout)
          except StopIteration:
              return self._cast('')
          except HTTPResponse:
              first = _e()
          except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
              raise
          except:
              if not self.catchall: raise
              first = HTTPError(500, 'Unhandled exception', _e(), format_exc())
  
          # These are the inner types allowed in iterator or generator objects.
          if isinstance(first, HTTPResponse):
              return self._cast(first)
          elif isinstance(first, bytes):
              new_iter = itertools.chain([first], iout)
          elif isinstance(first, unicode):
              encoder = lambda x: x.encode(response.charset)
              new_iter = imap(encoder, itertools.chain([first], iout))
          else:
              msg = 'Unsupported response type: %s' % type(first)
              return self._cast(HTTPError(500, msg))
          if hasattr(out, 'close'):
              new_iter = _closeiter(new_iter, out.close)
          return new_iter
  
      def wsgi(self, environ, start_response):
          """ The bottle WSGI-interface. """
          try:
              out = self._cast(self._handle(environ))
              # rfc2616 section 4.3
              if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)\
              or environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD':
                  if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close()
                  out = []
              start_response(response._status_line, response.headerlist)
              return out
          except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
              raise
          except:
              if not self.catchall: raise
              err = '<h1>Critical error while processing request: %s</h1>' \
                    % html_escape(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/'))
              if DEBUG:
                  err += '<h2>Error:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
                         '<h2>Traceback:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
                         % (html_escape(repr(_e())), html_escape(format_exc()))
              environ['wsgi.errors'].write(err)
              headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8')]
              start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', headers, sys.exc_info())
              return [tob(err)]
  
      def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
          """ Each instance of :class:'Bottle' is a WSGI application. """
          return self.wsgi(environ, start_response)
  
      def __enter__(self):
          """ Use this application as default for all module-level shortcuts. """
          default_app.push(self)
          return self
  
      def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
          default_app.pop()
  
      def __setattr__(self, name, value):
          if name in self.__dict__:
              raise AttributeError("Attribute %s already defined. Plugin conflict?" % name)
          self.__dict__[name] = value
  
  
  ###############################################################################
  # HTTP and WSGI Tools ##########################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  class BaseRequest(object):
      """ A wrapper for WSGI environment dictionaries that adds a lot of
          convenient access methods and properties. Most of them are read-only.
  
          Adding new attributes to a request actually adds them to the environ
          dictionary (as 'bottle.request.ext.<name>'). This is the recommended
          way to store and access request-specific data.
      """
  
      __slots__ = ('environ', )
  
      #: Maximum size of memory buffer for :attr:`body` in bytes.
      MEMFILE_MAX = 102400
  
      def __init__(self, environ=None):
          """ Wrap a WSGI environ dictionary. """
          #: The wrapped WSGI environ dictionary. This is the only real attribute.
          #: All other attributes actually are read-only properties.
          self.environ = {} if environ is None else environ
          self.environ['bottle.request'] = self
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.app', read_only=True)
      def app(self):
          """ Bottle application handling this request. """
          raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to an application.')
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.route', read_only=True)
      def route(self):
          """ The bottle :class:`Route` object that matches this request. """
          raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.')
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'route.url_args', read_only=True)
      def url_args(self):
          """ The arguments extracted from the URL. """
          raise RuntimeError('This request is not connected to a route.')
  
      @property
      def path(self):
          """ The value of ``PATH_INFO`` with exactly one prefixed slash (to fix
              broken clients and avoid the "empty path" edge case). """
          return '/' + self.environ.get('PATH_INFO', '').lstrip('/')
  
      @property
      def method(self):
          """ The ``REQUEST_METHOD`` value as an uppercase string. """
          return self.environ.get('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET').upper()
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.headers', read_only=True)
      def headers(self):
          """ A :class:`WSGIHeaderDict` that provides case-insensitive access to
              HTTP request headers. """
          return WSGIHeaderDict(self.environ)
  
      def get_header(self, name, default=None):
          """ Return the value of a request header, or a given default value. """
          return self.headers.get(name, default)
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.cookies', read_only=True)
      def cookies(self):
          """ Cookies parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. Signed cookies are NOT
              decoded. Use :meth:`get_cookie` if you expect signed cookies. """
          cookies = SimpleCookie(self.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE', '')).values()
          return FormsDict((c.key, c.value) for c in cookies)
  
      def get_cookie(self, key, default=None, secret=None):
          """ Return the content of a cookie. To read a `Signed Cookie`, the
              `secret` must match the one used to create the cookie (see
              :meth:`BaseResponse.set_cookie`). If anything goes wrong (missing
              cookie or wrong signature), return a default value. """
          value = self.cookies.get(key)
          if secret and value:
              dec = cookie_decode(value, secret)  # (key, value) tuple or None
              return dec[1] if dec and dec[0] == key else default
          return value or default
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.query', read_only=True)
      def query(self):
          """ The :attr:`query_string` parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. These
              values are sometimes called "URL arguments" or "GET parameters", but
              not to be confused with "URL wildcards" as they are provided by the
              :class:`Router`. """
          get = self.environ['bottle.get'] = FormsDict()
          pairs = _parse_qsl(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', ''))
          for key, value in pairs:
              get[key] = value
          return get
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.forms', read_only=True)
      def forms(self):
          """ Form values parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data`
              encoded POST or PUT request body. The result is returned as a
              :class:`FormsDict`. All keys and values are strings. File uploads
              are stored separately in :attr:`files`. """
          forms = FormsDict()
          for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
              if not isinstance(item, FileUpload):
                  forms[name] = item
          return forms
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.params', read_only=True)
      def params(self):
          """ A :class:`FormsDict` with the combined values of :attr:`query` and
              :attr:`forms`. File uploads are stored in :attr:`files`. """
          params = FormsDict()
          for key, value in self.query.allitems():
              params[key] = value
          for key, value in self.forms.allitems():
              params[key] = value
          return params
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.files', read_only=True)
      def files(self):
          """ File uploads parsed from `multipart/form-data` encoded POST or PUT
              request body. The values are instances of :class:`FileUpload`.
  
          """
          files = FormsDict()
          for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
              if isinstance(item, FileUpload):
                  files[name] = item
          return files
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.json', read_only=True)
      def json(self):
          """ If the ``Content-Type`` header is ``application/json`` or
              ``application/json-rpc``, this property holds the parsed content 
              of the request body. Only requests smaller than :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`
              are processed to avoid memory exhaustion.
              Invalid JSON raises a 400 error response.
          """
          ctype = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower().split(';')[0]
          if ctype in ('application/json', 'application/json-rpc'):
              b = self._get_body_string()
              if not b:
                  return None
              try:
                  return json_loads(b)
              except (ValueError, TypeError):
                  raise HTTPError(400, 'Invalid JSON')
          return None
  
      def _iter_body(self, read, bufsize):
          maxread = max(0, self.content_length)
          while maxread:
              part = read(min(maxread, bufsize))
              if not part: break
              yield part
              maxread -= len(part)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _iter_chunked(read, bufsize):
          err = HTTPError(400, 'Error while parsing chunked transfer body.')
          rn, sem, bs = tob('\r\n'), tob(';'), tob('')
          while True:
              header = read(1)
              while header[-2:] != rn:
                  c = read(1)
                  header += c
                  if not c: raise err
                  if len(header) > bufsize: raise err
              size, _, _ = header.partition(sem)
              try:
                  maxread = int(tonat(size.strip()), 16)
              except ValueError:
                  raise err
              if maxread == 0: break
              buff = bs
              while maxread > 0:
                  if not buff:
                      buff = read(min(maxread, bufsize))
                  part, buff = buff[:maxread], buff[maxread:]
                  if not part: raise err
                  yield part
                  maxread -= len(part)
              if read(2) != rn:
                  raise err
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.body', read_only=True)
      def _body(self):
          try:
              read_func = self.environ['wsgi.input'].read
          except KeyError:
              self.environ['wsgi.input'] = BytesIO()
              return self.environ['wsgi.input']
          body_iter = self._iter_chunked if self.chunked else self._iter_body
          body, body_size, is_temp_file = BytesIO(), 0, False
          for part in body_iter(read_func, self.MEMFILE_MAX):
              body.write(part)
              body_size += len(part)
              if not is_temp_file and body_size > self.MEMFILE_MAX:
                  body, tmp = TemporaryFile(mode='w+b'), body
                  body.write(tmp.getvalue())
                  del tmp
                  is_temp_file = True
          self.environ['wsgi.input'] = body
          body.seek(0)
          return body
  
      def _get_body_string(self):
          """ read body until content-length or MEMFILE_MAX into a string. Raise
              HTTPError(413) on requests that are to large. """
          clen = self.content_length
          if clen > self.MEMFILE_MAX:
              raise HTTPError(413, 'Request entity too large')
          if clen < 0: clen = self.MEMFILE_MAX + 1
          data = self.body.read(clen)
          if len(data) > self.MEMFILE_MAX:  # Fail fast
              raise HTTPError(413, 'Request entity too large')
          return data
  
      @property
      def body(self):
          """ The HTTP request body as a seek-able file-like object. Depending on
              :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`, this is either a temporary file or a
              :class:`io.BytesIO` instance. Accessing this property for the first
              time reads and replaces the ``wsgi.input`` environ variable.
              Subsequent accesses just do a `seek(0)` on the file object. """
          self._body.seek(0)
          return self._body
  
      @property
      def chunked(self):
          """ True if Chunked transfer encoding was. """
          return 'chunked' in self.environ.get(
              'HTTP_TRANSFER_ENCODING', '').lower()
  
      #: An alias for :attr:`query`.
      GET = query
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.post', read_only=True)
      def POST(self):
          """ The values of :attr:`forms` and :attr:`files` combined into a single
              :class:`FormsDict`. Values are either strings (form values) or
              instances of :class:`cgi.FieldStorage` (file uploads).
          """
          post = FormsDict()
          # We default to application/x-www-form-urlencoded for everything that
          # is not multipart and take the fast path (also: 3.1 workaround)
          if not self.content_type.startswith('multipart/'):
              pairs = _parse_qsl(tonat(self._get_body_string(), 'latin1'))
              for key, value in pairs:
                  post[key] = value
              return post
  
          safe_env = {'QUERY_STRING': ''}  # Build a safe environment for cgi
          for key in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
              if key in self.environ: safe_env[key] = self.environ[key]
          args = dict(fp=self.body, environ=safe_env, keep_blank_values=True)
          if py31:
              args['fp'] = NCTextIOWrapper(args['fp'],
                                           encoding='utf8',
                                           newline='\n')
          elif py3k:
              args['encoding'] = 'utf8'
          data = cgi.FieldStorage(**args)
          self['_cgi.FieldStorage'] = data  #http://bugs.python.org/issue18394
          data = data.list or []
          for item in data:
              if item.filename:
                  post[item.name] = FileUpload(item.file, item.name,
                                               item.filename, item.headers)
              else:
                  post[item.name] = item.value
          return post
  
      @property
      def url(self):
          """ The full request URI including hostname and scheme. If your app
              lives behind a reverse proxy or load balancer and you get confusing
              results, make sure that the ``X-Forwarded-Host`` header is set
              correctly. """
          return self.urlparts.geturl()
  
      @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.urlparts', read_only=True)
      def urlparts(self):
          """ The :attr:`url` string as an :class:`urlparse.SplitResult` tuple.
              The tuple contains (scheme, host, path, query_string and fragment),
              but the fragment is always empty because it is not visible to the
              server. """
          env = self.environ
          http = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO') \
               or env.get('wsgi.url_scheme', 'http')
          host = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST') or env.get('HTTP_HOST')
          if not host:
              # HTTP 1.1 requires a Host-header. This is for HTTP/1.0 clients.
              host = env.get('SERVER_NAME', '127.0.0.1')
              port = env.get('SERVER_PORT')
              if port and port != ('80' if http == 'http' else '443'):
                  host += ':' + port
          path = urlquote(self.fullpath)
          return UrlSplitResult(http, host, path, env.get('QUERY_STRING'), '')
  
      @property
      def fullpath(self):
          """ Request path including :attr:`script_name` (if present). """
          return urljoin(self.script_name, self.path.lstrip('/'))
  
      @property
      def query_string(self):
          """ The raw :attr:`query` part of the URL (everything in between ``?``
              and ``#``) as a string. """
          return self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')
  
      @property
      def script_name(self):
          """ The initial portion of the URL's `path` that was removed by a higher
              level (server or routing middleware) before the application was
              called. This script path is returned with leading and tailing
              slashes. """
          script_name = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/')
          return '/' + script_name + '/' if script_name else '/'
  
      def path_shift(self, shift=1):
          """ Shift path segments from :attr:`path` to :attr:`script_name` and
              vice versa.
  
             :param shift: The number of path segments to shift. May be negative
                           to change the shift direction. (default: 1)
          """
          script, path = path_shift(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '/'), self.path, shift)
          self['SCRIPT_NAME'], self['PATH_INFO'] = script, path
  
      @property
      def content_length(self):
          """ The request body length as an integer. The client is responsible to
              set this header. Otherwise, the real length of the body is unknown
              and -1 is returned. In this case, :attr:`body` will be empty. """
          return int(self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or -1)
  
      @property
      def content_type(self):
          """ The Content-Type header as a lowercase-string (default: empty). """
          return self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower()
  
      @property
      def is_xhr(self):
          """ True if the request was triggered by a XMLHttpRequest. This only
              works with JavaScript libraries that support the `X-Requested-With`
              header (most of the popular libraries do). """
          requested_with = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH', '')
          return requested_with.lower() == 'xmlhttprequest'
  
      @property
      def is_ajax(self):
          """ Alias for :attr:`is_xhr`. "Ajax" is not the right term. """
          return self.is_xhr
  
      @property
      def auth(self):
          """ HTTP authentication data as a (user, password) tuple. This
              implementation currently supports basic (not digest) authentication
              only. If the authentication happened at a higher level (e.g. in the
              front web-server or a middleware), the password field is None, but
              the user field is looked up from the ``REMOTE_USER`` environ
              variable. On any errors, None is returned. """
          basic = parse_auth(self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', ''))
          if basic: return basic
          ruser = self.environ.get('REMOTE_USER')
          if ruser: return (ruser, None)
          return None
  
      @property
      def remote_route(self):
          """ A list of all IPs that were involved in this request, starting with
              the client IP and followed by zero or more proxies. This does only
              work if all proxies support the ```X-Forwarded-For`` header. Note
              that this information can be forged by malicious clients. """
          proxy = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
          if proxy: return [ip.strip() for ip in proxy.split(',')]
          remote = self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
          return [remote] if remote else []
  
      @property
      def remote_addr(self):
          """ The client IP as a string. Note that this information can be forged
              by malicious clients. """
          route = self.remote_route
          return route[0] if route else None
  
      def copy(self):
          """ Return a new :class:`Request` with a shallow :attr:`environ` copy. """
          return Request(self.environ.copy())
  
      def get(self, value, default=None):
          return self.environ.get(value, default)
  
      def __getitem__(self, key):
          return self.environ[key]
  
      def __delitem__(self, key):
          self[key] = ""
          del (self.environ[key])
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return iter(self.environ)
  
      def __len__(self):
          return len(self.environ)
  
      def keys(self):
          return self.environ.keys()
  
      def __setitem__(self, key, value):
          """ Change an environ value and clear all caches that depend on it. """
  
          if self.environ.get('bottle.request.readonly'):
              raise KeyError('The environ dictionary is read-only.')
  
          self.environ[key] = value
          todelete = ()
  
          if key == 'wsgi.input':
              todelete = ('body', 'forms', 'files', 'params', 'post', 'json')
          elif key == 'QUERY_STRING':
              todelete = ('query', 'params')
          elif key.startswith('HTTP_'):
              todelete = ('headers', 'cookies')
  
          for key in todelete:
              self.environ.pop('bottle.request.' + key, None)
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return '<%s: %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.url)
  
      def __getattr__(self, name):
          """ Search in self.environ for additional user defined attributes. """
          try:
              var = self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s' % name]
              return var.__get__(self) if hasattr(var, '__get__') else var
          except KeyError:
              raise AttributeError('Attribute %r not defined.' % name)
  
      def __setattr__(self, name, value):
          if name == 'environ': return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
          key = 'bottle.request.ext.%s' % name
          if key in self.environ:
              raise AttributeError("Attribute already defined: %s" % name)
          self.environ[key] = value
  
      def __delattr__(self, name, value):
          try:
              del self.environ['bottle.request.ext.%s' % name]
          except KeyError:
              raise AttributeError("Attribute not defined: %s" % name)
  
  def _hkey(s):
      return s.title().replace('_', '-')
  
  
  class HeaderProperty(object):
      def __init__(self, name, reader=None, writer=str, default=''):
          self.name, self.default = name, default
          self.reader, self.writer = reader, writer
          self.__doc__ = 'Current value of the %r header.' % name.title()
  
      def __get__(self, obj, _):
          if obj is None: return self
          value = obj.headers.get(self.name, self.default)
          return self.reader(value) if self.reader else value
  
      def __set__(self, obj, value):
          obj.headers[self.name] = self.writer(value)
  
      def __delete__(self, obj):
          del obj.headers[self.name]
  
  
  class BaseResponse(object):
      """ Storage class for a response body as well as headers and cookies.
  
          This class does support dict-like case-insensitive item-access to
          headers, but is NOT a dict. Most notably, iterating over a response
          yields parts of the body and not the headers.
  
          :param body: The response body as one of the supported types.
          :param status: Either an HTTP status code (e.g. 200) or a status line
                         including the reason phrase (e.g. '200 OK').
          :param headers: A dictionary or a list of name-value pairs.
  
          Additional keyword arguments are added to the list of headers.
          Underscores in the header name are replaced with dashes.
      """
  
      default_status = 200
      default_content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
  
      # Header blacklist for specific response codes
      # (rfc2616 section 10.2.3 and 10.3.5)
      bad_headers = {
          204: set(('Content-Type', 'Content-Length')),
          304: set(('Allow', 'Content-Encoding', 'Content-Language',
                    'Content-Length', 'Content-Range', 'Content-Type',
                    'Content-Md5', 'Last-Modified'))
      }
  
      def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers):
          self._cookies = None
          self._headers = {}
          self.body = body
          self.status = status or self.default_status
          if headers:
              if isinstance(headers, dict):
                  headers = headers.items()
              for name, value in headers:
                  self.add_header(name, value)
          if more_headers:
              for name, value in more_headers.items():
                  self.add_header(name, value)
  
      def copy(self, cls=None):
          """ Returns a copy of self. """
          cls = cls or BaseResponse
          assert issubclass(cls, BaseResponse)
          copy = cls()
          copy.status = self.status
          copy._headers = dict((k, v[:]) for (k, v) in self._headers.items())
          if self._cookies:
              copy._cookies = SimpleCookie()
              copy._cookies.load(self._cookies.output(header=''))
          return copy
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return iter(self.body)
  
      def close(self):
          if hasattr(self.body, 'close'):
              self.body.close()
  
      @property
      def status_line(self):
          """ The HTTP status line as a string (e.g. ``404 Not Found``)."""
          return self._status_line
  
      @property
      def status_code(self):
          """ The HTTP status code as an integer (e.g. 404)."""
          return self._status_code
  
      def _set_status(self, status):
          if isinstance(status, int):
              code, status = status, _HTTP_STATUS_LINES.get(status)
          elif ' ' in status:
              status = status.strip()
              code = int(status.split()[0])
          else:
              raise ValueError('String status line without a reason phrase.')
          if not 100 <= code <= 999:
              raise ValueError('Status code out of range.')
          self._status_code = code
          self._status_line = str(status or ('%d Unknown' % code))
  
      def _get_status(self):
          return self._status_line
  
      status = property(
          _get_status, _set_status, None,
          ''' A writeable property to change the HTTP response status. It accepts
              either a numeric code (100-999) or a string with a custom reason
              phrase (e.g. "404 Brain not found"). Both :data:`status_line` and
              :data:`status_code` are updated accordingly. The return value is
              always a status string. ''')
      del _get_status, _set_status
  
      @property
      def headers(self):
          """ An instance of :class:`HeaderDict`, a case-insensitive dict-like
              view on the response headers. """
          hdict = HeaderDict()
          hdict.dict = self._headers
          return hdict
  
      def __contains__(self, name):
          return _hkey(name) in self._headers
  
      def __delitem__(self, name):
          del self._headers[_hkey(name)]
  
      def __getitem__(self, name):
          return self._headers[_hkey(name)][-1]
  
      def __setitem__(self, name, value):
          self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [value if isinstance(value, unicode) else
                                        str(value)]
  
      def get_header(self, name, default=None):
          """ Return the value of a previously defined header. If there is no
              header with that name, return a default value. """
          return self._headers.get(_hkey(name), [default])[-1]
  
      def set_header(self, name, value):
          """ Create a new response header, replacing any previously defined
              headers with the same name. """
          self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [value if isinstance(value, unicode)
                                              else str(value)]
  
      def add_header(self, name, value):
          """ Add an additional response header, not removing duplicates. """
          self._headers.setdefault(_hkey(name), []).append(
              value if isinstance(value, unicode) else str(value))
  
      def iter_headers(self):
          """ Yield (header, value) tuples, skipping headers that are not
              allowed with the current response status code. """
          return self.headerlist
  
      @property
      def headerlist(self):
          """ WSGI conform list of (header, value) tuples. """
          out = []
          headers = list(self._headers.items())
          if 'Content-Type' not in self._headers:
              headers.append(('Content-Type', [self.default_content_type]))
          if self._status_code in self.bad_headers:
              bad_headers = self.bad_headers[self._status_code]
              headers = [h for h in headers if h[0] not in bad_headers]
          out += [(name, val) for (name, vals) in headers for val in vals]
          if self._cookies:
              for c in self._cookies.values():
                  out.append(('Set-Cookie', c.OutputString()))
          if py3k:
              return [(k, v.encode('utf8').decode('latin1')) for (k, v) in out]
          else:
              return [(k, v.encode('utf8') if isinstance(v, unicode) else v)
                      for (k, v) in out]
  
      content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
      content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int)
      expires = HeaderProperty(
          'Expires',
          reader=lambda x: datetime.utcfromtimestamp(parse_date(x)),
          writer=lambda x: http_date(x))
  
      @property
      def charset(self, default='UTF-8'):
          """ Return the charset specified in the content-type header (default: utf8). """
          if 'charset=' in self.content_type:
              return self.content_type.split('charset=')[-1].split(';')[0].strip()
          return default
  
      def set_cookie(self, name, value, secret=None, **options):
          """ Create a new cookie or replace an old one. If the `secret` parameter is
              set, create a `Signed Cookie` (described below).
  
              :param name: the name of the cookie.
              :param value: the value of the cookie.
              :param secret: a signature key required for signed cookies.
  
              Additionally, this method accepts all RFC 2109 attributes that are
              supported by :class:`cookie.Morsel`, including:
  
              :param max_age: maximum age in seconds. (default: None)
              :param expires: a datetime object or UNIX timestamp. (default: None)
              :param domain: the domain that is allowed to read the cookie.
                (default: current domain)
              :param path: limits the cookie to a given path (default: current path)
              :param secure: limit the cookie to HTTPS connections (default: off).
              :param httponly: prevents client-side javascript to read this cookie
                (default: off, requires Python 2.6 or newer).
  
              If neither `expires` nor `max_age` is set (default), the cookie will
              expire at the end of the browser session (as soon as the browser
              window is closed).
  
              Signed cookies may store any pickle-able object and are
              cryptographically signed to prevent manipulation. Keep in mind that
              cookies are limited to 4kb in most browsers.
  
              Warning: Signed cookies are not encrypted (the client can still see
              the content) and not copy-protected (the client can restore an old
              cookie). The main intention is to make pickling and unpickling
              save, not to store secret information at client side.
          """
          if not self._cookies:
              self._cookies = SimpleCookie()
  
          if secret:
              value = touni(cookie_encode((name, value), secret))
          elif not isinstance(value, basestring):
              raise TypeError('Secret key missing for non-string Cookie.')
  
          # Cookie size plus options must not exceed 4kb.
          if len(name) + len(value) > 3800:
              raise ValueError('Content does not fit into a cookie.')
  
          self._cookies[name] = value
  
          for key, value in options.items():
              if key == 'max_age':
                  if isinstance(value, timedelta):
                      value = value.seconds + value.days * 24 * 3600
              if key == 'expires':
                  if isinstance(value, (datedate, datetime)):
                      value = value.timetuple()
                  elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
                      value = time.gmtime(value)
                  value = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", value)
              if key in ('secure', 'httponly') and not value:
                  continue
              self._cookies[name][key.replace('_', '-')] = value
  
      def delete_cookie(self, key, **kwargs):
          """ Delete a cookie. Be sure to use the same `domain` and `path`
              settings as used to create the cookie. """
          kwargs['max_age'] = -1
          kwargs['expires'] = 0
          self.set_cookie(key, '', **kwargs)
  
      def __repr__(self):
          out = ''
          for name, value in self.headerlist:
              out += '%s: %s\n' % (name.title(), value.strip())
          return out
  
  
  def _local_property():
      ls = threading.local()
  
      def fget(_):
          try:
              return ls.var
          except AttributeError:
              raise RuntimeError("Request context not initialized.")
  
      def fset(_, value):
          ls.var = value
  
      def fdel(_):
          del ls.var
  
      return property(fget, fset, fdel, 'Thread-local property')
  
  
  class LocalRequest(BaseRequest):
      """ A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseRequest` with a different
          set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global
          instance of this class (:data:`request`). If accessed during a
          request/response cycle, this instance always refers to the *current*
          request (even on a multithreaded server). """
      bind = BaseRequest.__init__
      environ = _local_property()
  
  
  class LocalResponse(BaseResponse):
      """ A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseResponse` with a different
          set of attributes for each thread. There is usually only one global
          instance of this class (:data:`response`). Its attributes are used
          to build the HTTP response at the end of the request/response cycle.
      """
      bind = BaseResponse.__init__
      _status_line = _local_property()
      _status_code = _local_property()
      _cookies = _local_property()
      _headers = _local_property()
      body = _local_property()
  
  
  Request = BaseRequest
  Response = BaseResponse
  
  
  class HTTPResponse(Response, BottleException):
      def __init__(self, body='', status=None, headers=None, **more_headers):
          super(HTTPResponse, self).__init__(body, status, headers, **more_headers)
  
      def apply(self, other):
          other._status_code = self._status_code
          other._status_line = self._status_line
          other._headers = self._headers
          other._cookies = self._cookies
          other.body = self.body
  
  
  class HTTPError(HTTPResponse):
      default_status = 500
  
      def __init__(self,
                   status=None,
                   body=None,
                   exception=None,
                   traceback=None, **more_headers):
          self.exception = exception
          self.traceback = traceback
          super(HTTPError, self).__init__(body, status, **more_headers)
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Plugins ######################################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  class PluginError(BottleException):
      pass
  
  
  class JSONPlugin(object):
      name = 'json'
      api = 2
  
      def __init__(self, json_dumps=json_dumps):
          self.json_dumps = json_dumps
  
      def apply(self, callback, _):
          dumps = self.json_dumps
          if not dumps: return callback
  
          def wrapper(*a, **ka):
              try:
                  rv = callback(*a, **ka)
              except HTTPError:
                  rv = _e()
  
              if isinstance(rv, dict):
                  #Attempt to serialize, raises exception on failure
                  json_response = dumps(rv)
                  #Set content type only if serialization successful
                  response.content_type = 'application/json'
                  return json_response
              elif isinstance(rv, HTTPResponse) and isinstance(rv.body, dict):
                  rv.body = dumps(rv.body)
                  rv.content_type = 'application/json'
              return rv
  
          return wrapper
  
  
  class TemplatePlugin(object):
      """ This plugin applies the :func:`view` decorator to all routes with a
          `template` config parameter. If the parameter is a tuple, the second
          element must be a dict with additional options (e.g. `template_engine`)
          or default variables for the template. """
      name = 'template'
      api = 2
  
      def setup(self, app):
          app.tpl = self
  
      def apply(self, callback, route):
          conf = route.config.get('template')
          if isinstance(conf, (tuple, list)) and len(conf) == 2:
              return view(conf[0], **conf[1])(callback)
          elif isinstance(conf, str):
              return view(conf)(callback)
          else:
              return callback
  
  
  
  
  #: Not a plugin, but part of the plugin API. TODO: Find a better place.
  class _ImportRedirect(object):
      def __init__(self, name, impmask):
          """ Create a virtual package that redirects imports (see PEP 302). """
          self.name = name
          self.impmask = impmask
          self.module = sys.modules.setdefault(name, imp.new_module(name))
          self.module.__dict__.update({
              '__file__': __file__,
              '__path__': [],
              '__all__': [],
              '__loader__': self
          })
          sys.meta_path.append(self)
  
      def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
          if '.' not in fullname: return
          packname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
          if packname != self.name: return
          return self
  
      def load_module(self, fullname):
          if fullname in sys.modules: return sys.modules[fullname]
          modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)[1]
          realname = self.impmask % modname
          __import__(realname)
          module = sys.modules[fullname] = sys.modules[realname]
          setattr(self.module, modname, module)
          module.__loader__ = self
          return module
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Common Utilities #############################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  class MultiDict(DictMixin):
      """ This dict stores multiple values per key, but behaves exactly like a
          normal dict in that it returns only the newest value for any given key.
          There are special methods available to access the full list of values.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, *a, **k):
          self.dict = dict((k, [v]) for (k, v) in dict(*a, **k).items())
  
      def __len__(self):
          return len(self.dict)
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return iter(self.dict)
  
      def __contains__(self, key):
          return key in self.dict
  
      def __delitem__(self, key):
          del self.dict[key]
  
      def __getitem__(self, key):
          return self.dict[key][-1]
  
      def __setitem__(self, key, value):
          self.append(key, value)
  
      def keys(self):
          return self.dict.keys()
  
      if py3k:
  
          def values(self):
              return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.values())
  
          def items(self):
              return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items())
  
          def allitems(self):
              return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.items() for v in vl)
  
          iterkeys = keys
          itervalues = values
          iteritems = items
          iterallitems = allitems
  
      else:
  
          def values(self):
              return [v[-1] for v in self.dict.values()]
  
          def items(self):
              return [(k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items()]
  
          def iterkeys(self):
              return self.dict.iterkeys()
  
          def itervalues(self):
              return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.itervalues())
  
          def iteritems(self):
              return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.iteritems())
  
          def iterallitems(self):
              return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl)
  
          def allitems(self):
              return [(k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl]
  
      def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1, type=None):
          """ Return the most recent value for a key.
  
              :param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not
                     present or the type conversion fails.
              :param index: An index for the list of available values.
              :param type: If defined, this callable is used to cast the value
                      into a specific type. Exception are suppressed and result in
                      the default value to be returned.
          """
          try:
              val = self.dict[key][index]
              return type(val) if type else val
          except Exception:
              pass
          return default
  
      def append(self, key, value):
          """ Add a new value to the list of values for this key. """
          self.dict.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
  
      def replace(self, key, value):
          """ Replace the list of values with a single value. """
          self.dict[key] = [value]
  
      def getall(self, key):
          """ Return a (possibly empty) list of values for a key. """
          return self.dict.get(key) or []
  
      #: Aliases for WTForms to mimic other multi-dict APIs (Django)
      getone = get
      getlist = getall
  
  
  class FormsDict(MultiDict):
      """ This :class:`MultiDict` subclass is used to store request form data.
          Additionally to the normal dict-like item access methods (which return
          unmodified data as native strings), this container also supports
          attribute-like access to its values. Attributes are automatically de-
          or recoded to match :attr:`input_encoding` (default: 'utf8'). Missing
          attributes default to an empty string. """
  
      #: Encoding used for attribute values.
      input_encoding = 'utf8'
      #: If true (default), unicode strings are first encoded with `latin1`
      #: and then decoded to match :attr:`input_encoding`.
      recode_unicode = True
  
      def _fix(self, s, encoding=None):
          if isinstance(s, unicode) and self.recode_unicode:  # Python 3 WSGI
              return s.encode('latin1').decode(encoding or self.input_encoding)
          elif isinstance(s, bytes):  # Python 2 WSGI
              return s.decode(encoding or self.input_encoding)
          else:
              return s
  
      def decode(self, encoding=None):
          """ Returns a copy with all keys and values de- or recoded to match
              :attr:`input_encoding`. Some libraries (e.g. WTForms) want a
              unicode dictionary. """
          copy = FormsDict()
          enc = copy.input_encoding = encoding or self.input_encoding
          copy.recode_unicode = False
          for key, value in self.allitems():
              copy.append(self._fix(key, enc), self._fix(value, enc))
          return copy
  
      def getunicode(self, name, default=None, encoding=None):
          """ Return the value as a unicode string, or the default. """
          try:
              return self._fix(self[name], encoding)
          except (UnicodeError, KeyError):
              return default
  
      def __getattr__(self, name, default=unicode()):
          # Without this guard, pickle generates a cryptic TypeError:
          if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'):
              return super(FormsDict, self).__getattr__(name)
          return self.getunicode(name, default=default)
  
  
  class HeaderDict(MultiDict):
      """ A case-insensitive version of :class:`MultiDict` that defaults to
          replace the old value instead of appending it. """
  
      def __init__(self, *a, **ka):
          self.dict = {}
          if a or ka: self.update(*a, **ka)
  
      def __contains__(self, key):
          return _hkey(key) in self.dict
  
      def __delitem__(self, key):
          del self.dict[_hkey(key)]
  
      def __getitem__(self, key):
          return self.dict[_hkey(key)][-1]
  
      def __setitem__(self, key, value):
          self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [value if isinstance(value, unicode) else
                                   str(value)]
  
      def append(self, key, value):
          self.dict.setdefault(_hkey(key), []).append(
              value if isinstance(value, unicode) else str(value))
  
      def replace(self, key, value):
          self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [value if isinstance(value, unicode) else
                                   str(value)]
  
      def getall(self, key):
          return self.dict.get(_hkey(key)) or []
  
      def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1):
          return MultiDict.get(self, _hkey(key), default, index)
  
      def filter(self, names):
          for name in [_hkey(n) for n in names]:
              if name in self.dict:
                  del self.dict[name]
  
  
  class WSGIHeaderDict(DictMixin):
      """ This dict-like class wraps a WSGI environ dict and provides convenient
          access to HTTP_* fields. Keys and values are native strings
          (2.x bytes or 3.x unicode) and keys are case-insensitive. If the WSGI
          environment contains non-native string values, these are de- or encoded
          using a lossless 'latin1' character set.
  
          The API will remain stable even on changes to the relevant PEPs.
          Currently PEP 333, 444 and 3333 are supported. (PEP 444 is the only one
          that uses non-native strings.)
      """
      #: List of keys that do not have a ``HTTP_`` prefix.
      cgikeys = ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH')
  
      def __init__(self, environ):
          self.environ = environ
  
      def _ekey(self, key):
          """ Translate header field name to CGI/WSGI environ key. """
          key = key.replace('-', '_').upper()
          if key in self.cgikeys:
              return key
          return 'HTTP_' + key
  
      def raw(self, key, default=None):
          """ Return the header value as is (may be bytes or unicode). """
          return self.environ.get(self._ekey(key), default)
  
      def __getitem__(self, key):
          val = self.environ[self._ekey(key)]
          if py3k:
              if isinstance(val, unicode):
                  val = val.encode('latin1').decode('utf8')
              else:
                  val = val.decode('utf8')
          return val
  
      def __setitem__(self, key, value):
          raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
  
      def __delitem__(self, key):
          raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
  
      def __iter__(self):
          for key in self.environ:
              if key[:5] == 'HTTP_':
                  yield _hkey(key[5:])
              elif key in self.cgikeys:
                  yield _hkey(key)
  
      def keys(self):
          return [x for x in self]
  
      def __len__(self):
          return len(self.keys())
  
      def __contains__(self, key):
          return self._ekey(key) in self.environ
  
  
  class ConfigDict(dict):
      """ A dict-like configuration storage with additional support for
          namespaces, validators, meta-data, on_change listeners and more.
      """
  
      __slots__ = ('_meta', '_change_listener', '_fallbacks')
  
      def __init__(self):
          self._meta = {}
          self._change_listener = []
          self._fallbacks = []
  
      def load_module(self, path, squash):
          """ Load values from a Python module.
              :param squash: Squash nested dicts into namespaces by using
                             load_dict(), otherwise use update()
              Example: load_config('my.app.settings', True)
              Example: load_config('my.app.settings', False)
          """
          config_obj = __import__(path)
          obj = dict([(key, getattr(config_obj, key))
                  for key in dir(config_obj) if key.isupper()])
          if squash:
              self.load_dict(obj)
          else:
              self.update(obj)
          return self
  
      def load_config(self, filename):
          """ Load values from an ``*.ini`` style config file.
  
              If the config file contains sections, their names are used as
              namespaces for the values within. The two special sections
              ``DEFAULT`` and ``bottle`` refer to the root namespace (no prefix).
          """
          conf = ConfigParser()
          conf.read(filename)
          for section in conf.sections():
              for key, value in conf.items(section):
                  if section not in ('DEFAULT', 'bottle'):
                      key = section + '.' + key
                  self[key] = value
          return self
  
      def load_dict(self, source, namespace=''):
          """ Load values from a dictionary structure. Nesting can be used to
              represent namespaces.
  
              >>> c = ConfigDict()
              >>> c.load_dict({'some': {'namespace': {'key': 'value'} } })
              {'some.namespace.key': 'value'}
          """
          for key, value in source.items():
              if isinstance(key, basestring):
                  nskey = (namespace + '.' + key).strip('.')
                  if isinstance(value, dict):
                      self.load_dict(value, namespace=nskey)
                  else:
                      self[nskey] = value
              else:
                  raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key))
          return self
  
      def update(self, *a, **ka):
          """ If the first parameter is a string, all keys are prefixed with this
              namespace. Apart from that it works just as the usual dict.update().
              Example: ``update('some.namespace', key='value')`` """
          prefix = ''
          if a and isinstance(a[0], basestring):
              prefix = a[0].strip('.') + '.'
              a = a[1:]
          for key, value in dict(*a, **ka).items():
              self[prefix + key] = value
  
      def setdefault(self, key, value):
          if key not in self:
              self[key] = value
          return self[key]
  
      def __setitem__(self, key, value):
          if not isinstance(key, basestring):
              raise TypeError('Key has type %r (not a string)' % type(key))
  
          value = self.meta_get(key, 'filter', lambda x: x)(value)
          if key in self and self[key] is value:
              return
          self._on_change(key, value)
          dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
  
      def __delitem__(self, key):
          self._on_change(key, None)
          dict.__delitem__(self, key)
  
      def __missing__(self, key):
          for fallback in self._fallbacks:
              if key in fallback:
                  value = self[key] = fallback[key]
                  self.meta_set(key, 'fallback', fallback)
                  return value
          raise KeyError(key)
  
      def _on_change(self, key, value):
          for cb in self._change_listener:
              if cb(self, key, value):
                  return True
  
      def _add_change_listener(self, func):
          self._change_listener.append(func)
          return func
  
      def _set_fallback(self, fallback):
          self._fallbacks.append(fallback)
  
          @fallback._add_change_listener
          def fallback_update(conf, key, value):
              if self.meta_get(key, 'fallback') is conf:
                  self.meta_set(key, 'fallback', None)
                  dict.__delitem__(self, key)
  
          @self._add_change_listener
          def self_update(conf, key, value):
              if conf.meta_get(key, 'fallback'):
                  conf.meta_set(key, 'fallback', None)
  
      def meta_get(self, key, metafield, default=None):
          """ Return the value of a meta field for a key. """
          return self._meta.get(key, {}).get(metafield, default)
  
      def meta_set(self, key, metafield, value):
          """ Set the meta field for a key to a new value. """
          self._meta.setdefault(key, {})[metafield] = value
  
      def meta_list(self, key):
          """ Return an iterable of meta field names defined for a key. """
          return self._meta.get(key, {}).keys()
  
  
  class AppStack(list):
      """ A stack-like list. Calling it returns the head of the stack. """
  
      def __call__(self):
          """ Return the current default application. """
          return self.default
  
      def push(self, value=None):
          """ Add a new :class:`Bottle` instance to the stack """
          if not isinstance(value, Bottle):
              value = Bottle()
          self.append(value)
          return value
      new_app = push
      @property
      def default(self):
          try:
              return self[-1]
          except IndexError:
              return self.push()
  
  
  class WSGIFileWrapper(object):
      def __init__(self, fp, buffer_size=1024 * 64):
          self.fp, self.buffer_size = fp, buffer_size
          for attr in ('fileno', 'close', 'read', 'readlines', 'tell', 'seek'):
              if hasattr(fp, attr): setattr(self, attr, getattr(fp, attr))
  
      def __iter__(self):
          buff, read = self.buffer_size, self.read
          while True:
              part = read(buff)
              if not part: return
              yield part
  
  
  class _closeiter(object):
      """ This only exists to be able to attach a .close method to iterators that
          do not support attribute assignment (most of itertools). """
  
      def __init__(self, iterator, close=None):
          self.iterator = iterator
          self.close_callbacks = makelist(close)
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return iter(self.iterator)
  
      def close(self):
          for func in self.close_callbacks:
              func()
  
  
  class ResourceManager(object):
      """ This class manages a list of search paths and helps to find and open
          application-bound resources (files).
  
          :param base: default value for :meth:`add_path` calls.
          :param opener: callable used to open resources.
          :param cachemode: controls which lookups are cached. One of 'all',
                           'found' or 'none'.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, base='./', opener=open, cachemode='all'):
          self.opener = opener
          self.base = base
          self.cachemode = cachemode
  
          #: A list of search paths. See :meth:`add_path` for details.
          self.path = []
          #: A cache for resolved paths. ``res.cache.clear()`` clears the cache.
          self.cache = {}
  
      def add_path(self, path, base=None, index=None, create=False):
          """ Add a new path to the list of search paths. Return False if the
              path does not exist.
  
              :param path: The new search path. Relative paths are turned into
                  an absolute and normalized form. If the path looks like a file
                  (not ending in `/`), the filename is stripped off.
              :param base: Path used to absolutize relative search paths.
                  Defaults to :attr:`base` which defaults to ``os.getcwd()``.
              :param index: Position within the list of search paths. Defaults
                  to last index (appends to the list).
  
              The `base` parameter makes it easy to reference files installed
              along with a python module or package::
  
                  res.add_path('./resources/', __file__)
          """
          base = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(base or self.base))
          path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(base, os.path.dirname(path)))
          path += os.sep
          if path in self.path:
              self.path.remove(path)
          if create and not os.path.isdir(path):
              os.makedirs(path)
          if index is None:
              self.path.append(path)
          else:
              self.path.insert(index, path)
          self.cache.clear()
          return os.path.exists(path)
  
      def __iter__(self):
          """ Iterate over all existing files in all registered paths. """
          search = self.path[:]
          while search:
              path = search.pop()
              if not os.path.isdir(path): continue
              for name in os.listdir(path):
                  full = os.path.join(path, name)
                  if os.path.isdir(full): search.append(full)
                  else: yield full
  
      def lookup(self, name):
          """ Search for a resource and return an absolute file path, or `None`.
  
              The :attr:`path` list is searched in order. The first match is
              returend. Symlinks are followed. The result is cached to speed up
              future lookups. """
          if name not in self.cache or DEBUG:
              for path in self.path:
                  fpath = os.path.join(path, name)
                  if os.path.isfile(fpath):
                      if self.cachemode in ('all', 'found'):
                          self.cache[name] = fpath
                      return fpath
              if self.cachemode == 'all':
                  self.cache[name] = None
          return self.cache[name]
  
      def open(self, name, mode='r', *args, **kwargs):
          """ Find a resource and return a file object, or raise IOError. """
          fname = self.lookup(name)
          if not fname: raise IOError("Resource %r not found." % name)
          return self.opener(fname, mode=mode, *args, **kwargs)
  
  
  class FileUpload(object):
      def __init__(self, fileobj, name, filename, headers=None):
          """ Wrapper for file uploads. """
          #: Open file(-like) object (BytesIO buffer or temporary file)
          self.file = fileobj
          #: Name of the upload form field
          self.name = name
          #: Raw filename as sent by the client (may contain unsafe characters)
          self.raw_filename = filename
          #: A :class:`HeaderDict` with additional headers (e.g. content-type)
          self.headers = HeaderDict(headers) if headers else HeaderDict()
  
      content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
      content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int, default=-1)
  
      @cached_property
      def filename(self):
          """ Name of the file on the client file system, but normalized to ensure
              file system compatibility. An empty filename is returned as 'empty'.
  
              Only ASCII letters, digits, dashes, underscores and dots are
              allowed in the final filename. Accents are removed, if possible.
              Whitespace is replaced by a single dash. Leading or tailing dots
              or dashes are removed. The filename is limited to 255 characters.
          """
          fname = self.raw_filename
          if not isinstance(fname, unicode):
              fname = fname.decode('utf8', 'ignore')
          fname = normalize('NFKD', fname)
          fname = fname.encode('ASCII', 'ignore').decode('ASCII')
          fname = os.path.basename(fname.replace('\\', os.path.sep))
          fname = re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9-_.\s]', '', fname).strip()
          fname = re.sub(r'[-\s]+', '-', fname).strip('.-')
          return fname[:255] or 'empty'
  
      def _copy_file(self, fp, chunk_size=2 ** 16):
          read, write, offset = self.file.read, fp.write, self.file.tell()
          while 1:
              buf = read(chunk_size)
              if not buf: break
              write(buf)
          self.file.seek(offset)
  
      def save(self, destination, overwrite=False, chunk_size=2 ** 16):
          """ Save file to disk or copy its content to an open file(-like) object.
              If *destination* is a directory, :attr:`filename` is added to the
              path. Existing files are not overwritten by default (IOError).
  
              :param destination: File path, directory or file(-like) object.
              :param overwrite: If True, replace existing files. (default: False)
              :param chunk_size: Bytes to read at a time. (default: 64kb)
          """
          if isinstance(destination, basestring):  # Except file-likes here
              if os.path.isdir(destination):
                  destination = os.path.join(destination, self.filename)
              if not overwrite and os.path.exists(destination):
                  raise IOError('File exists.')
              with open(destination, 'wb') as fp:
                  self._copy_file(fp, chunk_size)
          else:
              self._copy_file(destination, chunk_size)
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Application Helper ###########################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  def abort(code=500, text='Unknown Error.'):
      """ Aborts execution and causes a HTTP error. """
      raise HTTPError(code, text)
  
  
  def redirect(url, code=None):
      """ Aborts execution and causes a 303 or 302 redirect, depending on
          the HTTP protocol version. """
      if not code:
          code = 303 if request.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL') == "HTTP/1.1" else 302
      res = response.copy(cls=HTTPResponse)
      res.status = code
      res.body = ""
      res.set_header('Location', urljoin(request.url, url))
      raise res
  
  
  def _file_iter_range(fp, offset, bytes, maxread=1024 * 1024):
      """ Yield chunks from a range in a file. No chunk is bigger than maxread."""
      fp.seek(offset)
      while bytes > 0:
          part = fp.read(min(bytes, maxread))
          if not part: break
          bytes -= len(part)
          yield part
  
  
  def static_file(filename, root,
                  mimetype='auto',
                  download=False,
                  charset='UTF-8'):
      """ Open a file in a safe way and return :exc:`HTTPResponse` with status
          code 200, 305, 403 or 404. The ``Content-Type``, ``Content-Encoding``,
          ``Content-Length`` and ``Last-Modified`` headers are set if possible.
          Special support for ``If-Modified-Since``, ``Range`` and ``HEAD``
          requests.
  
          :param filename: Name or path of the file to send.
          :param root: Root path for file lookups. Should be an absolute directory
              path.
          :param mimetype: Defines the content-type header (default: guess from
              file extension)
          :param download: If True, ask the browser to open a `Save as...` dialog
              instead of opening the file with the associated program. You can
              specify a custom filename as a string. If not specified, the
              original filename is used (default: False).
          :param charset: The charset to use for files with a ``text/*``
              mime-type. (default: UTF-8)
      """
  
      root = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(root), '')
      filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, filename.strip('/\\')))
      headers = dict()
  
      if not filename.startswith(root):
          return HTTPError(403, "Access denied.")
      if not os.path.exists(filename) or not os.path.isfile(filename):
          return HTTPError(404, "File does not exist.")
      if not os.access(filename, os.R_OK):
          return HTTPError(403, "You do not have permission to access this file.")
  
      if mimetype == 'auto':
          if download and download != True:
              mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(download)
          else:
              mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)
          if encoding: headers['Content-Encoding'] = encoding
  
      if mimetype:
          if (mimetype[:5] == 'text/' or mimetype == 'application/javascript') and charset and 'charset' not in mimetype:
              mimetype += '; charset=%s' % charset
          headers['Content-Type'] = mimetype
  
      if download:
          download = os.path.basename(filename if download == True else download)
          headers['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % download
  
      stats = os.stat(filename)
      headers['Content-Length'] = clen = stats.st_size
      lm = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime(stats.st_mtime))
      headers['Last-Modified'] = lm
  
      ims = request.environ.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE')
      if ims:
          ims = parse_date(ims.split(";")[0].strip())
      if ims is not None and ims >= int(stats.st_mtime):
          headers['Date'] = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT",
                                          time.gmtime())
          return HTTPResponse(status=304, **headers)
  
      body = '' if request.method == 'HEAD' else open(filename, 'rb')
  
      headers["Accept-Ranges"] = "bytes"
      ranges = request.environ.get('HTTP_RANGE')
      if 'HTTP_RANGE' in request.environ:
          ranges = list(parse_range_header(request.environ['HTTP_RANGE'], clen))
          if not ranges:
              return HTTPError(416, "Requested Range Not Satisfiable")
          offset, end = ranges[0]
          headers["Content-Range"] = "bytes %d-%d/%d" % (offset, end - 1, clen)
          headers["Content-Length"] = str(end - offset)
          if body: body = _file_iter_range(body, offset, end - offset)
          return HTTPResponse(body, status=206, **headers)
      return HTTPResponse(body, **headers)
  
  ###############################################################################
  # HTTP Utilities and MISC (TODO) ###############################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  def debug(mode=True):
      """ Change the debug level.
      There is only one debug level supported at the moment."""
      global DEBUG
      if mode: warnings.simplefilter('default')
      DEBUG = bool(mode)
  
  
  def http_date(value):
      if isinstance(value, (datedate, datetime)):
          value = value.utctimetuple()
      elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
          value = time.gmtime(value)
      if not isinstance(value, basestring):
          value = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", value)
      return value
  
  
  def parse_date(ims):
      """ Parse rfc1123, rfc850 and asctime timestamps and return UTC epoch. """
      try:
          ts = email.utils.parsedate_tz(ims)
          return time.mktime(ts[:8] + (0, )) - (ts[9] or 0) - time.timezone
      except (TypeError, ValueError, IndexError, OverflowError):
          return None
  
  
  def parse_auth(header):
      """ Parse rfc2617 HTTP authentication header string (basic) and return (user,pass) tuple or None"""
      try:
          method, data = header.split(None, 1)
          if method.lower() == 'basic':
              user, pwd = touni(base64.b64decode(tob(data))).split(':', 1)
              return user, pwd
      except (KeyError, ValueError):
          return None
  
  
  def parse_range_header(header, maxlen=0):
      """ Yield (start, end) ranges parsed from a HTTP Range header. Skip
          unsatisfiable ranges. The end index is non-inclusive."""
      if not header or header[:6] != 'bytes=': return
      ranges = [r.split('-', 1) for r in header[6:].split(',') if '-' in r]
      for start, end in ranges:
          try:
              if not start:  # bytes=-100    -> last 100 bytes
                  start, end = max(0, maxlen - int(end)), maxlen
              elif not end:  # bytes=100-    -> all but the first 99 bytes
                  start, end = int(start), maxlen
              else:  # bytes=100-200 -> bytes 100-200 (inclusive)
                  start, end = int(start), min(int(end) + 1, maxlen)
              if 0 <= start < end <= maxlen:
                  yield start, end
          except ValueError:
              pass
  
  
  #: Header tokenizer used by _parse_http_header()
  _hsplit = re.compile('(?:(?:"((?:[^"\\\\]+|\\\\.)*)")|([^;,=]+))([;,=]?)').findall
  
  def _parse_http_header(h):
      """ Parses a typical multi-valued and parametrised HTTP header (e.g. Accept headers) and returns a list of values
          and parameters. For non-standard or broken input, this implementation may return partial results.
      :param h: A header string (e.g. ``text/html,text/plain;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8``)
      :return: List of (value, params) tuples. The second element is a (possibly empty) dict.
      """
      values = []
      if '"' not in h:  # INFO: Fast path without regexp (~2x faster)
          for value in h.split(','):
              parts = value.split(';')
              values.append((parts[0].strip(), {}))
              for attr in parts[1:]:
                  name, value = attr.split('=', 1)
                  values[-1][1][name.strip()] = value.strip()
      else:
          lop, key, attrs = ',', None, {}
          for quoted, plain, tok in _hsplit(h):
              value = plain.strip() if plain else quoted.replace('\\"', '"')
              if lop == ',':
                  attrs = {}
                  values.append((value, attrs))
              elif lop == ';':
                  if tok == '=':
                      key = value
                  else:
                      attrs[value] = ''
              elif lop == '=' and key:
                  attrs[key] = value
                  key = None
              lop = tok
      return values
  
  
  def _parse_qsl(qs):
      r = []
      for pair in qs.replace(';', '&').split('&'):
          if not pair: continue
          nv = pair.split('=', 1)
          if len(nv) != 2: nv.append('')
          key = urlunquote(nv[0].replace('+', ' '))
          value = urlunquote(nv[1].replace('+', ' '))
          r.append((key, value))
      return r
  
  
  def _lscmp(a, b):
      """ Compares two strings in a cryptographically safe way:
          Runtime is not affected by length of common prefix. """
      return not sum(0 if x == y else 1
                     for x, y in zip(a, b)) and len(a) == len(b)
  
  
  def cookie_encode(data, key, digestmod=None):
      """ Encode and sign a pickle-able object. Return a (byte) string """
      digestmod = digestmod or hashlib.sha256
      msg = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(data, -1))
      sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest())
      return tob('!') + sig + tob('?') + msg
  
  
  def cookie_decode(data, key, digestmod=None):
      """ Verify and decode an encoded string. Return an object or None."""
      data = tob(data)
      if cookie_is_encoded(data):
          sig, msg = data.split(tob('?'), 1)
          digestmod = digestmod or hashlib.sha256
          hashed = hmac.new(tob(key), msg, digestmod=digestmod).digest()
          if _lscmp(sig[1:], base64.b64encode(hashed)):
              return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg))
      return None
  
  
  def cookie_is_encoded(data):
      """ Return True if the argument looks like a encoded cookie."""
      return bool(data.startswith(tob('!')) and tob('?') in data)
  
  
  def html_escape(string):
      """ Escape HTML special characters ``&<>`` and quotes ``'"``. """
      return string.replace('&', '&amp;').replace('<', '&lt;').replace('>', '&gt;')\
                   .replace('"', '&quot;').replace("'", '&#039;')
  
  
  def html_quote(string):
      """ Escape and quote a string to be used as an HTTP attribute."""
      return '"%s"' % html_escape(string).replace('\n', '&#10;')\
                      .replace('\r', '&#13;').replace('\t', '&#9;')
  
  
  def yieldroutes(func):
      """ Return a generator for routes that match the signature (name, args)
      of the func parameter. This may yield more than one route if the function
      takes optional keyword arguments. The output is best described by example::
  
          a()         -> '/a'
          b(x, y)     -> '/b/<x>/<y>'
          c(x, y=5)   -> '/c/<x>' and '/c/<x>/<y>'
          d(x=5, y=6) -> '/d' and '/d/<x>' and '/d/<x>/<y>'
      """
      path = '/' + func.__name__.replace('__', '/').lstrip('/')
      spec = getargspec(func)
      argc = len(spec[0]) - len(spec[3] or [])
      path += ('/<%s>' * argc) % tuple(spec[0][:argc])
      yield path
      for arg in spec[0][argc:]:
          path += '/<%s>' % arg
          yield path
  
  
  def path_shift(script_name, path_info, shift=1):
      """ Shift path fragments from PATH_INFO to SCRIPT_NAME and vice versa.
  
          :return: The modified paths.
          :param script_name: The SCRIPT_NAME path.
          :param script_name: The PATH_INFO path.
          :param shift: The number of path fragments to shift. May be negative to
            change the shift direction. (default: 1)
      """
      if shift == 0: return script_name, path_info
      pathlist = path_info.strip('/').split('/')
      scriptlist = script_name.strip('/').split('/')
      if pathlist and pathlist[0] == '': pathlist = []
      if scriptlist and scriptlist[0] == '': scriptlist = []
      if 0 < shift <= len(pathlist):
          moved = pathlist[:shift]
          scriptlist = scriptlist + moved
          pathlist = pathlist[shift:]
      elif 0 > shift >= -len(scriptlist):
          moved = scriptlist[shift:]
          pathlist = moved + pathlist
          scriptlist = scriptlist[:shift]
      else:
          empty = 'SCRIPT_NAME' if shift < 0 else 'PATH_INFO'
          raise AssertionError("Cannot shift. Nothing left from %s" % empty)
      new_script_name = '/' + '/'.join(scriptlist)
      new_path_info = '/' + '/'.join(pathlist)
      if path_info.endswith('/') and pathlist: new_path_info += '/'
      return new_script_name, new_path_info
  
  
  def auth_basic(check, realm="private", text="Access denied"):
      """ Callback decorator to require HTTP auth (basic).
          TODO: Add route(check_auth=...) parameter. """
  
      def decorator(func):
  
          @functools.wraps(func)
          def wrapper(*a, **ka):
              user, password = request.auth or (None, None)
              if user is None or not check(user, password):
                  err = HTTPError(401, text)
                  err.add_header('WWW-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="%s"' % realm)
                  return err
              return func(*a, **ka)
  
          return wrapper
  
      return decorator
  
  # Shortcuts for common Bottle methods.
  # They all refer to the current default application.
  
  
  def make_default_app_wrapper(name):
      """ Return a callable that relays calls to the current default app. """
  
      @functools.wraps(getattr(Bottle, name))
      def wrapper(*a, **ka):
          return getattr(app(), name)(*a, **ka)
  
      return wrapper
  
  
  route     = make_default_app_wrapper('route')
  get       = make_default_app_wrapper('get')
  post      = make_default_app_wrapper('post')
  put       = make_default_app_wrapper('put')
  delete    = make_default_app_wrapper('delete')
  patch     = make_default_app_wrapper('patch')
  error     = make_default_app_wrapper('error')
  mount     = make_default_app_wrapper('mount')
  hook      = make_default_app_wrapper('hook')
  install   = make_default_app_wrapper('install')
  uninstall = make_default_app_wrapper('uninstall')
  url       = make_default_app_wrapper('get_url')
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Server Adapter ###############################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  class ServerAdapter(object):
      quiet = False
  
      def __init__(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=8080, **options):
          self.options = options
          self.host = host
          self.port = int(port)
  
      def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
          pass
  
      def __repr__(self):
          args = ', '.join(['%s=%s' % (k, repr(v))
                            for k, v in self.options.items()])
          return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, args)
  
  
  class CGIServer(ServerAdapter):
      quiet = True
  
      def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
          from wsgiref.handlers import CGIHandler
  
          def fixed_environ(environ, start_response):
              environ.setdefault('PATH_INFO', '')
              return handler(environ, start_response)
  
          CGIHandler().run(fixed_environ)
  
  
  class FlupFCGIServer(ServerAdapter):
      def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
          import flup.server.fcgi
          self.options.setdefault('bindAddress', (self.host, self.port))
          flup.server.fcgi.WSGIServer(handler, **self.options).run()
  
  
  class WSGIRefServer(ServerAdapter):
      def run(self, app):  # pragma: no cover
          from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
          from wsgiref.simple_server import WSGIRequestHandler, WSGIServer
          import socket
  
          class FixedHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
              def address_string(self):  # Prevent reverse DNS lookups please.
                  return self.client_address[0]
  
              def log_request(*args, **kw):
                  if not self.quiet:
                      return WSGIRequestHandler.log_request(*args, **kw)
  
          handler_cls = self.options.get('handler_class', FixedHandler)
          server_cls = self.options.get('server_class', WSGIServer)
  
          if ':' in self.host:  # Fix wsgiref for IPv6 addresses.
              if getattr(server_cls, 'address_family') == socket.AF_INET:
  
                  class server_cls(server_cls):
                      address_family = socket.AF_INET6
  
          self.srv = make_server(self.host, self.port, app, server_cls,
                                 handler_cls)
          self.port = self.srv.server_port  # update port actual port (0 means random)
          try:
              self.srv.serve_forever()
          except KeyboardInterrupt:
              self.srv.server_close()  # Prevent ResourceWarning: unclosed socket
              raise
  
  
  class CherryPyServer(ServerAdapter):
      def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
          from cherrypy import wsgiserver
          self.options['bind_addr'] = (self.host, self.port)
          self.options['wsgi_app'] = handler
  
          certfile = self.options.get('certfile')
          if certfile:
              del self.options['certfile']
          keyfile = self.options.get('keyfile')
          if keyfile:
              del self.options['keyfile']
  
          server = wsgiserver.CherryPyWSGIServer(**self.options)
          if certfile:
              server.ssl_certificate = certfile
          if keyfile:
              server.ssl_private_key = keyfile
  
          try:
              server.start()
          finally:
              server.stop()
  
  
  class WaitressServer(ServerAdapter):
      def run(self, handler):
          from waitress import serve
          serve(handler, host=self.host, port=self.port, _quiet=self.quiet)
  
  
  class PasteServer(ServerAdapter):
      def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
          from paste import httpserver
          from paste.translogger import TransLogger
          handler = TransLogger(handler, setup_console_handler=(not self.quiet))
          httpserver.serve(handler,
                           host=self.host,
                           port=str(self.port), **self.options)
  
  
  class MeinheldServer(ServerAdapter):
      def run(self, handler):
          from meinheld import server
          server.listen((self.host, self.port))
          server.run(handler)
  
  
  class FapwsServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Extremely fast webserver using libev. See http://www.fapws.org/ """
  
      def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
          import fapws._evwsgi as evwsgi
          from fapws import base, config
          port = self.port
          if float(config.SERVER_IDENT[-2:]) > 0.4:
              # fapws3 silently changed its API in 0.5
              port = str(port)
          evwsgi.start(self.host, port)
          # fapws3 never releases the GIL. Complain upstream. I tried. No luck.
          if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ and not self.quiet:
              _stderr("WARNING: Auto-reloading does not work with Fapws3.\n")
              _stderr("         (Fapws3 breaks python thread support)\n")
          evwsgi.set_base_module(base)
  
          def app(environ, start_response):
              environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False
              return handler(environ, start_response)
  
          evwsgi.wsgi_cb(('', app))
          evwsgi.run()
  
  
  class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """
  
      def run(self, handler):  # pragma: no cover
          import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop
          container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)
          server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
          server.listen(port=self.port, address=self.host)
          tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
  
  
  class AppEngineServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Adapter for Google App Engine. """
      quiet = True
  
      def run(self, handler):
          from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util
          # A main() function in the handler script enables 'App Caching'.
          # Lets makes sure it is there. This _really_ improves performance.
          module = sys.modules.get('__main__')
          if module and not hasattr(module, 'main'):
              module.main = lambda: util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
          util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
  
  
  class TwistedServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Untested. """
  
      def run(self, handler):
          from twisted.web import server, wsgi
          from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool
          from twisted.internet import reactor
          thread_pool = ThreadPool()
          thread_pool.start()
          reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('after', 'shutdown', thread_pool.stop)
          factory = server.Site(wsgi.WSGIResource(reactor, thread_pool, handler))
          reactor.listenTCP(self.port, factory, interface=self.host)
          if not reactor.running:
              reactor.run()
  
  
  class DieselServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Untested. """
  
      def run(self, handler):
          from diesel.protocols.wsgi import WSGIApplication
          app = WSGIApplication(handler, port=self.port)
          app.run()
  
  
  class GeventServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Untested. Options:
  
          * `fast` (default: False) uses libevent's http server, but has some
            issues: No streaming, no pipelining, no SSL.
          * See gevent.wsgi.WSGIServer() documentation for more options.
      """
  
      def run(self, handler):
          from gevent import wsgi, pywsgi, local
          if not isinstance(threading.local(), local.local):
              msg = "Bottle requires gevent.monkey.patch_all() (before import)"
              raise RuntimeError(msg)
          if not self.options.pop('fast', None): wsgi = pywsgi
          self.options['log'] = None if self.quiet else 'default'
          address = (self.host, self.port)
          server = wsgi.WSGIServer(address, handler, **self.options)
          if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ:
              import signal
              signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: server.stop())
          server.serve_forever()
  
  
  class GeventSocketIOServer(ServerAdapter):
      def run(self, handler):
          from socketio import server
          address = (self.host, self.port)
          server.SocketIOServer(address, handler, **self.options).serve_forever()
  
  
  class GunicornServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Untested. See http://gunicorn.org/configure.html for options. """
  
      def run(self, handler):
          from gunicorn.app.base import Application
  
          config = {'bind': "%s:%d" % (self.host, int(self.port))}
          config.update(self.options)
  
          class GunicornApplication(Application):
              def init(self, parser, opts, args):
                  return config
  
              def load(self):
                  return handler
  
          GunicornApplication().run()
  
  
  class EventletServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Untested. Options:
  
          * `backlog` adjust the eventlet backlog parameter which is the maximum
            number of queued connections. Should be at least 1; the maximum
            value is system-dependent.
          * `family`: (default is 2) socket family, optional. See socket
            documentation for available families.
      """
  
      def run(self, handler):
          from eventlet import wsgi, listen, patcher
          if not patcher.is_monkey_patched(os):
              msg = "Bottle requires eventlet.monkey_patch() (before import)"
              raise RuntimeError(msg)
          socket_args = {}
          for arg in ('backlog', 'family'):
              try:
                  socket_args[arg] = self.options.pop(arg)
              except KeyError:
                  pass
          address = (self.host, self.port)
          try:
              wsgi.server(listen(address, **socket_args), handler,
                          log_output=(not self.quiet))
          except TypeError:
              # Fallback, if we have old version of eventlet
              wsgi.server(listen(address), handler)
  
  
  class RocketServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Untested. """
  
      def run(self, handler):
          from rocket import Rocket
          server = Rocket((self.host, self.port), 'wsgi', {'wsgi_app': handler})
          server.start()
  
  
  class BjoernServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Fast server written in C: https://github.com/jonashaag/bjoern """
  
      def run(self, handler):
          from bjoern import run
          run(handler, self.host, self.port)
  
  
  class AiohttpServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Untested.
          aiohttp
          https://pypi.python.org/pypi/aiohttp/
      """
  
      def run(self, handler):
          import asyncio
          from aiohttp.wsgi import WSGIServerHttpProtocol
          self.loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
          asyncio.set_event_loop(self.loop)
  
          protocol_factory = lambda: WSGIServerHttpProtocol(
              handler,
              readpayload=True,
              debug=(not self.quiet))
          self.loop.run_until_complete(self.loop.create_server(protocol_factory,
                                                               self.host,
                                                               self.port))
  
          if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ:
              import signal
              signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda s, f: self.loop.stop())
  
          try:
              self.loop.run_forever()
          except KeyboardInterrupt:
              self.loop.stop()
  
  
  class AutoServer(ServerAdapter):
      """ Untested. """
      adapters = [WaitressServer, PasteServer, TwistedServer, CherryPyServer,
                  WSGIRefServer]
  
      def run(self, handler):
          for sa in self.adapters:
              try:
                  return sa(self.host, self.port, **self.options).run(handler)
              except ImportError:
                  pass
  
  
  server_names = {
      'cgi': CGIServer,
      'flup': FlupFCGIServer,
      'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,
      'waitress': WaitressServer,
      'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,
      'paste': PasteServer,
      'fapws3': FapwsServer,
      'tornado': TornadoServer,
      'gae': AppEngineServer,
      'twisted': TwistedServer,
      'diesel': DieselServer,
      'meinheld': MeinheldServer,
      'gunicorn': GunicornServer,
      'eventlet': EventletServer,
      'gevent': GeventServer,
      'geventSocketIO': GeventSocketIOServer,
      'rocket': RocketServer,
      'bjoern': BjoernServer,
      'aiohttp': AiohttpServer,
      'auto': AutoServer,
  }
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Application Control ##########################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  def load(target, **namespace):
      """ Import a module or fetch an object from a module.
  
          * ``package.module`` returns `module` as a module object.
          * ``pack.mod:name`` returns the module variable `name` from `pack.mod`.
          * ``pack.mod:func()`` calls `pack.mod.func()` and returns the result.
  
          The last form accepts not only function calls, but any type of
          expression. Keyword arguments passed to this function are available as
          local variables. Example: ``import_string('re:compile(x)', x='[a-z]')``
      """
      module, target = target.split(":", 1) if ':' in target else (target, None)
      if module not in sys.modules: __import__(module)
      if not target: return sys.modules[module]
      if target.isalnum(): return getattr(sys.modules[module], target)
      package_name = module.split('.')[0]
      namespace[package_name] = sys.modules[package_name]
      return eval('%s.%s' % (module, target), namespace)
  
  
  def load_app(target):
      """ Load a bottle application from a module and make sure that the import
          does not affect the current default application, but returns a separate
          application object. See :func:`load` for the target parameter. """
      global NORUN
      NORUN, nr_old = True, NORUN
      tmp = default_app.push()  # Create a new "default application"
      try:
          rv = load(target)  # Import the target module
          return rv if callable(rv) else tmp
      finally:
          default_app.remove(tmp)  # Remove the temporary added default application
          NORUN = nr_old
  
  
  _debug = debug
  
  
  def run(app=None,
          server='wsgiref',
          host='127.0.0.1',
          port=8080,
          interval=1,
          reloader=False,
          quiet=False,
          plugins=None,
          debug=None,
          config=None, **kargs):
      """ Start a server instance. This method blocks until the server terminates.
  
          :param app: WSGI application or target string supported by
                 :func:`load_app`. (default: :func:`default_app`)
          :param server: Server adapter to use. See :data:`server_names` keys
                 for valid names or pass a :class:`ServerAdapter` subclass.
                 (default: `wsgiref`)
          :param host: Server address to bind to. Pass ``0.0.0.0`` to listens on
                 all interfaces including the external one. (default: 127.0.0.1)
          :param port: Server port to bind to. Values below 1024 require root
                 privileges. (default: 8080)
          :param reloader: Start auto-reloading server? (default: False)
          :param interval: Auto-reloader interval in seconds (default: 1)
          :param quiet: Suppress output to stdout and stderr? (default: False)
          :param options: Options passed to the server adapter.
       """
      if NORUN: return
      if reloader and not os.environ.get('BOTTLE_CHILD'):
          import subprocess
          lockfile = None
          try:
              fd, lockfile = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='bottle.', suffix='.lock')
              os.close(fd)  # We only need this file to exist. We never write to it
              while os.path.exists(lockfile):
                  args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv
                  environ = os.environ.copy()
                  environ['BOTTLE_CHILD'] = 'true'
                  environ['BOTTLE_LOCKFILE'] = lockfile
                  p = subprocess.Popen(args, env=environ)
                  while p.poll() is None:  # Busy wait...
                      os.utime(lockfile, None)  # I am alive!
                      time.sleep(interval)
                  if p.poll() != 3:
                      if os.path.exists(lockfile): os.unlink(lockfile)
                      sys.exit(p.poll())
          except KeyboardInterrupt:
              pass
          finally:
              if os.path.exists(lockfile):
                  os.unlink(lockfile)
          return
  
      try:
          if debug is not None: _debug(debug)
          app = app or default_app()
          if isinstance(app, basestring):
              app = load_app(app)
          if not callable(app):
              raise ValueError("Application is not callable: %r" % app)
  
          for plugin in plugins or []:
              if isinstance(plugin, basestring):
                  plugin = load(plugin)
              app.install(plugin)
  
          if config:
              app.config.update(config)
  
          if server in server_names:
              server = server_names.get(server)
          if isinstance(server, basestring):
              server = load(server)
          if isinstance(server, type):
              server = server(host=host, port=port, **kargs)
          if not isinstance(server, ServerAdapter):
              raise ValueError("Unknown or unsupported server: %r" % server)
  
          server.quiet = server.quiet or quiet
          if not server.quiet:
              _stderr("Bottle v%s server starting up (using %s)...\n" %
                      (__version__, repr(server)))
              _stderr("Listening on http://%s:%d/\n" %
                      (server.host, server.port))
              _stderr("Hit Ctrl-C to quit.\n\n")
  
          if reloader:
              lockfile = os.environ.get('BOTTLE_LOCKFILE')
              bgcheck = FileCheckerThread(lockfile, interval)
              with bgcheck:
                  server.run(app)
              if bgcheck.status == 'reload':
                  sys.exit(3)
          else:
              server.run(app)
      except KeyboardInterrupt:
          pass
      except (SystemExit, MemoryError):
          raise
      except:
          if not reloader: raise
          if not getattr(server, 'quiet', quiet):
              print_exc()
          time.sleep(interval)
          sys.exit(3)
  
  
  class FileCheckerThread(threading.Thread):
      """ Interrupt main-thread as soon as a changed module file is detected,
          the lockfile gets deleted or gets too old. """
  
      def __init__(self, lockfile, interval):
          threading.Thread.__init__(self)
          self.daemon = True
          self.lockfile, self.interval = lockfile, interval
          #: Is one of 'reload', 'error' or 'exit'
          self.status = None
  
      def run(self):
          exists = os.path.exists
          mtime = lambda p: os.stat(p).st_mtime
          files = dict()
  
          for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
              path = getattr(module, '__file__', '')
              if path[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'): path = path[:-1]
              if path and exists(path): files[path] = mtime(path)
  
          while not self.status:
              if not exists(self.lockfile)\
              or mtime(self.lockfile) < time.time() - self.interval - 5:
                  self.status = 'error'
                  thread.interrupt_main()
              for path, lmtime in list(files.items()):
                  if not exists(path) or mtime(path) > lmtime:
                      self.status = 'reload'
                      thread.interrupt_main()
                      break
              time.sleep(self.interval)
  
      def __enter__(self):
          self.start()
  
      def __exit__(self, exc_type, *_):
          if not self.status: self.status = 'exit'  # silent exit
          self.join()
          return exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, KeyboardInterrupt)
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Template Adapters ############################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  
  class TemplateError(HTTPError):
      def __init__(self, message):
          HTTPError.__init__(self, 500, message)
  
  
  class BaseTemplate(object):
      """ Base class and minimal API for template adapters """
      extensions = ['tpl', 'html', 'thtml', 'stpl']
      settings = {}  #used in prepare()
      defaults = {}  #used in render()
  
      def __init__(self,
                   source=None,
                   name=None,
                   lookup=None,
                   encoding='utf8', **settings):
          """ Create a new template.
          If the source parameter (str or buffer) is missing, the name argument
          is used to guess a template filename. Subclasses can assume that
          self.source and/or self.filename are set. Both are strings.
          The lookup, encoding and settings parameters are stored as instance
          variables.
          The lookup parameter stores a list containing directory paths.
          The encoding parameter should be used to decode byte strings or files.
          The settings parameter contains a dict for engine-specific settings.
          """
          self.name = name
          self.source = source.read() if hasattr(source, 'read') else source
          self.filename = source.filename if hasattr(source, 'filename') else None
          self.lookup = [os.path.abspath(x) for x in lookup] if lookup else []
          self.encoding = encoding
          self.settings = self.settings.copy()  # Copy from class variable
          self.settings.update(settings)  # Apply
          if not self.source and self.name:
              self.filename = self.search(self.name, self.lookup)
              if not self.filename:
                  raise TemplateError('Template %s not found.' % repr(name))
          if not self.source and not self.filename:
              raise TemplateError('No template specified.')
          self.prepare(**self.settings)
  
      @classmethod
      def search(cls, name, lookup=None):
          """ Search name in all directories specified in lookup.
          First without, then with common extensions. Return first hit. """
          if not lookup:
              raise depr(0, 12, "Empty template lookup path.", "Configure a template lookup path.")
  
          if os.path.isabs(name):
              raise depr(0, 12, "Use of absolute path for template name.",
                         "Refer to templates with names or paths relative to the lookup path.")
  
          for spath in lookup:
              spath = os.path.abspath(spath) + os.sep
              fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(spath, name))
              if not fname.startswith(spath): continue
              if os.path.isfile(fname): return fname
              for ext in cls.extensions:
                  if os.path.isfile('%s.%s' % (fname, ext)):
                      return '%s.%s' % (fname, ext)
  
      @classmethod
      def global_config(cls, key, *args):
          """ This reads or sets the global settings stored in class.settings. """
          if args:
              cls.settings = cls.settings.copy()  # Make settings local to class
              cls.settings[key] = args[0]
          else:
              return cls.settings[key]
  
      def prepare(self, **options):
          """ Run preparations (parsing, caching, ...).
          It should be possible to call this again to refresh a template or to
          update settings.
          """
          raise NotImplementedError
  
      def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
          """ Render the template with the specified local variables and return
          a single byte or unicode string. If it is a byte string, the encoding
          must match self.encoding. This method must be thread-safe!
          Local variables may be provided in dictionaries (args)
          or directly, as keywords (kwargs).
          """
          raise NotImplementedError
  
  
  class MakoTemplate(BaseTemplate):
      def prepare(self, **options):
          from mako.template import Template
          from mako.lookup import TemplateLookup
          options.update({'input_encoding': self.encoding})
          options.setdefault('format_exceptions', bool(DEBUG))
          lookup = TemplateLookup(directories=self.lookup, **options)
          if self.source:
              self.tpl = Template(self.source, lookup=lookup, **options)
          else:
              self.tpl = Template(uri=self.name,
                                  filename=self.filename,
                                  lookup=lookup, **options)
  
      def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
          for dictarg in args:
              kwargs.update(dictarg)
          _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
          _defaults.update(kwargs)
          return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
  
  
  class CheetahTemplate(BaseTemplate):
      def prepare(self, **options):
          from Cheetah.Template import Template
          self.context = threading.local()
          self.context.vars = {}
          options['searchList'] = [self.context.vars]
          if self.source:
              self.tpl = Template(source=self.source, **options)
          else:
              self.tpl = Template(file=self.filename, **options)
  
      def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
          for dictarg in args:
              kwargs.update(dictarg)
          self.context.vars.update(self.defaults)
          self.context.vars.update(kwargs)
          out = str(self.tpl)
          self.context.vars.clear()
          return out
  
  
  class Jinja2Template(BaseTemplate):
      def prepare(self, filters=None, tests=None, globals={}, **kwargs):
          from jinja2 import Environment, FunctionLoader
          self.env = Environment(loader=FunctionLoader(self.loader), **kwargs)
          if filters: self.env.filters.update(filters)
          if tests: self.env.tests.update(tests)
          if globals: self.env.globals.update(globals)
          if self.source:
              self.tpl = self.env.from_string(self.source)
          else:
              self.tpl = self.env.get_template(self.filename)
  
      def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
          for dictarg in args:
              kwargs.update(dictarg)
          _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
          _defaults.update(kwargs)
          return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
  
      def loader(self, name):
          if name == self.filename:
              fname = name
          else:
              fname = self.search(name, self.lookup)
          if not fname: return
          with open(fname, "rb") as f:
              return f.read().decode(self.encoding)
  
  
  class SimpleTemplate(BaseTemplate):
      def prepare(self,
                  escape_func=html_escape,
                  noescape=False,
                  syntax=None, **ka):
          self.cache = {}
          enc = self.encoding
          self._str = lambda x: touni(x, enc)
          self._escape = lambda x: escape_func(touni(x, enc))
          self.syntax = syntax
          if noescape:
              self._str, self._escape = self._escape, self._str
  
      @cached_property
      def co(self):
          return compile(self.code, self.filename or '<string>', 'exec')
  
      @cached_property
      def code(self):
          source = self.source
          if not source:
              with open(self.filename, 'rb') as f:
                  source = f.read()
          try:
              source, encoding = touni(source), 'utf8'
          except UnicodeError:
              raise depr(0, 11, 'Unsupported template encodings.', 'Use utf-8 for templates.')
          parser = StplParser(source, encoding=encoding, syntax=self.syntax)
          code = parser.translate()
          self.encoding = parser.encoding
          return code
  
      def _rebase(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs):
          _env['_rebase'] = (_name, kwargs)
  
      def _include(self, _env, _name=None, **kwargs):
          env = _env.copy()
          env.update(kwargs)
          if _name not in self.cache:
              self.cache[_name] = self.__class__(name=_name, lookup=self.lookup)
          return self.cache[_name].execute(env['_stdout'], env)
  
      def execute(self, _stdout, kwargs):
          env = self.defaults.copy()
          env.update(kwargs)
          env.update({
              '_stdout': _stdout,
              '_printlist': _stdout.extend,
              'include': functools.partial(self._include, env),
              'rebase': functools.partial(self._rebase, env),
              '_rebase': None,
              '_str': self._str,
              '_escape': self._escape,
              'get': env.get,
              'setdefault': env.setdefault,
              'defined': env.__contains__
          })
          eval(self.co, env)
          if env.get('_rebase'):
              subtpl, rargs = env.pop('_rebase')
              rargs['base'] = ''.join(_stdout)  #copy stdout
              del _stdout[:]  # clear stdout
              return self._include(env, subtpl, **rargs)
          return env
  
      def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
          """ Render the template using keyword arguments as local variables. """
          env = {}
          stdout = []
          for dictarg in args:
              env.update(dictarg)
          env.update(kwargs)
          self.execute(stdout, env)
          return ''.join(stdout)
  
  
  class StplSyntaxError(TemplateError):
  
      pass
  
  
  class StplParser(object):
      """ Parser for stpl templates. """
      _re_cache = {}  #: Cache for compiled re patterns
  
      # This huge pile of voodoo magic splits python code into 8 different tokens.
      # We use the verbose (?x) regex mode to make this more manageable
  
      _re_tok = _re_inl = r'''((?mx)         # verbose and dot-matches-newline mode
          [urbURB]*
          (?:  ''(?!')
              |""(?!")
              |'{6}
              |"{6}
              |'(?:[^\\']|\\.)+?'
              |"(?:[^\\"]|\\.)+?"
              |'{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?'{3}
              |"{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?"{3}
          )
      )'''
  
      _re_inl = _re_tok.replace(r'|\n', '')  # We re-use this string pattern later
  
      _re_tok += r'''
          # 2: Comments (until end of line, but not the newline itself)
          |(\#.*)
  
          # 3: Open and close (4) grouping tokens
          |([\[\{\(])
          |([\]\}\)])
  
          # 5,6: Keywords that start or continue a python block (only start of line)
          |^([\ \t]*(?:if|for|while|with|try|def|class)\b)
          |^([\ \t]*(?:elif|else|except|finally)\b)
  
          # 7: Our special 'end' keyword (but only if it stands alone)
          |((?:^|;)[\ \t]*end[\ \t]*(?=(?:%(block_close)s[\ \t]*)?\r?$|;|\#))
  
          # 8: A customizable end-of-code-block template token (only end of line)
          |(%(block_close)s[\ \t]*(?=\r?$))
  
          # 9: And finally, a single newline. The 10th token is 'everything else'
          |(\r?\n)
      '''
  
      # Match the start tokens of code areas in a template
      _re_split = r'''(?m)^[ \t]*(\\?)((%(line_start)s)|(%(block_start)s))'''
      # Match inline statements (may contain python strings)
      _re_inl = r'''%%(inline_start)s((?:%s|[^'"\n]+?)*?)%%(inline_end)s''' % _re_inl
  
      default_syntax = '<% %> % {{ }}'
  
      def __init__(self, source, syntax=None, encoding='utf8'):
          self.source, self.encoding = touni(source, encoding), encoding
          self.set_syntax(syntax or self.default_syntax)
          self.code_buffer, self.text_buffer = [], []
          self.lineno, self.offset = 1, 0
          self.indent, self.indent_mod = 0, 0
          self.paren_depth = 0
  
      def get_syntax(self):
          """ Tokens as a space separated string (default: <% %> % {{ }}) """
          return self._syntax
  
      def set_syntax(self, syntax):
          self._syntax = syntax
          self._tokens = syntax.split()
          if not syntax in self._re_cache:
              names = 'block_start block_close line_start inline_start inline_end'
              etokens = map(re.escape, self._tokens)
              pattern_vars = dict(zip(names.split(), etokens))
              patterns = (self._re_split, self._re_tok, self._re_inl)
              patterns = [re.compile(p % pattern_vars) for p in patterns]
              self._re_cache[syntax] = patterns
          self.re_split, self.re_tok, self.re_inl = self._re_cache[syntax]
  
      syntax = property(get_syntax, set_syntax)
  
      def translate(self):
          if self.offset: raise RuntimeError('Parser is a one time instance.')
          while True:
              m = self.re_split.search(self.source, pos=self.offset)
              if m:
                  text = self.source[self.offset:m.start()]
                  self.text_buffer.append(text)
                  self.offset = m.end()
                  if m.group(1):  # Escape syntax
                      line, sep, _ = self.source[self.offset:].partition('\n')
                      self.text_buffer.append(self.source[m.start():m.start(1)] +
                                              m.group(2) + line + sep)
                      self.offset += len(line + sep)
                      continue
                  self.flush_text()
                  self.offset += self.read_code(self.source[self.offset:],
                                                multiline=bool(m.group(4)))
              else:
                  break
          self.text_buffer.append(self.source[self.offset:])
          self.flush_text()
          return ''.join(self.code_buffer)
  
      def read_code(self, pysource, multiline):
          code_line, comment = '', ''
          offset = 0
          while True:
              m = self.re_tok.search(pysource, pos=offset)
              if not m:
                  code_line += pysource[offset:]
                  offset = len(pysource)
                  self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment)
                  break
              code_line += pysource[offset:m.start()]
              offset = m.end()
              _str, _com, _po, _pc, _blk1, _blk2, _end, _cend, _nl = m.groups()
              if self.paren_depth > 0 and (_blk1 or _blk2):  # a if b else c
                  code_line += _blk1 or _blk2
                  continue
              if _str:  # Python string
                  code_line += _str
              elif _com:  # Python comment (up to EOL)
                  comment = _com
                  if multiline and _com.strip().endswith(self._tokens[1]):
                      multiline = False  # Allow end-of-block in comments
              elif _po:  # open parenthesis
                  self.paren_depth += 1
                  code_line += _po
              elif _pc:  # close parenthesis
                  if self.paren_depth > 0:
                      # we could check for matching parentheses here, but it's
                      # easier to leave that to python - just check counts
                      self.paren_depth -= 1
                  code_line += _pc
              elif _blk1:  # Start-block keyword (if/for/while/def/try/...)
                  code_line, self.indent_mod = _blk1, -1
                  self.indent += 1
              elif _blk2:  # Continue-block keyword (else/elif/except/...)
                  code_line, self.indent_mod = _blk2, -1
              elif _end:  # The non-standard 'end'-keyword (ends a block)
                  self.indent -= 1
              elif _cend:  # The end-code-block template token (usually '%>')
                  if multiline: multiline = False
                  else: code_line += _cend
              else:  # \n
                  self.write_code(code_line.strip(), comment)
                  self.lineno += 1
                  code_line, comment, self.indent_mod = '', '', 0
                  if not multiline:
                      break
  
          return offset
  
      def flush_text(self):
          text = ''.join(self.text_buffer)
          del self.text_buffer[:]
          if not text: return
          parts, pos, nl = [], 0, '\\\n' + '  ' * self.indent
          for m in self.re_inl.finditer(text):
              prefix, pos = text[pos:m.start()], m.end()
              if prefix:
                  parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, prefix.splitlines(True))))
              if prefix.endswith('\n'): parts[-1] += nl
              parts.append(self.process_inline(m.group(1).strip()))
          if pos < len(text):
              prefix = text[pos:]
              lines = prefix.splitlines(True)
              if lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-3]
              elif lines[-1].endswith('\\\\\r\n'): lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-4]
              parts.append(nl.join(map(repr, lines)))
          code = '_printlist((%s,))' % ', '.join(parts)
          self.lineno += code.count('\n') + 1
          self.write_code(code)
  
      @staticmethod
      def process_inline(chunk):
          if chunk[0] == '!': return '_str(%s)' % chunk[1:]
          return '_escape(%s)' % chunk
  
      def write_code(self, line, comment=''):
          code = '  ' * (self.indent + self.indent_mod)
          code += line.lstrip() + comment + '\n'
          self.code_buffer.append(code)
  
  
  def template(*args, **kwargs):
      """
      Get a rendered template as a string iterator.
      You can use a name, a filename or a template string as first parameter.
      Template rendering arguments can be passed as dictionaries
      or directly (as keyword arguments).
      """
      tpl = args[0] if args else None
      for dictarg in args[1:]:
          kwargs.update(dictarg)
      adapter = kwargs.pop('template_adapter', SimpleTemplate)
      lookup = kwargs.pop('template_lookup', TEMPLATE_PATH)
      tplid = (id(lookup), tpl)
      if tplid not in TEMPLATES or DEBUG:
          settings = kwargs.pop('template_settings', {})
          if isinstance(tpl, adapter):
              TEMPLATES[tplid] = tpl
              if settings: TEMPLATES[tplid].prepare(**settings)
          elif "\n" in tpl or "{" in tpl or "%" in tpl or '$' in tpl:
              TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(source=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
          else:
              TEMPLATES[tplid] = adapter(name=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
      if not TEMPLATES[tplid]:
          abort(500, 'Template (%s) not found' % tpl)
      return TEMPLATES[tplid].render(kwargs)
  
  
  mako_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
  cheetah_template = functools.partial(template,
                                       template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
  jinja2_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
  
  
  def view(tpl_name, **defaults):
      """ Decorator: renders a template for a handler.
          The handler can control its behavior like that:
  
            - return a dict of template vars to fill out the template
            - return something other than a dict and the view decorator will not
              process the template, but return the handler result as is.
              This includes returning a HTTPResponse(dict) to get,
              for instance, JSON with autojson or other castfilters.
      """
  
      def decorator(func):
  
          @functools.wraps(func)
          def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
              result = func(*args, **kwargs)
              if isinstance(result, (dict, DictMixin)):
                  tplvars = defaults.copy()
                  tplvars.update(result)
                  return template(tpl_name, **tplvars)
              elif result is None:
                  return template(tpl_name, defaults)
              return result
  
          return wrapper
  
      return decorator
  
  
  mako_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
  cheetah_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
  jinja2_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Constants and Globals ########################################################
  ###############################################################################
  
  TEMPLATE_PATH = ['./', './views/']
  TEMPLATES = {}
  DEBUG = False
  NORUN = False  # If set, run() does nothing. Used by load_app()
  
  #: A dict to map HTTP status codes (e.g. 404) to phrases (e.g. 'Not Found')
  HTTP_CODES = httplib.responses.copy()
  HTTP_CODES[418] = "I'm a teapot"  # RFC 2324
  HTTP_CODES[428] = "Precondition Required"
  HTTP_CODES[429] = "Too Many Requests"
  HTTP_CODES[431] = "Request Header Fields Too Large"
  HTTP_CODES[511] = "Network Authentication Required"
  _HTTP_STATUS_LINES = dict((k, '%d %s' % (k, v))
                            for (k, v) in HTTP_CODES.items())
  
  #: The default template used for error pages. Override with @error()
  ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE = """
  %%try:
      %%from %s import DEBUG, request
      <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
      <html>
          <head>
              <title>Error: {{e.status}}</title>
              <style type="text/css">
                html {background-color: #eee; font-family: sans-serif;}
                body {background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #ddd;
                      padding: 15px; margin: 15px;}
                pre {background-color: #eee; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 5px;}
              </style>
          </head>
          <body>
              <h1>Error: {{e.status}}</h1>
              <p>Sorry, the requested URL <tt>{{repr(request.url)}}</tt>
                 caused an error:</p>
              <pre>{{e.body}}</pre>
              %%if DEBUG and e.exception:
                <h2>Exception:</h2>
                <pre>{{repr(e.exception)}}</pre>
              %%end
              %%if DEBUG and e.traceback:
                <h2>Traceback:</h2>
                <pre>{{e.traceback}}</pre>
              %%end
          </body>
      </html>
  %%except ImportError:
      <b>ImportError:</b> Could not generate the error page. Please add bottle to
      the import path.
  %%end
  """ % __name__
  
  #: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalRequest`. If accessed from within a
  #: request callback, this instance always refers to the *current* request
  #: (even on a multi-threaded server).
  request = LocalRequest()
  
  #: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalResponse`. It is used to change the
  #: HTTP response for the *current* request.
  response = LocalResponse()
  
  #: A thread-safe namespace. Not used by Bottle.
  local = threading.local()
  
  # Initialize app stack (create first empty Bottle app now deferred until needed)
  # BC: 0.6.4 and needed for run()
  apps = app = default_app = AppStack()
  
  
  #: A virtual package that redirects import statements.
  #: Example: ``import bottle.ext.sqlite`` actually imports `bottle_sqlite`.
  ext = _ImportRedirect('bottle.ext' if __name__ == '__main__' else
                        __name__ + ".ext", 'bottle_%s').module
  
  
  
  if __name__ == '__main__':
      opt, args, parser = _cli_parse(sys.argv)
  
      def _cli_error(msg):
          parser.print_help()
          _stderr('\nError: %s\n' % msg)
          sys.exit(1)
  
      if opt.version:
          _stdout('Bottle %s\n' % __version__)
          sys.exit(0)
      if not args:
          _cli_error("No application entry point specified.")
  
      sys.path.insert(0, '.')
      sys.modules.setdefault('bottle', sys.modules['__main__'])
  
      host, port = (opt.bind or 'localhost'), 8080
      if ':' in host and host.rfind(']') < host.rfind(':'):
          host, port = host.rsplit(':', 1)
      host = host.strip('[]')
  
      config = ConfigDict()
  
      for cfile in opt.conf or []:
          try:
              if cfile.endswith('.json'):
                  with open(cfile, 'rb') as fp:
                      config.load_dict(json_loads(fp.read()))
              else:
                  config.load_config(cfile)
          except ConfigParserError:
              _cli_error(str(_e()))
          except IOError:
              _cli_error("Unable to read config file %r" % cfile)
          except (UnicodeError, TypeError, ValueError):
              _cli_error("Unable to parse config file %r: %s" % (cfile, _e()))
  
      for cval in opt.param or []:
          if '=' in cval:
              config.update((cval.split('=', 1),))
          else:
              config[cval] = True
  
      run(args[0],
          host=host,
          port=int(port),
          server=opt.server,
          reloader=opt.reload,
          plugins=opt.plugin,
          debug=opt.debug,
          config=config)
  
  # THE END
  