text: // Copyright (C) 2002-2012 Nikolaus Gebhardt
  // This file is part of the "Irrlicht Engine" and the "irrXML" project.
  // For conditions of distribution and use, see copyright notice in irrlicht.h and irrXML.h
  
  #ifndef IRR_ARRAY_H_INCLUDED
  #define IRR_ARRAY_H_INCLUDED
  
  #include "irrTypes.h"
  #include "heapsort.h"
  #include "irrAllocator.h"
  #include "irrMath.h"
  
  namespace irr
  {
  namespace core
  {
  
  //! Self reallocating template array (like stl vector) with additional features.
  /** Some features are: Heap sorting, binary search methods, easier debugging.
  */
  template <class T, typename TAlloc = irrAllocator<T> >
  class array
  {
  
  public:
  
  	//! Default constructor for empty array.
  	array() : data(0), allocated(0), used(0),
  			strategy(ALLOC_STRATEGY_DOUBLE), free_when_destroyed(true), is_sorted(true)
  	{
  	}
  
  
  	//! Constructs an array and allocates an initial chunk of memory.
  	/** \param start_count Amount of elements to pre-allocate. */
  	explicit array(u32 start_count) : data(0), allocated(0), used(0),
  			strategy(ALLOC_STRATEGY_DOUBLE),
  			free_when_destroyed(true), is_sorted(true)
  	{
  		reallocate(start_count);
  	}
  
  
  	//! Copy constructor
  	array(const array<T, TAlloc>& other) : data(0)
  	{
  		*this = other;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Destructor.
  	/** Frees allocated memory, if set_free_when_destroyed was not set to
  	false by the user before. */
  	~array()
  	{
  		clear();
  	}
  
  
  	//! Reallocates the array, make it bigger or smaller.
  	/** \param new_size New size of array.
  	\param canShrink Specifies whether the array is reallocated even if
  	enough space is available. Setting this flag to false can speed up
  	array usage, but may use more memory than required by the data.
  	*/
  	void reallocate(u32 new_size, bool canShrink=true)
  	{
  		if (allocated==new_size)
  			return;
  		if (!canShrink && (new_size < allocated))
  			return;
  
  		T* old_data = data;
  
  		data = allocator.allocate(new_size); //new T[new_size];
  		allocated = new_size;
  
  		// copy old data
  		const s32 end = used < new_size ? used : new_size;
  
  		for (s32 i=0; i<end; ++i)
  		{
  			// data[i] = old_data[i];
  			allocator.construct(&data[i], old_data[i]);
  		}
  
  		// destruct old data
  		for (u32 j=0; j<used; ++j)
  			allocator.destruct(&old_data[j]);
  
  		if (allocated < used)
  			used = allocated;
  
  		allocator.deallocate(old_data); //delete [] old_data;
  	}
  
  
  	//! set a new allocation strategy
  	/** if the maximum size of the array is unknown, you can define how big the
  	allocation should happen.
  	\param newStrategy New strategy to apply to this array. */
  	void setAllocStrategy ( eAllocStrategy newStrategy = ALLOC_STRATEGY_DOUBLE )
  	{
  		strategy = newStrategy;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Adds an element at back of array.
  	/** If the array is too small to add this new element it is made bigger.
  	\param element: Element to add at the back of the array. */
  	void push_back(const T& element)
  	{
  		insert(element, used);
  	}
  
  
  	//! Adds an element at the front of the array.
  	/** If the array is to small to add this new element, the array is
  	made bigger. Please note that this is slow, because the whole array
  	needs to be copied for this.
  	\param element Element to add at the back of the array. */
  	void push_front(const T& element)
  	{
  		insert(element);
  	}
  
  
  	//! Insert item into array at specified position.
  	/**
  	\param element: Element to be inserted
  	\param index: Where position to insert the new element. */
  	void insert(const T& element, u32 index=0)
  	{
  		IRR_DEBUG_BREAK_IF(index>used) // access violation
  
  		if (used + 1 > allocated)
  		{
  			// this doesn't work if the element is in the same
  			// array. So we'll copy the element first to be sure
  			// we'll get no data corruption
  			const T e(element);
  
  			// increase data block
  			u32 newAlloc;
  			switch ( strategy )
  			{
  				case ALLOC_STRATEGY_DOUBLE:
  					newAlloc = used + 5 + (allocated < 500 ? used : used >> 2);
  					break;
  				default:
  				case ALLOC_STRATEGY_SAFE:
  					newAlloc = used + 1;
  					break;
  			}
  			reallocate( newAlloc);
  
  			// move array content and construct new element
  			// first move end one up
  			for (u32 i=used; i>index; --i)
  			{
  				if (i<used)
  					allocator.destruct(&data[i]);
  				allocator.construct(&data[i], data[i-1]); // data[i] = data[i-1];
  			}
  			// then add new element
  			if (used > index)
  				allocator.destruct(&data[index]);
  			allocator.construct(&data[index], e); // data[index] = e;
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			// element inserted not at end
  			if ( used > index )
  			{
  				// create one new element at the end
  				allocator.construct(&data[used], data[used-1]);
  
  				// move the rest of the array content
  				for (u32 i=used-1; i>index; --i)
  				{
  					data[i] = data[i-1];
  				}
  				// insert the new element
  				data[index] = element;
  			}
  			else
  			{
  				// insert the new element to the end
  				allocator.construct(&data[index], element);
  			}
  		}
  		// set to false as we don't know if we have the comparison operators
  		is_sorted = false;
  		++used;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Clears the array and deletes all allocated memory.
  	void clear()
  	{
  		if (free_when_destroyed)
  		{
  			for (u32 i=0; i<used; ++i)
  				allocator.destruct(&data[i]);
  
  			allocator.deallocate(data); // delete [] data;
  		}
  		data = 0;
  		used = 0;
  		allocated = 0;
  		is_sorted = true;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Sets pointer to new array, using this as new workspace.
  	/** Make sure that set_free_when_destroyed is used properly.
  	\param newPointer: Pointer to new array of elements.
  	\param size: Size of the new array.
  	\param _is_sorted Flag which tells whether the new array is already
  	sorted.
  	\param _free_when_destroyed Sets whether the new memory area shall be
  	freed by the array upon destruction, or if this will be up to the user
  	application. */
  	void set_pointer(T* newPointer, u32 size, bool _is_sorted=false, bool _free_when_destroyed=true)
  	{
  		clear();
  		data = newPointer;
  		allocated = size;
  		used = size;
  		is_sorted = _is_sorted;
  		free_when_destroyed=_free_when_destroyed;
  	}
  
  	//! Set (copy) data from given memory block
  	/** \param newData data to set, must have newSize elements
  	\param newSize Amount of elements in newData
  	\param canShrink When true we reallocate the array even it can shrink. 
  	May reduce memory usage, but call is more whenever size changes.
  	\param newDataIsSorted Info if you pass sorted/unsorted data
  	*/
  	void set_data(const T* newData, u32 newSize, bool newDataIsSorted=false, bool canShrink=false)
  	{
  		reallocate(newSize, canShrink);
  		set_used(newSize);
  		for ( u32 i=0; i<newSize; ++i)
  		{
  			data[i] = newData[i];
  		}
  		is_sorted = newDataIsSorted;
  	}
  
  	//! Compare if given data block is identical to the data in our array
  	/** Like operator ==, but without the need to create the array
  	\param otherData Address to data against which we compare, must contain size elements
  	\param size Amount of elements in otherData	*/
  	bool equals(const T* otherData, u32 size) const
  	{
  		if (used != size)
  			return false;
  
  		for (u32 i=0; i<size; ++i)
  			if (data[i] != otherData[i])
  				return false;
  		return true;
  	}
  
  
  
  	//! Sets if the array should delete the memory it uses upon destruction.
  	/** Also clear and set_pointer will only delete the (original) memory
  	area if this flag is set to true, which is also the default. The
  	methods reallocate, set_used, push_back, push_front, insert, and erase
  	will still try to deallocate the original memory, which might cause
  	troubles depending on the intended use of the memory area.
  	\param f If true, the array frees the allocated memory in its
  	destructor, otherwise not. The default is true. */
  	void set_free_when_destroyed(bool f)
  	{
  		free_when_destroyed = f;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Sets the size of the array and allocates new elements if necessary.
  	/** Please note: This is only secure when using it with simple types,
  	because no default constructor will be called for the added elements.
  	\param usedNow Amount of elements now used. */
  	void set_used(u32 usedNow)
  	{
  		if (allocated < usedNow)
  			reallocate(usedNow);
  
  		used = usedNow;
  	}
  
  	//! Assignment operator
  	const array<T, TAlloc>& operator=(const array<T, TAlloc>& other)
  	{
  		if (this == &other)
  			return *this;
  		strategy = other.strategy;
  
  		if (data)
  			clear();
  
  		//if (allocated < other.allocated)
  		if (other.allocated == 0)
  			data = 0;
  		else
  			data = allocator.allocate(other.allocated); // new T[other.allocated];
  
  		used = other.used;
  		free_when_destroyed = true;
  		is_sorted = other.is_sorted;
  		allocated = other.allocated;
  
  		for (u32 i=0; i<other.used; ++i)
  			allocator.construct(&data[i], other.data[i]); // data[i] = other.data[i];
  
  		return *this;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Equality operator
  	bool operator == (const array<T, TAlloc>& other) const
  	{
  		return equals(other.const_pointer(), other.size());
  	}
  
  
  	//! Inequality operator
  	bool operator != (const array<T, TAlloc>& other) const
  	{
  		return !(*this==other);
  	}
  
  
  	//! Direct access operator
  	T& operator [](u32 index)
  	{
  		IRR_DEBUG_BREAK_IF(index>=used) // access violation
  
  		return data[index];
  	}
  
  
  	//! Direct const access operator
  	const T& operator [](u32 index) const
  	{
  		IRR_DEBUG_BREAK_IF(index>=used) // access violation
  
  		return data[index];
  	}
  
  
  	//! Gets last element.
  	T& getLast()
  	{
  		IRR_DEBUG_BREAK_IF(!used) // access violation
  
  		return data[used-1];
  	}
  
  
  	//! Gets last element
  	const T& getLast() const
  	{
  		IRR_DEBUG_BREAK_IF(!used) // access violation
  
  		return data[used-1];
  	}
  
  
  	//! Gets a pointer to the array.
  	/** \return Pointer to the array. */
  	T* pointer()
  	{
  		return data;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Gets a const pointer to the array.
  	/** \return Pointer to the array. */
  	const T* const_pointer() const
  	{
  		return data;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Get number of occupied elements of the array.
  	/** \return Size of elements in the array which are actually occupied. */
  	u32 size() const
  	{
  		return used;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Get amount of memory allocated.
  	/** \return Amount of memory allocated. The amount of bytes
  	allocated would be allocated_size() * sizeof(ElementTypeUsed); */
  	u32 allocated_size() const
  	{
  		return allocated;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Check if array is empty.
  	/** \return True if the array is empty false if not. */
  	bool empty() const
  	{
  		return used == 0;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Sorts the array using heapsort.
  	/** There is no additional memory waste and the algorithm performs
  	O(n*log n) in worst case. */
  	void sort()
  	{
  		if (!is_sorted && used>1)
  			heapsort(data, used);
  		is_sorted = true;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Performs a binary search for an element, returns -1 if not found.
  	/** The array will be sorted before the binary search if it is not
  	already sorted. Caution is advised! Be careful not to call this on
  	unsorted const arrays, or the slower method will be used.
  	\param element Element to search for.
  	\return Position of the searched element if it was found,
  	otherwise -1 is returned. */
  	s32 binary_search(const T& element)
  	{
  		sort();
  		return binary_search(element, 0, used-1);
  	}
  
  
  	//! Performs a binary search for an element if possible, returns -1 if not found.
  	/** This method is for const arrays and so cannot call sort(), if the array is
  	not sorted then linear_search will be used instead. Potentially very slow!
  	\param element Element to search for.
  	\return Position of the searched element if it was found,
  	otherwise -1 is returned. */
  	s32 binary_search(const T& element) const
  	{
  		if (is_sorted)
  			return binary_search(element, 0, used-1);
  		else
  			return linear_search(element);
  	}
  
  
  	//! Performs a binary search for an element, returns -1 if not found.
  	/** \param element: Element to search for.
  	\param left First left index
  	\param right Last right index.
  	\return Position of the searched element if it was found, otherwise -1
  	is returned. */
  	s32 binary_search(const T& element, s32 left, s32 right) const
  	{
  		if (!used)
  			return -1;
  
  		s32 m;
  
  		do
  		{
  			m = (left+right)>>1;
  
  			if (element < data[m])
  				right = m - 1;
  			else
  				left = m + 1;
  
  		} while((element < data[m] || data[m] < element) && left<=right);
  		// this last line equals to:
  		// " while((element != array[m]) && left<=right);"
  		// but we only want to use the '<' operator.
  		// the same in next line, it is "(element == array[m])"
  
  
  		if (!(element < data[m]) && !(data[m] < element))
  			return m;
  
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Performs a binary search for an element, returns -1 if not found.
  	//! it is used for searching a multiset
  	/** The array will be sorted before the binary search if it is not
  	already sorted.
  	\param element Element to search for.
  	\param &last return lastIndex of equal elements
  	\return Position of the first searched element if it was found,
  	otherwise -1 is returned. */
  	s32 binary_search_multi(const T& element, s32 &last)
  	{
  		sort();
  		s32 index = binary_search(element, 0, used-1);
  		if ( index < 0 )
  			return index;
  
  		// The search can be somewhere in the middle of the set
  		// look linear previous and past the index
  		last = index;
  
  		while ( index > 0 && !(element < data[index - 1]) && !(data[index - 1] < element) )
  		{
  			index -= 1;
  		}
  		// look linear up
  		while ( last < (s32) used - 1 && !(element < data[last + 1]) && !(data[last + 1] < element) )
  		{
  			last += 1;
  		}
  
  		return index;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Finds an element in linear time, which is very slow.
  	/** Use binary_search for faster finding. Only works if ==operator is
  	implemented.
  	\param element Element to search for.
  	\return Position of the searched element if it was found, otherwise -1
  	is returned. */
  	s32 linear_search(const T& element) const
  	{
  		for (u32 i=0; i<used; ++i)
  			if (element == data[i])
  				return (s32)i;
  
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Finds an element in linear time, which is very slow.
  	/** Use binary_search for faster finding. Only works if ==operator is
  	implemented.
  	\param element: Element to search for.
  	\return Position of the searched element if it was found, otherwise -1
  	is returned. */
  	s32 linear_reverse_search(const T& element) const
  	{
  		for (s32 i=used-1; i>=0; --i)
  			if (data[i] == element)
  				return i;
  
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Erases an element from the array.
  	/** May be slow, because all elements following after the erased
  	element have to be copied.
  	\param index: Index of element to be erased. */
  	void erase(u32 index)
  	{
  		IRR_DEBUG_BREAK_IF(index>=used) // access violation
  
  		for (u32 i=index+1; i<used; ++i)
  		{
  			allocator.destruct(&data[i-1]);
  			allocator.construct(&data[i-1], data[i]); // data[i-1] = data[i];
  		}
  
  		allocator.destruct(&data[used-1]);
  
  		--used;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Erases some elements from the array.
  	/** May be slow, because all elements following after the erased
  	element have to be copied.
  	\param index: Index of the first element to be erased.
  	\param count: Amount of elements to be erased. */
  	void erase(u32 index, s32 count)
  	{
  		if (index>=used || count<1)
  			return;
  		if (index+count>used)
  			count = used-index;
  
  		u32 i;
  		for (i=index; i<index+count; ++i)
  			allocator.destruct(&data[i]);
  
  		for (i=index+count; i<used; ++i)
  		{
  			if (i-count >= index+count) // not already destructed before loop
  				allocator.destruct(&data[i-count]);
  
  			allocator.construct(&data[i-count], data[i]); // data[i-count] = data[i];
  
  			if (i >= used-count) // those which are not overwritten
  				allocator.destruct(&data[i]);
  		}
  
  		used-= count;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Sets if the array is sorted
  	void set_sorted(bool _is_sorted)
  	{
  		is_sorted = _is_sorted;
  	}
  
  
  	//! Swap the content of this array container with the content of another array
  	/** Afterward this object will contain the content of the other object and the other
  	object will contain the content of this object.
  	\param other Swap content with this object */
  	void swap(array<T, TAlloc>& other)
  	{
  		core::swap(data, other.data);
  		core::swap(allocated, other.allocated);
  		core::swap(used, other.used);
  		core::swap(allocator, other.allocator); // memory is still released by the same allocator used for allocation
  		eAllocStrategy helper_strategy(strategy); // can't use core::swap with bitfields
  		strategy = other.strategy;
  		other.strategy = helper_strategy;
  		bool helper_free_when_destroyed(free_when_destroyed);
  		free_when_destroyed = other.free_when_destroyed;
  		other.free_when_destroyed = helper_free_when_destroyed;
  		bool helper_is_sorted(is_sorted);
  		is_sorted = other.is_sorted;
  		other.is_sorted = helper_is_sorted;
  	}
  
  	typedef TAlloc allocator_type;
  	typedef T value_type;
  	typedef u32 size_type;
  
  private:
  	T* data;
  	u32 allocated;
  	u32 used;
  	TAlloc allocator;
  	eAllocStrategy strategy:4;
  	bool free_when_destroyed:1;
  	bool is_sorted:1;
  };
  
  
  } // end namespace core
  } // end namespace irr
  
  #endif
  
  