text: # Copyright 2014-2015 Canonical Limited.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  
  """Tools for working with the host system"""
  # Copyright 2012 Canonical Ltd.
  #
  # Authors:
  #  Nick Moffitt <nick.moffitt@canonical.com>
  #  Matthew Wedgwood <matthew.wedgwood@canonical.com>
  
  import os
  import re
  import pwd
  import glob
  import grp
  import random
  import string
  import subprocess
  import hashlib
  import functools
  import itertools
  import six
  
  from contextlib import contextmanager
  from collections import OrderedDict
  from .hookenv import log, DEBUG
  from .fstab import Fstab
  from charmhelpers.osplatform import get_platform
  
  __platform__ = get_platform()
  if __platform__ == "ubuntu":
      from charmhelpers.core.host_factory.ubuntu import (
          service_available,
          add_new_group,
          lsb_release,
          cmp_pkgrevno,
          CompareHostReleases,
      )  # flake8: noqa -- ignore F401 for this import
  elif __platform__ == "centos":
      from charmhelpers.core.host_factory.centos import (
          service_available,
          add_new_group,
          lsb_release,
          cmp_pkgrevno,
          CompareHostReleases,
      )  # flake8: noqa -- ignore F401 for this import
  
  UPDATEDB_PATH = '/etc/updatedb.conf'
  
  def service_start(service_name, **kwargs):
      """Start a system service.
  
      The specified service name is managed via the system level init system.
      Some init systems (e.g. upstart) require that additional arguments be
      provided in order to directly control service instances whereas other init
      systems allow for addressing instances of a service directly by name (e.g.
      systemd).
  
      The kwargs allow for the additional parameters to be passed to underlying
      init systems for those systems which require/allow for them. For example,
      the ceph-osd upstart script requires the id parameter to be passed along
      in order to identify which running daemon should be reloaded. The follow-
      ing example stops the ceph-osd service for instance id=4:
  
      service_stop('ceph-osd', id=4)
  
      :param service_name: the name of the service to stop
      :param **kwargs: additional parameters to pass to the init system when
                       managing services. These will be passed as key=value
                       parameters to the init system's commandline. kwargs
                       are ignored for systemd enabled systems.
      """
      return service('start', service_name, **kwargs)
  
  
  def service_stop(service_name, **kwargs):
      """Stop a system service.
  
      The specified service name is managed via the system level init system.
      Some init systems (e.g. upstart) require that additional arguments be
      provided in order to directly control service instances whereas other init
      systems allow for addressing instances of a service directly by name (e.g.
      systemd).
  
      The kwargs allow for the additional parameters to be passed to underlying
      init systems for those systems which require/allow for them. For example,
      the ceph-osd upstart script requires the id parameter to be passed along
      in order to identify which running daemon should be reloaded. The follow-
      ing example stops the ceph-osd service for instance id=4:
  
      service_stop('ceph-osd', id=4)
  
      :param service_name: the name of the service to stop
      :param **kwargs: additional parameters to pass to the init system when
                       managing services. These will be passed as key=value
                       parameters to the init system's commandline. kwargs
                       are ignored for systemd enabled systems.
      """
      return service('stop', service_name, **kwargs)
  
  
  def service_restart(service_name, **kwargs):
      """Restart a system service.
  
      The specified service name is managed via the system level init system.
      Some init systems (e.g. upstart) require that additional arguments be
      provided in order to directly control service instances whereas other init
      systems allow for addressing instances of a service directly by name (e.g.
      systemd).
  
      The kwargs allow for the additional parameters to be passed to underlying
      init systems for those systems which require/allow for them. For example,
      the ceph-osd upstart script requires the id parameter to be passed along
      in order to identify which running daemon should be restarted. The follow-
      ing example restarts the ceph-osd service for instance id=4:
  
      service_restart('ceph-osd', id=4)
  
      :param service_name: the name of the service to restart
      :param **kwargs: additional parameters to pass to the init system when
                       managing services. These will be passed as key=value
                       parameters to the  init system's commandline. kwargs
                       are ignored for init systems not allowing additional
                       parameters via the commandline (systemd).
      """
      return service('restart', service_name)
  
  
  def service_reload(service_name, restart_on_failure=False, **kwargs):
      """Reload a system service, optionally falling back to restart if
      reload fails.
  
      The specified service name is managed via the system level init system.
      Some init systems (e.g. upstart) require that additional arguments be
      provided in order to directly control service instances whereas other init
      systems allow for addressing instances of a service directly by name (e.g.
      systemd).
  
      The kwargs allow for the additional parameters to be passed to underlying
      init systems for those systems which require/allow for them. For example,
      the ceph-osd upstart script requires the id parameter to be passed along
      in order to identify which running daemon should be reloaded. The follow-
      ing example restarts the ceph-osd service for instance id=4:
  
      service_reload('ceph-osd', id=4)
  
      :param service_name: the name of the service to reload
      :param restart_on_failure: boolean indicating whether to fallback to a
                                 restart if the reload fails.
      :param **kwargs: additional parameters to pass to the init system when
                       managing services. These will be passed as key=value
                       parameters to the  init system's commandline. kwargs
                       are ignored for init systems not allowing additional
                       parameters via the commandline (systemd).
      """
      service_result = service('reload', service_name, **kwargs)
      if not service_result and restart_on_failure:
          service_result = service('restart', service_name, **kwargs)
      return service_result
  
  
  def service_pause(service_name, init_dir="/etc/init", initd_dir="/etc/init.d",
                    **kwargs):
      """Pause a system service.
  
      Stop it, and prevent it from starting again at boot.
  
      :param service_name: the name of the service to pause
      :param init_dir: path to the upstart init directory
      :param initd_dir: path to the sysv init directory
      :param **kwargs: additional parameters to pass to the init system when
                       managing services. These will be passed as key=value
                       parameters to the init system's commandline. kwargs
                       are ignored for init systems which do not support
                       key=value arguments via the commandline.
      """
      stopped = True
      if service_running(service_name, **kwargs):
          stopped = service_stop(service_name, **kwargs)
      upstart_file = os.path.join(init_dir, "{}.conf".format(service_name))
      sysv_file = os.path.join(initd_dir, service_name)
      if init_is_systemd():
          service('disable', service_name)
          service('mask', service_name)
      elif os.path.exists(upstart_file):
          override_path = os.path.join(
              init_dir, '{}.override'.format(service_name))
          with open(override_path, 'w') as fh:
              fh.write("manual\n")
      elif os.path.exists(sysv_file):
          subprocess.check_call(["update-rc.d", service_name, "disable"])
      else:
          raise ValueError(
              "Unable to detect {0} as SystemD, Upstart {1} or"
              " SysV {2}".format(
                  service_name, upstart_file, sysv_file))
      return stopped
  
  
  def service_resume(service_name, init_dir="/etc/init",
                     initd_dir="/etc/init.d", **kwargs):
      """Resume a system service.
  
      Reenable starting again at boot. Start the service.
  
      :param service_name: the name of the service to resume
      :param init_dir: the path to the init dir
      :param initd dir: the path to the initd dir
      :param **kwargs: additional parameters to pass to the init system when
                       managing services. These will be passed as key=value
                       parameters to the init system's commandline. kwargs
                       are ignored for systemd enabled systems.
      """
      upstart_file = os.path.join(init_dir, "{}.conf".format(service_name))
      sysv_file = os.path.join(initd_dir, service_name)
      if init_is_systemd():
          service('unmask', service_name)
          service('enable', service_name)
      elif os.path.exists(upstart_file):
          override_path = os.path.join(
              init_dir, '{}.override'.format(service_name))
          if os.path.exists(override_path):
              os.unlink(override_path)
      elif os.path.exists(sysv_file):
          subprocess.check_call(["update-rc.d", service_name, "enable"])
      else:
          raise ValueError(
              "Unable to detect {0} as SystemD, Upstart {1} or"
              " SysV {2}".format(
                  service_name, upstart_file, sysv_file))
      started = service_running(service_name, **kwargs)
  
      if not started:
          started = service_start(service_name, **kwargs)
      return started
  
  
  def service(action, service_name, **kwargs):
      """Control a system service.
  
      :param action: the action to take on the service
      :param service_name: the name of the service to perform th action on
      :param **kwargs: additional params to be passed to the service command in
                      the form of key=value.
      """
      if init_is_systemd():
          cmd = ['systemctl', action, service_name]
      else:
          cmd = ['service', service_name, action]
          for key, value in six.iteritems(kwargs):
              parameter = '%s=%s' % (key, value)
              cmd.append(parameter)
      return subprocess.call(cmd) == 0
  
  
  _UPSTART_CONF = "/etc/init/{}.conf"
  _INIT_D_CONF = "/etc/init.d/{}"
  
  
  def service_running(service_name, **kwargs):
      """Determine whether a system service is running.
  
      :param service_name: the name of the service
      :param **kwargs: additional args to pass to the service command. This is
                       used to pass additional key=value arguments to the
                       service command line for managing specific instance
                       units (e.g. service ceph-osd status id=2). The kwargs
                       are ignored in systemd services.
      """
      if init_is_systemd():
          return service('is-active', service_name)
      else:
          if os.path.exists(_UPSTART_CONF.format(service_name)):
              try:
                  cmd = ['status', service_name]
                  for key, value in six.iteritems(kwargs):
                      parameter = '%s=%s' % (key, value)
                      cmd.append(parameter)
                  output = subprocess.check_output(cmd,
                      stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode('UTF-8')
              except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
                  return False
              else:
                  # This works for upstart scripts where the 'service' command
                  # returns a consistent string to represent running
                  # 'start/running'
                  if ("start/running" in output or
                          "is running" in output or
                          "up and running" in output):
                      return True
          elif os.path.exists(_INIT_D_CONF.format(service_name)):
              # Check System V scripts init script return codes
              return service('status', service_name)
          return False
  
  
  SYSTEMD_SYSTEM = '/run/systemd/system'
  
  
  def init_is_systemd():
      """Return True if the host system uses systemd, False otherwise."""
      if lsb_release()['DISTRIB_CODENAME'] == 'trusty':
          return False
      return os.path.isdir(SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
  
  
  def adduser(username, password=None, shell='/bin/bash',
              system_user=False, primary_group=None,
              secondary_groups=None, uid=None, home_dir=None):
      """Add a user to the system.
  
      Will log but otherwise succeed if the user already exists.
  
      :param str username: Username to create
      :param str password: Password for user; if ``None``, create a system user
      :param str shell: The default shell for the user
      :param bool system_user: Whether to create a login or system user
      :param str primary_group: Primary group for user; defaults to username
      :param list secondary_groups: Optional list of additional groups
      :param int uid: UID for user being created
      :param str home_dir: Home directory for user
  
      :returns: The password database entry struct, as returned by `pwd.getpwnam`
      """
      try:
          user_info = pwd.getpwnam(username)
          log('user {0} already exists!'.format(username))
          if uid:
              user_info = pwd.getpwuid(int(uid))
              log('user with uid {0} already exists!'.format(uid))
      except KeyError:
          log('creating user {0}'.format(username))
          cmd = ['useradd']
          if uid:
              cmd.extend(['--uid', str(uid)])
          if home_dir:
              cmd.extend(['--home', str(home_dir)])
          if system_user or password is None:
              cmd.append('--system')
          else:
              cmd.extend([
                  '--create-home',
                  '--shell', shell,
                  '--password', password,
              ])
          if not primary_group:
              try:
                  grp.getgrnam(username)
                  primary_group = username  # avoid "group exists" error
              except KeyError:
                  pass
          if primary_group:
              cmd.extend(['-g', primary_group])
          if secondary_groups:
              cmd.extend(['-G', ','.join(secondary_groups)])
          cmd.append(username)
          subprocess.check_call(cmd)
          user_info = pwd.getpwnam(username)
      return user_info
  
  
  def user_exists(username):
      """Check if a user exists"""
      try:
          pwd.getpwnam(username)
          user_exists = True
      except KeyError:
          user_exists = False
      return user_exists
  
  
  def uid_exists(uid):
      """Check if a uid exists"""
      try:
          pwd.getpwuid(uid)
          uid_exists = True
      except KeyError:
          uid_exists = False
      return uid_exists
  
  
  def group_exists(groupname):
      """Check if a group exists"""
      try:
          grp.getgrnam(groupname)
          group_exists = True
      except KeyError:
          group_exists = False
      return group_exists
  
  
  def gid_exists(gid):
      """Check if a gid exists"""
      try:
          grp.getgrgid(gid)
          gid_exists = True
      except KeyError:
          gid_exists = False
      return gid_exists
  
  
  def add_group(group_name, system_group=False, gid=None):
      """Add a group to the system
  
      Will log but otherwise succeed if the group already exists.
  
      :param str group_name: group to create
      :param bool system_group: Create system group
      :param int gid: GID for user being created
  
      :returns: The password database entry struct, as returned by `grp.getgrnam`
      """
      try:
          group_info = grp.getgrnam(group_name)
          log('group {0} already exists!'.format(group_name))
          if gid:
              group_info = grp.getgrgid(gid)
              log('group with gid {0} already exists!'.format(gid))
      except KeyError:
          log('creating group {0}'.format(group_name))
          add_new_group(group_name, system_group, gid)
          group_info = grp.getgrnam(group_name)
      return group_info
  
  
  def add_user_to_group(username, group):
      """Add a user to a group"""
      cmd = ['gpasswd', '-a', username, group]
      log("Adding user {} to group {}".format(username, group))
      subprocess.check_call(cmd)
  
  
  def rsync(from_path, to_path, flags='-r', options=None, timeout=None):
      """Replicate the contents of a path"""
      options = options or ['--delete', '--executability']
      cmd = ['/usr/bin/rsync', flags]
      if timeout:
          cmd = ['timeout', str(timeout)] + cmd
      cmd.extend(options)
      cmd.append(from_path)
      cmd.append(to_path)
      log(" ".join(cmd))
      return subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode('UTF-8').strip()
  
  
  def symlink(source, destination):
      """Create a symbolic link"""
      log("Symlinking {} as {}".format(source, destination))
      cmd = [
          'ln',
          '-sf',
          source,
          destination,
      ]
      subprocess.check_call(cmd)
  
  
  def mkdir(path, owner='root', group='root', perms=0o555, force=False):
      """Create a directory"""
      log("Making dir {} {}:{} {:o}".format(path, owner, group,
                                            perms))
      uid = pwd.getpwnam(owner).pw_uid
      gid = grp.getgrnam(group).gr_gid
      realpath = os.path.abspath(path)
      path_exists = os.path.exists(realpath)
      if path_exists and force:
          if not os.path.isdir(realpath):
              log("Removing non-directory file {} prior to mkdir()".format(path))
              os.unlink(realpath)
              os.makedirs(realpath, perms)
      elif not path_exists:
          os.makedirs(realpath, perms)
      os.chown(realpath, uid, gid)
      os.chmod(realpath, perms)
  
  
  def write_file(path, content, owner='root', group='root', perms=0o444):
      """Create or overwrite a file with the contents of a byte string."""
      uid = pwd.getpwnam(owner).pw_uid
      gid = grp.getgrnam(group).gr_gid
      # lets see if we can grab the file and compare the context, to avoid doing
      # a write.
      existing_content = None
      existing_uid, existing_gid = None, None
      try:
          with open(path, 'rb') as target:
              existing_content = target.read()
          stat = os.stat(path)
          existing_uid, existing_gid = stat.st_uid, stat.st_gid
      except:
          pass
      if content != existing_content:
          log("Writing file {} {}:{} {:o}".format(path, owner, group, perms),
              level=DEBUG)
          with open(path, 'wb') as target:
              os.fchown(target.fileno(), uid, gid)
              os.fchmod(target.fileno(), perms)
              target.write(content)
          return
      # the contents were the same, but we might still need to change the
      # ownership.
      if existing_uid != uid:
          log("Changing uid on already existing content: {} -> {}"
              .format(existing_uid, uid), level=DEBUG)
          os.chown(path, uid, -1)
      if existing_gid != gid:
          log("Changing gid on already existing content: {} -> {}"
              .format(existing_gid, gid), level=DEBUG)
          os.chown(path, -1, gid)
  
  
  def fstab_remove(mp):
      """Remove the given mountpoint entry from /etc/fstab"""
      return Fstab.remove_by_mountpoint(mp)
  
  
  def fstab_add(dev, mp, fs, options=None):
      """Adds the given device entry to the /etc/fstab file"""
      return Fstab.add(dev, mp, fs, options=options)
  
  
  def mount(device, mountpoint, options=None, persist=False, filesystem="ext3"):
      """Mount a filesystem at a particular mountpoint"""
      cmd_args = ['mount']
      if options is not None:
          cmd_args.extend(['-o', options])
      cmd_args.extend([device, mountpoint])
      try:
          subprocess.check_output(cmd_args)
      except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
          log('Error mounting {} at {}\n{}'.format(device, mountpoint, e.output))
          return False
  
      if persist:
          return fstab_add(device, mountpoint, filesystem, options=options)
      return True
  
  
  def umount(mountpoint, persist=False):
      """Unmount a filesystem"""
      cmd_args = ['umount', mountpoint]
      try:
          subprocess.check_output(cmd_args)
      except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
          log('Error unmounting {}\n{}'.format(mountpoint, e.output))
          return False
  
      if persist:
          return fstab_remove(mountpoint)
      return True
  
  
  def mounts():
      """Get a list of all mounted volumes as [[mountpoint,device],[...]]"""
      with open('/proc/mounts') as f:
          # [['/mount/point','/dev/path'],[...]]
          system_mounts = [m[1::-1] for m in [l.strip().split()
                                              for l in f.readlines()]]
      return system_mounts
  
  
  def fstab_mount(mountpoint):
      """Mount filesystem using fstab"""
      cmd_args = ['mount', mountpoint]
      try:
          subprocess.check_output(cmd_args)
      except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
          log('Error unmounting {}\n{}'.format(mountpoint, e.output))
          return False
      return True
  
  
  def file_hash(path, hash_type='md5'):
      """Generate a hash checksum of the contents of 'path' or None if not found.
  
      :param str hash_type: Any hash alrgorithm supported by :mod:`hashlib`,
                            such as md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, etc.
      """
      if os.path.exists(path):
          h = getattr(hashlib, hash_type)()
          with open(path, 'rb') as source:
              h.update(source.read())
          return h.hexdigest()
      else:
          return None
  
  
  def path_hash(path):
      """Generate a hash checksum of all files matching 'path'. Standard
      wildcards like '*' and '?' are supported, see documentation for the 'glob'
      module for more information.
  
      :return: dict: A { filename: hash } dictionary for all matched files.
                     Empty if none found.
      """
      return {
          filename: file_hash(filename)
          for filename in glob.iglob(path)
      }
  
  
  def check_hash(path, checksum, hash_type='md5'):
      """Validate a file using a cryptographic checksum.
  
      :param str checksum: Value of the checksum used to validate the file.
      :param str hash_type: Hash algorithm used to generate `checksum`.
          Can be any hash alrgorithm supported by :mod:`hashlib`,
          such as md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, etc.
      :raises ChecksumError: If the file fails the checksum
  
      """
      actual_checksum = file_hash(path, hash_type)
      if checksum != actual_checksum:
          raise ChecksumError("'%s' != '%s'" % (checksum, actual_checksum))
  
  
  class ChecksumError(ValueError):
      """A class derived from Value error to indicate the checksum failed."""
      pass
  
  
  def restart_on_change(restart_map, stopstart=False, restart_functions=None):
      """Restart services based on configuration files changing
  
      This function is used a decorator, for example::
  
          @restart_on_change({
              '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf': [ 'cinder-api', 'cinder-volume' ]
              '/etc/apache/sites-enabled/*': [ 'apache2' ]
              })
          def config_changed():
              pass  # your code here
  
      In this example, the cinder-api and cinder-volume services
      would be restarted if /etc/ceph/ceph.conf is changed by the
      ceph_client_changed function. The apache2 service would be
      restarted if any file matching the pattern got changed, created
      or removed. Standard wildcards are supported, see documentation
      for the 'glob' module for more information.
  
      @param restart_map: {path_file_name: [service_name, ...]
      @param stopstart: DEFAULT false; whether to stop, start OR restart
      @param restart_functions: nonstandard functions to use to restart services
                                {svc: func, ...}
      @returns result from decorated function
      """
      def wrap(f):
          @functools.wraps(f)
          def wrapped_f(*args, **kwargs):
              return restart_on_change_helper(
                  (lambda: f(*args, **kwargs)), restart_map, stopstart,
                  restart_functions)
          return wrapped_f
      return wrap
  
  
  def restart_on_change_helper(lambda_f, restart_map, stopstart=False,
                               restart_functions=None):
      """Helper function to perform the restart_on_change function.
  
      This is provided for decorators to restart services if files described
      in the restart_map have changed after an invocation of lambda_f().
  
      @param lambda_f: function to call.
      @param restart_map: {file: [service, ...]}
      @param stopstart: whether to stop, start or restart a service
      @param restart_functions: nonstandard functions to use to restart services
                                {svc: func, ...}
      @returns result of lambda_f()
      """
      if restart_functions is None:
          restart_functions = {}
      checksums = {path: path_hash(path) for path in restart_map}
      r = lambda_f()
      # create a list of lists of the services to restart
      restarts = [restart_map[path]
                  for path in restart_map
                  if path_hash(path) != checksums[path]]
      # create a flat list of ordered services without duplicates from lists
      services_list = list(OrderedDict.fromkeys(itertools.chain(*restarts)))
      if services_list:
          actions = ('stop', 'start') if stopstart else ('restart',)
          for service_name in services_list:
              if service_name in restart_functions:
                  restart_functions[service_name](service_name)
              else:
                  for action in actions:
                      service(action, service_name)
      return r
  
  
  def pwgen(length=None):
      """Generate a random pasword."""
      if length is None:
          # A random length is ok to use a weak PRNG
          length = random.choice(range(35, 45))
      alphanumeric_chars = [
          l for l in (string.ascii_letters + string.digits)
          if l not in 'l0QD1vAEIOUaeiou']
      # Use a crypto-friendly PRNG (e.g. /dev/urandom) for making the
      # actual password
      random_generator = random.SystemRandom()
      random_chars = [
          random_generator.choice(alphanumeric_chars) for _ in range(length)]
      return(''.join(random_chars))
  
  
  def is_phy_iface(interface):
      """Returns True if interface is not virtual, otherwise False."""
      if interface:
          sys_net = '/sys/class/net'
          if os.path.isdir(sys_net):
              for iface in glob.glob(os.path.join(sys_net, '*')):
                  if '/virtual/' in os.path.realpath(iface):
                      continue
  
                  if interface == os.path.basename(iface):
                      return True
  
      return False
  
  
  def get_bond_master(interface):
      """Returns bond master if interface is bond slave otherwise None.
  
      NOTE: the provided interface is expected to be physical
      """
      if interface:
          iface_path = '/sys/class/net/%s' % (interface)
          if os.path.exists(iface_path):
              if '/virtual/' in os.path.realpath(iface_path):
                  return None
  
              master = os.path.join(iface_path, 'master')
              if os.path.exists(master):
                  master = os.path.realpath(master)
                  # make sure it is a bond master
                  if os.path.exists(os.path.join(master, 'bonding')):
                      return os.path.basename(master)
  
      return None
  
  
  def list_nics(nic_type=None):
      """Return a list of nics of given type(s)"""
      if isinstance(nic_type, six.string_types):
          int_types = [nic_type]
      else:
          int_types = nic_type
  
      interfaces = []
      if nic_type:
          for int_type in int_types:
              cmd = ['ip', 'addr', 'show', 'label', int_type + '*']
              ip_output = subprocess.check_output(cmd).decode('UTF-8')
              ip_output = ip_output.split('\n')
              ip_output = (line for line in ip_output if line)
              for line in ip_output:
                  if line.split()[1].startswith(int_type):
                      matched = re.search('.*: (' + int_type +
                                          r'[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)@.*', line)
                      if matched:
                          iface = matched.groups()[0]
                      else:
                          iface = line.split()[1].replace(":", "")
  
                      if iface not in interfaces:
                          interfaces.append(iface)
      else:
          cmd = ['ip', 'a']
          ip_output = subprocess.check_output(cmd).decode('UTF-8').split('\n')
          ip_output = (line.strip() for line in ip_output if line)
  
          key = re.compile('^[0-9]+:\s+(.+):')
          for line in ip_output:
              matched = re.search(key, line)
              if matched:
                  iface = matched.group(1)
                  iface = iface.partition("@")[0]
                  if iface not in interfaces:
                      interfaces.append(iface)
  
      return interfaces
  
  
  def set_nic_mtu(nic, mtu):
      """Set the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) on a network interface."""
      cmd = ['ip', 'link', 'set', nic, 'mtu', mtu]
      subprocess.check_call(cmd)
  
  
  def get_nic_mtu(nic):
      """Return the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) for a network interface."""
      cmd = ['ip', 'addr', 'show', nic]
      ip_output = subprocess.check_output(cmd).decode('UTF-8').split('\n')
      mtu = ""
      for line in ip_output:
          words = line.split()
          if 'mtu' in words:
              mtu = words[words.index("mtu") + 1]
      return mtu
  
  
  def get_nic_hwaddr(nic):
      """Return the Media Access Control (MAC) for a network interface."""
      cmd = ['ip', '-o', '-0', 'addr', 'show', nic]
      ip_output = subprocess.check_output(cmd).decode('UTF-8')
      hwaddr = ""
      words = ip_output.split()
      if 'link/ether' in words:
          hwaddr = words[words.index('link/ether') + 1]
      return hwaddr
  
  
  @contextmanager
  def chdir(directory):
      """Change the current working directory to a different directory for a code
      block and return the previous directory after the block exits. Useful to
      run commands from a specificed directory.
  
      :param str directory: The directory path to change to for this context.
      """
      cur = os.getcwd()
      try:
          yield os.chdir(directory)
      finally:
          os.chdir(cur)
  
  
  def chownr(path, owner, group, follow_links=True, chowntopdir=False):
      """Recursively change user and group ownership of files and directories
      in given path. Doesn't chown path itself by default, only its children.
  
      :param str path: The string path to start changing ownership.
      :param str owner: The owner string to use when looking up the uid.
      :param str group: The group string to use when looking up the gid.
      :param bool follow_links: Also follow and chown links if True
      :param bool chowntopdir: Also chown path itself if True
      """
      uid = pwd.getpwnam(owner).pw_uid
      gid = grp.getgrnam(group).gr_gid
      if follow_links:
          chown = os.chown
      else:
          chown = os.lchown
  
      if chowntopdir:
          broken_symlink = os.path.lexists(path) and not os.path.exists(path)
          if not broken_symlink:
              chown(path, uid, gid)
      for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path, followlinks=follow_links):
          for name in dirs + files:
              full = os.path.join(root, name)
              broken_symlink = os.path.lexists(full) and not os.path.exists(full)
              if not broken_symlink:
                  chown(full, uid, gid)
  
  
  def lchownr(path, owner, group):
      """Recursively change user and group ownership of files and directories
      in a given path, not following symbolic links. See the documentation for
      'os.lchown' for more information.
  
      :param str path: The string path to start changing ownership.
      :param str owner: The owner string to use when looking up the uid.
      :param str group: The group string to use when looking up the gid.
      """
      chownr(path, owner, group, follow_links=False)
  
  
  def owner(path):
      """Returns a tuple containing the username & groupname owning the path.
  
      :param str path: the string path to retrieve the ownership
      :return tuple(str, str): A (username, groupname) tuple containing the
                               name of the user and group owning the path.
      :raises OSError: if the specified path does not exist
      """
      stat = os.stat(path)
      username = pwd.getpwuid(stat.st_uid)[0]
      groupname = grp.getgrgid(stat.st_gid)[0]
      return username, groupname
  
  
  def get_total_ram():
      """The total amount of system RAM in bytes.
  
      This is what is reported by the OS, and may be overcommitted when
      there are multiple containers hosted on the same machine.
      """
      with open('/proc/meminfo', 'r') as f:
          for line in f.readlines():
              if line:
                  key, value, unit = line.split()
                  if key == 'MemTotal:':
                      assert unit == 'kB', 'Unknown unit'
                      return int(value) * 1024  # Classic, not KiB.
          raise NotImplementedError()
  
  
  UPSTART_CONTAINER_TYPE = '/run/container_type'
  
  
  def is_container():
      """Determine whether unit is running in a container
  
      @return: boolean indicating if unit is in a container
      """
      if init_is_systemd():
          # Detect using systemd-detect-virt
          return subprocess.call(['systemd-detect-virt',
                                  '--container']) == 0
      else:
          # Detect using upstart container file marker
          return os.path.exists(UPSTART_CONTAINER_TYPE)
  
  
  def add_to_updatedb_prunepath(path, updatedb_path=UPDATEDB_PATH):
      with open(updatedb_path, 'r+') as f_id:
          updatedb_text = f_id.read()
          output = updatedb(updatedb_text, path)
          f_id.seek(0)
          f_id.write(output)
          f_id.truncate()
  
  
  def updatedb(updatedb_text, new_path):
      lines = [line for line in updatedb_text.split("\n")]
      for i, line in enumerate(lines):
          if line.startswith("PRUNEPATHS="):
              paths_line = line.split("=")[1].replace('"', '')
              paths = paths_line.split(" ")
              if new_path not in paths:
                  paths.append(new_path)
                  lines[i] = 'PRUNEPATHS="{}"'.format(' '.join(paths))
      output = "\n".join(lines)
      return output
  