text: const definitions = {}
  module.exports = definitions
  
  const Definition = require('./definition.js')
  
  const { version: npmVersion } = require('../../../package.json')
  const ciDetect = require('@npmcli/ci-detect')
  const ciName = ciDetect()
  const querystring = require('querystring')
  const isWindows = require('../is-windows.js')
  const { join } = require('path')
  
  // used by cafile flattening to flatOptions.ca
  const fs = require('fs')
  const maybeReadFile = file => {
    try {
      return fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8')
    } catch (er) {
      if (er.code !== 'ENOENT')
        throw er
      return null
    }
  }
  
  const buildOmitList = obj => {
    const include = obj.include || []
    const omit = obj.omit || []
  
    const only = obj.only
    if (/^prod(uction)?$/.test(only) || obj.production)
      omit.push('dev')
    else if (obj.production === false)
      include.push('dev')
  
    if (/^dev/.test(obj.also))
      include.push('dev')
  
    if (obj.dev)
      include.push('dev')
  
    if (obj.optional === false)
      omit.push('optional')
    else if (obj.optional === true)
      include.push('optional')
  
    obj.omit = [...new Set(omit)].filter(type => !include.includes(type))
    obj.include = [...new Set(include)]
  
    if (obj.omit.includes('dev'))
      process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production'
  
    return obj.omit
  }
  
  const editor = process.env.EDITOR ||
    process.env.VISUAL ||
    (isWindows ? 'notepad.exe' : 'vi')
  
  const shell = isWindows ? process.env.ComSpec || 'cmd'
    : process.env.SHELL || 'sh'
  
  const { tmpdir, networkInterfaces } = require('os')
  const getLocalAddresses = () => {
    try {
      return Object.values(networkInterfaces()).map(
        int => int.map(({ address }) => address)
      ).reduce((set, addrs) => set.concat(addrs), [null])
    } catch (e) {
      return [null]
    }
  }
  
  const unicode = /UTF-?8$/i.test(
    process.env.LC_ALL ||
    process.env.LC_CTYPE ||
    process.env.LANG
  )
  
  // use LOCALAPPDATA on Windows, if set
  // https://github.com/npm/cli/pull/899
  const cacheRoot = (isWindows && process.env.LOCALAPPDATA) || '~'
  const cacheExtra = isWindows ? 'npm-cache' : '.npm'
  const cache = `${cacheRoot}/${cacheExtra}`
  
  const Config = require('@npmcli/config')
  
  // TODO: refactor these type definitions so that they are less
  // weird to pull out of the config module.
  // TODO: use better type definition/validation API, nopt's is so weird.
  const {
    typeDefs: {
      semver: { type: semver },
      Umask: { type: Umask },
      url: { type: url },
      path: { type: path },
    },
  } = Config
  
  const define = (key, def) => {
    /* istanbul ignore if - this should never happen, prevents mistakes below */
    if (definitions[key])
      throw new Error(`defining key more than once: ${key}`)
    definitions[key] = new Definition(key, def)
  }
  
  // basic flattening function, just copy it over camelCase
  const flatten = (key, obj, flatOptions) => {
    const camel = key.replace(/-([a-z])/g, (_0, _1) => _1.toUpperCase())
    flatOptions[camel] = obj[key]
  }
  
  // TODO:
  // Instead of having each definition provide a flatten method,
  // provide the (?list of?) flat option field(s?) that it impacts.
  // When that config is set, we mark the relevant flatOption fields
  // dirty.  Then, a getter for that field defines how we actually
  // set it.
  //
  // So, `save-dev`, `save-optional`, `save-prod`, et al would indicate
  // that they affect the `saveType` flat option.  Then the config.flat
  // object has a `get saveType () { ... }` that looks at the "real"
  // config settings from files etc and returns the appropriate value.
  //
  // Getters will also (maybe?) give us a hook to audit flat option
  // usage, so we can document and group these more appropriately.
  //
  // This will be a problem with cases where we currently do:
  // const opts = { ...npm.flatOptions, foo: 'bar' }, but we can maybe
  // instead do `npm.config.set('foo', 'bar')` prior to passing the
  // config object down where it needs to go.
  //
  // This way, when we go hunting for "where does saveType come from anyway!?"
  // while fixing some Arborist bug, we won't have to hunt through too
  // many places.
  
  // Define all config keys we know about
  
  define('_auth', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, String],
    description: `
      A basic-auth string to use when authenticating against the npm registry.
  
      Warning: This should generally not be set via a command-line option.  It
      is safer to use a registry-provided authentication bearer token stored in
      the ~/.npmrc file by running \`npm login\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('access', {
    default: null,
    defaultDescription: `
      'restricted' for scoped packages, 'public' for unscoped packages
    `,
    type: [null, 'restricted', 'public'],
    description: `
      When publishing scoped packages, the access level defaults to
      \`restricted\`.  If you want your scoped package to be publicly viewable
      (and installable) set \`--access=public\`. The only valid values for
      \`access\` are \`public\` and \`restricted\`. Unscoped packages _always_
      have an access level of \`public\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('all', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'a',
    description: `
      When running \`npm outdated\` and \`npm ls\`, setting \`--all\` will show
      all outdated or installed packages, rather than only those directly
      depended upon by the current project.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('allow-same-version', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Prevents throwing an error when \`npm version\` is used to set the new
      version to the same value as the current version.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('also', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, 'dev', 'development'],
    description: `
      When set to \`dev\` or \`development\`, this is an alias for
      \`--include=dev\`.
    `,
    deprecated: 'Please use --include=dev instead.',
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      definitions.omit.flatten('omit', obj, flatOptions)
    },
  })
  
  define('audit', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      When "true" submit audit reports alongside \`npm install\` runs to the
      default registry and all registries configured for scopes.  See the
      documentation for [\`npm audit\`](/commands/npm-audit) for details on
      what is submitted.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('audit-level', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, 'info', 'low', 'moderate', 'high', 'critical', 'none'],
    description: `
      The minimum level of vulnerability for \`npm audit\` to exit with
      a non-zero exit code.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('auth-type', {
    default: 'legacy',
    type: ['legacy', 'sso', 'saml', 'oauth'],
    deprecated: `
      This method of SSO/SAML/OAuth is deprecated and will be removed in
      a future version of npm in favor of web-based login.
    `,
    description: `
      What authentication strategy to use with \`adduser\`/\`login\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('before', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, Date],
    description: `
      If passed to \`npm install\`, will rebuild the npm tree such that only
      versions that were available **on or before** the \`--before\` time get
      installed.  If there's no versions available for the current set of
      direct dependencies, the command will error.
  
      If the requested version is a \`dist-tag\` and the given tag does not
      pass the \`--before\` filter, the most recent version less than or equal
      to that tag will be used. For example, \`foo@latest\` might install
      \`foo@1.2\` even though \`latest\` is \`2.0\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('bin-links', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Tells npm to create symlinks (or \`.cmd\` shims on Windows) for package
      executables.
  
      Set to false to have it not do this.  This can be used to work around the
      fact that some file systems don't support symlinks, even on ostensibly
      Unix systems.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('browser', {
    default: null,
    defaultDescription: `
      OS X: \`"open"\`, Windows: \`"start"\`, Others: \`"xdg-open"\`
    `,
    type: [null, Boolean, String],
    description: `
      The browser that is called by npm commands to open websites.
  
      Set to \`false\` to suppress browser behavior and instead print urls to
      terminal.
  
      Set to \`true\` to use default system URL opener.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('ca', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, String, Array],
    description: `
      The Certificate Authority signing certificate that is trusted for SSL
      connections to the registry. Values should be in PEM format (Windows
      calls it "Base-64 encoded X.509 (.CER)") with newlines replaced by the
      string "\\n". For example:
  
      \`\`\`ini
      ca="-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\\nXXXX\\nXXXX\\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
      \`\`\`
  
      Set to \`null\` to only allow "known" registrars, or to a specific CA
      cert to trust only that specific signing authority.
  
      Multiple CAs can be trusted by specifying an array of certificates:
  
      \`\`\`ini
      ca[]="..."
      ca[]="..."
      \`\`\`
  
      See also the \`strict-ssl\` config.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('cache', {
    default: cache,
    defaultDescription: `
      Windows: \`%LocalAppData%\\npm-cache\`, Posix: \`~/.npm\`
    `,
    type: path,
    description: `
      The location of npm's cache directory.  See [\`npm
      cache\`](/commands/npm-cache)
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.cache = join(obj.cache, '_cacache')
    },
  })
  
  define('cache-max', {
    default: Infinity,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      \`--cache-max=0\` is an alias for \`--prefer-online\`
    `,
    deprecated: `
      This option has been deprecated in favor of \`--prefer-online\`
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      if (obj[key] <= 0)
        flatOptions.preferOnline = true
    },
  })
  
  define('cache-min', {
    default: 0,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      \`--cache-min=9999 (or bigger)\` is an alias for \`--prefer-offline\`.
    `,
    deprecated: `
      This option has been deprecated in favor of \`--prefer-offline\`.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      if (obj[key] >= 9999)
        flatOptions.preferOffline = true
    },
  })
  
  define('cafile', {
    default: null,
    type: path,
    description: `
      A path to a file containing one or multiple Certificate Authority signing
      certificates. Similar to the \`ca\` setting, but allows for multiple
      CA's, as well as for the CA information to be stored in a file on disk.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      // always set to null in defaults
      if (!obj.cafile)
        return
  
      const raw = maybeReadFile(obj.cafile)
      if (!raw)
        return
  
      const delim = '-----END CERTIFICATE-----'
      flatOptions.ca = raw.replace(/\r\n/g, '\n').split(delim)
        .filter(section => section.trim())
        .map(section => section.trimLeft() + delim)
    },
  })
  
  define('call', {
    default: '',
    type: String,
    short: 'c',
    description: `
      Optional companion option for \`npm exec\`, \`npx\` that allows for
      specifying a custom command to be run along with the installed packages.
  
      \`\`\`bash
      npm exec --package yo --package generator-node --call "yo node"
      \`\`\`
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('cert', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, String],
    description: `
      A client certificate to pass when accessing the registry.  Values should
      be in PEM format (Windows calls it "Base-64 encoded X.509 (.CER)") with
      newlines replaced by the string "\\n". For example:
  
      \`\`\`ini
      cert="-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\\nXXXX\\nXXXX\\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
      \`\`\`
  
      It is _not_ the path to a certificate file (and there is no "certfile"
      option).
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('ci-name', {
    default: ciName || null,
    defaultDescription: `
      The name of the current CI system, or \`null\` when not on a known CI
      platform.
    `,
    type: [null, String],
    description: `
      The name of a continuous integration system.  If not set explicitly, npm
      will detect the current CI environment using the
      [\`@npmcli/ci-detect\`](http://npm.im/@npmcli/ci-detect) module.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('cidr', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, String, Array],
    description: `
      This is a list of CIDR address to be used when configuring limited access
      tokens with the \`npm token create\` command.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('color', {
    default: !process.env.NO_COLOR || process.env.NO_COLOR === '0',
    defaultDescription: `
      true unless the NO_COLOR environ is set to something other than '0'
    `,
    type: ['always', Boolean],
    description: `
      If false, never shows colors.  If \`"always"\` then always shows colors.
      If true, then only prints color codes for tty file descriptors.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.color = !obj.color ? false
        : obj.color === 'always' ? true
        : process.stdout.isTTY
    },
  })
  
  define('commit-hooks', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Run git commit hooks when using the \`npm version\` command.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('depth', {
    default: null,
    defaultDescription: `
      \`Infinity\` if \`--all\` is set, otherwise \`1\`
    `,
    type: [null, Number],
    description: `
      The depth to go when recursing packages for \`npm ls\`.
  
      If not set, \`npm ls\` will show only the immediate dependencies of the
      root project.  If \`--all\` is set, then npm will show all dependencies
      by default.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('description', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    usage: '--no-description',
    description: `
      Show the description in \`npm search\`
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.search = flatOptions.search || { limit: 20 }
      flatOptions.search[key] = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('dev', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Alias for \`--include=dev\`.
    `,
    deprecated: 'Please use --include=dev instead.',
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      definitions.omit.flatten('omit', obj, flatOptions)
    },
  })
  
  define('diff', {
    default: [],
    type: [String, Array],
    description: `
      Define arguments to compare in \`npm diff\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('diff-ignore-all-space', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Ignore whitespace when comparing lines in \`npm diff\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('diff-name-only', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Prints only filenames when using \`npm diff\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('diff-no-prefix', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Do not show any source or destination prefix in \`npm diff\` output.
  
      Note: this causes \`npm diff\` to ignore the \`--diff-src-prefix\` and
      \`--diff-dst-prefix\` configs.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('diff-dst-prefix', {
    default: 'b/',
    type: String,
    description: `
      Destination prefix to be used in \`npm diff\` output.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('diff-src-prefix', {
    default: 'a/',
    type: String,
    description: `
      Source prefix to be used in \`npm diff\` output.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('diff-text', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Treat all files as text in \`npm diff\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('diff-unified', {
    default: 3,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The number of lines of context to print in \`npm diff\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('dry-run', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Indicates that you don't want npm to make any changes and that it should
      only report what it would have done.  This can be passed into any of the
      commands that modify your local installation, eg, \`install\`,
      \`update\`, \`dedupe\`, \`uninstall\`, as well as \`pack\` and
      \`publish\`.
  
      Note: This is NOT honored by other network related commands, eg
      \`dist-tags\`, \`owner\`, etc.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('editor', {
    default: editor,
    defaultDescription: `
      The EDITOR or VISUAL environment variables, or 'notepad.exe' on Windows,
      or 'vim' on Unix systems
    `,
    type: String,
    description: `
      The command to run for \`npm edit\` and \`npm config edit\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('engine-strict', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If set to true, then npm will stubbornly refuse to install (or even
      consider installing) any package that claims to not be compatible with
      the current Node.js version.
  
      This can be overridden by setting the \`--force\` flag.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('fetch-retries', {
    default: 2,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The "retries" config for the \`retry\` module to use when fetching
      packages from the registry.
  
      npm will retry idempotent read requests to the registry in the case
      of network failures or 5xx HTTP errors.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.retry = flatOptions.retry || {}
      flatOptions.retry.retries = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('fetch-retry-factor', {
    default: 10,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The "factor" config for the \`retry\` module to use when fetching
      packages.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.retry = flatOptions.retry || {}
      flatOptions.retry.factor = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('fetch-retry-maxtimeout', {
    default: 60000,
    defaultDescription: '60000 (1 minute)',
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The "maxTimeout" config for the \`retry\` module to use when fetching
      packages.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.retry = flatOptions.retry || {}
      flatOptions.retry.maxTimeout = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('fetch-retry-mintimeout', {
    default: 10000,
    defaultDescription: '10000 (10 seconds)',
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The "minTimeout" config for the \`retry\` module to use when fetching
      packages.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.retry = flatOptions.retry || {}
      flatOptions.retry.minTimeout = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('fetch-timeout', {
    default: 5 * 60 * 1000,
    defaultDescription: `${5 * 60 * 1000} (5 minutes)`,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The maximum amount of time to wait for HTTP requests to complete.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.timeout = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('force', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'f',
    description: `
      Removes various protections against unfortunate side effects, common
      mistakes, unnecessary performance degradation, and malicious input.
  
      * Allow clobbering non-npm files in global installs.
      * Allow the \`npm version\` command to work on an unclean git repository.
      * Allow deleting the cache folder with \`npm cache clean\`.
      * Allow installing packages that have an \`engines\` declaration
        requiring a different version of npm.
      * Allow installing packages that have an \`engines\` declaration
        requiring a different version of \`node\`, even if \`--engine-strict\`
        is enabled.
      * Allow \`npm audit fix\` to install modules outside your stated
        dependency range (including SemVer-major changes).
      * Allow unpublishing all versions of a published package.
      * Allow conflicting peerDependencies to be installed in the root project.
  
      If you don't have a clear idea of what you want to do, it is strongly
      recommended that you do not use this option!
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('foreground-scripts', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Run all build scripts (ie, \`preinstall\`, \`install\`, and
      \`postinstall\`) scripts for installed packages in the foreground
      process, sharing standard input, output, and error with the main npm
      process.
  
      Note that this will generally make installs run slower, and be much
      noisier, but can be useful for debugging.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('format-package-lock', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Format \`package-lock.json\` or \`npm-shrinkwrap.json\` as a human
      readable file.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('fund', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      When "true" displays the message at the end of each \`npm install\`
      acknowledging the number of dependencies looking for funding.
      See [\`npm fund\`](/commands/npm-fund) for details.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('git', {
    default: 'git',
    type: String,
    description: `
      The command to use for git commands.  If git is installed on the
      computer, but is not in the \`PATH\`, then set this to the full path to
      the git binary.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('git-tag-version', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Tag the commit when using the \`npm version\` command.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('global', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'g',
    description: `
      Operates in "global" mode, so that packages are installed into the
      \`prefix\` folder instead of the current working directory.  See
      [folders](/configuring-npm/folders) for more on the differences in
      behavior.
  
      * packages are installed into the \`{prefix}/lib/node_modules\` folder,
        instead of the current working directory.
      * bin files are linked to \`{prefix}/bin\`
      * man pages are linked to \`{prefix}/share/man\`
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('global-style', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Causes npm to install the package into your local \`node_modules\` folder
      with the same layout it uses with the global \`node_modules\` folder.
      Only your direct dependencies will show in \`node_modules\` and
      everything they depend on will be flattened in their \`node_modules\`
      folders.  This obviously will eliminate some deduping. If used with
      \`legacy-bundling\`, \`legacy-bundling\` will be preferred.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  // the globalconfig has its default defined outside of this module
  define('globalconfig', {
    type: path,
    default: '',
    defaultDescription: `
      The global --prefix setting plus 'etc/npmrc'. For example,
      '/usr/local/etc/npmrc'
    `,
    description: `
      The config file to read for global config options.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('heading', {
    default: 'npm',
    type: String,
    description: `
      The string that starts all the debugging log output.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('https-proxy', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, url],
    description: `
      A proxy to use for outgoing https requests. If the \`HTTPS_PROXY\` or
      \`https_proxy\` or \`HTTP_PROXY\` or \`http_proxy\` environment variables
      are set, proxy settings will be honored by the underlying
      \`make-fetch-happen\` library.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('if-present', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If true, npm will not exit with an error code when \`run-script\` is
      invoked for a script that isn't defined in the \`scripts\` section of
      \`package.json\`. This option can be used when it's desirable to
      optionally run a script when it's present and fail if the script fails.
      This is useful, for example, when running scripts that may only apply for
      some builds in an otherwise generic CI setup.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('ignore-scripts', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If true, npm does not run scripts specified in package.json files.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('include', {
    default: [],
    type: [Array, 'prod', 'dev', 'optional', 'peer'],
    description: `
      Option that allows for defining which types of dependencies to install.
  
      This is the inverse of \`--omit=<type>\`.
  
      Dependency types specified in \`--include\` will not be omitted,
      regardless of the order in which omit/include are specified on the
      command-line.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      // just call the omit flattener, it reads from obj.include
      definitions.omit.flatten('omit', obj, flatOptions)
    },
  })
  
  define('include-staged', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Allow installing "staged" published packages, as defined by [npm RFC PR
      #92](https://github.com/npm/rfcs/pull/92).
  
      This is experimental, and not implemented by the npm public registry.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('init-author-email', {
    default: '',
    type: String,
    description: `
      The value \`npm init\` should use by default for the package author's
      email.
    `,
  })
  
  define('init-author-name', {
    default: '',
    type: String,
    description: `
      The value \`npm init\` should use by default for the package author's name.
    `,
  })
  
  define('init-author-url', {
    default: '',
    type: ['', url],
    description: `
      The value \`npm init\` should use by default for the package author's homepage.
    `,
  })
  
  define('init-license', {
    default: 'ISC',
    type: String,
    description: `
      The value \`npm init\` should use by default for the package license.
    `,
  })
  
  define('init-module', {
    default: '~/.npm-init.js',
    type: path,
    description: `
      A module that will be loaded by the \`npm init\` command.  See the
      documentation for the
      [init-package-json](https://github.com/npm/init-package-json) module for
      more information, or [npm init](/commands/npm-init).
    `,
  })
  
  define('init-version', {
    default: '1.0.0',
    type: semver,
    description: `
      The value that \`npm init\` should use by default for the package
      version number, if not already set in package.json.
    `,
  })
  
  // these "aliases" are historically supported in .npmrc files, unfortunately
  // They should be removed in a future npm version.
  define('init.author.email', {
    default: '',
    type: String,
    deprecated: `
      Use \`--init-author-email\` instead.`,
    description: `
      Alias for \`--init-author-email\`
    `,
  })
  
  define('init.author.name', {
    default: '',
    type: String,
    deprecated: `
      Use \`--init-author-name\` instead.
    `,
    description: `
      Alias for \`--init-author-name\`
    `,
  })
  
  define('init.author.url', {
    default: '',
    type: ['', url],
    deprecated: `
      Use \`--init-author-url\` instead.
    `,
    description: `
      Alias for \`--init-author-url\`
    `,
  })
  
  define('init.license', {
    default: 'ISC',
    type: String,
    deprecated: `
      Use \`--init-license\` instead.
    `,
    description: `
      Alias for \`--init-license\`
    `,
  })
  
  define('init.module', {
    default: '~/.npm-init.js',
    type: path,
    deprecated: `
      Use \`--init-module\` instead.
    `,
    description: `
      Alias for \`--init-module\`
    `,
  })
  
  define('init.version', {
    default: '1.0.0',
    type: semver,
    deprecated: `
      Use \`--init-version\` instead.
    `,
    description: `
      Alias for \`--init-version\`
    `,
  })
  
  define('json', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Whether or not to output JSON data, rather than the normal output.
  
      This feature is currently experimental, and the output data structures
      for many commands is either not implemented in JSON yet, or subject to
      change.  Only the output from \`npm ls --json\` and \`npm search --json\`
      are currently valid.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('key', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, String],
    description: `
      A client key to pass when accessing the registry.  Values should be in
      PEM format with newlines replaced by the string "\\n". For example:
  
      \`\`\`ini
      key="-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\\nXXXX\\nXXXX\\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----"
      \`\`\`
  
      It is _not_ the path to a key file (and there is no "keyfile" option).
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('legacy-bundling', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Causes npm to install the package such that versions of npm prior to 1.4,
      such as the one included with node 0.8, can install the package.  This
      eliminates all automatic deduping. If used with \`global-style\` this
      option will be preferred.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('legacy-peer-deps', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Causes npm to completely ignore \`peerDependencies\` when building a
      package tree, as in npm versions 3 through 6.
  
      If a package cannot be installed because of overly strict
      \`peerDependencies\` that collide, it provides a way to move forward
      resolving the situation.
  
      This differs from \`--omit=peer\`, in that \`--omit=peer\` will avoid
      unpacking \`peerDependencies\` on disk, but will still design a tree such
      that \`peerDependencies\` _could_ be unpacked in a correct place.
  
      Use of \`legacy-peer-deps\` is not recommended, as it will not enforce
      the \`peerDependencies\` contract that meta-dependencies may rely on.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('link', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If true, then local installs will link if there is a suitable globally
      installed package.
  
      Note that this means that local installs can cause things to be installed
      into the global space at the same time.  The link is only done if one of
      the two conditions are met:
  
      * The package is not already installed globally, or
      * the globally installed version is identical to the version that is
        being installed locally.
    `,
  })
  
  define('local-address', {
    default: null,
    type: getLocalAddresses(),
    typeDescription: 'IP Address',
    description: `
      The IP address of the local interface to use when making connections to
      the npm registry.  Must be IPv4 in versions of Node prior to 0.12.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('loglevel', {
    default: 'notice',
    type: [
      'silent',
      'error',
      'warn',
      'notice',
      'http',
      'timing',
      'info',
      'verbose',
      'silly',
    ],
    description: `
      What level of logs to report.  On failure, *all* logs are written to
      \`npm-debug.log\` in the current working directory.
  
      Any logs of a higher level than the setting are shown. The default is
      "notice".
    `,
  })
  
  define('logs-max', {
    default: 10,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The maximum number of log files to store.
    `,
  })
  
  define('long', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'l',
    description: `
      Show extended information in \`npm ls\` and \`npm search\`.
    `,
  })
  
  define('maxsockets', {
    default: 15,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The maximum number of connections to use per origin (protocol/host/port
      combination).
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.maxSockets = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('message', {
    default: '%s',
    type: String,
    short: 'm',
    description: `
      Commit message which is used by \`npm version\` when creating version commit.
  
      Any "%s" in the message will be replaced with the version number.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('node-options', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, String],
    description: `
      Options to pass through to Node.js via the \`NODE_OPTIONS\` environment
      variable.  This does not impact how npm itself is executed but it does
      impact how lifecycle scripts are called.
    `,
  })
  
  define('node-version', {
    default: process.version,
    defaultDescription: 'Node.js `process.version` value',
    type: semver,
    description: `
      The node version to use when checking a package's \`engines\` setting.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('noproxy', {
    default: '',
    defaultDescription: `
      The value of the NO_PROXY environment variable
    `,
    type: [String, Array],
    description: `
      Domain extensions that should bypass any proxies.
  
      Also accepts a comma-delimited string.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.noProxy = obj[key].join(',')
    },
  })
  
  define('npm-version', {
    default: npmVersion,
    defaultDescription: 'Output of `npm --version`',
    type: semver,
    description: `
      The npm version to use when checking a package's \`engines\` setting.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('offline', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Force offline mode: no network requests will be done during install. To allow
      the CLI to fill in missing cache data, see \`--prefer-offline\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('omit', {
    default: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? ['dev'] : [],
    defaultDescription: `
      'dev' if the NODE_ENV environment variable is set to 'production',
      otherwise empty.
    `,
    type: [Array, 'dev', 'optional', 'peer'],
    description: `
      Dependency types to omit from the installation tree on disk.
  
      Note that these dependencies _are_ still resolved and added to the
      \`package-lock.json\` or \`npm-shrinkwrap.json\` file.  They are just
      not physically installed on disk.
  
      If a package type appears in both the \`--include\` and \`--omit\`
      lists, then it will be included.
  
      If the resulting omit list includes \`'dev'\`, then the \`NODE_ENV\`
      environment variable will be set to \`'production'\` for all lifecycle
      scripts.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.omit = buildOmitList(obj)
    },
  })
  
  define('only', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, 'prod', 'production'],
    deprecated: `
      Use \`--omit=dev\` to omit dev dependencies from the install.
    `,
    description: `
      When set to \`prod\` or \`production\`, this is an alias for
      \`--omit=dev\`.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      definitions.omit.flatten('omit', obj, flatOptions)
    },
  })
  
  define('optional', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, Boolean],
    deprecated: `
      Use \`--omit=optional\` to exclude optional dependencies, or
      \`--include=optional\` to include them.
  
      Default value does install optional deps unless otherwise omitted.
    `,
    description: `
      Alias for --include=optional or --omit=optional
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      definitions.omit.flatten('omit', obj, flatOptions)
    },
  })
  
  define('otp', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, String],
    description: `
      This is a one-time password from a two-factor authenticator.  It's needed
      when publishing or changing package permissions with \`npm access\`.
  
      If not set, and a registry response fails with a challenge for a one-time
      password, npm will prompt on the command line for one.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('package', {
    default: [],
    hint: '<pkg>[@<version>]',
    type: [String, Array],
    description: `
      The package to install for [\`npm exec\`](/commands/npm-exec)
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('package-lock', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If set to false, then ignore \`package-lock.json\` files when installing.
      This will also prevent _writing_ \`package-lock.json\` if \`save\` is
      true.
  
      When package package-locks are disabled, automatic pruning of extraneous
      modules will also be disabled.  To remove extraneous modules with
      package-locks disabled use \`npm prune\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('package-lock-only', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If set to true, it will update only the \`package-lock.json\`, instead of
      checking \`node_modules\` and downloading dependencies.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('parseable', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'p',
    description: `
      Output parseable results from commands that write to standard output. For
      \`npm search\`, this will be tab-separated table format.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('prefer-offline', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If true, staleness checks for cached data will be bypassed, but missing
      data will be requested from the server. To force full offline mode, use
      \`--offline\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('prefer-online', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If true, staleness checks for cached data will be forced, making the CLI
      look for updates immediately even for fresh package data.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  // `prefix` has its default defined outside of this module
  define('prefix', {
    type: path,
    short: 'C',
    default: '',
    defaultDescription: `
      In global mode, the folder where the node executable is installed. In
      local mode, the nearest parent folder containing either a package.json
      file or a node_modules folder.
    `,
    description: `
      The location to install global items.  If set on the command line, then
      it forces non-global commands to run in the specified folder.
    `,
  })
  
  define('preid', {
    default: '',
    hint: 'prerelease-id',
    type: String,
    description: `
      The "prerelease identifier" to use as a prefix for the "prerelease" part
      of a semver. Like the \`rc\` in \`1.2.0-rc.8\`.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('production', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, Boolean],
    deprecated: 'Use `--omit=dev` instead.',
    description: 'Alias for `--omit=dev`',
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      definitions.omit.flatten('omit', obj, flatOptions)
    },
  })
  
  define('progress', {
    default: !ciName,
    defaultDescription: `
      \`true\` unless running in a known CI system
    `,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      When set to \`true\`, npm will display a progress bar during time
      intensive operations, if \`process.stderr\` is a TTY.
  
      Set to \`false\` to suppress the progress bar.
    `,
  })
  
  define('proxy', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, false, url], // allow proxy to be disabled explicitly
    description: `
      A proxy to use for outgoing http requests. If the \`HTTP_PROXY\` or
      \`http_proxy\` environment variables are set, proxy settings will be
      honored by the underlying \`request\` library.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('read-only', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      This is used to mark a token as unable to publish when configuring
      limited access tokens with the \`npm token create\` command.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('rebuild-bundle', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Rebuild bundled dependencies after installation.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('registry', {
    default: 'https://registry.npmjs.org/',
    type: url,
    description: `
      The base URL of the npm registry.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('save', {
    default: true,
    usage: '-S|--save|--no-save|--save-prod|--save-dev|--save-optional|--save-peer',
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'S',
    description: `
      Save installed packages to a package.json file as dependencies.
  
      When used with the \`npm rm\` command, removes the dependency from
      package.json.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('save-bundle', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'B',
    description: `
      If a package would be saved at install time by the use of \`--save\`,
      \`--save-dev\`, or \`--save-optional\`, then also put it in the
      \`bundleDependencies\` list.
  
      Ignore if \`--save-peer\` is set, since peerDependencies cannot be bundled.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      // XXX update arborist to just ignore it if resulting saveType is peer
      // otherwise this won't have the expected effect:
      //
      // npm config set save-peer true
      // npm i foo --save-bundle --save-prod <-- should bundle
      flatOptions.saveBundle = obj['save-bundle'] && !obj['save-peer']
    },
  })
  
  // XXX: We should really deprecate all these `--save-blah` switches
  // in favor of a single `--save-type` option.  The unfortunate shortcut
  // we took for `--save-peer --save-optional` being `--save-type=peerOptional`
  // makes this tricky, and likely a breaking change.
  
  define('save-dev', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'D',
    description: `
      Save installed packages to a package.json file as \`devDependencies\`.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      if (!obj[key]) {
        if (flatOptions.saveType === 'dev')
          delete flatOptions.saveType
        return
      }
  
      flatOptions.saveType = 'dev'
    },
  })
  
  define('save-exact', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'E',
    description: `
      Dependencies saved to package.json will be configured with an exact
      version rather than using npm's default semver range operator.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      // just call the save-prefix flattener, it reads from obj['save-exact']
      definitions['save-prefix'].flatten('save-prefix', obj, flatOptions)
    },
  })
  
  define('save-optional', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'O',
    description: `
      Save installed packages to a package.json file as
      \`optionalDependencies\`.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      if (!obj[key]) {
        if (flatOptions.saveType === 'optional')
          delete flatOptions.saveType
        else if (flatOptions.saveType === 'peerOptional')
          flatOptions.saveType = 'peer'
        return
      }
  
      if (flatOptions.saveType === 'peerOptional')
        return
  
      if (flatOptions.saveType === 'peer')
        flatOptions.saveType = 'peerOptional'
      else
        flatOptions.saveType = 'optional'
    },
  })
  
  define('save-peer', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Save installed packages. to a package.json file as \`peerDependencies\`
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      if (!obj[key]) {
        if (flatOptions.saveType === 'peer')
          delete flatOptions.saveType
        else if (flatOptions.saveType === 'peerOptional')
          flatOptions.saveType = 'optional'
        return
      }
  
      if (flatOptions.saveType === 'peerOptional')
        return
  
      if (flatOptions.saveType === 'optional')
        flatOptions.saveType = 'peerOptional'
      else
        flatOptions.saveType = 'peer'
    },
  })
  
  define('save-prefix', {
    default: '^',
    type: String,
    description: `
      Configure how versions of packages installed to a package.json file via
      \`--save\` or \`--save-dev\` get prefixed.
  
      For example if a package has version \`1.2.3\`, by default its version is
      set to \`^1.2.3\` which allows minor upgrades for that package, but after
      \`npm config set save-prefix='~'\` it would be set to \`~1.2.3\` which
      only allows patch upgrades.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.savePrefix = obj['save-exact'] ? '' : obj['save-prefix']
      obj['save-prefix'] = flatOptions.savePrefix
    },
  })
  
  define('save-prod', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'P',
    description: `
      Save installed packages into \`dependencies\` specifically. This is
      useful if a package already exists in \`devDependencies\` or
      \`optionalDependencies\`, but you want to move it to be a non-optional
      production dependency.
  
      This is the default behavior if \`--save\` is true, and neither
      \`--save-dev\` or \`--save-optional\` are true.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      if (!obj[key]) {
        if (flatOptions.saveType === 'prod')
          delete flatOptions.saveType
        return
      }
  
      flatOptions.saveType = 'prod'
    },
  })
  
  define('scope', {
    default: '',
    defaultDescription: `
      the scope of the current project, if any, or ""
    `,
    type: String,
    hint: '<@scope>',
    description: `
      Associate an operation with a scope for a scoped registry.
  
      Useful when logging in to a private registry for the first time:
  
      \`\`\`bash
      npm login --scope=@mycorp --registry=https://registry.mycorp.com
      \`\`\`
  
      This will cause \`@mycorp\` to be mapped to the registry for future
      installation of packages specified according to the pattern
      \`@mycorp/package\`.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      const value = obj[key]
      flatOptions.projectScope = value && !/^@/.test(value) ? `@${value}` : value
    },
  })
  
  define('script-shell', {
    default: null,
    defaultDescription: `
      '/bin/sh' on POSIX systems, 'cmd.exe' on Windows
    `,
    type: [null, String],
    description: `
      The shell to use for scripts run with the \`npm exec\`,
      \`npm run\` and \`npm init <pkg>\` commands.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.scriptShell = obj[key] || undefined
    },
  })
  
  define('searchexclude', {
    default: '',
    type: String,
    description: `
      Space-separated options that limit the results from search.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.search = flatOptions.search || { limit: 20 }
      flatOptions.search.exclude = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('searchlimit', {
    default: 20,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      Number of items to limit search results to. Will not apply at all to
      legacy searches.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.search = flatOptions.search || {}
      flatOptions.search.limit = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('searchopts', {
    default: '',
    type: String,
    description: `
      Space-separated options that are always passed to search.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.search = flatOptions.search || { limit: 20 }
      flatOptions.search.opts = querystring.parse(obj[key])
    },
  })
  
  define('searchstaleness', {
    default: 15 * 60,
    type: Number,
    description: `
      The age of the cache, in seconds, before another registry request is made
      if using legacy search endpoint.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.search = flatOptions.search || { limit: 20 }
      flatOptions.search.staleness = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('shell', {
    default: shell,
    defaultDescription: `
      SHELL environment variable, or "bash" on Posix, or "cmd.exe" on Windows
    `,
    type: String,
    description: `
      The shell to run for the \`npm explore\` command.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('shrinkwrap', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    deprecated: `
      Use the --package-lock setting instead.
    `,
    description: `
      Alias for --package-lock
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      obj['package-lock'] = obj.shrinkwrap
      definitions['package-lock'].flatten('package-lock', obj, flatOptions)
    },
  })
  
  define('sign-git-commit', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If set to true, then the \`npm version\` command will commit the new
      package version using \`-S\` to add a signature.
  
      Note that git requires you to have set up GPG keys in your git configs
      for this to work properly.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('sign-git-tag', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If set to true, then the \`npm version\` command will tag the version
      using \`-s\` to add a signature.
  
      Note that git requires you to have set up GPG keys in your git configs
      for this to work properly.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('sso-poll-frequency', {
    default: 500,
    type: Number,
    deprecated: `
      The --auth-type method of SSO/SAML/OAuth will be removed in a future
      version of npm in favor of web-based login.
    `,
    description: `
      When used with SSO-enabled \`auth-type\`s, configures how regularly the
      registry should be polled while the user is completing authentication.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('sso-type', {
    default: 'oauth',
    type: [null, 'oauth', 'saml'],
    deprecated: `
      The --auth-type method of SSO/SAML/OAuth will be removed in a future
      version of npm in favor of web-based login.
    `,
    description: `
      If \`--auth-type=sso\`, the type of SSO type to use.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('strict-peer-deps', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If set to \`true\`, and \`--legacy-peer-deps\` is not set, then _any_
      conflicting \`peerDependencies\` will be treated as an install failure,
      even if npm could reasonably guess the appropriate resolution based on
      non-peer dependency relationships.
  
      By default, conflicting \`peerDependencies\` deep in the dependency graph
      will be resolved using the nearest non-peer dependency specification,
      even if doing so will result in some packages receiving a peer dependency
      outside the range set in their package's \`peerDependencies\` object.
  
      When such and override is performed, a warning is printed, explaining the
      conflict and the packages involved.  If \`--strict-peer-deps\` is set,
      then this warning is treated as a failure.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('strict-ssl', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Whether or not to do SSL key validation when making requests to the
      registry via https.
  
      See also the \`ca\` config.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.strictSSL = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('tag', {
    default: 'latest',
    type: String,
    description: `
      If you ask npm to install a package and don't tell it a specific version,
      then it will install the specified tag.
  
      Also the tag that is added to the package@version specified by the \`npm
      tag\` command, if no explicit tag is given.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      flatOptions.defaultTag = obj[key]
    },
  })
  
  define('tag-version-prefix', {
    default: 'v',
    type: String,
    description: `
      If set, alters the prefix used when tagging a new version when performing
      a version increment using  \`npm-version\`. To remove the prefix
      altogether, set it to the empty string: \`""\`.
  
      Because other tools may rely on the convention that npm version tags look
      like \`v1.0.0\`, _only use this property if it is absolutely necessary_.
      In particular, use care when overriding this setting for public packages.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('timing', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If true, writes an \`npm-debug\` log to \`_logs\` and timing information
      to \`_timing.json\`, both in your cache, even if the command completes
      successfully.  \`_timing.json\` is a newline delimited list of JSON
      objects.
  
      You can quickly view it with this [json](https://npm.im/json) command
      line: \`npm exec -- json -g < ~/.npm/_timing.json\`.
    `,
  })
  
  define('tmp', {
    default: tmpdir(),
    defaultDescription: `
      The value returned by the Node.js \`os.tmpdir()\` method
      <https://nodejs.org/api/os.html#os_os_tmpdir>
    `,
    type: path,
    deprecated: `
      This setting is no longer used.  npm stores temporary files in a special
      location in the cache, and they are managed by
      [\`cacache\`](http://npm.im/cacache).
    `,
    description: `
      Historically, the location where temporary files were stored.  No longer
      relevant.
    `,
  })
  
  define('umask', {
    default: 0,
    type: Umask,
    description: `
      The "umask" value to use when setting the file creation mode on files and
      folders.
  
      Folders and executables are given a mode which is \`0o777\` masked
      against this value.  Other files are given a mode which is \`0o666\`
      masked against this value.
  
      Note that the underlying system will _also_ apply its own umask value to
      files and folders that are created, and npm does not circumvent this, but
      rather adds the \`--umask\` config to it.
  
      Thus, the effective default umask value on most POSIX systems is 0o22,
      meaning that folders and executables are created with a mode of 0o755 and
      other files are created with a mode of 0o644.
    `,
    flatten,
  })
  
  define('unicode', {
    default: unicode,
    defaultDescription: `
      false on windows, true on mac/unix systems with a unicode locale, as
      defined by the LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, or LANG environment variables.
    `,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      When set to true, npm uses unicode characters in the tree output.  When
      false, it uses ascii characters instead of unicode glyphs.
    `,
  })
  
  define('update-notifier', {
    default: true,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      Set to false to suppress the update notification when using an older
      version of npm than the latest.
    `,
  })
  
  define('usage', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: ['?', 'H', 'h'],
    description: `
      Show short usage output about the command specified.
    `,
  })
  
  define('user-agent', {
    default: 'npm/{npm-version} ' +
             'node/{node-version} ' +
             '{platform} ' +
             '{arch} ' +
             '{ci}',
    type: String,
    description: `
      Sets the User-Agent request header.  The following fields are replaced
      with their actual counterparts:
  
      * \`{npm-version}\` - The npm version in use
      * \`{node-version}\` - The Node.js version in use
      * \`{platform}\` - The value of \`process.platform\`
      * \`{arch}\` - The value of \`process.arch\`
      * \`{ci}\` - The value of the \`ci-name\` config, if set, prefixed with
        \`ci/\`, or an empty string if \`ci-name\` is empty.
    `,
    flatten (key, obj, flatOptions) {
      const value = obj[key]
      const ciName = obj['ci-name']
      flatOptions.userAgent =
        value.replace(/\{node-version\}/gi, obj['node-version'])
          .replace(/\{npm-version\}/gi, obj['npm-version'])
          .replace(/\{platform\}/gi, process.platform)
          .replace(/\{arch\}/gi, process.arch)
          .replace(/\{ci\}/gi, ciName ? `ci/${ciName}` : '')
          .trim()
      // user-agent is a unique kind of config item that gets set from a template
      // and ends up translated.  Because of this, the normal "should we set this
      // to process.env also doesn't work
      obj[key] = flatOptions.userAgent
      process.env.npm_config_user_agent = flatOptions.userAgent
    },
  })
  
  define('userconfig', {
    default: '~/.npmrc',
    type: path,
    description: `
      The location of user-level configuration settings.
  
      This may be overridden by the \`npm_config_userconfig\` environment
      variable or the \`--userconfig\` command line option, but may _not_
      be overridden by settings in the \`globalconfig\` file.
    `,
  })
  
  define('version', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'v',
    description: `
      If true, output the npm version and exit successfully.
  
      Only relevant when specified explicitly on the command line.
    `,
  })
  
  define('versions', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    description: `
      If true, output the npm version as well as node's \`process.versions\`
      map and the version in the current working directory's \`package.json\`
      file if one exists, and exit successfully.
  
      Only relevant when specified explicitly on the command line.
    `,
  })
  
  define('viewer', {
    default: isWindows ? 'browser' : 'man',
    defaultDescription: `
      "man" on Posix, "browser" on Windows
    `,
    type: String,
    description: `
      The program to use to view help content.
  
      Set to \`"browser"\` to view html help content in the default web browser.
    `,
  })
  
  define('which', {
    default: null,
    hint: '<fundingSourceNumber>',
    type: [null, Number],
    description: `
      If there are multiple funding sources, which 1-indexed source URL to open.
    `,
  })
  
  define('workspace', {
    default: [],
    type: [String, Array],
    hint: '<workspace-name>',
    short: 'w',
    envExport: false,
    description: `
      Enable running a command in the context of the configured workspaces of the
      current project while filtering by running only the workspaces defined by
      this configuration option.
  
      Valid values for the \`workspace\` config are either:
      - Workspace names
      - Path to a workspace directory
      - Path to a parent workspace directory (will result to selecting all of the
      nested workspaces)
    `,
  })
  
  define('workspaces', {
    default: false,
    type: Boolean,
    short: 'ws',
    envExport: false,
    description: `
      Enable running a command in the context of **all** the configured
      workspaces.
    `,
  })
  
  define('yes', {
    default: null,
    type: [null, Boolean],
    short: 'y',
    description: `
      Automatically answer "yes" to any prompts that npm might print on
      the command line.
    `,
  })
  