text: /* Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
  
  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  
      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  
  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License.
  ==============================================================================*/
  
  // See docs in ../ops/nn_ops.cc.
  
  #define USE_EIGEN_TENSOR
  #define EIGEN_USE_THREADS
  
  #if GOOGLE_CUDA || TENSORFLOW_USE_ROCM
  #define EIGEN_USE_GPU
  #endif  // GOOGLE_CUDA || TENSORFLOW_USE_ROCM
  
  #include "tensorflow/core/kernels/conv_ops.h"
  
  #include <string.h>
  
  #include <atomic>
  #include <map>
  #include <mutex>  // NOLINT(build/c++11): only using std::call_once, not mutex.
  #include <vector>
  
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/allocator.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/bounds_check.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/numeric_op.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/op_kernel.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/register_types.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/tensor.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/tensor_shape.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/tensor_slice.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/framework/types.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/kernels/conv_2d.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/kernels/deep_conv2d.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/kernels/ops_util.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/lib/core/errors.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/lib/gtl/array_slice.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/lib/strings/numbers.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/lib/strings/str_util.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/platform/logging.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/platform/macros.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/util/padding.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/util/tensor_format.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/util/use_cudnn.h"
  
  #ifdef TENSORFLOW_USE_LIBXSMM_CONVOLUTIONS
  #include "tensorflow/core/kernels/xsmm_conv2d.h"
  #endif
  
  #if GOOGLE_CUDA || TENSORFLOW_USE_ROCM
  #include "tensorflow/core/kernels/conv_ops_gpu.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/platform/stream_executor.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/protobuf/autotuning.pb.h"
  #include "tensorflow/core/util/proto/proto_utils.h"
  #endif  // GOOGLE_CUDA || TENSORFLOW_USE_ROCM
  #if GOOGLE_CUDA
  #include "tensorflow/stream_executor/cuda/ptxas_utils.h"
  #include "tensorflow/stream_executor/cuda/redzone_allocator.h"
  #include "tensorflow/stream_executor/tf_allocator_adapter.h"
  #endif  // GOOGLE_CUDA
  
  namespace tensorflow {
  
  typedef Eigen::ThreadPoolDevice CPUDevice;
  typedef Eigen::GpuDevice GPUDevice;
  
  namespace {
  template <typename Device, typename T>
  struct LaunchGeneric {
    void operator()(OpKernelContext* ctx, const Tensor& input,
                    const Tensor& filter, int row_stride, int col_stride,
                    int row_dilation, int col_dilation, const Padding& padding,
                    const std::vector<int64>& explicit_paddings, Tensor* output,
                    TensorFormat data_format) {
      CHECK(data_format == FORMAT_NHWC) << "Generic conv implementation only "
                                           "supports NHWC tensor format for now.";
      if (filter.dim_size(0) == 1 && filter.dim_size(1) == 1 && row_stride == 1 &&
          col_stride == 1 && (padding == SAME || padding == VALID)) {
        // For 1x1 kernel, the 2D convolution is reduced to matrix
        // multiplication.
        //
        // TODO(vrv): We should be able to call SpatialConvolution
        // and it will produce the same result, but doing so
        // led to NaNs during training.  Using matmul instead for now.
        int conv_width = 1;  // Width for the convolution step.
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
          conv_width *= output->dim_size(i);
        }
  
        Eigen::array<Eigen::IndexPair<Eigen::DenseIndex>, 1> dim_pair;
        dim_pair[0] = Eigen::IndexPair<Eigen::DenseIndex>(1, 0);
        functor::MatMulConvFunctor<Device, T>()(
            ctx->eigen_device<Device>(),
            output->shaped<T, 2>({conv_width, filter.dim_size(3)}),
            input.shaped<T, 2>({conv_width, filter.dim_size(2)}),
            filter.shaped<T, 2>({filter.dim_size(2), filter.dim_size(3)}),
            dim_pair);
      } else if (filter.dim_size(0) == input.dim_size(1) &&
                 filter.dim_size(1) == input.dim_size(2) && row_dilation == 1 &&
                 col_dilation == 1 && padding == VALID) {
        // If the input data and filter have the same height/width,
        // the 2D convolution is reduced to matrix multiplication.
        const int k =  // Length of reduction dimension.
            filter.dim_size(0) * filter.dim_size(1) * filter.dim_size(2);
  
        Eigen::array<Eigen::IndexPair<Eigen::DenseIndex>, 1> dim_pair;
        dim_pair[0] = Eigen::IndexPair<Eigen::DenseIndex>(1, 0);
        functor::MatMulConvFunctor<Device, T>()(
            ctx->eigen_device<Device>(),
            output->shaped<T, 2>({input.dim_size(0), filter.dim_size(3)}),
            input.shaped<T, 2>({input.dim_size(0), k}),
            filter.shaped<T, 2>({k, filter.dim_size(3)}), dim_pair);
      } else {
        if (padding == EXPLICIT) {
          functor::SpatialConvolution<Device, T>()(
              ctx->eigen_device<Device>(), output->tensor<T, 4>(),
              input.tensor<T, 4>(), filter.tensor<T, 4>(), row_stride, col_stride,
              row_dilation, col_dilation, static_cast<int>(explicit_paddings[2]),
              static_cast<int>(explicit_paddings[3]),
              static_cast<int>(explicit_paddings[4]),
              static_cast<int>(explicit_paddings[5]));
        } else {
          functor::SpatialConvolution<Device, T>()(
              ctx->eigen_device<Device>(), output->tensor<T, 4>(),
              input.tensor<T, 4>(), filter.tensor<T, 4>(), row_stride, col_stride,
              row_dilation, col_dilation, BrainPadding2EigenPadding(padding));
        }
      }
    }
  };
  }  // namespace
  
  template <typename T>
  struct LaunchConv2DOp<CPUDevice, T> {
    void operator()(OpKernelContext* ctx, bool use_cudnn, bool cudnn_use_autotune,
                    const Tensor& input, const Tensor& filter, int row_dilation,
                    int col_dilation, int row_stride, int col_stride,
                    const Padding& padding,
                    const std::vector<int64>& explicit_paddings, Tensor* output,
                    TensorFormat data_format) {
      if (data_format != FORMAT_NHWC) {
        ctx->SetStatus(errors::Unimplemented(
            "The Conv2D op currently only supports the NHWC tensor format on the "
            "CPU. The op was given the format: ",
            ToString(data_format)));
        return;
      }
      const int64 in_depth = GetTensorDim(input, data_format, 'C');
      OP_REQUIRES(ctx, in_depth == filter.dim_size(2),
                  errors::Unimplemented(
                      "The Conv2D op currently does not support grouped "
                      "convolutions on the CPU. A grouped convolution was "
                      "attempted to be run because the input depth of ",
                      in_depth, " does not match the filter input depth of ",
                      filter.dim_size(2)));
  
      for (int64 explicit_padding : explicit_paddings) {
        if (!FastBoundsCheck(explicit_padding, std::numeric_limits<int>::max())) {
          ctx->SetStatus(errors::InvalidArgument("filter too large"));
          return;
        }
      }
      LaunchGeneric<CPUDevice, T>()(ctx, input, filter, row_stride, col_stride,
                                    row_dilation, col_dilation, padding,
                                    explicit_paddings, output, data_format);
    }
  };
  
  template <typename Device, typename T>
  class LaunchDeepConvOp {
   public:
    static bool Run(OpKernelContext* ctx, const Tensor& input,
                    const Tensor& filter, int batch, int input_rows,
                    int input_cols, int in_depth, int filter_rows,
                    int filter_cols, int pad_rows, int pad_cols, int out_rows,
                    int /*out_cols*/, int /*out_depth*/, int /*dilation_rows*/,
                    int /*dilation_cols*/, int /*stride_rows*/,
                    int /*stride_cols*/, Tensor* /*output*/,
                    TensorFormat /*data_format*/) {
      return false;
    }
  };
  
  // Conditionally launches DeepConv operation based on convolution parameters.
  template <>
  class LaunchDeepConvOp<CPUDevice, float> {
   public:
    static bool Run(OpKernelContext* ctx, const Tensor& input,
                    const Tensor& filter, int batch, int input_rows,
                    int input_cols, int in_depth, int filter_rows,
                    int filter_cols, int pad_rows, int pad_cols, int out_rows,
                    int out_cols, int out_depth, int dilation_rows,
                    int dilation_cols, int stride_rows, int stride_cols,
                    Tensor* output, TensorFormat data_format) {
      if (data_format != FORMAT_NHWC || dilation_rows != 1 ||
          dilation_cols != 1 ||
          !CanUseDeepConv2D(stride_rows, stride_cols, filter_rows, filter_cols,
                            in_depth, out_depth, out_rows, out_cols)) {
        return false;
      }
  
      Conv2DArgs args;
      args.batch = batch;
      args.in_rows = input_rows;
      args.in_cols = input_cols;
      args.in_depth = in_depth;
      args.filter_rows = filter_rows;
      args.filter_cols = filter_cols;
      args.pad_rows = pad_rows;
      args.pad_cols = pad_cols;
      args.out_rows = out_rows;
      args.out_cols = out_cols;
      args.out_depth = out_depth;
  
      auto input_ptr = input.template flat<float>().data();
      auto filter_ptr = filter.template flat<float>().data();
      auto output_ptr = output->template flat<float>().data();
  
      functor::DeepConv2D<CPUDevice, float>()(ctx, args, input_ptr, filter_ptr,
                                              output_ptr);
      return true;
    }
  };
  
  #ifdef TENSORFLOW_USE_LIBXSMM_CONVOLUTIONS
  template <typename Device, typename T>
  class LaunchXsmmConvOp {
   public:
    static bool Run(OpKernelContext* ctx, const Tensor& input,
                    const Tensor& filter, int batch, int input_rows,
                    int input_cols, int in_depth, int filter_rows,
                    int filter_cols, int pad_rows, int pad_cols, int out_rows,
                    int out_cols, int out_depth, int stride_rows, int stride_cols,
                    int dilation_rows, int dilation_cols, Tensor* output,
                    TensorFormat data_format) {
      return false;
    }
  };
  
  template <>
  class LaunchXsmmConvOp<CPUDevice, float> {
   public:
    static bool Run(OpKernelContext* ctx, const Tensor& input,
                    const Tensor& filter, int batch, int input_rows,
                    int input_cols, int in_depth, int filter_rows,
                    int filter_cols, int pad_rows, int pad_cols, int out_rows,
                    int out_cols, int out_depth, int dilation_rows,
                    int dilation_cols, int stride_rows, int stride_cols,
                    Tensor* output, TensorFormat data_format) {
      auto num_threads =
          ctx->device()->tensorflow_cpu_worker_threads()->num_threads;
      // See libxsmm_dnn.h for this struct definition.
      libxsmm_dnn_conv_desc desc;
      desc.N = batch;
      desc.C = in_depth;
      desc.H = input_rows;
      desc.W = input_cols;
      desc.K = out_depth;
      desc.R = filter_rows;
      desc.S = filter_cols;
      desc.u = stride_rows;
      desc.v = stride_cols;
      desc.pad_h = pad_rows;
      desc.pad_w = pad_cols;
      desc.pad_h_in = 0;
      desc.pad_w_in = 0;
      desc.pad_h_out = 0;
      desc.pad_w_out = 0;
      desc.threads = num_threads;
      desc.algo = LIBXSMM_DNN_CONV_ALGO_DIRECT;
      desc.buffer_format = LIBXSMM_DNN_TENSOR_FORMAT_NHWC;
      desc.filter_format = LIBXSMM_DNN_TENSOR_FORMAT_LIBXSMM;
      desc.fuse_ops = LIBXSMM_DNN_CONV_FUSE_NONE;
      desc.options = LIBXSMM_DNN_CONV_OPTION_WU_EXT_FILTER_REDUCE_OVERWRITE;
      desc.datatype = LIBXSMM_DNN_DATATYPE_F32;
  
      if (dilation_rows != 1 || dilation_cols != 1 ||
          !CanUseXsmmConv2D(desc, data_format)) {
        return false;
      }
  
      auto input_ptr = input.template flat<float>().data();
      auto filter_ptr = filter.template flat<float>().data();
      auto output_ptr = output->template flat<float>().data();
  
      bool success = functor::XsmmFwdConv2D<CPUDevice, float>()(
          ctx, desc, input_ptr, filter_ptr, output_ptr);
      return success;
    }
  };
  #endif
  
  #define TF_REQUIRES(EXP, STATUS)                \
    do {                                          \
      if (!TF_PREDICT_TRUE(EXP)) return (STATUS); \
    } while (false)
  
  Status InitConv2DParameters(const OpKernelConstruction* context,
                              Conv2DParameters* params) {
    TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(context->GetAttr("dilations", &params->dilations));
    TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(context->GetAttr("strides", &params->strides));
    TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(context->GetAttr("padding", &params->padding));
    if (context->HasAttr("explicit_paddings")) {
      TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(
          context->GetAttr("explicit_paddings", &params->explicit_paddings));
    }
    string data_format_string;
    TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(context->GetAttr("data_format", &data_format_string));
    TF_REQUIRES(FormatFromString(data_format_string, &params->data_format),
                errors::InvalidArgument("Invalid data format"));
  
    const auto& strides = params->strides;
    const auto& dilations = params->dilations;
    const auto& data_format = params->data_format;
  
    TF_REQUIRES(dilations.size() == 4,
                errors::InvalidArgument("Sliding window dilations field must "
                                        "specify 4 dimensions"));
    TF_REQUIRES(strides.size() == 4,
                errors::InvalidArgument("Sliding window strides field must "
                                        "specify 4 dimensions"));
    const int64 stride_n = GetTensorDim(strides, data_format, 'N');
    const int64 stride_c = GetTensorDim(strides, data_format, 'C');
    const int64 stride_h = GetTensorDim(strides, data_format, 'H');
    const int64 stride_w = GetTensorDim(strides, data_format, 'W');
    TF_REQUIRES(
        stride_n == 1 && stride_c == 1,
        errors::InvalidArgument("Current implementation does not yet support "
                                "strides in the batch and depth dimensions."));
    TF_REQUIRES(stride_h > 0 && stride_w > 0,
                errors::InvalidArgument(
                    "Row and column strides should be larger than 0."));
  
    const int64 dilation_n = GetTensorDim(dilations, data_format, 'N');
    const int64 dilation_c = GetTensorDim(dilations, data_format, 'C');
    const int64 dilation_h = GetTensorDim(dilations, data_format, 'H');
    const int64 dilation_w = GetTensorDim(dilations, data_format, 'W');
    TF_REQUIRES(
        dilation_n == 1 && dilation_c == 1,
        errors::InvalidArgument("Current implementation does not yet support "
                                "dilations in the batch and depth dimensions."));
    TF_REQUIRES(
        dilation_h > 0 && dilation_w > 0,
        errors::InvalidArgument("Dilated rates should be larger than 0."));
  
    TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(CheckValidPadding(params->padding,
                                         params->explicit_paddings,
                                         /*num_dims=*/4, data_format));
  
    return Status::OK();
  }
  
  Status ComputeConv2DDimension(const Conv2DParameters& params,
                                const Tensor& input, const Tensor& filter,
                                Conv2DDimensions* dimensions) {
    // Check that 2D convolution input and filter have exactly 4 dimensions.
    TF_REQUIRES(input.dims() == 4,
                errors::InvalidArgument("input must be 4-dimensional",
                                        input.shape().DebugString()));
    TF_REQUIRES(filter.dims() == 4,
                errors::InvalidArgument("filter must be 4-dimensional: ",
                                        filter.shape().DebugString()));
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
      TF_REQUIRES(
          FastBoundsCheck(filter.dim_size(i), std::numeric_limits<int>::max()),
          errors::InvalidArgument("filter too large"));
    }
  
    // The last dimension for input is in_depth. Check that it is the same as the
    // filter's in_depth or it is evenly divisible by filter's in_depth.
    const int64 in_depth_raw = GetTensorDim(input, params.data_format, 'C');
    const int64 patch_depth_raw = filter.dim_size(2);
    TF_REQUIRES(FastBoundsCheck(in_depth_raw, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()),
                errors::InvalidArgument("Input depth too large"));
    TF_REQUIRES(FastBoundsCheck(patch_depth_raw, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()),
                errors::InvalidArgument("Patch depth too large"));
    const int in_depth = static_cast<int>(in_depth_raw);
    const int patch_depth = static_cast<int>(patch_depth_raw);
    TF_REQUIRES(in_depth % patch_depth == 0,
                errors::InvalidArgument(
                    "input depth must be evenly divisible by filter depth: ",
                    in_depth, " vs ", patch_depth));
  
    // The last dimension for filter is out_depth.
    const int out_depth = static_cast<int>(filter.dim_size(3));
  
    // The second dimension for input is rows/height.
    // The first dimension for filter is rows/height.
    const int64 input_rows_raw = GetTensorDim(input, params.data_format, 'H');
    TF_REQUIRES(FastBoundsCheck(input_rows_raw, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()),
                errors::InvalidArgument("Input rows too large"));
    const int input_rows = static_cast<int>(input_rows_raw);
    const int filter_rows = static_cast<int>(filter.dim_size(0));
  
    // The third dimension for input is columns/width.
    // The second dimension for filter is columns/width.
    const int64 input_cols_raw = GetTensorDim(input, params.data_format, 'W');
    TF_REQUIRES(FastBoundsCheck(input_cols_raw, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()),
                errors::InvalidArgument("Input cols too large"));
    const int input_cols = static_cast<int>(input_cols_raw);
    const int filter_cols = static_cast<int>(filter.dim_size(1));
  
    // The first dimension for input is batch.
    const int64 batch_raw = GetTensorDim(input, params.data_format, 'N');
    TF_REQUIRES(FastBoundsCheck(batch_raw, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()),
                errors::InvalidArgument("batch is too large"));
    const int batch = static_cast<int>(batch_raw);
  
    // Take the stride and dilation from the second and third dimensions only (we
    // do not support striding or dilation on the batch or depth dimension).
    const int stride_rows = GetTensorDim(params.strides, params.data_format, 'H');
    const int stride_cols = GetTensorDim(params.strides, params.data_format, 'W');
    const int dilation_rows =
        GetTensorDim(params.dilations, params.data_format, 'H');
    const int dilation_cols =
        GetTensorDim(params.dilations, params.data_format, 'W');
  
    int64 pad_rows_before, pad_rows_after, pad_cols_before, pad_cols_after;
    if (params.padding == Padding::EXPLICIT) {
      GetExplicitPaddingForDim(params.explicit_paddings, params.data_format, 'H',
                               &pad_rows_before, &pad_rows_after);
      GetExplicitPaddingForDim(params.explicit_paddings, params.data_format, 'W',
                               &pad_cols_before, &pad_cols_after);
    }
  
    // Compute windowed output sizes for rows and columns.
    int64 out_rows = 0, out_cols = 0;
    TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(GetWindowedOutputSizeVerboseV2(
        input_rows, filter_rows, dilation_rows, stride_rows, params.padding,
        &out_rows, &pad_rows_before, &pad_rows_after));
    TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(GetWindowedOutputSizeVerboseV2(
        input_cols, filter_cols, dilation_cols, stride_cols, params.padding,
        &out_cols, &pad_cols_before, &pad_cols_after));
  
    dimensions->batch = batch;
    dimensions->input_rows = input_rows;
    dimensions->input_cols = input_cols;
    dimensions->in_depth = in_depth;
    dimensions->filter_rows = filter_rows;
    dimensions->filter_cols = filter_cols;
    dimensions->patch_depth = patch_depth;
    dimensions->out_depth = out_depth;
    dimensions->stride_rows = stride_rows;
    dimensions->stride_cols = stride_cols;
    dimensions->dilation_rows = dilation_rows;
    dimensions->dilation_cols = dilation_cols;
    dimensions->out_rows = out_rows;
    dimensions->out_cols = out_cols;
    dimensions->pad_rows_before = pad_rows_before;
    dimensions->pad_rows_after = pad_rows_after;
    dimensions->pad_cols_before = pad_cols_before;
    dimensions->pad_cols_after = pad_cols_after;
  
    return Status::OK();
  }
  
  #undef TF_REQUIRES
  
  template <typename Device, typename T>
  class Conv2DOp : public BinaryOp<T> {
   public:
    explicit Conv2DOp(OpKernelConstruction* context) : BinaryOp<T>(context) {
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(context, InitConv2DParameters(context, &params_));
  
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(context, context->GetAttr("use_cudnn_on_gpu", &use_cudnn_));
      use_cudnn_ &= CanUseCudnn();
      cudnn_use_autotune_ = CudnnUseAutotune();
    }
  
    void Compute(OpKernelContext* context) override {
      // Input tensor is of the following dimensions:
      // [ batch, in_rows, in_cols, in_depth ]
      const Tensor& input = context->input(0);
  
      // Input filter is of the following dimensions:
      // [ filter_rows, filter_cols, in_depth, out_depth]
      const Tensor& filter = context->input(1);
  
      Conv2DDimensions dimensions;
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(context,
                     ComputeConv2DDimension(params_, input, filter, &dimensions));
  
      TensorShape out_shape = ShapeFromFormat(
          params_.data_format, dimensions.batch, dimensions.out_rows,
          dimensions.out_cols, dimensions.out_depth);
  
      // Output tensor is of the following dimensions:
      // [ in_batch, out_rows, out_cols, out_depth ]
      Tensor* output = nullptr;
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(context, context->allocate_output(0, out_shape, &output));
  
      VLOG(2) << "Conv2D: in_depth = " << dimensions.in_depth
              << ", patch_depth = " << dimensions.patch_depth
              << ", input_cols = " << dimensions.input_cols
              << ", filter_cols = " << dimensions.filter_cols
              << ", input_rows = " << dimensions.input_rows
              << ", filter_rows = " << dimensions.filter_rows
              << ", stride_rows = " << dimensions.stride_rows
              << ", stride_cols = " << dimensions.stride_cols
              << ", dilation_rows = " << dimensions.dilation_rows
              << ", dilation_cols = " << dimensions.dilation_cols
              << ", out_depth = " << dimensions.out_depth;
  
      // If there is nothing to compute, return.
      if (out_shape.num_elements() == 0) {
        return;
      }
  
  #ifdef TENSORFLOW_USE_LIBXSMM_CONVOLUTIONS
      if (params_.padding != EXPLICIT &&
          LaunchXsmmConvOp<Device, T>::Run(
              context, input, filter, dimensions.batch, dimensions.input_rows,
              dimensions.input_cols, dimensions.in_depth, dimensions.filter_rows,
              dimensions.filter_cols, dimensions.pad_rows_before,
              dimensions.pad_cols_before, dimensions.out_rows,
              dimensions.out_cols, dimensions.out_depth, dimensions.dilation_rows,
              dimensions.dilation_cols, dimensions.stride_rows,
              dimensions.stride_cols, output, params_.data_format)) {
        return;
      }
  #endif
  
      if (params_.padding != EXPLICIT &&
          LaunchDeepConvOp<Device, T>::Run(
              context, input, filter, dimensions.batch, dimensions.input_rows,
              dimensions.input_cols, dimensions.in_depth, dimensions.filter_rows,
              dimensions.filter_cols, dimensions.pad_rows_before,
              dimensions.pad_cols_before, dimensions.out_rows,
              dimensions.out_cols, dimensions.out_depth, dimensions.dilation_rows,
              dimensions.dilation_cols, dimensions.stride_rows,
              dimensions.stride_cols, output, params_.data_format)) {
        return;
      }
  
      launcher_(context, use_cudnn_, cudnn_use_autotune_, input, filter,
                dimensions.dilation_rows, dimensions.dilation_cols,
                dimensions.stride_rows, dimensions.stride_cols, params_.padding,
                params_.explicit_paddings, output, params_.data_format);
    }
  
   private:
    Conv2DParameters params_;
    bool use_cudnn_;
    bool cudnn_use_autotune_;
  
    LaunchConv2DOp<Device, T> launcher_;
  
    TF_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Conv2DOp);
  };
  
  #define REGISTER_CPU(T)                                         \
    REGISTER_KERNEL_BUILDER(                                      \
        Name("Conv2D").Device(DEVICE_CPU).TypeConstraint<T>("T"), \
        Conv2DOp<CPUDevice, T>);
  
  // If we're using the alternative GEMM-based implementation of Conv2D for the
  // CPU implementation, don't register this EigenTensor-based version.
  #if !defined(USE_GEMM_FOR_CONV)
  TF_CALL_half(REGISTER_CPU);
  TF_CALL_float(REGISTER_CPU);
  TF_CALL_double(REGISTER_CPU);
  #endif  // USE_GEMM_FOR_CONV
  
  // To be used inside depthwise_conv_op.cc.
  template struct LaunchConv2DOp<CPUDevice, Eigen::half>;
  template struct LaunchConv2DOp<CPUDevice, float>;
  template struct LaunchConv2DOp<CPUDevice, double>;
  
  #if GOOGLE_CUDA || TENSORFLOW_USE_ROCM
  
  int64 GetDnnWorkspaceLimit(const string& envvar_in_mb,
                             int64 default_value_in_bytes) {
    const char* workspace_limit_in_mb_str = getenv(envvar_in_mb.c_str());
    if (workspace_limit_in_mb_str != nullptr &&
        strcmp(workspace_limit_in_mb_str, "") != 0) {
      int64 scratch_limit_in_mb = -1;
      if (strings::safe_strto64(workspace_limit_in_mb_str,
                                &scratch_limit_in_mb)) {
        return scratch_limit_in_mb * (1 << 20);
      } else {
        LOG(WARNING) << "Invalid value for env-var " << envvar_in_mb << ": "
                     << workspace_limit_in_mb_str;
      }
    }
    return default_value_in_bytes;
  }
  
  // A dummy type to group forward convolution autotune results together.
  struct ConvAutoTuneGroup {
    static string name() { return "Conv"; }
  };
  typedef AutoTuneSingleton<ConvAutoTuneGroup, ConvParameters,
                            se::dnn::AlgorithmConfig>
      AutoTuneConv;
  
  template <typename T>
  void LaunchConv2DOp<GPUDevice, T>::operator()(
      OpKernelContext* ctx, bool use_cudnn, bool cudnn_use_autotune,
      const Tensor& input_param, const Tensor& filter, int row_dilation,
      int col_dilation, int row_stride, int col_stride, const Padding& padding,
      const std::vector<int64>& explicit_paddings, Tensor* output,
      TensorFormat data_format) {
    using se::dnn::AlgorithmConfig;
    using se::dnn::AlgorithmDesc;
    using se::dnn::ProfileResult;
    auto* stream = ctx->op_device_context()->stream();
    OP_REQUIRES(ctx, stream, errors::Internal("No GPU stream available."));
  
    if (!use_cudnn) {
      ctx->SetStatus(
          errors::Unimplemented("Conv2D for GPU is not currently supported "
                                "without cudnn"));
      return;
    }
  
    Tensor input = input_param;
    const int64 in_batch = GetTensorDim(input, data_format, 'N');
    int64 in_rows = GetTensorDim(input, data_format, 'H');
    int64 in_cols = GetTensorDim(input, data_format, 'W');
    const int64 in_depths = GetTensorDim(input, data_format, 'C');
    const int64 patch_rows = filter.dim_size(0);
    const int64 patch_cols = filter.dim_size(1);
    const int64 patch_depths = filter.dim_size(2);
  
    // If the filter in-depth (patch_depths) is 1 and smaller than the input
    // depth, it's a depthwise convolution. More generally, if the filter in-depth
    // divides but is smaller than the input depth, it is a grouped convolution.
    bool is_grouped_convolution = patch_depths != in_depths;
    if (patch_rows == 1 && patch_cols == 1 && !is_grouped_convolution &&
        row_dilation == 1 && col_dilation == 1 && row_stride == 1 &&
        col_stride == 1 && data_format == FORMAT_NHWC &&
        (padding == VALID || padding == SAME)) {
      // 1x1 filter, so call cublas directly.
      const uint64 m = in_batch * in_rows * in_cols;
      const uint64 k = patch_depths;
      const uint64 n = filter.dim_size(3);
  
      auto a_ptr = AsDeviceMemory(input.template flat<T>().data(),
                                  input.template flat<T>().size());
      auto b_ptr = AsDeviceMemory(filter.template flat<T>().data(),
                                  filter.template flat<T>().size());
      auto c_ptr = AsDeviceMemory(output->template flat<T>().data(),
                                  output->template flat<T>().size());
  
      auto no_transpose = se::blas::Transpose::kNoTranspose;
      bool blas_launch_status =
          stream
              ->ThenBlasGemm(no_transpose, no_transpose, n, m, k, 1.0f, b_ptr, n,
                             a_ptr, k, 0.0f, &c_ptr, n)
              .ok();
      if (!blas_launch_status) {
        ctx->SetStatus(errors::Internal("Blas SGEMM launch failed : m=", m,
                                        ", n=", n, ", k=", k));
      }
      return;
    } else if (patch_rows == in_rows && patch_cols == in_cols &&
               !is_grouped_convolution && row_dilation == 1 &&
               col_dilation == 1 && padding == VALID &&
               data_format == FORMAT_NHWC) {
      // The input data and filter have the same height/width, so call cublas
      // directly.
      const uint64 m = in_batch;
      const uint64 k = patch_rows * patch_cols * patch_depths;
      const uint64 n = filter.dim_size(3);
  
      auto a_ptr = AsDeviceMemory(input.template flat<T>().data(),
                                  input.template flat<T>().size());
      auto b_ptr = AsDeviceMemory(filter.template flat<T>().data(),
                                  filter.template flat<T>().size());
      auto c_ptr = AsDeviceMemory(output->template flat<T>().data(),
                                  output->template flat<T>().size());
  
      auto no_transpose = se::blas::Transpose::kNoTranspose;
      bool blas_launch_status =
          stream
              ->ThenBlasGemm(no_transpose, no_transpose, n, m, k, 1.0f, b_ptr, n,
                             a_ptr, k, 0.0f, &c_ptr, n)
              .ok();
      if (!blas_launch_status) {
        ctx->SetStatus(errors::Internal("Blas SGEMM launch failed : m=", m,
                                        ", n=", n, ", k=", k));
      }
      return;
    }
  
    // Tensor Core (NVIDIA Volta+ GPUs) supports efficient convolution with fp16
    // in NHWC data layout. In all other configurations it's more efficient to
    // run computation in NCHW data format.
    const bool compute_in_nhwc =
        DataTypeToEnum<T>::value == DT_HALF && IsVoltaOrLater(*stream->parent());
  
    // We only do one directional conversion: NHWC->NCHW. We never convert in the
    // other direction. Grappler layout optimizer selects preferred layout and
    // adds necessary annotations to the graph.
    // TODO(ezhulenev): Convert in other direction for fp16?
    const TensorFormat compute_data_format =
        (compute_in_nhwc && data_format == FORMAT_NHWC) ? FORMAT_NHWC
                                                        : FORMAT_NCHW;
  
    VLOG(3) << "Compute Conv2D with cuDNN:"
            << " data_format=" << ToString(data_format)
            << " compute_data_format=" << ToString(compute_data_format);
  
    const int64 out_batch = GetTensorDim(*output, data_format, 'N');
    const int64 out_rows = GetTensorDim(*output, data_format, 'H');
    const int64 out_cols = GetTensorDim(*output, data_format, 'W');
    const int64 out_depths = GetTensorDim(*output, data_format, 'C');
    int64 padding_top = -1, padding_bottom = -1;
    int64 padding_left = -1, padding_right = -1;
    if (padding == EXPLICIT) {
      GetExplicitPaddingForDim(explicit_paddings, data_format, 'H', &padding_top,
                               &padding_bottom);
      GetExplicitPaddingForDim(explicit_paddings, data_format, 'W', &padding_left,
                               &padding_right);
    }
    int64 out_rows_check, out_cols_check;
    Status status = GetWindowedOutputSizeVerboseV2(
        in_rows, patch_rows, row_dilation, row_stride, padding, &out_rows_check,
        &padding_top, &padding_bottom);
    // The status is guaranteed to be OK because we checked the output and padding
    // was valid earlier.
    TF_CHECK_OK(status);
    DCHECK_EQ(out_rows, out_rows_check);
    status = GetWindowedOutputSizeVerboseV2(in_cols, patch_cols, col_dilation,
                                            col_stride, padding, &out_cols_check,
                                            &padding_left, &padding_right);
    TF_CHECK_OK(status);
    DCHECK_EQ(out_cols, out_cols_check);
  
    const int64 common_padding_rows = std::min(padding_top, padding_bottom);
    const int64 common_padding_cols = std::min(padding_left, padding_right);
    if (padding_top != padding_bottom || padding_left != padding_right) {
      // cuDNN only supports padding the same amount on the left and right sides,
      // and on the top and bottom sides. So we manually create a new padded
      // input tensor such that we can pass it to cuDNN.
      VLOG(4) << "Pad input tensor:"
              << " padding_top=" << padding_top
              << " padding_bottom=" << padding_bottom
              << " padding_left=" << padding_left
              << " padding_right=" << padding_right;
  
      // TODO(reedwm): In some cases, we can avoid an allocation even if the two
      // padding sides are different. For example, if the input is 2x2, the filter
      // is 1x1, the stride is 2, and the padding is (1, 0, 1, 0), the result is
      // equivalent to as if the padding is (1, 1, 1, 1). Changing the padding in
      // such a way would allow us to avoid the allocation.
      Tensor transformed_input;
      const int64 padding_rows_diff = std::abs(padding_bottom - padding_top);
      const int64 padding_cols_diff = std::abs(padding_right - padding_left);
      const int64 new_in_rows = in_rows + padding_rows_diff;
      const int64 new_in_cols = in_cols + padding_cols_diff;
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, ctx->allocate_temp(
                              DataTypeToEnum<T>::value,
                              ShapeFromFormat(data_format, in_batch, new_in_rows,
                                              new_in_cols, in_depths),
                              &transformed_input));
  
      const int64 input_pad_top = padding_top - common_padding_rows;
      const int64 input_pad_bottom = padding_bottom - common_padding_rows;
      const int64 input_pad_left = padding_left - common_padding_cols;
      const int64 input_pad_right = padding_right - common_padding_cols;
      bool in_bounds =
          FastBoundsCheck(input_pad_top, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) &&
          FastBoundsCheck(input_pad_bottom, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) &&
          FastBoundsCheck(input_pad_left, std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) &&
          FastBoundsCheck(input_pad_right, std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
      if (!in_bounds) {
        ctx->SetStatus(errors::InvalidArgument("Padding is too large."));
        return;
      }
      functor::PadInput<GPUDevice, T, int, 4>()(
          ctx->eigen_device<GPUDevice>(), To32Bit(input_param.tensor<T, 4>()),
          {{static_cast<int>(input_pad_top), static_cast<int>(input_pad_left)}},
          {{static_cast<int>(input_pad_bottom),
            static_cast<int>(input_pad_right)}},
          To32Bit(transformed_input.tensor<T, 4>()), data_format);
  
      input = transformed_input;
      in_rows = new_in_rows;
      in_cols = new_in_cols;
    }
  
    if (data_format == FORMAT_NHWC && compute_data_format == FORMAT_NCHW) {
      VLOG(4) << "Convert the input tensor from NHWC to NCHW.";
  
      TensorShape nchw_shape =
          ShapeFromFormat(FORMAT_NCHW, in_batch, in_rows, in_cols, in_depths);
      if (in_depths > 1) {
        Tensor transformed_input;
        OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, ctx->allocate_temp(DataTypeToEnum<T>::value,
                                               nchw_shape, &transformed_input));
        functor::NHWCToNCHW<GPUDevice, T, 4>()(
            ctx->eigen_device<GPUDevice>(),
            const_cast<const Tensor&>(input).tensor<T, 4>(),
            transformed_input.tensor<T, 4>());
        input = transformed_input;
      } else {
        // If depth <= 1, then just reshape.
        CHECK(input.CopyFrom(input, nchw_shape));
      }
    } else {
      CHECK(data_format == compute_data_format)  // Crash OK
          << "Illegal data and compute format pair:"
          << " data_format=" << ToString(data_format)
          << " compute_data_format=" << ToString(compute_data_format);
    }
  
    CHECK(common_padding_rows >= 0 && common_padding_cols >= 0)  // Crash OK
        << "Negative row or col paddings: (" << common_padding_rows << ", "
        << common_padding_cols << ")";
  
    constexpr auto kComputeInNHWC =
        std::make_tuple(se::dnn::DataLayout::kBatchYXDepth,
                        se::dnn::FilterLayout::kOutputYXInput);
    constexpr auto kComputeInNCHW =
        std::make_tuple(se::dnn::DataLayout::kBatchDepthYX,
                        se::dnn::FilterLayout::kOutputInputYX);
  
    se::dnn::DataLayout compute_data_layout;
    se::dnn::FilterLayout filter_layout;
  
    std::tie(compute_data_layout, filter_layout) =
        compute_data_format == FORMAT_NHWC ? kComputeInNHWC : kComputeInNCHW;
  
    se::dnn::BatchDescriptor input_desc;
    input_desc.set_count(in_batch)
        .set_feature_map_count(in_depths)
        .set_height(in_rows)
        .set_width(in_cols)
        .set_layout(compute_data_layout);
    se::dnn::BatchDescriptor output_desc;
    output_desc.set_count(out_batch)
        .set_height(out_rows)
        .set_width(out_cols)
        .set_feature_map_count(out_depths)
        .set_layout(compute_data_layout);
    se::dnn::FilterDescriptor filter_desc;
    filter_desc.set_input_filter_height(patch_rows)
        .set_input_filter_width(patch_cols)
        .set_input_feature_map_count(patch_depths)
        .set_output_feature_map_count(filter.dim_size(3))
        .set_layout(filter_layout);
    se::dnn::ConvolutionDescriptor conv_desc;
    conv_desc.set_vertical_dilation_rate(row_dilation)
        .set_horizontal_dilation_rate(col_dilation)
        .set_vertical_filter_stride(row_stride)
        .set_horizontal_filter_stride(col_stride)
        .set_zero_padding_height(common_padding_rows)
        .set_zero_padding_width(common_padding_cols)
        .set_group_count(in_depths / patch_depths);
  
    Tensor transformed_filter;
  
    const auto transform_filter = [&](FilterTensorFormat dst_format) -> Status {
      VLOG(4) << "Transform filter tensor from " << ToString(FORMAT_HWIO)
              << " to " << ToString(dst_format);
  
      TensorShape dst_shape =
          dst_format == FORMAT_OIHW
              ? TensorShape({filter.dim_size(3), filter.dim_size(2),
                             filter.dim_size(0), filter.dim_size(1)})
              : TensorShape({filter.dim_size(3), filter.dim_size(0),
                             filter.dim_size(1), filter.dim_size(2)});
  
      TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(ctx->allocate_temp(DataTypeToEnum<T>::value, dst_shape,
                                            &transformed_filter));
      functor::TransformFilter<GPUDevice, T, int, 4>()(
          ctx->eigen_device<GPUDevice>(), dst_format,
          To32Bit(filter.tensor<T, 4>()),
          To32Bit(transformed_filter.tensor<T, 4>()));
  
      return Status::OK();
    };
  
    if (compute_data_format == FORMAT_NCHW) {
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, transform_filter(FORMAT_OIHW));
    } else if (compute_data_format == FORMAT_NHWC) {
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, transform_filter(FORMAT_OHWI));
    } else {
      ctx->SetStatus(errors::InvalidArgument("Invalid compute data format: ",
                                             ToString(compute_data_format)));
      return;
    }
  
    Tensor transformed_output;
    if (data_format != compute_data_format) {
      VLOG(4) << "Allocate temporary memory for output in compute data format";
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(
          ctx, ctx->allocate_temp(DataTypeToEnum<T>::value,
                                  ShapeFromFormat(compute_data_format, out_batch,
                                                  out_rows, out_cols, out_depths),
                                  &transformed_output));
    } else {
      transformed_output = *output;
    }
  
    auto input_ptr = AsDeviceMemory(input.template flat<T>().data(),
                                    input.template flat<T>().size());
    auto filter_ptr =
        AsDeviceMemory(transformed_filter.template flat<T>().data(),
                       transformed_filter.template flat<T>().size());
    auto output_ptr =
        AsDeviceMemory(transformed_output.template flat<T>().data(),
                       transformed_output.template flat<T>().size());
  
    static int64 ConvolveScratchSize = GetDnnWorkspaceLimit(
        // default value is in bytes despite the name of the environment variable
        "TF_CUDNN_WORKSPACE_LIMIT_IN_MB", 1LL << 32  // 4GB
    );
  
    int device_id = stream->parent()->device_ordinal();
    DataType dtype = input.dtype();
    ConvParameters conv_parameters = {in_batch,             // batch
                                      in_depths,            // in_depths
                                      {{in_rows,            // in_rows
                                        in_cols}},          // in_cols
                                      compute_data_format,  // compute_data_format
                                      out_depths,           // out_depths
                                      {{patch_rows,         // filter_rows
                                        patch_cols,         // filter_cols
                                        patch_depths}},     // filter_depths
                                      {{row_dilation,       // dilation_rows
                                        col_dilation}},     // dilation_cols
                                      {{row_stride,         // stride_rows
                                        col_stride}},       // stride_cols
                                      {{common_padding_rows,    // padding_rows
                                        common_padding_cols}},  // padding_cols
                                      dtype,                    // tensor datatype
                                      device_id,                // device_id
                                      conv_desc.group_count()};
    AlgorithmConfig algorithm_config;
    if (cudnn_use_autotune &&
        !AutoTuneConv::GetInstance()->Find(conv_parameters, &algorithm_config)) {
  #if GOOGLE_CUDA
      std::vector<AlgorithmDesc> algorithms;
      OP_REQUIRES(
          ctx,
          stream->parent()->GetConvolveAlgorithms(
              conv_parameters.ShouldIncludeWinogradNonfusedAlgo<T>(
                  stream->parent()),
              &algorithms),
          errors::Unknown("Failed to get convolution algorithm. This is probably "
                          "because cuDNN failed to initialize, so try looking to "
                          "see if a warning log message was printed above."));
  
      se::TfAllocatorAdapter tf_allocator_adapter(ctx->device()->GetAllocator({}),
                                                  stream);
      se::cuda::RedzoneAllocator rz_allocator(stream, &tf_allocator_adapter,
                                              se::cuda::PtxCompilationOptions());
      se::DeviceMemory<T> output_tensor(
          WrapRedzoneBestEffort(&rz_allocator, output_ptr));
  
      std::vector<tensorflow::AutotuneResult> results;
      for (auto profile_algorithm : algorithms) {
        // TODO(zhengxq): profile each algorithm multiple times to better
        // accuracy.
        se::cuda::RedzoneAllocator rz_scratch_allocator(
            stream, &tf_allocator_adapter, se::cuda::PtxCompilationOptions(),
            /*memory_limit=*/ConvolveScratchSize);
        DnnScratchAllocator scratch_allocator(ConvolveScratchSize, ctx);
        se::ScratchAllocator* allocator_used =
            !RedzoneCheckDisabled()
                ? static_cast<se::ScratchAllocator*>(&rz_scratch_allocator)
                : static_cast<se::ScratchAllocator*>(&scratch_allocator);
  
        ProfileResult profile_result;
        bool cudnn_launch_status =
            stream
                ->ThenConvolveWithAlgorithm(
                    input_desc, input_ptr, filter_desc, filter_ptr, conv_desc,
                    output_desc, &output_tensor, allocator_used,
                    AlgorithmConfig(profile_algorithm), &profile_result)
                .ok();
        if (cudnn_launch_status && profile_result.is_valid()) {
          results.emplace_back();
          auto& result = results.back();
          result.mutable_conv()->set_algorithm(profile_algorithm.algo_id());
          result.mutable_conv()->set_tensor_ops_enabled(
              profile_algorithm.tensor_ops_enabled());
  
          result.set_scratch_bytes(
              !RedzoneCheckDisabled()
                  ? rz_scratch_allocator.TotalAllocatedBytesExcludingRedzones()
                  : scratch_allocator.TotalByteSize());
          *result.mutable_run_time() = proto_utils::ToDurationProto(
              absl::Milliseconds(profile_result.elapsed_time_in_ms()));
  
          CheckRedzones(rz_scratch_allocator, &result);
          CheckRedzones(rz_allocator, &result);
        }
      }
      LogConvAutotuneResults(se::dnn::ConvolutionKind::FORWARD,
                             se::dnn::ToDataType<T>::value, input_ptr, filter_ptr,
                             output_tensor, input_desc, filter_desc, output_desc,
                             conv_desc, stream->parent(), results);
      OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, BestCudnnConvAlgorithm(results, &algorithm_config));
  #elif TENSORFLOW_USE_ROCM
      DnnScratchAllocator scratch_allocator(ConvolveScratchSize, ctx);
      ProfileResult best_result;
      bool miopen_find_status =
          stream
              ->ThenConvolveWithAlgorithm(input_desc, input_ptr, filter_desc,
                                          filter_ptr, conv_desc, output_desc,
                                          &output_ptr, &scratch_allocator,
                                          AlgorithmConfig(), &best_result)
              .ok();
  
      OP_REQUIRES(ctx, miopen_find_status && best_result.is_valid(),
                  errors::NotFound("Failed to find conv algorithm!"));
  
      algorithm_config.set_algorithm(best_result.algorithm());
      algorithm_config.set_scratch_size(best_result.scratch_size());
  #endif
      AutoTuneConv::GetInstance()->Insert(conv_parameters, algorithm_config);
    }
  
    VLOG(4) << "Convolution Algorithm: "
            << algorithm_config.algorithm()->algo_id();
    VLOG(4) << "tensor_ops_enabled: "
            << algorithm_config.algorithm()->tensor_ops_enabled();
  
    DnnScratchAllocator scratch_allocator(ConvolveScratchSize, ctx);
    bool cudnn_launch_status =
        stream
            ->ThenConvolveWithAlgorithm(input_desc, input_ptr, filter_desc,
                                        filter_ptr, conv_desc, output_desc,
                                        &output_ptr, &scratch_allocator,
                                        algorithm_config, nullptr)
            .ok();
  
    if (!cudnn_launch_status) {
      ctx->SetStatus(errors::Internal(
          "cuDNN launch failure : input shape(", input.shape().DebugString(),
          ") filter shape(", filter.shape().DebugString(), ")"));
    }
  
    if (data_format == FORMAT_NHWC && compute_data_format == FORMAT_NCHW) {
      VLOG(4) << "Convert the output tensor back from NCHW to NHWC.";
      functor::NCHWToNHWC<GPUDevice, T, 4>()(
          ctx->eigen_device<GPUDevice>(),
          const_cast<const Tensor&>(transformed_output).tensor<T, 4>(),
          output->tensor<T, 4>());
    }
  }
  
  // Forward declarations of the functor specializations for GPU.
  namespace functor {
  #define DECLARE_GPU_SPEC(T)                                                 \
    template <>                                                               \
    void SpatialConvolution<GPUDevice, T>::operator()(                        \
        const GPUDevice& d, typename TTypes<T, 4>::Tensor output,             \
        typename TTypes<T, 4>::ConstTensor input,                             \
        typename TTypes<T, 4>::ConstTensor filter, int row_stride,            \
        int col_stride, int row_dilation, int col_dilation,                   \
        const Eigen::PaddingType& padding,                                    \
        const Eigen::NoOpOutputKernel& output_kernel);                        \
    extern template struct SpatialConvolution<GPUDevice, T>;                  \
    template <>                                                               \
    void MatMulConvFunctor<GPUDevice, T>::operator()(                         \
        const GPUDevice& d, typename TTypes<T, 2>::Tensor out,                \
        typename TTypes<T, 2>::ConstTensor in0,                               \
        typename TTypes<T, 2>::ConstTensor in1,                               \
        const Eigen::array<Eigen::IndexPair<Eigen::DenseIndex>, 1>& dim_pair, \
        const Eigen::NoOpOutputKernel& output_kernel);                        \
    extern template struct MatMulConvFunctor<GPUDevice, T>;                   \
    template <>                                                               \
    void TransformFilter<GPUDevice, T, int, 4>::operator()(                   \
        const GPUDevice& d, FilterTensorFormat dst_filter_format,             \
        typename TTypes<T, 4, int>::ConstTensor in,                           \
        typename TTypes<T, 4, int>::Tensor out);                              \
    extern template struct TransformFilter<GPUDevice, T, int, 4>;             \
    template <>                                                               \
    void PadInput<GPUDevice, T, int, 4>::operator()(                          \
        const GPUDevice& d, typename TTypes<T, 4, int>::ConstTensor in,       \
        const std::array<int, 2>& padding_left,                               \
        const std::array<int, 2>& padding_right,                              \
        typename TTypes<T, 4, int>::Tensor out, TensorFormat data_format);    \
    extern template struct PadInput<GPUDevice, T, int, 4>
  
  DECLARE_GPU_SPEC(float);
  DECLARE_GPU_SPEC(Eigen::half);
  DECLARE_GPU_SPEC(double);
  #undef DECLARE_GPU_SPEC
  }  // namespace functor
  
  // Registration of the GPU implementations.
  REGISTER_KERNEL_BUILDER(
      Name("Conv2D").Device(DEVICE_GPU).TypeConstraint<Eigen::half>("T"),
      Conv2DOp<GPUDevice, Eigen::half>);
  REGISTER_KERNEL_BUILDER(
      Name("Conv2D").Device(DEVICE_GPU).TypeConstraint<float>("T"),
      Conv2DOp<GPUDevice, float>);
  REGISTER_KERNEL_BUILDER(
      Name("Conv2D").Device(DEVICE_GPU).TypeConstraint<double>("T"),
      Conv2DOp<GPUDevice, double>);
  
  // To be used inside depthwise_conv_op.cc.
  template struct LaunchConv2DOp<GPUDevice, float>;
  template struct LaunchConv2DOp<GPUDevice, Eigen::half>;
  template struct LaunchConv2DOp<GPUDevice, double>;
  
  #endif  // GOOGLE_CUDA || TENSORFLOW_USE_ROCM
  
  }  // namespace tensorflow
  