text: # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
  """
      werkzeug.serving
      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  
      There are many ways to serve a WSGI application.  While you're developing
      it you usually don't want a full blown webserver like Apache but a simple
      standalone one.  From Python 2.5 onwards there is the `wsgiref`_ server in
      the standard library.  If you're using older versions of Python you can
      download the package from the cheeseshop.
  
      However there are some caveats. Sourcecode won't reload itself when
      changed and each time you kill the server using ``^C`` you get an
      `KeyboardInterrupt` error.  While the latter is easy to solve the first
      one can be a pain in the ass in some situations.
  
      The easiest way is creating a small ``start-myproject.py`` that runs the
      application::
  
          #!/usr/bin/env python
          # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
          from myproject import make_app
          from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
  
          app = make_app(...)
          run_simple('localhost', 8080, app, use_reloader=True)
  
      You can also pass it a `extra_files` keyword argument with a list of
      additional files (like configuration files) you want to observe.
  
      For bigger applications you should consider using `click`
      (http://click.pocoo.org) instead of a simple start file.
  
  
      :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
      :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
  """
  from __future__ import with_statement
  
  import io
  import os
  import socket
  import sys
  import signal
  
  
  can_fork = hasattr(os, "fork")
  
  
  try:
      import termcolor
  except ImportError:
      termcolor = None
  
  try:
      import ssl
  except ImportError:
      class _SslDummy(object):
          def __getattr__(self, name):
              raise RuntimeError('SSL support unavailable')
      ssl = _SslDummy()
  
  
  def _get_openssl_crypto_module():
      try:
          from OpenSSL import crypto
      except ImportError:
          raise TypeError('Using ad-hoc certificates requires the pyOpenSSL '
                          'library.')
      else:
          return crypto
  
  
  try:
      import SocketServer as socketserver
      from BaseHTTPServer import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
  except ImportError:
      import socketserver
      from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
  
  ThreadingMixIn = socketserver.ThreadingMixIn
  
  if can_fork:
      ForkingMixIn = socketserver.ForkingMixIn
  else:
      class ForkingMixIn(object):
          pass
  
  try:
      af_unix = socket.AF_UNIX
  except AttributeError:
      af_unix = None
  
  
  import werkzeug
  from werkzeug._internal import _log
  from werkzeug._compat import PY2, WIN, reraise, wsgi_encoding_dance
  from werkzeug.urls import url_parse, url_unquote
  from werkzeug.exceptions import InternalServerError
  
  
  LISTEN_QUEUE = 128
  can_open_by_fd = not WIN and hasattr(socket, 'fromfd')
  
  # On Python 3, ConnectionError represents the same errnos as
  # socket.error from Python 2, while socket.error is an alias for the
  # more generic OSError.
  if PY2:
      _ConnectionError = socket.error
  else:
      _ConnectionError = ConnectionError
  
  
  class DechunkedInput(io.RawIOBase):
      """An input stream that handles Transfer-Encoding 'chunked'"""
  
      def __init__(self, rfile):
          self._rfile = rfile
          self._done = False
          self._len = 0
  
      def readable(self):
          return True
  
      def read_chunk_len(self):
          try:
              line = self._rfile.readline().decode('latin1')
              _len = int(line.strip(), 16)
          except ValueError:
              raise IOError('Invalid chunk header')
          if _len < 0:
              raise IOError('Negative chunk length not allowed')
          return _len
  
      def readinto(self, buf):
          read = 0
          while not self._done and read < len(buf):
              if self._len == 0:
                  # This is the first chunk or we fully consumed the previous
                  # one. Read the next length of the next chunk
                  self._len = self.read_chunk_len()
  
              if self._len == 0:
                  # Found the final chunk of size 0. The stream is now exhausted,
                  # but there is still a final newline that should be consumed
                  self._done = True
  
              if self._len > 0:
                  # There is data (left) in this chunk, so append it to the
                  # buffer. If this operation fully consumes the chunk, this will
                  # reset self._len to 0.
                  n = min(len(buf), self._len)
                  buf[read:read + n] = self._rfile.read(n)
                  self._len -= n
                  read += n
  
              if self._len == 0:
                  # Skip the terminating newline of a chunk that has been fully
                  # consumed. This also applies to the 0-sized final chunk
                  terminator = self._rfile.readline()
                  if terminator not in (b'\n', b'\r\n', b'\r'):
                      raise IOError('Missing chunk terminating newline')
  
          return read
  
  
  class WSGIRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler, object):
  
      """A request handler that implements WSGI dispatching."""
  
      @property
      def server_version(self):
          return 'Werkzeug/' + werkzeug.__version__
  
      def make_environ(self):
          request_url = url_parse(self.path)
  
          def shutdown_server():
              self.server.shutdown_signal = True
  
          url_scheme = 'http' if self.server.ssl_context is None else 'https'
          if not self.client_address:
              self.client_address = '<local>'
          if isinstance(self.client_address, str):
              self.client_address = (self.client_address, 0)
          else:
              pass
          path_info = url_unquote(request_url.path)
  
          environ = {
              'wsgi.version':         (1, 0),
              'wsgi.url_scheme':      url_scheme,
              'wsgi.input':           self.rfile,
              'wsgi.errors':          sys.stderr,
              'wsgi.multithread':     self.server.multithread,
              'wsgi.multiprocess':    self.server.multiprocess,
              'wsgi.run_once':        False,
              'werkzeug.server.shutdown': shutdown_server,
              'SERVER_SOFTWARE':      self.server_version,
              'REQUEST_METHOD':       self.command,
              'SCRIPT_NAME':          '',
              'PATH_INFO':            wsgi_encoding_dance(path_info),
              'QUERY_STRING':         wsgi_encoding_dance(request_url.query),
              # Non-standard, added by mod_wsgi, uWSGI
              "REQUEST_URI": wsgi_encoding_dance(self.path),
              # Non-standard, added by gunicorn
              "RAW_URI": wsgi_encoding_dance(self.path),
              'REMOTE_ADDR':          self.address_string(),
              'REMOTE_PORT':          self.port_integer(),
              'SERVER_NAME':          self.server.server_address[0],
              'SERVER_PORT':          str(self.server.server_address[1]),
              'SERVER_PROTOCOL':      self.request_version
          }
  
          for key, value in self.get_header_items():
              key = key.upper().replace('-', '_')
              if key not in ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
                  key = 'HTTP_' + key
                  if key in environ:
                      value = "{},{}".format(environ[key], value)
              environ[key] = value
  
          if environ.get('HTTP_TRANSFER_ENCODING', '').strip().lower() == 'chunked':
              environ['wsgi.input_terminated'] = True
              environ['wsgi.input'] = DechunkedInput(environ['wsgi.input'])
  
          if request_url.scheme and request_url.netloc:
              environ['HTTP_HOST'] = request_url.netloc
  
          return environ
  
      def run_wsgi(self):
          if self.headers.get('Expect', '').lower().strip() == '100-continue':
              self.wfile.write(b'HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n')
  
          self.environ = environ = self.make_environ()
          headers_set = []
          headers_sent = []
  
          def write(data):
              assert headers_set, 'write() before start_response'
              if not headers_sent:
                  status, response_headers = headers_sent[:] = headers_set
                  try:
                      code, msg = status.split(None, 1)
                  except ValueError:
                      code, msg = status, ""
                  code = int(code)
                  self.send_response(code, msg)
                  header_keys = set()
                  for key, value in response_headers:
                      self.send_header(key, value)
                      key = key.lower()
                      header_keys.add(key)
                  if not ('content-length' in header_keys
                          or environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD'
                          or code < 200 or code in (204, 304)):
                      self.close_connection = True
                      self.send_header('Connection', 'close')
                  if 'server' not in header_keys:
                      self.send_header('Server', self.version_string())
                  if 'date' not in header_keys:
                      self.send_header('Date', self.date_time_string())
                  self.end_headers()
  
              assert isinstance(data, bytes), 'applications must write bytes'
              self.wfile.write(data)
              self.wfile.flush()
  
          def start_response(status, response_headers, exc_info=None):
              if exc_info:
                  try:
                      if headers_sent:
                          reraise(*exc_info)
                  finally:
                      exc_info = None
              elif headers_set:
                  raise AssertionError('Headers already set')
              headers_set[:] = [status, response_headers]
              return write
  
          def execute(app):
              application_iter = app(environ, start_response)
              try:
                  for data in application_iter:
                      write(data)
                  if not headers_sent:
                      write(b'')
              finally:
                  if hasattr(application_iter, 'close'):
                      application_iter.close()
                  application_iter = None
  
          try:
              execute(self.server.app)
          except (_ConnectionError, socket.timeout) as e:
              self.connection_dropped(e, environ)
          except Exception:
              if self.server.passthrough_errors:
                  raise
              from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback
              traceback = get_current_traceback(ignore_system_exceptions=True)
              try:
                  # if we haven't yet sent the headers but they are set
                  # we roll back to be able to set them again.
                  if not headers_sent:
                      del headers_set[:]
                  execute(InternalServerError())
              except Exception:
                  pass
              self.server.log('error', 'Error on request:\n%s',
                              traceback.plaintext)
  
      def handle(self):
          """Handles a request ignoring dropped connections."""
          rv = None
          try:
              rv = BaseHTTPRequestHandler.handle(self)
          except (_ConnectionError, socket.timeout) as e:
              self.connection_dropped(e)
          except Exception as e:
              if self.server.ssl_context is None or not is_ssl_error(e):
                  raise
          if self.server.shutdown_signal:
              self.initiate_shutdown()
          return rv
  
      def initiate_shutdown(self):
          """A horrible, horrible way to kill the server for Python 2.6 and
          later.  It's the best we can do.
          """
          # Windows does not provide SIGKILL, go with SIGTERM then.
          sig = getattr(signal, 'SIGKILL', signal.SIGTERM)
          # reloader active
          if is_running_from_reloader():
              os.kill(os.getpid(), sig)
          # python 2.7
          self.server._BaseServer__shutdown_request = True
          # python 2.6
          self.server._BaseServer__serving = False
  
      def connection_dropped(self, error, environ=None):
          """Called if the connection was closed by the client.  By default
          nothing happens.
          """
  
      def handle_one_request(self):
          """Handle a single HTTP request."""
          self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline()
          if not self.raw_requestline:
              self.close_connection = 1
          elif self.parse_request():
              return self.run_wsgi()
  
      def send_response(self, code, message=None):
          """Send the response header and log the response code."""
          self.log_request(code)
          if message is None:
              message = code in self.responses and self.responses[code][0] or ''
          if self.request_version != 'HTTP/0.9':
              hdr = "%s %d %s\r\n" % (self.protocol_version, code, message)
              self.wfile.write(hdr.encode('ascii'))
  
      def version_string(self):
          return BaseHTTPRequestHandler.version_string(self).strip()
  
      def address_string(self):
          if getattr(self, 'environ', None):
              return self.environ['REMOTE_ADDR']
          elif not self.client_address:
              return '<local>'
          elif isinstance(self.client_address, str):
              return self.client_address
          else:
              return self.client_address[0]
  
      def port_integer(self):
          return self.client_address[1]
  
      def log_request(self, code='-', size='-'):
          msg = self.requestline
          code = str(code)
  
          if termcolor:
              color = termcolor.colored
  
              if code[0] == '1':    # 1xx - Informational
                  msg = color(msg, attrs=['bold'])
              elif code[0] == '2':    # 2xx - Success
                  msg = color(msg, color='white')
              elif code == '304':   # 304 - Resource Not Modified
                  msg = color(msg, color='cyan')
              elif code[0] == '3':  # 3xx - Redirection
                  msg = color(msg, color='green')
              elif code == '404':   # 404 - Resource Not Found
                  msg = color(msg, color='yellow')
              elif code[0] == '4':  # 4xx - Client Error
                  msg = color(msg, color='red', attrs=['bold'])
              else:                 # 5xx, or any other response
                  msg = color(msg, color='magenta', attrs=['bold'])
  
          self.log('info', '"%s" %s %s', msg, code, size)
  
      def log_error(self, *args):
          self.log('error', *args)
  
      def log_message(self, format, *args):
          self.log('info', format, *args)
  
      def log(self, type, message, *args):
          _log(type, '%s - - [%s] %s\n' % (self.address_string(),
                                           self.log_date_time_string(),
                                           message % args))
  
      def get_header_items(self):
          """
          Get an iterable list of key/value pairs representing headers.
  
          This function provides Python 2/3 compatibility as related to the
          parsing of request headers. Python 2.7 is not compliant with
          RFC 3875 Section 4.1.18 which requires multiple values for headers
          to be provided. This function will return a matching list regardless
          of Python version. It can be removed once Python 2.7 support
          is dropped.
  
          :return: List of tuples containing header hey/value pairs
          """
          if PY2:
              # For Python 2, process the headers manually according to W3C RFC 2616 Section 4.2
              items = []
              for header in self.headers.headers:
                  # Remove the \n\r from the header and split on the : to get the field name and value
                  key, value = header[0:-2].split(":", 1)
                  # Add the key and the value once stripped of leading white space. The specification
                  # allows for stripping trailing white space but the Python 3 code does not strip
                  # trailing white space. Therefore, trailing space will be left as is to match the
                  # Python 3 behavior
                  items.append((key, value.lstrip()))
          else:
              items = self.headers.items()
  
          return items
  
  
  #: backwards compatible name if someone is subclassing it
  BaseRequestHandler = WSGIRequestHandler
  
  
  def generate_adhoc_ssl_pair(cn=None):
      from random import random
      crypto = _get_openssl_crypto_module()
  
      # pretty damn sure that this is not actually accepted by anyone
      if cn is None:
          cn = '*'
  
      cert = crypto.X509()
      cert.set_serial_number(int(random() * sys.maxsize))
      cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
      cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(60 * 60 * 24 * 365)
  
      subject = cert.get_subject()
      subject.CN = cn
      subject.O = 'Dummy Certificate'  # noqa: E741
  
      issuer = cert.get_issuer()
      issuer.CN = 'Untrusted Authority'
      issuer.O = 'Self-Signed'  # noqa: E741
  
      pkey = crypto.PKey()
      pkey.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 2048)
      cert.set_pubkey(pkey)
      cert.sign(pkey, 'sha256')
  
      return cert, pkey
  
  
  def make_ssl_devcert(base_path, host=None, cn=None):
      """Creates an SSL key for development.  This should be used instead of
      the ``'adhoc'`` key which generates a new cert on each server start.
      It accepts a path for where it should store the key and cert and
      either a host or CN.  If a host is given it will use the CN
      ``*.host/CN=host``.
  
      For more information see :func:`run_simple`.
  
      .. versionadded:: 0.9
  
      :param base_path: the path to the certificate and key.  The extension
                        ``.crt`` is added for the certificate, ``.key`` is
                        added for the key.
      :param host: the name of the host.  This can be used as an alternative
                   for the `cn`.
      :param cn: the `CN` to use.
      """
      from OpenSSL import crypto
      if host is not None:
          cn = '*.%s/CN=%s' % (host, host)
      cert, pkey = generate_adhoc_ssl_pair(cn=cn)
  
      cert_file = base_path + '.crt'
      pkey_file = base_path + '.key'
  
      with open(cert_file, 'wb') as f:
          f.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
      with open(pkey_file, 'wb') as f:
          f.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, pkey))
  
      return cert_file, pkey_file
  
  
  def generate_adhoc_ssl_context():
      """Generates an adhoc SSL context for the development server."""
      crypto = _get_openssl_crypto_module()
      import tempfile
      import atexit
  
      cert, pkey = generate_adhoc_ssl_pair()
      cert_handle, cert_file = tempfile.mkstemp()
      pkey_handle, pkey_file = tempfile.mkstemp()
      atexit.register(os.remove, pkey_file)
      atexit.register(os.remove, cert_file)
  
      os.write(cert_handle, crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
      os.write(pkey_handle, crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, pkey))
      os.close(cert_handle)
      os.close(pkey_handle)
      ctx = load_ssl_context(cert_file, pkey_file)
      return ctx
  
  
  def load_ssl_context(cert_file, pkey_file=None, protocol=None):
      """Loads SSL context from cert/private key files and optional protocol.
      Many parameters are directly taken from the API of
      :py:class:`ssl.SSLContext`.
  
      :param cert_file: Path of the certificate to use.
      :param pkey_file: Path of the private key to use. If not given, the key
                        will be obtained from the certificate file.
      :param protocol: One of the ``PROTOCOL_*`` constants in the stdlib ``ssl``
                       module. Defaults to ``PROTOCOL_SSLv23``.
      """
      if protocol is None:
          protocol = ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23
      ctx = _SSLContext(protocol)
      ctx.load_cert_chain(cert_file, pkey_file)
      return ctx
  
  
  class _SSLContext(object):
  
      '''A dummy class with a small subset of Python3's ``ssl.SSLContext``, only
      intended to be used with and by Werkzeug.'''
  
      def __init__(self, protocol):
          self._protocol = protocol
          self._certfile = None
          self._keyfile = None
          self._password = None
  
      def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile=None, password=None):
          self._certfile = certfile
          self._keyfile = keyfile or certfile
          self._password = password
  
      def wrap_socket(self, sock, **kwargs):
          return ssl.wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=self._keyfile,
                                 certfile=self._certfile,
                                 ssl_version=self._protocol, **kwargs)
  
  
  def is_ssl_error(error=None):
      """Checks if the given error (or the current one) is an SSL error."""
      exc_types = (ssl.SSLError,)
      try:
          from OpenSSL.SSL import Error
          exc_types += (Error,)
      except ImportError:
          pass
  
      if error is None:
          error = sys.exc_info()[1]
      return isinstance(error, exc_types)
  
  
  def select_address_family(host, port):
      """Return ``AF_INET4``, ``AF_INET6``, or ``AF_UNIX`` depending on
      the host and port."""
      # disabled due to problems with current ipv6 implementations
      # and various operating systems.  Probably this code also is
      # not supposed to work, but I can't come up with any other
      # ways to implement this.
      # try:
      #     info = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, socket.AF_UNSPEC,
      #                               socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0,
      #                               socket.AI_PASSIVE)
      #     if info:
      #         return info[0][0]
      # except socket.gaierror:
      #     pass
      if host.startswith('unix://'):
          return socket.AF_UNIX
      elif ':' in host and hasattr(socket, 'AF_INET6'):
          return socket.AF_INET6
      return socket.AF_INET
  
  
  def get_sockaddr(host, port, family):
      """Return a fully qualified socket address that can be passed to
      :func:`socket.bind`."""
      if family == af_unix:
          return host.split('://', 1)[1]
      try:
          res = socket.getaddrinfo(
              host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
      except socket.gaierror:
          return host, port
      return res[0][4]
  
  
  class BaseWSGIServer(HTTPServer, object):
  
      """Simple single-threaded, single-process WSGI server."""
      multithread = False
      multiprocess = False
      request_queue_size = LISTEN_QUEUE
  
      def __init__(
          self, host, port, app, handler=None, passthrough_errors=False,
          ssl_context=None, fd=None
      ):
          if handler is None:
              handler = WSGIRequestHandler
  
          self.address_family = select_address_family(host, port)
  
          if fd is not None:
              real_sock = socket.fromfd(
                  fd, self.address_family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
              port = 0
  
          server_address = get_sockaddr(host, int(port), self.address_family)
  
          # remove socket file if it already exists
          if (
              self.address_family == af_unix
              and os.path.exists(server_address)
          ):
              os.unlink(server_address)
          HTTPServer.__init__(self, server_address, handler)
  
          self.app = app
          self.passthrough_errors = passthrough_errors
          self.shutdown_signal = False
          self.host = host
          self.port = self.socket.getsockname()[1]
  
          # Patch in the original socket.
          if fd is not None:
              self.socket.close()
              self.socket = real_sock
              self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()
  
          if ssl_context is not None:
              if isinstance(ssl_context, tuple):
                  ssl_context = load_ssl_context(*ssl_context)
              if ssl_context == 'adhoc':
                  ssl_context = generate_adhoc_ssl_context()
              # If we are on Python 2 the return value from socket.fromfd
              # is an internal socket object but what we need for ssl wrap
              # is the wrapper around it :(
              sock = self.socket
              if PY2 and not isinstance(sock, socket.socket):
                  sock = socket.socket(sock.family, sock.type, sock.proto, sock)
              self.socket = ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True)
              self.ssl_context = ssl_context
          else:
              self.ssl_context = None
  
      def log(self, type, message, *args):
          _log(type, message, *args)
  
      def serve_forever(self):
          self.shutdown_signal = False
          try:
              HTTPServer.serve_forever(self)
          except KeyboardInterrupt:
              pass
          finally:
              self.server_close()
  
      def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
          if self.passthrough_errors:
              raise
          # Python 2 still causes a socket.error after the earlier
          # handling, so silence it here.
          if isinstance(sys.exc_info()[1], _ConnectionError):
              return
          return HTTPServer.handle_error(self, request, client_address)
  
      def get_request(self):
          con, info = self.socket.accept()
          return con, info
  
  
  class ThreadedWSGIServer(ThreadingMixIn, BaseWSGIServer):
  
      """A WSGI server that does threading."""
      multithread = True
      daemon_threads = True
  
  
  class ForkingWSGIServer(ForkingMixIn, BaseWSGIServer):
  
      """A WSGI server that does forking."""
      multiprocess = True
  
      def __init__(self, host, port, app, processes=40, handler=None,
                   passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None, fd=None):
          if not can_fork:
              raise ValueError('Your platform does not support forking.')
          BaseWSGIServer.__init__(self, host, port, app, handler,
                                  passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd)
          self.max_children = processes
  
  
  def make_server(host=None, port=None, app=None, threaded=False, processes=1,
                  request_handler=None, passthrough_errors=False,
                  ssl_context=None, fd=None):
      """Create a new server instance that is either threaded, or forks
      or just processes one request after another.
      """
      if threaded and processes > 1:
          raise ValueError("cannot have a multithreaded and "
                           "multi process server.")
      elif threaded:
          return ThreadedWSGIServer(host, port, app, request_handler,
                                    passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
      elif processes > 1:
          return ForkingWSGIServer(host, port, app, processes, request_handler,
                                   passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
      else:
          return BaseWSGIServer(host, port, app, request_handler,
                                passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
  
  
  def is_running_from_reloader():
      """Checks if the application is running from within the Werkzeug
      reloader subprocess.
  
      .. versionadded:: 0.10
      """
      return os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true'
  
  
  def run_simple(hostname, port, application, use_reloader=False,
                 use_debugger=False, use_evalex=True,
                 extra_files=None, reloader_interval=1,
                 reloader_type='auto', threaded=False,
                 processes=1, request_handler=None, static_files=None,
                 passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None):
      """Start a WSGI application. Optional features include a reloader,
      multithreading and fork support.
  
      This function has a command-line interface too::
  
          python -m werkzeug.serving --help
  
      .. versionadded:: 0.5
         `static_files` was added to simplify serving of static files as well
         as `passthrough_errors`.
  
      .. versionadded:: 0.6
         support for SSL was added.
  
      .. versionadded:: 0.8
         Added support for automatically loading a SSL context from certificate
         file and private key.
  
      .. versionadded:: 0.9
         Added command-line interface.
  
      .. versionadded:: 0.10
         Improved the reloader and added support for changing the backend
         through the `reloader_type` parameter.  See :ref:`reloader`
         for more information.
  
      .. versionchanged:: 0.15
          Bind to a Unix socket by passing a path that starts with
          ``unix://`` as the ``hostname``.
  
      :param hostname: The host to bind to, for example ``'localhost'``.
          If the value is a path that starts with ``unix://`` it will bind
          to a Unix socket instead of a TCP socket..
      :param port: The port for the server.  eg: ``8080``
      :param application: the WSGI application to execute
      :param use_reloader: should the server automatically restart the python
                           process if modules were changed?
      :param use_debugger: should the werkzeug debugging system be used?
      :param use_evalex: should the exception evaluation feature be enabled?
      :param extra_files: a list of files the reloader should watch
                          additionally to the modules.  For example configuration
                          files.
      :param reloader_interval: the interval for the reloader in seconds.
      :param reloader_type: the type of reloader to use.  The default is
                            auto detection.  Valid values are ``'stat'`` and
                            ``'watchdog'``. See :ref:`reloader` for more
                            information.
      :param threaded: should the process handle each request in a separate
                       thread?
      :param processes: if greater than 1 then handle each request in a new process
                        up to this maximum number of concurrent processes.
      :param request_handler: optional parameter that can be used to replace
                              the default one.  You can use this to replace it
                              with a different
                              :class:`~BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler`
                              subclass.
      :param static_files: a list or dict of paths for static files.  This works
                           exactly like :class:`SharedDataMiddleware`, it's actually
                           just wrapping the application in that middleware before
                           serving.
      :param passthrough_errors: set this to `True` to disable the error catching.
                                 This means that the server will die on errors but
                                 it can be useful to hook debuggers in (pdb etc.)
      :param ssl_context: an SSL context for the connection. Either an
                          :class:`ssl.SSLContext`, a tuple in the form
                          ``(cert_file, pkey_file)``, the string ``'adhoc'`` if
                          the server should automatically create one, or ``None``
                          to disable SSL (which is the default).
      """
      if not isinstance(port, int):
          raise TypeError('port must be an integer')
      if use_debugger:
          from werkzeug.debug import DebuggedApplication
          application = DebuggedApplication(application, use_evalex)
      if static_files:
          from werkzeug.wsgi import SharedDataMiddleware
          application = SharedDataMiddleware(application, static_files)
  
      def log_startup(sock):
          display_hostname = hostname if hostname not in ('', '*') else 'localhost'
          quit_msg = '(Press CTRL+C to quit)'
          if sock.family == af_unix:
              _log('info', ' * Running on %s %s', display_hostname, quit_msg)
          else:
              if ':' in display_hostname:
                  display_hostname = '[%s]' % display_hostname
              port = sock.getsockname()[1]
              _log('info', ' * Running on %s://%s:%d/ %s',
                   'http' if ssl_context is None else 'https',
                   display_hostname, port, quit_msg)
  
      def inner():
          try:
              fd = int(os.environ['WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD'])
          except (LookupError, ValueError):
              fd = None
          srv = make_server(hostname, port, application, threaded,
                            processes, request_handler,
                            passthrough_errors, ssl_context,
                            fd=fd)
          if fd is None:
              log_startup(srv.socket)
          srv.serve_forever()
  
      if use_reloader:
          # If we're not running already in the subprocess that is the
          # reloader we want to open up a socket early to make sure the
          # port is actually available.
          if not is_running_from_reloader():
              if port == 0 and not can_open_by_fd:
                  raise ValueError('Cannot bind to a random port with enabled '
                                   'reloader if the Python interpreter does '
                                   'not support socket opening by fd.')
  
              # Create and destroy a socket so that any exceptions are
              # raised before we spawn a separate Python interpreter and
              # lose this ability.
              address_family = select_address_family(hostname, port)
              server_address = get_sockaddr(hostname, port, address_family)
              s = socket.socket(address_family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
              s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
              s.bind(server_address)
              if hasattr(s, 'set_inheritable'):
                  s.set_inheritable(True)
  
              # If we can open the socket by file descriptor, then we can just
              # reuse this one and our socket will survive the restarts.
              if can_open_by_fd:
                  os.environ['WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD'] = str(s.fileno())
                  s.listen(LISTEN_QUEUE)
                  log_startup(s)
              else:
                  s.close()
                  if address_family == af_unix:
                      _log('info', "Unlinking %s" % server_address)
                      os.unlink(server_address)
  
          # Do not use relative imports, otherwise "python -m werkzeug.serving"
          # breaks.
          from werkzeug._reloader import run_with_reloader
          run_with_reloader(inner, extra_files, reloader_interval,
                            reloader_type)
      else:
          inner()
  
  
  def run_with_reloader(*args, **kwargs):
      # People keep using undocumented APIs.  Do not use this function
      # please, we do not guarantee that it continues working.
      from werkzeug._reloader import run_with_reloader
      return run_with_reloader(*args, **kwargs)
  
  
  def main():
      '''A simple command-line interface for :py:func:`run_simple`.'''
  
      # in contrast to argparse, this works at least under Python < 2.7
      import optparse
      from werkzeug.utils import import_string
  
      parser = optparse.OptionParser(
          usage='Usage: %prog [options] app_module:app_object')
      parser.add_option('-b', '--bind', dest='address',
                        help='The hostname:port the app should listen on.')
      parser.add_option('-d', '--debug', dest='use_debugger',
                        action='store_true', default=False,
                        help='Use Werkzeug\'s debugger.')
      parser.add_option('-r', '--reload', dest='use_reloader',
                        action='store_true', default=False,
                        help='Reload Python process if modules change.')
      options, args = parser.parse_args()
  
      hostname, port = None, None
      if options.address:
          address = options.address.split(':')
          hostname = address[0]
          if len(address) > 1:
              port = address[1]
  
      if len(args) != 1:
          sys.stdout.write('No application supplied, or too much. See --help\n')
          sys.exit(1)
      app = import_string(args[0])
  
      run_simple(
          hostname=(hostname or '127.0.0.1'), port=int(port or 5000),
          application=app, use_reloader=options.use_reloader,
          use_debugger=options.use_debugger
      )
  
  if __name__ == '__main__':
      main()
  