text: """
  Copyright 2013 Steven Diamond
  
  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  
      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  
  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License.
  """
  from typing import List, Tuple
  
  import numpy as np
  
  import cvxpy.lin_ops.lin_op as lo
  import cvxpy.lin_ops.lin_utils as lu
  import cvxpy.utilities as u
  from cvxpy.atoms.affine.affine_atom import AffAtom
  from cvxpy.constraints.constraint import Constraint
  from cvxpy.expressions.constants.parameter import is_param_free
  
  
  class kron(AffAtom):
      """Kronecker product.
      """
      # TODO(akshayka): make DGP-compatible
  
      def __init__(self, lh_expr, rh_expr) -> None:
          super(kron, self).__init__(lh_expr, rh_expr)
  
      @AffAtom.numpy_numeric
      def numeric(self, values):
          """Kronecker product of the two values.
          """
          return np.kron(values[0], values[1])
  
      def validate_arguments(self) -> None:
          """Checks that both arguments are vectors, and the first is constant.
          """
          if not (self.args[0].is_constant() or self.args[1].is_constant()):
              raise ValueError("At least one argument to kron must be constant.")
          elif self.args[0].ndim != 2 or self.args[1].ndim != 2:
              raise ValueError("kron requires matrix arguments.")
  
      def shape_from_args(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
          rows = self.args[0].shape[0]*self.args[1].shape[0]
          cols = self.args[0].shape[1]*self.args[1].shape[1]
          return rows, cols
  
      def is_atom_convex(self) -> bool:
          """Is the atom convex?
          """
          if u.scopes.dpp_scope_active():
              # kron is not DPP if any parameters are present.
              x = self.args[0]
              y = self.args[1]
              return ((x.is_constant() or y.is_constant()) and
                      (is_param_free(x) and is_param_free(y)))
          else:
              return self.args[0].is_constant() or self.args[1].is_constant()
  
      def is_atom_concave(self) -> bool:
          """Is the atom concave?
          """
          return self.is_atom_convex()
  
      def sign_from_args(self) -> Tuple[bool, bool]:
          """Same as times.
          """
          return u.sign.mul_sign(self.args[0], self.args[1])
  
      def is_incr(self, idx) -> bool:
          """Is the composition non-decreasing in argument idx?
          """
          cst_loc = 0 if self.args[0].is_constant() else 1
          return self.args[cst_loc].is_nonneg()
  
      def is_decr(self, idx) -> bool:
          """Is the composition non-increasing in argument idx?
          """
          cst_loc = 0 if self.args[0].is_constant() else 1
          return self.args[cst_loc].is_nonpos()
  
      def is_psd(self):
          """Check a *sufficient condition* that the expression is PSD,
          by checking if both arguments are PSD or both are NSD.
          """
          case1 = self.args[0].is_psd() and self.args[1].is_psd()
          case2 = self.args[0].is_nsd() and self.args[1].is_nsd()
          return case1 or case2
  
      def is_nsd(self):
          """Check a *sufficient condition* that the expression is NSD,
          by checking if one argument is PSD and the other is NSD.
          """
          case1 = self.args[0].is_psd() and self.args[1].is_nsd()
          case2 = self.args[0].is_nsd() and self.args[1].is_psd()
          return case1 or case2
  
      def graph_implementation(
          self, arg_objs, shape: Tuple[int, ...], data=None
      ) -> Tuple[lo.LinOp, List[Constraint]]:
          """Kronecker product of two matrices.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          arg_objs : list
              LinOp for each argument.
          shape : tuple
              The shape of the resulting expression.
          data :
              Additional data required by the atom.
  
          Returns
          -------
          tuple
              (LinOp for objective, list of constraints)
          """
          if self.args[0].is_constant():
              return lu.kron_r(arg_objs[0], arg_objs[1], shape), []
          else:
              return lu.kron_l(arg_objs[0], arg_objs[1], shape), []
  