text: //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // File: ScreenGrab9.cpp
  //
  // Function for saving 2D surface to a file (aka a 'screenshot'
  // when used on a Direct3D 9's GetFrontBufferData).
  //
  // Note these functions are useful as a light-weight runtime screen grabber. For
  // full-featured texture capture, DDS writer, and texture processing pipeline,
  // see the 'Texconv' sample and the 'DirectXTex' library.
  //
  // Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
  // Licensed under the MIT License.
  //
  // http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=248926
  // http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=248929
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  #include "ScreenGrab9.h"
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <cassert>
  #include <cstddef>
  #include <cstring>
  #include <memory>
  #include <new>
  #include <tuple>
  
  #include <wincodec.h>
  
  #include <wrl\client.h>
  
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
  // Off by default warnings
  #pragma warning(disable : 4619 4616 4061 4062 4623 4626 5027)
  // C4619/4616 #pragma warning warnings
  // C4061 enumerator 'x' in switch of enum 'y' is not explicitly handled by a case label
  // C4062 enumerator 'x' in switch of enum 'y' is not handled
  // C4623 default constructor was implicitly defined as deleted
  // C4626 assignment operator was implicitly defined as deleted
  // C5027 move assignment operator was implicitly defined as deleted
  #endif
  
  #ifdef __clang__
  #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wcovered-switch-default"
  #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wswitch-enum"
  #endif
  
  using Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr;
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Macros
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifndef MAKEFOURCC
      #define MAKEFOURCC(ch0, ch1, ch2, ch3)                              \
                  ((uint32_t)(uint8_t)(ch0) | ((uint32_t)(uint8_t)(ch1) << 8) |       \
                  ((uint32_t)(uint8_t)(ch2) << 16) | ((uint32_t)(uint8_t)(ch3) << 24 ))
  #endif /* defined(MAKEFOURCC) */
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // DDS file structure definitions
  //
  // See DDS.h in the 'Texconv' sample and the 'DirectXTex' library
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  namespace
  {
      #pragma pack(push,1)
  
      #define DDS_MAGIC 0x20534444 // "DDS "
  
      struct DDS_PIXELFORMAT
      {
          uint32_t    size;
          uint32_t    flags;
          uint32_t    fourCC;
          uint32_t    RGBBitCount;
          uint32_t    RBitMask;
          uint32_t    GBitMask;
          uint32_t    BBitMask;
          uint32_t    ABitMask;
      };
  
      #define DDS_FOURCC        0x00000004  // DDPF_FOURCC
      #define DDS_RGB           0x00000040  // DDPF_RGB
      #define DDS_RGBA          0x00000041  // DDPF_RGB | DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS
      #define DDS_LUMINANCE     0x00020000  // DDPF_LUMINANCE
      #define DDS_LUMINANCEA    0x00020001  // DDPF_LUMINANCE | DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS
      #define DDS_ALPHA         0x00000002  // DDPF_ALPHA
      #define DDS_BUMPDUDV      0x00080000  // DDPF_BUMPDUDV
      #define DDS_BUMPLUMINANCE 0x00040000  // DDPF_BUMPLUMINANCE
  
      #define DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_TEXTURE        0x00001007  // DDSD_CAPS | DDSD_HEIGHT | DDSD_WIDTH | DDSD_PIXELFORMAT 
      #define DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_MIPMAP         0x00020000  // DDSD_MIPMAPCOUNT
      #define DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_PITCH          0x00000008  // DDSD_PITCH
      #define DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_LINEARSIZE     0x00080000  // DDSD_LINEARSIZE
  
      #define DDS_SURFACE_FLAGS_TEXTURE 0x00001000 // DDSCAPS_TEXTURE
  
      struct DDS_HEADER
      {
          uint32_t        size;
          uint32_t        flags;
          uint32_t        height;
          uint32_t        width;
          uint32_t        pitchOrLinearSize;
          uint32_t        depth; // only if DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_VOLUME is set in flags
          uint32_t        mipMapCount;
          uint32_t        reserved1[11];
          DDS_PIXELFORMAT ddspf;
          uint32_t        caps;
          uint32_t        caps2;
          uint32_t        caps3;
          uint32_t        caps4;
          uint32_t        reserved2;
      };
  
      #pragma pack(pop)
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_DXT1 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('D','X','T','1'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_DXT2 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('D','X','T','2'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_DXT3 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('D','X','T','3'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_DXT4 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('D','X','T','4'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_DXT5 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('D','X','T','5'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_R8G8_B8G8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('R','G','B','G'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_G8R8_G8B8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('G','R','G','B'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_YUY2 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('Y','U','Y','2'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_UYVY =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_FOURCC, MAKEFOURCC('U','Y','V','Y'), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A8R8G8B8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGBA, 0, 32, 0x00ff0000, 0x0000ff00, 0x000000ff, 0xff000000 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_X8R8G8B8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGB,  0, 32, 0x00ff0000, 0x0000ff00, 0x000000ff, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A8B8G8R8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGBA, 0, 32, 0x000000ff, 0x0000ff00, 0x00ff0000, 0xff000000 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_X8B8G8R8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGB, 0, 32, 0x000000ff, 0x0000ff00, 0x00ff0000, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_G16R16 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGB,  0, 32, 0x0000ffff, 0xffff0000, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_R5G6B5 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGB, 0, 16, 0xf800, 0x07e0, 0x001f, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A1R5G5B5 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGBA, 0, 16, 0x7c00, 0x03e0, 0x001f, 0x8000 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_X1R5G5B5 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGB, 0, 16, 0x7c00, 0x03e0, 0x001f, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A4R4G4B4 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGBA, 0, 16, 0x0f00, 0x00f0, 0x000f, 0xf000 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_X4R4G4B4 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGB, 0, 16, 0x0f00, 0x00f0, 0x000f, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_R8G8B8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGB, 0, 24, 0xff0000, 0x00ff00, 0x0000ff, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A8R3G3B2 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGBA, 0, 16, 0x00e0, 0x001c, 0x0003, 0xff00 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_R3G3B2 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGB, 0, 8, 0xe0, 0x1c, 0x03, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A4L4 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_LUMINANCEA, 0, 8, 0x0f, 0, 0, 0xf0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_L8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_LUMINANCE, 0,  8, 0xff, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_L16 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_LUMINANCE, 0, 16, 0xffff, 0, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A8L8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_LUMINANCEA, 0, 16, 0x00ff, 0, 0, 0xff00 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_ALPHA, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0xff };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_V8U8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_BUMPDUDV, 0, 16, 0x00ff, 0xff00, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_Q8W8V8U8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_BUMPDUDV, 0, 32, 0x000000ff, 0x0000ff00, 0x00ff0000, 0xff000000 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_V16U16 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_BUMPDUDV, 0, 32, 0x0000ffff, 0xffff0000, 0, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A2W10V10U10 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_BUMPDUDV, 0, 32, 0x3ff00000, 0x000ffc00, 0x000003ff, 0xc0000000 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_L6V5U5 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_BUMPLUMINANCE, 0, 16, 0x001f, 0x03e0, 0xfc00, 0 };
  
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_X8L8V8U8 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_BUMPLUMINANCE, 0, 32, 0x000000ff, 0x0000ff00, 0x00ff0000, 0 };
  
      // Note these 10:10:10:2 format RGB masks are reversed to support a long-standing bug in D3DX
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A2R10G10B10 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGBA, 0, 32, 0x000003ff, 0x000ffc00, 0x3ff00000, 0xc0000000 };
      const DDS_PIXELFORMAT DDSPF_A2B10G10R10 =
      { sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT), DDS_RGBA, 0, 32, 0x3ff00000, 0x000ffc00, 0x000003ff, 0xc0000000 };
  
      //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
      struct handle_closer { void operator()(HANDLE h) noexcept { if (h) CloseHandle(h); } };
  
      using ScopedHandle = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>;
  
      inline HANDLE safe_handle(HANDLE h) noexcept { return (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) ? nullptr : h; }
  
      class auto_delete_file
      {
      public:
          auto_delete_file(HANDLE hFile) noexcept : m_handle(hFile) {}
          ~auto_delete_file()
          {
              if (m_handle)
              {
                  FILE_DISPOSITION_INFO info = {};
                  info.DeleteFile = TRUE;
                  std::ignore = SetFileInformationByHandle(m_handle, FileDispositionInfo, &info, sizeof(info));
              }
          }
  
          auto_delete_file(const auto_delete_file&) = delete;
          auto_delete_file& operator=(const auto_delete_file&) = delete;
  
          auto_delete_file(const auto_delete_file&&) = delete;
          auto_delete_file& operator=(const auto_delete_file&&) = delete;
  
          void clear() noexcept { m_handle = nullptr; }
  
      private:
          HANDLE m_handle;
      };
  
      class auto_delete_file_wic
      {
      public:
          auto_delete_file_wic(ComPtr<IWICStream>& hFile, const wchar_t* szFile) noexcept : m_filename(szFile), m_handle(hFile) {}
          ~auto_delete_file_wic()
          {
              if (m_filename)
              {
                  m_handle.Reset();
                  DeleteFileW(m_filename);
              }
          }
  
          auto_delete_file_wic(const auto_delete_file_wic&) = delete;
          auto_delete_file_wic& operator=(const auto_delete_file_wic&) = delete;
  
          auto_delete_file_wic(const auto_delete_file_wic&&) = delete;
          auto_delete_file_wic& operator=(const auto_delete_file_wic&&) = delete;
  
          void clear() noexcept { m_filename = nullptr; }
  
      private:
          const wchar_t* m_filename;
          ComPtr<IWICStream>& m_handle;
      };
  
  
      //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      // Return the BPP for a particular format
      //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      size_t BitsPerPixel(_In_ D3DFORMAT fmt) noexcept
      {
          switch (static_cast<int>(fmt))
          {
          case D3DFMT_A32B32G32R32F:
              return 128;
  
          case D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16:
          case D3DFMT_Q16W16V16U16:
          case D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16F:
          case D3DFMT_G32R32F:
              return 64;
  
          case D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8:
          case D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8:
          case D3DFMT_A2B10G10R10:
          case D3DFMT_A8B8G8R8:
          case D3DFMT_X8B8G8R8:
          case D3DFMT_G16R16:
          case D3DFMT_A2R10G10B10:
          case D3DFMT_Q8W8V8U8:
          case D3DFMT_V16U16:
          case D3DFMT_X8L8V8U8:
          case D3DFMT_A2W10V10U10:
          case D3DFMT_D32:
          case D3DFMT_D24S8:
          case D3DFMT_D24X8:
          case D3DFMT_D24X4S4:
          case D3DFMT_D32F_LOCKABLE:
          case D3DFMT_D24FS8:
          case D3DFMT_INDEX32:
          case D3DFMT_G16R16F:
          case D3DFMT_R32F:
  #if !defined(D3D_DISABLE_9EX)
          case D3DFMT_D32_LOCKABLE:
  #endif
              return 32;
  
          case D3DFMT_R8G8B8:
              return 24;
  
          case D3DFMT_A4R4G4B4:
          case D3DFMT_X4R4G4B4:
          case D3DFMT_R5G6B5:
          case D3DFMT_L16:
          case D3DFMT_A8L8:
          case D3DFMT_X1R5G5B5:
          case D3DFMT_A1R5G5B5:
          case D3DFMT_A8R3G3B2:
          case D3DFMT_V8U8:
          case D3DFMT_CxV8U8:
          case D3DFMT_L6V5U5:
          case D3DFMT_G8R8_G8B8:
          case D3DFMT_R8G8_B8G8:
          case D3DFMT_D16_LOCKABLE:
          case D3DFMT_D15S1:
          case D3DFMT_D16:
          case D3DFMT_INDEX16:
          case D3DFMT_R16F:
          case D3DFMT_YUY2:
              // From DX docs, reference/d3d/enums/d3dformat.asp
              // (note how it says that D3DFMT_R8G8_B8G8 is "A 16-bit packed RGB format analogous to UYVY (U0Y0, V0Y1, U2Y2, and so on)")
          case D3DFMT_UYVY:
              return 16;
  
          case D3DFMT_R3G3B2:
          case D3DFMT_A8:
          case D3DFMT_A8P8:
          case D3DFMT_P8:
          case D3DFMT_L8:
          case D3DFMT_A4L4:
  #if !defined(D3D_DISABLE_9EX)
          case D3DFMT_S8_LOCKABLE:
  #endif
              return 8;
  
          case D3DFMT_DXT1:
              return 4;
  
          case D3DFMT_DXT2:
          case D3DFMT_DXT3:
          case D3DFMT_DXT4:
          case D3DFMT_DXT5:
              // http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/directshow/htm/directxvideoaccelerationdxvavideosubtypes.asp
          case MAKEFOURCC('A', 'I', '4', '4'):
          case MAKEFOURCC('I', 'A', '4', '4'):
              return 8;
  
          case MAKEFOURCC('Y', 'V', '1', '2'):
              return 12;
  
  #if !defined(D3D_DISABLE_9EX)
          case D3DFMT_A1:
              return 1;
  #endif
  
          default:
              return 0;
          }
      }
  
  
      //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      // Determines if the format is block compressed
      //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      bool IsCompressed(_In_ D3DFORMAT fmt) noexcept
      {
          switch (fmt)
          {
          case D3DFMT_DXT1:
          case D3DFMT_DXT2:
          case D3DFMT_DXT3:
          case D3DFMT_DXT4:
          case D3DFMT_DXT5:
              return true;
  
          default:
              return false;
          }
      }
  
  
      //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      // Get surface information for a particular format
      //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      HRESULT GetSurfaceInfo(
          _In_ size_t width,
          _In_ size_t height,
          _In_ D3DFORMAT fmt,
          size_t* outNumBytes,
          _Out_opt_ size_t* outRowBytes,
          _Out_opt_ size_t* outNumRows) noexcept
      {
          uint64_t numBytes = 0;
          uint64_t rowBytes = 0;
          uint64_t numRows = 0;
  
          bool bc = false;
          bool packed = false;
          size_t bpe = 0;
          switch (static_cast<int>(fmt))
          {
          case D3DFMT_DXT1:
              bc = true;
              bpe = 8;
              break;
  
          case D3DFMT_DXT2:
          case D3DFMT_DXT3:
          case D3DFMT_DXT4:
          case D3DFMT_DXT5:
              bc = true;
              bpe = 16;
              break;
  
          case D3DFMT_R8G8_B8G8:
          case D3DFMT_G8R8_G8B8:
          case D3DFMT_UYVY:
          case D3DFMT_YUY2:
              packed = true;
              bpe = 4;
              break;
  
          default:
              break;
          }
  
          if (bc)
          {
              uint64_t numBlocksWide = 0;
              if (width > 0)
              {
                  numBlocksWide = std::max<uint64_t>(1u, (uint64_t(width) + 3u) / 4u);
              }
              uint64_t numBlocksHigh = 0;
              if (height > 0)
              {
                  numBlocksHigh = std::max<uint64_t>(1u, (uint64_t(height) + 3u) / 4u);
              }
              rowBytes = numBlocksWide * bpe;
              numRows = numBlocksHigh;
              numBytes = rowBytes * numBlocksHigh;
          }
          else if (packed)
          {
              rowBytes = ((uint64_t(width) + 1u) >> 1) * bpe;
              numRows = uint64_t(height);
              numBytes = rowBytes * height;
          }
          else
          {
              size_t bpp = BitsPerPixel(fmt);
              if (!bpp)
                  return E_INVALIDARG;
  
              rowBytes = (uint64_t(width) * bpp + 7u) / 8u; // round up to nearest byte
              numRows = uint64_t(height);
              numBytes = rowBytes * height;
          }
  
  #if defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_ARM) || defined(_M_HYBRID_X86_ARM64)
          static_assert(sizeof(size_t) == 4, "Not a 32-bit platform!");
          if (numBytes > UINT32_MAX || rowBytes > UINT32_MAX || numRows > UINT32_MAX)
              return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_ARITHMETIC_OVERFLOW);
  #else
          static_assert(sizeof(size_t) == 8, "Not a 64-bit platform!");
  #endif
  
          if (outNumBytes)
          {
              *outNumBytes = static_cast<size_t>(numBytes);
          }
          if (outRowBytes)
          {
              *outRowBytes = static_cast<size_t>(rowBytes);
          }
          if (outNumRows)
          {
              *outNumRows = static_cast<size_t>(numRows);
          }
  
          return S_OK;
      }
  
  
      //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      bool g_WIC2 = false;
  
      BOOL WINAPI InitializeWICFactory(PINIT_ONCE, PVOID, PVOID* ifactory) noexcept
      {
  #if (_WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8) || defined(_WIN7_PLATFORM_UPDATE)
          HRESULT hr = CoCreateInstance(
              CLSID_WICImagingFactory2,
              nullptr,
              CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
              __uuidof(IWICImagingFactory2),
              ifactory
          );
  
          if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
          {
              // WIC2 is available on Windows 10, Windows 8.x, and Windows 7 SP1 with KB 2670838 installed
              g_WIC2 = true;
              return TRUE;
          }
          else
          {
              hr = CoCreateInstance(
                  CLSID_WICImagingFactory1,
                  nullptr,
                  CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
                  __uuidof(IWICImagingFactory),
                  ifactory
              );
              return SUCCEEDED(hr) ? TRUE : FALSE;
          }
  #else
          return SUCCEEDED(CoCreateInstance(
              CLSID_WICImagingFactory,
              nullptr,
              CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
              __uuidof(IWICImagingFactory),
              ifactory)) ? TRUE : FALSE;
  #endif
      }
  
      IWICImagingFactory* _GetWIC()
      {
          static INIT_ONCE s_initOnce = INIT_ONCE_STATIC_INIT;
  
          IWICImagingFactory* factory = nullptr;
          if (!InitOnceExecuteOnce(&s_initOnce,
              InitializeWICFactory,
              nullptr,
              reinterpret_cast<LPVOID*>(&factory)))
          {
              return nullptr;
          }
  
          return factory;
      }
  } // anonymous namespace
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HRESULT DirectX::SaveDDSTextureToFile(
      LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 pSource,
      const wchar_t* fileName) noexcept
  {
      if (!pSource || !fileName)
          return E_INVALIDARG;
  
      D3DSURFACE_DESC desc = {};
      HRESULT hr = pSource->GetDesc(&desc);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      if (desc.Type != D3DRTYPE_SURFACE && desc.Type != D3DRTYPE_TEXTURE)
      {
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
      }
  
      if (desc.MultiSampleType != D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE)
      {
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
      }
  
      // Create file
  #if (_WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8)
      ScopedHandle hFile(safe_handle(CreateFile2(fileName,
          GENERIC_WRITE | DELETE, 0, CREATE_ALWAYS, nullptr)));
  #else
      ScopedHandle hFile(safe_handle(CreateFileW(fileName,
          GENERIC_WRITE | DELETE, 0, nullptr, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr)));
  #endif
      if (!hFile)
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(GetLastError());
  
      auto_delete_file delonfail(hFile.get());
  
      // Setup header
      const size_t MAX_HEADER_SIZE = sizeof(uint32_t) + sizeof(DDS_HEADER);
      uint8_t fileHeader[MAX_HEADER_SIZE] = {};
  
      *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(&fileHeader[0]) = DDS_MAGIC;
  
      auto header = reinterpret_cast<DDS_HEADER*>(&fileHeader[0] + sizeof(uint32_t));
      size_t headerSize = sizeof(uint32_t) + sizeof(DDS_HEADER);
      header->size = sizeof(DDS_HEADER);
      header->flags = DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_TEXTURE | DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_MIPMAP;
      header->height = desc.Height;
      header->width = desc.Width;
      header->mipMapCount = 1;
      header->caps = DDS_SURFACE_FLAGS_TEXTURE;
  
      switch (desc.Format)
      {
      case D3DFMT_R8G8B8:          memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_R8G8B8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A8R8G8B8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_X8R8G8B8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_R5G6B5:          memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_R5G6B5, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_X1R5G5B5:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_X1R5G5B5, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_A1R5G5B5:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A1R5G5B5, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_A4R4G4B4:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A4R4G4B4, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_R3G3B2:          memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_R3G3B2, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_A8:              memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));          break;
      case D3DFMT_A8R3G3B2:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A8R3G3B2, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_X4R4G4B4:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_X4R4G4B4, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_A2B10G10R10:     memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A2B10G10R10, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT)); break;
      case D3DFMT_A8B8G8R8:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A8B8G8R8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_X8B8G8R8:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_X8B8G8R8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_G16R16:          memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_G16R16, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_A2R10G10B10:     memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A2R10G10B10, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT)); break;
      case D3DFMT_L8:              memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_L8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));          break;
      case D3DFMT_A8L8:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A8L8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));        break;
      case D3DFMT_A4L4:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A4L4, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));        break;
      case D3DFMT_V8U8:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_V8U8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));        break;
      case D3DFMT_L6V5U5:          memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_L6V5U5, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_X8L8V8U8:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_X8L8V8U8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_Q8W8V8U8:        memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_Q8W8V8U8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));    break;
      case D3DFMT_V16U16:          memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_V16U16, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_A2W10V10U10:     memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_A2W10V10U10, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT)); break;
      case D3DFMT_L16:             memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_L16, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));         break;
  
          // FourCC formats
      case D3DFMT_UYVY:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_UYVY, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_R8G8_B8G8:       memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_R8G8_B8G8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT)); break;
      case D3DFMT_YUY2:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_YUY2, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_G8R8_G8B8:       memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_G8R8_G8B8, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT)); break;
      case D3DFMT_DXT1:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_DXT1, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_DXT2:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_DXT2, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_DXT3:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_DXT3, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_DXT4:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_DXT4, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
      case D3DFMT_DXT5:            memcpy_s(&header->ddspf, sizeof(header->ddspf), &DDSPF_DXT5, sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT));      break;
  
          // Legacy D3DX formats using D3DFMT enum value as FourCC
      case D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16:     header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 36;  break;
      case D3DFMT_Q16W16V16U16:     header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 110; break;
      case D3DFMT_R16F:             header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 111; break;
      case D3DFMT_G16R16F:          header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 112; break;
      case D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16F:    header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 113; break;
      case D3DFMT_R32F:             header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 114; break;
      case D3DFMT_G32R32F:          header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 115; break;
      case D3DFMT_A32B32G32R32F:    header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 116; break;
      case D3DFMT_CxV8U8:           header->ddspf.size = sizeof(DDS_PIXELFORMAT); header->ddspf.flags = DDS_FOURCC; header->ddspf.fourCC = 117; break;
  
      default:
          // No support for paletted formats D3DFMT_P8, D3DFMT_A8P8
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
      }
  
      size_t rowPitch, slicePitch, rowCount;
      hr = GetSurfaceInfo(desc.Width, desc.Height, desc.Format, &slicePitch, &rowPitch, &rowCount);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      if (rowPitch > UINT32_MAX || slicePitch > UINT32_MAX)
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_ARITHMETIC_OVERFLOW);
  
      if (IsCompressed(desc.Format))
      {
          header->flags |= DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_LINEARSIZE;
          header->pitchOrLinearSize = static_cast<uint32_t>(slicePitch);
      }
      else
      {
          header->flags |= DDS_HEADER_FLAGS_PITCH;
          header->pitchOrLinearSize = static_cast<uint32_t>(rowPitch);
      }
  
      // Setup pixels
      std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> pixels(new (std::nothrow) uint8_t[slicePitch]);
      if (!pixels)
          return E_OUTOFMEMORY;
  
      D3DLOCKED_RECT lockedRect = {};
      hr = pSource->LockRect(&lockedRect, nullptr, D3DLOCK_READONLY);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      auto sptr = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(lockedRect.pBits);
      if (!sptr)
      {
          pSource->UnlockRect();
          return E_POINTER;
      }
  
      uint8_t* dptr = pixels.get();
  
      size_t msize = std::min<size_t>(rowPitch, static_cast<size_t>(lockedRect.Pitch));
      for (size_t h = 0; h < rowCount; ++h)
      {
          memcpy_s(dptr, rowPitch, sptr, msize);
          sptr += lockedRect.Pitch;
          dptr += rowPitch;
      }
  
      pSource->UnlockRect();
  
      // Write header & pixels
      DWORD bytesWritten;
      if (!WriteFile(hFile.get(), fileHeader, static_cast<DWORD>(headerSize), &bytesWritten, nullptr))
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(GetLastError());
  
      if (bytesWritten != headerSize)
          return E_FAIL;
  
      if (!WriteFile(hFile.get(), pixels.get(), static_cast<DWORD>(slicePitch), &bytesWritten, nullptr))
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(GetLastError());
  
      if (bytesWritten != slicePitch)
          return E_FAIL;
  
      delonfail.clear();
  
      return S_OK;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HRESULT DirectX::SaveWICTextureToFile(
      LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 pSource,
      REFGUID guidContainerFormat,
      const wchar_t* fileName,
      const GUID* targetFormat,
      std::function<void(IPropertyBag2*)> setCustomProps)
  {
      if (!pSource || !fileName)
          return E_INVALIDARG;
  
      D3DSURFACE_DESC desc = {};
      HRESULT hr = pSource->GetDesc(&desc);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      if (desc.Type != D3DRTYPE_SURFACE && desc.Type != D3DRTYPE_TEXTURE)
      {
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
      }
  
      if (desc.MultiSampleType != D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE)
      {
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
      }
  
      auto pWIC = _GetWIC();
      if (!pWIC)
          return E_NOINTERFACE;
  
      // Determine source format's WIC equivalent
      WICPixelFormatGUID pfGuid = {};
      switch (desc.Format)
      {
      case D3DFMT_R8G8B8:         pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat24bppBGR; break;
      case D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8:       pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppBGRA; break;
      case D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8:       pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppBGR; break;
      case D3DFMT_R5G6B5:         pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat16bppBGR565; break;
      case D3DFMT_X1R5G5B5:       pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat16bppBGR555; break;
      case D3DFMT_A1R5G5B5:       pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat16bppBGRA5551; break;
      case D3DFMT_A8:             pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat8bppAlpha; break;
      case D3DFMT_A2B10G10R10:    pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppRGBA1010102; break;
      case D3DFMT_A8B8G8R8:       pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppRGBA; break;
      case D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16:   pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat64bppRGBA; break;
      case D3DFMT_L8:             pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat8bppGray; break;
      case D3DFMT_L16:            pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat16bppGray; break;
      case D3DFMT_R16F:           pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat16bppGrayHalf; break;
      case D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16F:  pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat64bppRGBAHalf; break;
      case D3DFMT_R32F:           pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppGrayFloat; break;
      case D3DFMT_A32B32G32R32F:  pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat128bppRGBAFloat; break;
  
  #if (_WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8) || defined(_WIN7_PLATFORM_UPDATE)
      case D3DFMT_X8B8G8R8:
          if (g_WIC2)
              pfGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppRGB;
          else
              HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
          break;
  #endif
  
      default:
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
      }
  
      ComPtr<IWICStream> stream;
      hr = pWIC->CreateStream(stream.GetAddressOf());
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      hr = stream->InitializeFromFilename(fileName, GENERIC_WRITE);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      auto_delete_file_wic delonfail(stream, fileName);
  
      ComPtr<IWICBitmapEncoder> encoder;
      hr = pWIC->CreateEncoder(guidContainerFormat, nullptr, encoder.GetAddressOf());
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      hr = encoder->Initialize(stream.Get(), WICBitmapEncoderNoCache);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      ComPtr<IWICBitmapFrameEncode> frame;
      ComPtr<IPropertyBag2> props;
      hr = encoder->CreateNewFrame(frame.GetAddressOf(), props.GetAddressOf());
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      if (targetFormat && memcmp(&guidContainerFormat, &GUID_ContainerFormatBmp, sizeof(WICPixelFormatGUID)) == 0 && g_WIC2)
      {
          // Opt-in to the WIC2 support for writing 32-bit Windows BMP files with an alpha channel
          PROPBAG2 option = {};
          option.pstrName = const_cast<wchar_t*>(L"EnableV5Header32bppBGRA");
  
          VARIANT varValue;
          varValue.vt = VT_BOOL;
          varValue.boolVal = VARIANT_TRUE;
          std::ignore = props->Write(1, &option, &varValue);
      }
  
      if (setCustomProps)
      {
          setCustomProps(props.Get());
      }
  
      hr = frame->Initialize(props.Get());
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      hr = frame->SetSize(desc.Width, desc.Height);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      hr = frame->SetResolution(72, 72);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      // Pick a target format
      WICPixelFormatGUID targetGuid = {};
      if (targetFormat)
      {
          targetGuid = *targetFormat;
      }
      else
      {
          // Screenshots don't typically include the alpha channel of the render target
          switch (desc.Format)
          {
  #if (_WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8) || defined(_WIN7_PLATFORM_UPDATE)
          case D3DFMT_A32B32G32R32F:
          case D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16F:
              if (g_WIC2)
              {
                  targetGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat96bppRGBFloat;
              }
              else
              {
                  targetGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat24bppBGR;
              }
              break;
  #endif
  
          case D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16: targetGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat48bppBGR; break;
          case D3DFMT_R5G6B5:       targetGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat16bppBGR565; break;
  
          case D3DFMT_A1R5G5B5:
          case D3DFMT_X1R5G5B5:
              targetGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat16bppBGR555;
              break;
  
          case D3DFMT_L16:
              targetGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat16bppGray;
              break;
  
          case D3DFMT_R32F:
          case D3DFMT_R16F:
          case D3DFMT_L8:
              targetGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat8bppGray;
              break;
  
          default:
              targetGuid = GUID_WICPixelFormat24bppBGR;
              break;
          }
      }
  
      hr = frame->SetPixelFormat(&targetGuid);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      if (targetFormat && memcmp(targetFormat, &targetGuid, sizeof(WICPixelFormatGUID)) != 0)
      {
          // Requested output pixel format is not supported by the WIC codec
          return E_FAIL;
      }
  
      // Encode WIC metadata
      ComPtr<IWICMetadataQueryWriter> metawriter;
      if (SUCCEEDED(frame->GetMetadataQueryWriter(metawriter.GetAddressOf())))
      {
          PROPVARIANT value;
          PropVariantInit(&value);
  
          value.vt = VT_LPSTR;
          value.pszVal = const_cast<char*>("DirectXTK");
  
          if (memcmp(&guidContainerFormat, &GUID_ContainerFormatPng, sizeof(GUID)) == 0)
          {
              // Set Software name
              std::ignore = metawriter->SetMetadataByName(L"/tEXt/{str=Software}", &value);
          }
          else
          {
              // Set Software name
              std::ignore = metawriter->SetMetadataByName(L"System.ApplicationName", &value);
          }
      }
  
      D3DLOCKED_RECT lockedRect = {};
      hr = pSource->LockRect(&lockedRect, nullptr, D3DLOCK_READONLY);
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      uint64_t imageSize = uint64_t(lockedRect.Pitch) * uint64_t(desc.Height);
      if (imageSize > UINT32_MAX)
      {
          pSource->UnlockRect();
          return HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_ARITHMETIC_OVERFLOW);
      }
  
      if (memcmp(&targetGuid, &pfGuid, sizeof(WICPixelFormatGUID)) != 0)
      {
          // Conversion required to write
          ComPtr<IWICBitmap> source;
          hr = pWIC->CreateBitmapFromMemory(desc.Width, desc.Height,
              pfGuid,
              static_cast<UINT>(lockedRect.Pitch), static_cast<UINT>(imageSize),
              static_cast<BYTE*>(lockedRect.pBits), source.GetAddressOf());
          if (FAILED(hr))
          {
              pSource->UnlockRect();
              return hr;
          }
  
          ComPtr<IWICFormatConverter> FC;
          hr = pWIC->CreateFormatConverter(FC.GetAddressOf());
          if (FAILED(hr))
          {
              pSource->UnlockRect();
              return hr;
          }
  
          BOOL canConvert = FALSE;
          hr = FC->CanConvert(pfGuid, targetGuid, &canConvert);
          if (FAILED(hr) || !canConvert)
          {
              pSource->UnlockRect();
              return E_UNEXPECTED;
          }
  
          hr = FC->Initialize(source.Get(), targetGuid, WICBitmapDitherTypeNone, nullptr, 0, WICBitmapPaletteTypeMedianCut);
          if (FAILED(hr))
          {
              pSource->UnlockRect();
              return hr;
          }
  
          WICRect rect = { 0, 0, static_cast<INT>(desc.Width), static_cast<INT>(desc.Height) };
          hr = frame->WriteSource(FC.Get(), &rect);
      }
      else
      {
          // No conversion required
          hr = frame->WritePixels(desc.Height,
              static_cast<UINT>(lockedRect.Pitch), static_cast<UINT>(imageSize),
              static_cast<BYTE*>(lockedRect.pBits));
      }
  
      pSource->UnlockRect();
  
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      hr = frame->Commit();
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      hr = encoder->Commit();
      if (FAILED(hr))
          return hr;
  
      delonfail.clear();
  
      return S_OK;
  }
  